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  • Articles  (479)
  • resistance  (331)
  • Potassium
  • Zinc
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (479)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 24 (1984), S. 241-249 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Cucumis species ; Erysiphe cichoracearum ; Sphaerotheca fuliginea ; cucumber powdery mildew ; resistance ; wild cucumbers
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Small Ruminant Research 11 (1993), S. 209-225 
    ISSN: 0921-4488
    Keywords: Angora ; Copper ; Goat ; Molybdenum ; Sulfur ; Zinc
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 13 (1994), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Phyllotreta ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 10 (1991), S. 325-327 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; Southern blight ; resistance ; screening technique
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 10 (1991), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Yield losses ; frogeye leaf spot ; resistance ; soybean cultivars
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Eyespot ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; fungicides ; resistance ; winter wheat
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 8 (1989), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Medicago sativa ; Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. medicaginis ; fungicides ; metalaxyl ; pyroxyfur ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 8 (1989), S. 380-382 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines ; genetic diversity ; resistance ; soybean ; soybean cyst nematode
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Hypothenemus hampei ; air-assisted spraying ; coffee ; endosulfan ; mistblowers ; pesticide application ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 11 (1992), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Aphis spp. ; Capsicum spp. ; Pepper veinal mottle virus ; disease progress curves ; disease vectors ; model ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 11 (1992), S. 349-354 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Leptosphaeria nodorum ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Septoria ; fungicide ; resistance ; wheat ; yield components
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 9 (1990), S. 3-7 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Brazil ; Integrated management ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri ; citrus bacterial canker disease ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Eyespot ; fungicides ; resistance ; winter wheat
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Liriomyza spp. ; alien pests ; bioassay ; pesticides ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 7 (1988), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; Brevicoryne brassicae ; Murgantia histrionica ; Pemphigus populitransversus ; Plutella xylostella ; South Texas ; Trichoplusia ni ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 11 (1992), S. 240-242 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Barley ; Pyrenophora japonica ; Pyrenophora teres ; net blotch ; resistance ; spot-type net blotch
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 17
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 8 (1989), S. 106-113 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Insensitivity ; fungicide ; model ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Pear psylla ; Psylla pyricola ; bioassays ; resistance ; seasonal susceptibility
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 8 (1989), S. 147-168 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Breeding ; IITA ; Nigeria ; resistance ; root crops ; tuber crops
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 11 (1992), S. 160-164 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Peronospora parasitica ; cabbage ; cymoxanil ; fungicides ; metalaxyl ; oxadixyl ; propamocarb ; resistance ; seedlings
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Aculus schlechtendali ; Panonychus ulmi ; Typhlodromus pyri ; carbaryl ; integrated pest management ; organophosphates ; pyrethroids ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 22
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Fungicides ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; monitoring ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 371-372 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines ; resistance ; soybean ; soybean cyst nematode
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 24
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 229-231 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Striga hermonthica ; resistance ; upland rice
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 25
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Dicarboximide ; Monilinia fructicola ; brown rot ; management of resistance ; modified spray programmes ; nectarine ; peach ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 13 (1994), S. 20-24 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Karnal bunt ; Neovossia indica ; Tilletia indica ; Triticum aestivum ; inoculation ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 7 (1988), S. 249-251 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Hawaii ; Puccinia sorghi ; common corn rust ; resistance ; sweet corn
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 28
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 22 (1984), S. 23-32 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Bremia lactucae ; Lactuca sativa ; downy mildew ; lettuce ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 29
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 27 (1985), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Choanephora cucurbitarum ; fruit abortion ; okra ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 30
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 45 (1990), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Pseudomonas solanacearum ; bacterial wilt ; eggplant ; interspecific hybrids ; resistance ; wild relatives
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 31
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 20 (1983), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Phytophthora nicotianae B. de Haan ; Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. ; resistance ; trifoliate orange
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 32
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 45 (1991), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Cucumis melo ; Pseudoperonospora cubensis ; Sphaerotheca fuliginea ; cucurbit downy mildew ; cucurbit powdery mildew ; muskmelon ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 33
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 29 (1986), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Malus domestica ; Phytophthora cactorum ; apple ; collar rot ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 34
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zink ; Phytat ; mikrobielle Phytase ; Zink-Absorption ; Zink-Status ; Zinc ; phytate ; microbial phytase ; zinc-absorption ; zinc-status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study of 35 (5 × 7) male, individually housed, albino rats (initial average weight=50 g) was undertaken to examine the effect of an addition of microbial phytase to a diet containing phytate on the availability of zinc. The rats were fed a semisynthetic diet based of egg white and cornstarch over a 3-week period. All diets were supplemented with 20 mg Zn/kg. Group I (control) was fed the basal diet free of phytic acid (PA) and phytase. By replacing cornstarch by Na-phytate (0.5% in group II and 1.0% group III), molar phytate: Zn ratios of 25 and 50:1 were obtained, respectively. In groups IV (0.5% PA) and V (1.0% PA) 1000 U of microbial phytase were added. A molar phytate: Zn ratio of 25 (group II) and 50:1 (group III) resulted in a dose-dependent depression of growth and feed efficiency ratio. These negative effects of the addition of PA could be completely counteracted by the supplementation of 1000 U of phytase in group IV and partially so in group V. Similarly, the apparent absorption and retention of Zn, Zn-concentration in femur and testes and different Zn-status-parameters in plasma (Zn-concentration, percent unsaturated plasma-Zn binding capacity, activity of alkaline phosphatase) were improved by adding 1000 U microbial phytase/kg diet. The present study shows that an addition of microbial phytase to phytate-rich diets considerably improves the availability of Zn in growing rats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem 3wöchigen Stoffwechselexperiment mit 35 (5 × 7) männlichen, einzeln gehaltenen Albinoratten (Anfangsmasse 50 g) wurde geprüft, ob eine Zulage an mikrobieller Phytase die Bioverfügbarkeit von Zink aus einer phytathaltigen Diät beeinflußt. Den Ratten wurde eine halbsynthetische Diät auf der Basis von Eiklarprotein und Maisstärke verabreicht, die mit 20 mg Zn/kg Diät supplementiert wurde. Die Kontrollgruppe (Gruppe I) erhielt die phytat- und phytasefreie Basisdiät. Durch teilweisen Austausch der Maisstärke durch 0,5% (Gruppe II) bzw. 1,0% Phytat (Gruppe III) als Na-Phytat wurden PA: Zn-Quotienten von 25 bzw. 50:1 eingestellt. In den Gruppen IV (0,5% PA) und V (1,0% PA) wurden jeweils 1000 U Phytase/kg Diätzugelegt. Die Zulage des Na-Phytats führte zu einer dosisabhängigen Depression des Wachstums sowie zu einer Verschlechterung der Futterverwertung in den Gruppen II und III. Diese Effekte wurden durch die Zulage von 1000 U Phytase/kg Diät vollständig (Gruppe IV) bzw. teilweise (Gruppe V) kompensiert. Ebenso wurden die scheinbare Absorption und Retention des Zinks, die Zn-Konzentration in Femur und Testes sowie verschiedene Zn-Statusparameter in Plasma (Zn-Konzentration, freie Zn-Bindungskapazität, Aktivität der Alkalischen Phosphatase) durch die Phytasesupplementierung positiv beeinflußt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei der wachsenden Ratte durch eine Zulage mikrobieller Phytase die Bioverfügbarkeit des Zinks in phytatreichen Diäten sehr deutlich gesteigert werden kann.
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  • 35
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    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsEudrilus eugeniae ; Toxicity ; Copper ; Zinc ; Growth ; Maturation ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth rate change in earthworms is considered to be a suitable endpoint when determining sublethal effects. In this study we evaluated growth and maturation in the vermicomposting earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae as marker of sublethal toxicity of copper and zinc. We also compared routes of uptake. Apart from exposing worms experimentally for 73 days to contaminated food, a series of contact filter paper tests was also performed to determine LD50 for copper and zinc. Both copper and zinc at sublethal concentrations affected growth and maturation in worms exposed to contaminated food. These worms had a copper content of 34.5 μg g–1 after 73 days and a zinc content of 184.9 μg g–1, showing a differential uptake. Copper was more toxic than zinc. Also in the contact test worms did take up more zinc than copper and the LD50 (48 h) for copper was 0.011 mg cm–2 and for zinc 0.066 mg cm–2, which translated to body burdens of 6 μg g–1 for copper and 131 μg g–1 for zinc. Indications were that a regulatory mechanism existed for both metals. Both metals were taken up through the body wall at a relatively fast rate. This study indicated that the skin was the major route of metal uptake. This study also showed a poor relation between the two types of tests for purposes of evaluating lethality of zinc and copper.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Industrial pollution ; Rhizobium meliloti ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Metal toxicity ; Vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae ; VAM ; Medicago sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction between soil pH and inoculation with rhizobia and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) was studied in an industrially polluted soil contaminated with high levels of Zn and Cd. A silt loam soil (pH 6.7) was amended with Ca(OH)2 or elemental S to adjust the soil pH to 4.3, 5.3, 6.0, and 7.2. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was planted in each treated soil an subsequently inoculated with Rhizobium meliloti and/or a mixed VAM spore population. Alfalfa growing in soils at a pH of 4.3 and 5.3 failed to survive as a result of soil acidity and heavy metal toxicity. At the three higher pH values, growth and foliar N and P were significantly increased by inoculation with rhizobia or VAM. The greatest increase was observed when both VAM and rhizobia were inoculated together into the soil. With a soil pH of 6.0 and 6.7, the available heavy metal concentration in the soil was high and the VAM significantly decreased heavy metal uptake from these soils. The foliar concentration of Zn was reduced from 455 to 306 μg g−1 by inoculation with VAM (pH 6.0). At the highest soil pH (7.2), however, available heavy metal concentrations were generally lower and NAM significantly increased the heavy metal uptake. The influence of VAM on heavy metal uptake thus appears to be partly a function of the available heavy metal content in the soil.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworm ; Zinc ; Bioaccumulation ; Growth ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Accumulation of Zn and its effects on the growth, reproduction and life cycle of the earthworm Drawida willsi were determined. D. willsi did not reveal any significant changes in their mass at any of the concentrations of Zn (50, 200 and 400 mg kg–1) compared to in untreated soils. The Zn concentrations in the exposed earthworms were significantly increased, but they were able to regulate their body content of Zn within a range of 116–125 mg kg–1 (dry wt) in 200–400 mg kg–1 Zn-treated soil. Reproduction was significantly reduced when the Zn concentration in soil exceeded 200 mg kg–1. The drop in reproduction at elevated concentrations of Zn apparently resulted in a delay in completion of the life cycle and a decline in the total population.
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  • 38
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    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root exudates ; Copper ; Cadmium ; Lead ; Zinc ; Dialysis ; ISE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A high molecular weight (MW 〉 1000) soluble root exudate fraction (HS) was isolated from hydroponic axenic maize cultures in order to investigate its metal-binding properties. Measurements of the maximum binding ability (MBA) and the overall stability constants (log K) for cadmium-, copper-, lead- and zinc-HS associations were obtained from dialysis and ion-selective electrode titrations. All results showed the occurrence of organometallic bindings. Data fitted to linear Langmuir isotherms. The MBA, measured by dialysis titration, varied from 160 to 206 mEq/100 g HS according to the nature of the metal. log K values, following the series Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 5 Zn, varied from 3.15 to 3.65. Due to these metal-binding properties, soluble root products could play a role in the transfer of metal into the rhizosphere.
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  • 39
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    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
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  • 40
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    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops‘ K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Stored Products Research 29 (1993), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 0022-474X
    Keywords: Atylosia sp. ; Cajanus sp. ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; pigeonpea ; resistance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fagus sylvatica ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral content ; Potassium ; Seasonalvariation ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a 35-year-old calcareous beech forest stand five beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were felled every 2 weeks, and xylem sap was obtained by means of water displacement from the lowest trunk sections, each 100 cm in length. From mid-October 1988 to mid-October 1989 a total of 130 trees were investigated. The seasonal variations of the Ca, Mg, K and Mn contents, as well as those of pH, show four characteristic phases. Additionally, distribution of the mineral contents along the trunk was studied in four trees. The seasonal increase and decrease of xylem sap mineral contents along the trunk is shown for the characteristic phenophases. The Ca, Mg, K, and Mn contents of xylem saps were determined by means of atomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Deciduous trees ; Fagus sylvatica ; Autumn leaves ; Iron ; Lead ; Manganese ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary By utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis the heavy metals manganese, iron, zinc and lead were determined in different tissues of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) autumn leaves. It was observed that all four metals were accumulated in sieve element-companion cell complexes of the leaf veins in the period from the green (2 October) to the brown (23 October) leaf coloration. Concomitantly, the concentration of these metals decreased in certain tissues of the stems subtending the leaves. The major reservoirs of heavy metals in the stems were periderm, cortex, pith and xylem rays. Since sieve element-companion cell complexes of the stems showed increasing metal concentrations during the transition from the green to the brown leaf stage, and since this temporary increase also occurred in the petiole phloem, it is inferred that symplastic transport can be used in addition to apoplastic transport for the displacement of heavy metals. It is assumed that the accumulation of heavy metals in the veins of autumn leaves indicates the deposition of surplus ions which are excluded when leaves are cast off.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Tree-rings ; Pine ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, cadmium, and copper were studied in the xylem rings ofPinus sylvestris trees and in the soil of three heavily polluted sites and one non-polluted site. There was a high correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and recently produced xylem rings. However, the initiation of industrial pollution did not abruptly increase heavy metal concentrations in the xylem rings. There was a high correlation between the zinc content of trees growing near a zinc smelter and the values obtained by other investigators for pine trees growing on the same site.
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  • 45
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    Trees 2 (1988), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Chlorine ; Ion shifts ; Mimosa pudica ; Potassium ; Seismonastic movements ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, the concentrations of ions, especially potassium and chlorine, were determined in different tissues of primary and tertiary pulvini of Mimosa pudica. It was shown that stimulating the leaf was followed by ion displacements which were most striking in the outer extensor cells, resulting in turgor loss. Since Ca concentration remains relatively constant in cell walls of collapsed cells, the changes of K concentration are best described by the K:Ca ratio. After stimulation the K:Ca ratio dropped in the outer extensor of the primary pulvinus from 775.3 to 2.37 in the cytoplasm, and from 542.2 to 9.25 in the cell wall. Changes in chlorine content were less striking in the primary pulvinus. The K∶Cl ratios in some cases were lower than 1.0, which indicates that Cl content can increase, while K content is diminished. In the non-stimulated tertiary pulvini the outer extensor cells show high concentrations of Cl, but much lower Cl concentrations were found after stimulation. In contrast to the primary pulvinus the K content of the tertiary pulvini is very low. In the vascular tissues of both primary and tertiary pulvini stimulation is followed by a release of K and Cl out of the sieve element cytoplasm into the apoplast. K then appears accumulated in the cell walls of the collenchymatous tissue. These displacements lead to the assumption that the collenchymatous apoplast temporarily functions as a reservoir for K and to a lesser extent for Cl. With regard to the mechanism of leaf movement after stimulation, the accumulation of ions in the apoplast seems to be initiated by the decrease of water potential triggered by an apoplastic accumulation of unloaded sucrose (Fromm and Eschrich 1988a). The resulting turgor release in the outer extensor is accompanied by an efflux of ions.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst. ; Potassium ; Nutrition ; Compartmentalization ; Cell morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The water and potassium content and the relative vacuolar volume (α = Vvacuole/Vcell) of mesophyll cells of the needles of healthy 21-yearold spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were determined. In 5-year-old needles α was 0.626 ± 0.178 (ovx ± SD). Potassium concentrations in the bulk tissue water ranged from about 65 to 105 mM. Simulations were made using this information and a simple two-compartmental model of the cell with the bulk cytoplasm and the vacuole and assuming that the minimum cytoplasmic and vacuolar K+ concentrations are 100–150 mM and 10–15 mM respectively. It is shown that a K+ content of needles below 50 mmol/1 tissue water would be precarious for maintenance of normal physiological and metabolic performance.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium ; magnesium ; calcium ; aluminium ; exchange coefficient ; equilibrium activity ratio ; organic matter ; bonding strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of Ca(OH)2 on K and Mg exchange equilibria in three New Zealand soils was studied. Calcium hydroxide was mixed with each soil to raise the pH to about 6 or 7. For each Ca(OH)2 treatment, K and Mg exchange isotherms were determined, from which the equilibrium activity ratios were derived. Exchange coefficients and solution activity ratios were calculated according to the Gapon convention. The addition of Ca(OH)2 produced varying effects in the Gapon exchange coefficient for both K and Mg. The magnitude and direction of change in the exchange coefficient were related to the cation initially dominating the exchange sites, rate of Ca(OH)2 addition, soil colloids contributing to the CEC and specific interactions of Ca with these soil colloids. Addition of Ca(OH)2 reduced the equilibrium activity ratio of all soils. Changes in the bonding strength of K and Mg with increasing CEC were suggested as a possible mechanism for this decrease.
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  • 48
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
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  • 49
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; linseed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release (C.R.) zinc fertilizers were compared as zinc sources for linseed (Linum usitatissimum) grown on a zinc-deficient sand and a zinc-deficient clay. C.R. formulations differed in characteristics including origin (different extruders), type of zinc salt, and polymer matrix blends. Conventional fertilization with pure zinc salts was also included in the comparison. C.R. formulations based on zinc oxide (ZnO) were ineffective zinc sources, linseed growth and tissue zinc concentrations being similar to untreated controls. However, both zinc sulphate (ZnSO4·H2O)- and zinc chloride (ZnCl2)-based formulations were effective zinc fertilizers. A group of ZnSO4·H2O-based formulations produced in Melbourne (Australia) gave relatively higher plant zinc concentrations than similar formulations produced on a different extruder in Akron (U.S.A.). Varying the type of plastic or the blend of plastics constituting the matrices of the C.R. products had no consistent effects on tissue zinc concentrations or plant growth. Similarly, no specific benefit of C.R. over conventional zinc fertilization was established under the conditions of the present experiments.
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  • 50
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    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1995), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines ; inheritance ; resistance ; soybean ; soybean cyst nematode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetics of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is very complex. Crosses involving PI 437654, which is resistant to all races of cyst nematodes with other sources of resistance (Peking, PI 88788, and PI 90763) indicated that resistance to race 3 was controlled by four genes, two of which were dominant resistance genes and the other two were recessive resistance genes. For race 5, a four gene model with two recessive and two dominant resistance genes in epistasis has been proposed. For race 14, the results suggested a three gene model with one dominant and two recessive alleles. Several other plant introductions have been isolated which have different genes conditioning resistance. Most of the currently grown soybean varieties derived resistance from Peking and/or PI 88788. Resistance to SCN in these soybean varieties has broken down because of the emergence of several new races and populations of SCN. The use of PI 437654 or Hartwig and other plant introductions with different genes for resistance will broaden genetic diversity and stabilize yield.
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  • 51
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    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 209-224 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: cassava ; Manihot esculenta ; Africa ; cassava mosaic virus disease ; whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci) ; control ; varietal diversity ; resistance ; deployment ; durability ; breakdown ; phytosanitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) is prevalent and causes serious losses in cassava (Manihot esculenta) in southern India and in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by viruses of the Geminiviridae that are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and disseminated in the stem cuttings used routinely for propagation. The main approach to control is through the use of virus-resistant varieties, but suitable ones are not always available and susceptible varieties are still widely grown. This explains why CMD continues to be a problem in many areas. CMD-resistant varieties have several features which are considered in this review:- • They are not readily infected, even when exposed to large amounts of vector-borne inoculum. • When infected they develop symptoms that tend to be inconspicuous and not associated with obvious deleterious effects on growth or yield. Moreover, the symptoms become even less conspicuous as growth proceeds and plants may eventually recover and become symptomless. • Infected plants support a low virus content and they are likely to be a poor source of inoculum from which further spread can occur. • Virus is not fully systemic within infected plants which can be a source of uninfected planting material when stem cuttings are collected for further propagation. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘reversion’ and it has an important ‘cleansing effect’ in restricting or preventing the progressive deterioration in health status that would otherwise occur during successive cycles of vegetative propagation. The available information on the different components of resistance is discussed and it is concluded that they are inter-related features of the same basic mechanism that restricts virus entry, replication and movement within the host. It is argued that the effectiveness and durability of virus-resistant varieties are likely to be influenced by the way in which they are deployed. However, this topic has received little attention from researchers and there is continuing uncertainty on the effects of CMD on the yield of resistant varieties and on the role of phytosanitation. This involves the use of virus-free planting material and the removal (roguing) of any additional diseased plants that occur. Some consider that these procedures complement the use of virus-resistant varieties and should be adopted, whereas others argue that they are unnecessary and inappropriate. It is concluded that there is considerable scope for utilizing resistant varieties more widely and more effectively than at present, but in doing so it is important to avoid eroding the genetic diversity that is currently such a marked feature of cassava cultivation in Africa.
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  • 52
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    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 34-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Nickel ; Zinc ; Successive addition ; Soil respiration ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Carbon dioxide production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of single and successive additions of Cd, Ni, and Zn on CO2 evolution and dehydrogenase activity in a sandy luvisol were investigated in batch experiments under laboratory conditions. Successive additions of Cd, Ni, and Zn inhibited soil respiration relatively more than single doses, even before the same amount of metals had been added. In general, split additions of all metals reduced dehydrogenase activities in all soils to a lesser degree until the 28th day. Thereafter both modes of metal addition had the same effects throughout although the last successive addition was added on the 35th day. It is assumed that the relatively greater effect, especially on CO2 evolution, of successive additions during the first period was due to short-term increases metal concentrations in the soil solution after each application.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Tree-rings ; Pine ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, cadmium, and copper were studied in the xylem rings of Pinus sylvestris trees and in the soil of three heavily polluted sites and one non-polluted site. There was a high correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and recently produced xylem rings. However, the initiation of industrial pollution did not abruptly increase heavy metal concentrations in the xylem rings. There was a high correlation between the zinc content of trees growing near a zinc smelter and the values obtained by other investigators for pine trees growing on the same site.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Populus ; Pollution ; Copper ; Lead ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The patterns of radial distribution of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in two species of poplar, growing under polluted conditions near a copper smelter, were investigated. Populus marilandica is very resistant to such pollution, but P. balsamifera is sensitive. Soils were examined for concentrations of these metals, and only a surface layer of soil was polluted with copper and lead. P. balsamifera absorbed much more cadmium than P. marilandica under the same conditions. P. marilandica shows a pattern of copper radial distribution with significantly increased concentration of the meral in the layers in the middle of the trunk compared to P. balsamifera. Zinc and cadmium have a pattern with increased metal concentration from the bark towards the pith of the tree. In the case of copper and lead the pattern indicates increased concentrations of these metals in the rings adjacent to the pith while the pattern in other parts of the tree remains unconfirmed due to poor precision. Poplar xylem seems to accumulate zinc and cadmium while the content of lead in xylem is much lower than in the adjacent soil.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Picea abies ; Tree rings ; Xylem growth ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-year-old spruce (Picea abies) saplings were planted and cultivated for 2 years in pots with 3 1 substrate, consisting of a homogenized mixture of sand, peat and forest soil with a high organic content (volume ratio 1∶1.5∶2). This substrate was amended with 10–180 μmol Cd [kg soil dry weight (DW)]−1, 50–7500 μmol Zn (kg soil DW)−1 (determined with 1 M ammonium acetate extracts) or combinations of both elements. Annual xylem growth rings in stems of plants treated with 50 μmol Cd (kg soil DW)−1 or 7500 μmol Zn (kg soil DW)−1 were significantly narrower than in control plants. Growth reductions were more pronounced in the second year of the experiment. The contents of Cd and Zn in stem wood and needles were positively correlated with the substrate concentrations. The Mg contents of the spruce needles were inversely correlated with soil concentrations of Cd and Zn. Root development was impeded at moderate concentrations of Cd (50 μmol kg−1) or Zn (1000 μmol kg−1) in the substrate. The adverse effects of potentially toxic trace elements, like Cd or Zn, on xylem growth of spruce plants are discussed with regard to possible growth reductions in forest trees under field conditions.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Picea abies ; Tree rings ; Xylem ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations and total amounts of Cd and Zn in individual annual xylem increments of 5-year-old spruce trees (Picea abies) were investigated after one growing season in contaminated soils. The plants had been potted in soils amended with different concentrations of Cd and Zn and kept in open air conditions. In the outer xylem rings formed during the treatment period lowest concentrations of Cd and Zn were found. In inner rings concentrations of both elements increased and were highest at the pith. Total amounts of both elements showed reversed distribution patterns with highest values in the outermost rings. The observed increase of total dry matter of the rings from pith towards the outer rings was stronger than the parallel increase in total element amounts in the rings. Thus, concentrations dropped in younger rings. The time of the soil contamination event cannot be inferred from element concentrations in annual rings. The results challenge the concept of monitoring historical trends in trace element pollution using analytical data of tree rings of conifers.
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  • 57
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    Potato research 25 (1982), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; virus breeding ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A clone ofSolanum berthaultii P.I. 265858 was not systemically infected when manually inoculated with isolates of PVX groups 1 to 3 but developed top-necrosis when grafted-inoculated, demonstrating it is hypersensitive. Plants sap- or graft-inoculated with an isolated of PVX group 4 or with PVXHB (a recently-discovered strain overcoming all reported sources of resistance to PVX) were infected systematically. The plants were extremely sensitive to these isolates, young leaves becoming necrotic and the plant dying within a few weeks and, whilst still alive, plants contained little virus and were a poor source of infection. These characteristics suggest that this clone could provide a means of breeding cultivars that would be protected against all known strains of PVX.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: imazalil ; resistance ; black scurf ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed tubers, cv. Désirée, derived from stocks treated annually with thiabendazole were infected with thiabendazole-resistant strains ofHelminthosporium solani andPolyscytalum pustulans. Samples of seed tubers were either untreated or immersed for 5 min in fungicide suspensions of thiabendazole, imazalil or thiabendazole plus imazalil and planted on four farms in 1988 and 1989. After harvest, tuber samples from each treatment were treated with thiabendazole and stored for 6 months. Applying imazalil or thiabendazole plus imazalil to seed tubers decreased the severity of silver scurf and skin spot on stored progeny tubers. Thiabendazole applied to seed tubers or to progeny tubers after harvest did not affect the severity of either disease, but post-harvest treatment decreased the incidence of black scurf after storage.
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  • 59
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    Potato research 32 (1989), S. 397-404 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; inoculation of tuber slices ; infection of plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eye-bearing slices, cut from healthy potato tubers and placed between Parafilm membranes, were inoculated with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae. PLRV was detected by ELISA and by transmission tests in tuber slices and in plants grown from the slices of the susceptible cv. Désirée, but not in those of the resistant cv. Arkula. These results suggest that PLRV replication and transport within tuber phloem is controlled by specific mechanisms of resistance.M. persicae was also able to acquire and transmit PLRV toPl floridana from slices cut from tubers of infected plants. The aphids effectively transmitted PLRV from slices cut from the sprouting rose end but they failed to transmit it from slices cut from the heel end of tubers.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: actinomycetes ; resistance ; scab incidence ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Streptomyces scabies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined in healthy tuber peelings of cultivars less (Karin, Santé and Symfonia) and more (Agria, Désirée and Tomensa) susceptible to common scab when grown at two sites that differed in the level of scab incidence. The accumulation of some elements was significantly influenced by site, year, cultivar, maturity and the age of tuber periderm. At both sites, Ca and P in periderm tissue declined but Mg increased during the growing season. The Ca/P ratios in tuber periderm of all cultivars greatly decreased 83 days after planting. Concentrations of mineral elements measured at harvest may not reflect conditions present during the infection period, and consequently may not be related to scab incidence or severity.
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  • 61
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    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L. cultivars ; glycoalkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of freeze dried potato powder derived from tubers (cvs Désirée and Epicure) exposed to light as a culture medium on the growth, number and spore size of nine fungal pathogens was determined in vitro with particular emphasis on the role of glycoalkaloids. Greater reductions in pathogen growth reflected increased exposure to light of tubers prior to freeze drying. High correlations (% R2 adj) were obtained between glycoalkaloid concentration and growth rate of the majority of pathogens tested. Where spores were produced, numbers were in general significantly less when cultured on freeze dried powder derived from tubers exposed to light. No effects on spore size ofFusarium species were recorded, but spore length of remaining pathogens was reduced and spore width increased, with the exception ofC. coccodes where spore length and width was increased following culture onto freeze dried powder derived from tubers exposed to light.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Verticillium wilt ; resistance ; screening ; toxin bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reaction of 40 potato clones and six accessions ofSolanum spp. to wilt caused byVerticillium dahliae and to the acetone precipitate (AP) of the toxin produced by the pathogen in vitro was studied. There was a highly significant correlation between the wilt reaction of the clones in the glasshouse, the incidence and progress of wilt and severe wilt in the field, and the degree of colonization of stem apices byV. dahliae. Of the clones and accessions evaluated, NDA8694-3, Norgold Russet, BelRus, Superior, Russet Norkotah, Norland andS. demissum were the most susceptible, while A66107-51, A68113-4, Targhee, NDA843-3, Alpha, A7805-8, A7816-14, Russet Nugget,S. chacoense, S. sparsipilum, andS. tarijense were the most resistant to wilt. The reaction of genotypes to the AP ofV. dahliae toxin in an excised leaf bioassay was not correlated with their reaction to Verticillium wilt in the field or glasshouse.
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    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; potato leafroll luteo virus ; resistance ; restricted virus multiplication ; potato breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The diploid clone DW.84-1457 which has outstanding resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV), has been selected at the Mlochów Centre of the Institute for Potato Research. It has in its pedigree PLRV-resistant clones from the Max Planck Institute nos. MPI 44.1016/10, MPI 44.335/130 and MPI 49.540/2. Its behaviour in the field and response to aphid inoculation indicate high resistance to infection, and the low concentration of the virus in graft-inoculated plants indicates high resistance to multiplication. This combination within one genotype of two aspects of resistance is not connected with hypersensitivity, and is heritable. Clone DW.84-1457 has other desirable characters such as extreme resistance to potato virus X (PVX), high resistance to potato virus M (PVM) and good table and processing quality. It is being utilized in the development of parental lines, both at the diploid and tetraploid level.
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  • 64
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 199-210 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PVY ; resistance ; progeny tests ; inheritance ; potato breeding ; Solanum tuberosum L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Segregation for extreme resistance to PVY was evaluated in progenies derived from crossing two extremely resistant potato clones with parents differing in resistance. Resistance was evaluated after mechanical inoculation with PVYO and PVYN, and after graft inoculation with PVYO. Biological and serological tests (ELISA) were used for virus detection. The extreme resistance is governed by a single dominant gene, but observed segregations deviated from the expected ratios. Considerable modifying effects were detectable, depending on the potato genotype and virus isolate, for a significant excess of susceptible genotypes was observed in some progenies. Moreover, genotypes with non-parental types of resistance to PVY were observed.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: bacterial wilt ; resistance ; transformation ; Agrobacterium ; S. tuberosum L. ; transgenic plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transgenic potato plants of cv. Désirée carrying an antibacterial gene, coding for a cecropin lytic peptide analogue, were inoculated with a virulent strain ofPseudomonas solanacearum under controlled conditions. The disease index scored during three repeated infection trials indicated an increased variability in plant response among the transgenic lines which gave either a more susceptible or a more resistant response to the pathogen when compared with untransformed Désirée. Immunity toP. solanacearum was not observed, but it was possible to select a group of transgenic lines that showed resistance levels and disease development curves comparable to the field resistant cv. Cruza 148.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: post harvest disease ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; resistance ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence of 12Fusarium oxysporum isolates was determined on three potato cultivars Late Harvest, BP1 and Kimberley Choice. The production of fusaric acid by the 12F. oxysporum isolates was also determined. The aim of the study was to determine whether a correlation exists between fusaric acid production and virulence ofF. oxysporum isolates. Late Harvest was the most tolerant and BP1 the most susceptible cultivar. Virulence ranking, order of theF. oxysporum isolates with the different cultivars corresponded with the mean of value of the ranking order for all three cultivars. A correlation was found between virulence of isolates and fusaric acid production except for Late Harvest. Fusaric acid production may play a major role in the development of dry rot in potato tubers.
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  • 67
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    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 317-326 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum spp. ; Globodera rostochiensis ; G. pallida ; biology ; pathotypes ; damage ; resistance ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A description of the biology of potato cyst nematodes,Globodera rostochiensis andG. pallida, and symptom development in potato crops is presented. This is followed by an overview of resistance and tolerance research and an explanation of how resistance derived fromSolanum andigena was deployed in integrated control schemes on sandy and sandy peat soils in the north-east of The Netherlands. The frequent use of this resistance source resulted in the predominance of ‘new’ pathotypes ofG. rostochiensis and ofG. pallida. The ability of the cyst nematodes to respond to new types of resistance with new pathotypes makes the search and breeding for resistance a continuing process. The absence of tolerance in exS. vernei (VTn)2 62-33-3 cultivars showed that resistance, if it is to be of use in severely infested fields, must be combined with an appreciable level of tolerance.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: antibiosis ; antixenosis ; Solanum sparsipilum ; S. pinnatisectum ; S. berthaultii ; glandular trichomes ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four introductions ofSolanum berthaultii wild species and sevenS. tuberosumxS. berthaultii hybrids were evaluated by antibiosis and antixenosis laboratory tests with potato tuber moth. Some morphological and chemical traits related to the trichomes were analysed. Two clones of the wild speciesS. sparsipilum and five ofS. pinnatisectum, characterised by high tuber resistance, were tested for leaf resistance, both by antibiosis and antixenosis assays. The genotypes with high density of trichomes A and with high exudate PPO activity, showed a moderate negative effect on pupal weight and fecundity in the antibiosis tests. Trichomes B exudate showed a strong repulsive effect on oviposition of adult in the antixenosis tests. TheS. pinnatisectum clones revealed a good leaf resistance level, whereas theS. sparsipilum clones showed lower levels of antibiosis and antixenosis.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; potato breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über Unterschiede in der Vermehrung des Kartoffelzystennematoden auf anfälligen Kartoffelsorten wurde schon früher kurz berichtet. Versuche, die im Scottish Crop Research Institute durchgeführt wurden und Ergebnisse aus Prüfungen von Zuchtmaterial haben ergeben dass im Hinblick auf die Resistenz gegen den Kartoffelzystennematoden phänotypische und genotypische Unterschiede zwischen den Klonen bestehen. Hier wird über Untersuchungen repräsentativer Sorten derSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum Gruppe in bezug auf Variationen ihrer Anfälligkeit gegenGlobodera pallida berichtet. Tabelle 1 zeigt eine Reihe von allgemein als anfällig geltenden Kartoffelsorten, die mitG. pallida (Pa 2/3) geprüft wurden. Es wird über fünf Versuche berichtet; in den ersten drei (1A, 1B und 1C) wird die Resistenz von Klonen die aus Knollen aufgewachsen waren, erfasst und in den anderen zwei Versuchen (2A und 2B) die Resistenz von Sämlingen die aus Kreuzungen mit anfälligen Sorten stammen. Im versuch 1A (1978) wurden Augenstecklinge von 9 Sorten in 8 Wiederholungen im Gewächshaus ausgepflanzt. Der Kompost John Innes Nr. 2 wurde mit 40 Eiern/g vonG. pallida (Pa 2/3) inokuliert. Nach 11 Wochen wurden die Zysten ausgezählt und als Prozent der Zysten auf Pentland Crown (% Anfälligkeit) ausgedrückt (siehe Tabelle 1, erste Reihe und statistische Verrechnung in Tabelle 2a) Im Versuch 1B (1982) wurden 25 Sorten in fünf Wiederholungen in geschlossenen Behältern mit 4 verschiedenen Inokulumdichten geprüft: 1500, 2000, 2500 und 3000 Eier Behälter. Sieben Wochen später wurden die Zysten gezählt und als % Anfälligkeit, basierend auf den durchschnittlichen Zystenzahlen der 4 Inokulumdichten (Tab. 1, statistische Verrechnung in Tabelle 2b) ausgedrückt. Im Versuch 1 C (1983) wurden 22 Sorten bei einer Inokulumdichte von 3500 Eiern/Behälter geprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigt Tabelle 1 und die Statistik Tabelle 2c. In Tabelle 1 sind die Sorten in absteigender Reihenfolge angegeben, beginnend mit P. Javelin, die die höchste Zystenzahl aufwies. Fünf der in Tabelle 1 angegebenen 36 Sorten wurden in allen drei Prüfungen verwendet: P. Javelin, Désirée, M. Piper, Croft und P. Crown. Tabelle 3 zeigt die Varianzanalyse der fünf Sorten und für drei Jahre. Die in den Tabellen 2a, 2b und 2c aufgeführten Analysen zeigen dass signifikante Unterschiede (P〈0,001) im Hinblick auf die Zystenbildung zwischen den Sorten bestehen. Die Analyse in Tabelle 3 veranschaulicht dass die signifikanten Unterschiede in bezug auf die Zahl der gebildeten Zysten auf die Haupteinflüsse (Jahre, Sorten) zurükzuführen ist. Im ersten Sämlingstest (2A) wurde die Resistenz von Nachkommenschaften eines North Carolina 2-Kreuzungsprogrammes untersucht, bei dem elf gegenG. pallida resistente Klone mit sieben anfälligen gekreuzt wurden. Tabelle 4 zeigt die durchschnittlichen Zystenzahlen für die Nachkommenschaften der anfälligen Sorten und in Tabelle 5 ist die statistische Verrechnung aufgeführt. Die Verteilung des allgemeinen Kombinationsfähigkeitseffektes (Tab. 5) zeigt dass die anfälligen Eltern regelmässig, aber mit unterschiedlichem Ausmass zum generellen, inherenten Resistenzgrad gegen Kartoffelzystennematoden in der Nachkommenschaft beitragen. Im zweiten Sämlingstest (2B) wurde die Resistenz gegenG. pallida in 4 Nachkommenschaften anfälliger Eltern untersucht. Diese wurden in 5×5×4,5 cm Plastiktöpfen ‘Plant Pak’ in John Innes Nr. 2 Kompost, inokuliert mit 40 Eiern/g vonG. pallida, untersucht. 24 Einzelsämlinge wurden in jedem von 4 Blöcken randomisiert, Abb. 1 gibt die nach neun Wochen ausgezählten sichtbaren Zystenzahlen wieder. Das zeigt dass in den 4 Nachkommenschaften eine Abstufung der Anfälligkeit vorhanden ist. Die Ergebnisse der fünf Versuche zeigen dass zwischen den ursprünglich als anfällig angesehenen Sorten Unterschiede im Ausmass der Zystenproduktion bestehen. Diese Unterschiede stellen sowohl phänotypische als auch genotypische Variationen dar, die vorher beiSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum nicht deutlich aufgezeigt waren. Diese Unterschiede können auf verschiedenen Faktoren des Phänotyps, ausser dem Resistenzmechanismus an sich, beruhen; im Zusammenhang mit einem Züchtungsprogramm ist aber am wichtigsten dass sie eine vererbbare Komponente haben, die zur Beschleunigung der phänotypischen Ausprägung der Resistenz beitragen kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Les variations de taux de multiplication des nématodes à kyste de la pomme de terre pour des variétés sensibles ont déjà été brièvement relatées. Des essais conduits au Scottish Crop Research Institute et les données de tests de routine dans le programme de sélection montrent que des différences phénotypiques et génotypiques existent entre clones, en ce qui concerne la résistance du nématode à kyste. Les études présentées concernent les variétés représentatives du groupeSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum pour leur variation de sensibilité auGlobodera pallida. Des variétés généralement connues pour leur sensibilité auG. pallida (Pa2/3) sont expérimentées et mentionnées dans le tableau 1. Cinq essais sont réalisés. Les 3 premiers (1A, 1B et 1C) concernant la résistance des clones à partir des plantes issues de tubercules tandis que les deux autres (2A et 2B) se rapportent à la résistance de descendants issus de plantules provenant de croisements avec des variétés sensibles. Dans l'essai 1A (1978), des oeilletons de neuf variétés sont plantés en serre, à raison de 8 répétitions par variété. Le compost John Innes No 2 est inoculé avec 40 oeufs/g deG. pallida (Pa2/3). Les comptages de kystes après 11 semaines, exprimés en pourcentage du nombre de kystes sur Pentland Crown (% sensibilité) sont présentés dans la première colonne du tableau 1 et l'analyse statistique figure dans le tableau 2a. L'essai 1B (1982) comporte 25 variétés répétées cinq fois, en containers clos, et inoculées à 4 niveaux: 1500, 2000, 2500 et 3000 oeufs par container. Les comptages de kystes après 7 semaines sont présentés dans le tableau 1 en pourcentage de sensibilité sur la base des comptages moyens de kystes pour les 4 niveaux d'inoculum et l'analyse dans le tableau 2b. L'essai 1 C (1983) comporte 22 variétés, également en containers clos, maís avec un seul niveau d'inoculum: 3500 oeufs par container. Les résultats sont présentés dans le tableau 1 et l'analyse dans le tableau 2c. Les variétés présentées dans le tableau 1 sont classées par ordre décroissant avec comme première variété P. Javelin, qui produit le plus grand nombre de kystes. Pour les 36 variétés présentées dans le tableau 1, tous les test ont été réalisés sur cinq d'entre elles: P. Javelin, Désirée, M. Piper, Croft et P. Crown. L'arrachage de variance pour les 3 années et les cinq variétés est indiquée dans le tableau 3. Les analyses dans les tableaux 2a, 2b et 2c démontrent que des différences significatives (P〈0,001) existent entre les variétés, quant à la production de kystes. L'analyse dans le tableau 3 montre que la variation significative n'est expliquée que par les facteurs principaux (années et variétés), en ce qui concerne le nombre de kystes. Le premier test sur plantules met en évidence la résistance de la descendance par un programme de croisement North Carolina-2 entre 11 clônes résistants àG. pallida et 7 variétés sensibles. Un résumé des moyennes des kystes dans la descendance des variétés sensibles est indiqué dans le tableau 4 et l'analyse dans le tableau 5. Le part des effets combinés possibles, dans le tableau 5, montre que les parents sensibles contribuent de façon notable, mais à des degrés différents, aux niveaux de résistance propre au nématode pour chaque descendant. Le deuxième test sur plantules met en évidence la résistance àG. pallida pour quatre descendants de variétés sensibles. L'étude est faite dans des pots en plastique ‘plant pak’ de 5×5×4,5 cm remplis de compost John Innes No 2 inoculés avec 40 oeufs/g deG. pallida. 24 plantules individuelles sont placées au hasard dans chacun des quatre blocs. Les kistes visibles sont comptés après 9 semaines (figure 1); les résultats indiquent que différents niveaux de sensibilité existent pour les quatre descendants. Les résultats des cinq expériences démontrent qu'il y a des différences dans les niveaux de production de kystes pour des variétés prealablement classées comme étant d'égale sensibilité. Ces différences représentent des variations à la fois phénotypique et génotypique, au départ non clairement identifiées avecS. tuberosum ssp.tuberosum. Ces différences peuvent provenir de facteurs divers du phénotype autres que les mécanismes de résistance véritables, cependant il est important de considérer ce facteur héréditaire dans un programme de sélection ou il peut être utilisé pour accroître la résistance phénotypique.
    Notes: Summary Many cultivars of theSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum group were investigated in a number of studies for their susceptibility toGlobodera pallida. Phenotypic and genotypic variation for this character is reported in material previously regarded as uniformly susceptible. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to potato breeding policy and nematological studies.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: common scab ; Streptomyces scabies ; potato ; genotype ; resistance ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Knollen wurden auf ihre Anfälligkeit für Flachschorf bestimmt, indem der Bedeckungsgrad geschätzt und der schlimmste Schorftyp auf den einzelnen Knollen notiert wurden. Der Bedeckungsgrad wurde anhand einer Skala bestimmt, wobei 0=kein Schorf, 1=bis zu 10% der Oberfläche von Schorf befallen und jede weitere Einheit eine Zunahme von 10% bedeuten. Der Schorftyp wurde anhand einer Skala von 0–5 bonitiert: 0 = keine Schorfarten, 1 = wenig, oberflächliche Läsionen, 2 = gross, oberflächliche Läsionen, 3 = gross, rauhe Läsionen, 4 = grosse Läsionen, entweder aufgeworfen oder flachnarbig, 5 = grosse Läsionen, tiefnarbig. Die Mittelwerte für die Parzellen wurden errechnet. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem mit Flachschort befallenen Umfang der Knollenoberfläche und der Schwere des Schorftypes wurde untersucht, indem für acht Versuche an zwei Orten über zwei Vegetationsperioden (Abb. 1) Regressionen für den Umfang pro Typ errechnet und die Homogenität der Regressionen durch Varianzanalysen (Tabelle 1) verglichen wurden. Alle Regressionskoeffizienten waren hoch signifikant und wichen nicht signifikant voneinander ab. Die Tatsache, dass der Schorfbefall sich im gleichen Mass wie der Schorftyp verändert, weist darauf hin, dass — innerhalb der untersuchten Population von Genotypen — die Resistenz der Kartoffel gegen das Eindringen von sich entwickelnden Lentizellen und die Besiedlung von Knollengewebe eng zusammenhängen. Die Interaktion des Kartoffelgenotyps mit der Umwelt kann manchmal Knollen mit nur wenigen, tiefen Läsionen, wie im Versuch mit frühen Sorten in Trumpington 1975 (Abb. 11), oder mit zahlreichen oberflächlichen Schorfen, wie im Versuch mit mittelfrühen bis mittelspäten Sorten in Trumpington 1976 (Abb. 17), bewirken. Es ist daher nicht angezeigt, nur aufgrund des Vorhandenseins von oberflächlichen oder normalen Schorfen eine Auslese auf Resistenz oder Anfälligkeit zu treffen. Obwohl alle Regressionskoeffizienten hoch signifikant waren, gab es doch einzelne Abweichungen von den Regressionslinien. Ein Beispiel ist der in Abb. 15,6 mit × bezeichnete Klon, der eine kleinere Befallsfläche aufwies als 1976 an beiden Orten zu erwarten gewesen wäre.
    Abstract: Résumé On a étudié la sensibilité des tubercules à la gale commune par estimation de la surface atteinte et par notation du type de gale le plus grave sur chaque tubercule. On a établi une échelle de 1 à 10 en fonction du degré d'attaque, ou 0=pas de gale, 1=jusqu'à 10% de la surface atteinte. A chaque unité supplémentaire correspond une augmentation de 10%. Une échelle de 0 à 5 a été utilisée pour le type de gale; 0=pas de gale, 1=petites lésions superficielles, 2=grandes lésions superficielles, 3=grandes lésions rugueuses, 4=grandes lésions en relief ou en creux peu profonds, 5=grandes lésions en creux profonds. On a calculé des moyennes pour chaque parcelle. La relation entre la surface du tubercule couvert de lésions et la sévérité du type de gale a été examinée par calculs de régressions entre ces deux facteurs à partir de huit essais situés à deux endroits durant deux saisons (fig. 1) et par un test d'homogénéité des coefficients de régression par analyse de variance (tableau 1). Tous les coefficients de régression ont été hautement significatifs sans être différents de manière significative entre eux. Le fait que la surface des lésions change de manière uniforme à l'intérieur de la population des génotypes testés, conduit l'auteur à penser que la résistance des pommes de terre à la pénétration par les lenticules formées et la colonisation des tissue du tubercule sont intimement liées. L'interaction entre le génotype et l'environnement peut quelquefois produire des tubercules ayant seulement quelques lésions profondes, comme cela s'est produit dans l'essai récolté tôt de Trumpington en 1975 (fig. 11), où de nombreuses lésions superficielles, comme pour l'essai de Trumpington en 1976 (fig. 17) récolté plus tardivement. Par conséquent, dans le cadre d'un programme de sélection, il est insuffisant de classer des plantes résistantes ou sensibles uniquement à partir de gales respectivement superficielles ou normales. Bien que tous les coefficients de régression soient hautement significatifs il y a des déviations individuelles à partir des courbes de régression. Un exemple est donné par le clone marqué d'une croix (×) dans la fig. 15,6 lequel avait une surface atteinte plus petite que ce que l'on pouvait expecter pour les deux endroits en 1976.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the area of tuber surface covered with lesions of common scab and the severity of the scab type was examined by calculating regressions of cover on type for eight trials at two sites over two seasons. All the regression coefficients were highly significant and did not differ significantly from each other. This suggests that resistance to penetration and to colonization of tubers by the parasite are closely related. Differences in the position of regression lines were probably due to local environmental conditions. The interaction of the potato genotype with the environment can result in relatively few severe scabs or many superficial scabs.
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: gangrene ; host specificity ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In experiments carried out over two years at two sites, a differential interaction between two potato varieties and two isolates ofP. exigua var.foveata was demonstrated in the cortical tissue.
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 441-448 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: early dying ; field trials ; cultivars ; resistance ; Solanum tuberosum ; Alternaria solani Ell. & Mart.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five methods of assessing early blight (Alternaria solani) on potatoes were examined using field trials in Israel in 1986 and 1987. One method (Mean Days) was unrepeatable and therefore unsatisfactory; four others were repeatable and discriminated between the 16 cultivars examined. However, when relationships with natural senescence were examined, two of the methods (Best Score and Mean Percent) were highly correlated with it. Of the two methods that reflected the rate of increase in disease symptoms, the maximum increase in percentage cover observed in a 14 day period (Delta) was found to be more effective than the linear regression coefficient for the relationship between percentage disease cover and number of days from planting (Slope).
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; Solanum vernei ; potato cyst nematodes ; resistance ; maturity ; leaf area ; biomass partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The tolerance toGlobodera pallida of 15 potato genotypes with a high level of resistance toG. pallida was assessed by measuring their tuber yield in heavily infested fields and in nematicide treated strips in the same fields. Tolerance was also assessed in pots in the glasshouse by measuring the total biomass after 35 and 70 days growth in heavilyG. pallida infested soil and in uninfested soil. Large differences in tolerance between the genotypes were observed. High correlations were observed between tolerance assessments made in the field experiments and between field and pot experiments. No relationship was found between tolerance and maturity. Shoot and root dry weight were about equally affected by the nematode.
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    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: infection experiments ; latent infection ; resistance ; symptom development ; ring rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wurzeln von gekeimten Saatknollen der Sorten Ostara, Laila, Kerrs Pink und Pimpernel wurden durch Tauchen in Suspensionen vonCorynebacterium sepedonicum inokuliert. Dies erbrachte einen beträchtlichen und signifikanten Ertragsrückgang, vor allem bei der Sorte Pimpernel (Tabelle 1); desweiteren zeigte sich eine signifikante Sorte/Infektion-Wechselwirkung. Inokulation ergab, mit Ausnahme von Laila, eine signifikante Senkung der durchschnittlichen Knollenzahl (Tabelle 2); am grössten war der Rückgang bei Kerrs Pink, während das durchschnittliche Knollengewicht am meisten zurückging bei Pimpernel (Tabelle 3). Der Ertragsrückgang bei Laila erfolgte durch Reduktion des durchschnittlichen Knollengewichtes, bei den anderen Sorten jedoch durch Rückgang der durchschnittlichen Knollenzahl. Diese Beobachtung lässt darauf schliessen dass die Entwicklung der Infektion bei Laila nach der Knollen-Initiierung einsetzte, während sie bei den anderen Sorten schon früher einsetzte und somit die Knollenzahl beeinflusste. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen Sorten zeigten einige Tochterknollen von Laila äussere Symptome, in Verbindung mit starker Fäule, während in der Entwicklung interner Symptome nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Sorten gefunden wurden (Tabelle 4). Dennoch waren die Konzentrationen vonC. sepedonicum in den meisten symptomlosen Tochterknollen inokulierter Pflanzen hoch (Tabelle 4). Die Ergebnisse zeigen dass die Sorte Laila gegen eineC. sepedonicum-Infektion resistenter als die anderen geprüften Sorten ist, dass jedoch hohe Konzentrationen des Erregers in symptomlosen Knollen von inokulierten Pflanzen gegen eine Verwendung bei der Züchtung sprechen.
    Abstract: Résumé Des racines de tubercules de semence germés (variétés Ostara, Laila, Kerrs Pink et Pimpernel) sont inoculées par immersion dans des suspensions deCorynebacterium sepedonicum. Cela provoque une diminution conéquente et significative du rendement, en particulier pour la variété Pimpernel (tableau 1), et il existe une interaction significative variété/infection. L'inoculation diminue significativement le nombre moyen de tubercules (tableau 2) sauf pour la variété Laila; la diminution est la plus importante pour la variété Kerrs Pink, tandis que le poids moyen de tubercules diminue le plus pour la variété Pimpernel (tableau 3). La diminution du rendement pour la variété Laila est provoquée par une réduction du poids de tubercules. Cette observation suggère que le développement de l'infection pour la variété Laila débute après l'initiation de tubérisation, alors que pour les autres variétés, elle commence plus tôt et de ce fait influence le nombre de tubercules. Peu de tubercules fils de la variété Laila montrent des symptômes externes associés à une pourriture importante en comparaison avec les autres variétés, alors que de petites différences s'observent entre toutes les variétés au niveau du développement de symptômes internes (tableau 4). Les concentrations deC. sepedonicum sont cependant élevées dans la plupart des tubercules fils ne présentant pas de symptômes et provenant de plantes inoculées (tableau 4). Les résultats montrent que la variété Laila est plus résistante à l'infection deC. sepedonicum que les autres variétés testées, mais les fortes concentrations du pathogène dans les tubercules sans symptôme provenant de plantes inoculées empêchent son utilisation en multiplication.
    Notes: Summary Inoculating the roots of potato cvs Ostara, Laila, Kerrs Pink, and Pimpernel withCorynebacterium sepedonicum caused severe rotting of tubers and between 12 and 51 % decrease in yield. There was a significant cultivar/infection interaction. The numbers of tubers decreased significantly except for cv. Laila, which also showed little rotting of tubers, and the average tuber weight decreased most in cv. Pimpernel. The concentration ofC. sepedonicum was high in most inoculated tubers including those not showing symptoms.
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; latent infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Kartoffelsorten auf das Vorhandensein vonPhoma exigua var.foveata in Stengeln und grünen Blättern untersucht. Pflanzknollen, die nach künstlicher Infektion faulten, wurden im Feld ausgepflanzt; nach 5, 12 und 17 Wochen wurden pro Sorte vier Stengel mit Blättern nach dem Zufallsprinzip ausgewählt, wobei jeder Stengel eine Pflanze repräsentierte. Die Stengel wurden gewaschen, getrocknet und in 5 cm-Segmente geteilt. Nach Oberflächensterilisation wurden die Segmente und die Blattschnitte in Petrischalen auf ein selektives Agarmedium gebracht, das zur Förderung der Pyknidienentwicklung Paraquat enthielt.P. exigua var.foveata wurde auf Malzextraktagar bestimmt, der Thiophanatmethyl und Chloramphenicol enthielt. Die Sorten reagierten unterschiedlich auf die Infektion, wie an der Anzahl der Schnitte, die das Pathogen lieferten, zu ersehen ist. Die Nachweishäufigkeit war am niedrigsten bei der ersten und am höchsten bei der letzten Probenahme (Tab. 2). Die mittleren Prozentwerte varierten von 13% bis 36%, die Reihenfolge war zwischen den Jahren ähnlich (Tab. 1). Das Verteilungsmuster der Schnitte, die das Pathogen lieferten, war unregelmässig; es wurde überall in Stengelschnitten und Blättchen vom oberirdischen Trieb nachgewiesen und in nur wenigen Fällen auch in Stengelsegmenten unterhalb der Bodenoberfläche (Tab. 3). Die Werte zeigen, dass die Anfälligkeit der Sorten zur symptomlosen Invasion der grünen Triebe differiert. Inwieweit in dieser Phase des Lebenszyklus des Pilzes eine Resistenzauslese lohnend ist, hängt von der möglichen Bedeutung des Stengelinokulums als Quelle für die Infektion der Knollennachkommenschaft ab. Es war mit dieser Untersuchung nicht beabsichtigt, Fragen, die sich auf die Ausbreitung des Pilzes beziehen, zu beantworten; ein besseres Verständnis der Biologie dieses Krankheitserregers ist aber entscheidend zur rationalen Anwendung der Ergebnisse in der Pflanzenzüchtung.
    Abstract: Résumé La présence dePhoma exigua var.foveata dans les tiges et les feuilles vertes est étudiée sur treize variétés de pommes de terre. Des tubercules de semence pourris après contamination artificielle, sont plantés au champ. Après 5, 12 et 17 semaines, 4 tiges avec les feuilles de chaque variété sont prélevées au hasard, chaque tige représentant une plante. Les tiges sont lavées, séchées et coupées en segments de 5 cm. Après une stérilisation de surface les segments et des sections de folioles sont placés en boites de pétri sur un milieu sélectif à base d'agar contenant du paraquat afin de favoriser le développement des pycnides.Phoma exigua var.foveata est identifié sur malt agar contenant du thiophanate-méthyl et chloramphenicol. Les variétés répondent différemment à l'infection, comme le montre le nombre de sections hébergeant le pathogène. La fréquence de détection est la plus faible à la première date d'échantillonnage et la plus élevée à la dernière (tableau 2). Le pourcentage moyen varie entre 13 et 36%, le classement est similaire entre les années (tableau 1). La distribution du pathogène hébergé par les échantillons est irrégulière. Il est détecté sur des sections de tiges et des folioles au dessus du sol et dans quelques cas sur des segments de tiges en dessous de la surface du sol (tableau 3). Les données montrent que la sensibilité des variétés à l'infection des parties aériennes est variable. L'intérêt d'une sélection à la résistance pour cette phase du cycle du champignon dépend de l'importance potentielle de l'inoculum sur tige en temps que source de contamination des tubercules-fils. Cette étude n'a pas pour but d'expliquer la dissémination du champignon, mais une meilleure connaissance de la biologie du pathogène est fondamentale pour une application rationnelle des résultats de la multiplication variétale.
    Notes: Summary Thirteen cultivars were tested for presence ofPhoma exigua var.foveata in stems and green leaves. The frequency of segments yielding the pathogen increased with time during the growing season and varied between cultivars from 13 to 36% and their distribution pattern was irregular. There were significant differences between cultivars to this symptomless invasion of the green shoots. The value of such cultivar differences depends on the interpretation of the importance of stem inoculum in carrying the disease to the next tuber generation.
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    Potato research 34 (1991), S. 179-182 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In comparison to the previously known isolates of potato virus YN (PVYN), some isolates found in Poland since 1984 are more infectious to potato plants, reach faster a higher concentration and induce milder disease symptoms. Potato cultivars resistant to the standard type of PVYN may be susceptible to the new isolates whereas those that are extremely resistant to PVY remain extremely resistant to the new isolates. The potato cultivar Elipsa is suitable for the differentiation of PVYN isolates.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PVY ; plant breeding ; progeny tests ; genetics ; resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For potato breeding or genetical research purposes, the number of copies of a dominant major gene for resistance to potato virus Y in a parent clone can be determined by test-crossing with a susceptible parent and observing the segregation ratio of resistant to susceptible seedlings in the progeny. In a comparison of different susceptible cultivars for use in test-crosses for this purpose, their progenies differed in the clarity of symptoms and parental phenotype proved an unreliable guide. Cvs Maris Piper, Arran Peak and Dr MacIntosh were found to be suitable tester parents, Pentland Squire less so and cv. Désirée was confirmed as having a major gene conferring incomplete resistance. It was found advisable to test-cross with more than one susceptible parent.
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  • 78
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    Potato research 39 (1996), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: germplasm ; TPS ; resistance ; rapid multiplication ; virus ; collaborative research ; research priorities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary After an initial phase of development and programme establishment the activities of the International Potato Center (CIP) grew rapidly from 1981 to 1985, putting emphasis on germplasm distribution, research on diffused-light storage and TPS, and exploration of sources of resistance. Later, strong emphasis was given to genetic resource utilization and field resistance to late blight. The impact of CIP research showed internal rates of return ranging from 26 to 102 percent. At the end of the 1980s CIP's financial resources were cut severely and restructuring the programme was necessary. Through a careful process of prioritizing, programmes are identified which will contribute most to ensuring the continued increase of potato production in developing countries and to continuing the leading role of CIP in potato research.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; QTL ; resistance ; RFLP ; Sclerotinia scerotorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism and isoenzyme markers were used to investigate quantitative trait loci involved in sunflower resistance to mycelial extension of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on leaves and capitula. Seed weight, oil content and flowering data were also evaluated. Four quantitative trait loci were demonstrated for leaf resistance and two for capitulum resistance. One of these zones appears involved in resistance to both types of S. sclerotiorum attack while the others appear specific for resistance of one part of the plant. Two quantitative trait loci were detected for seed weight, three for oil content and three for flowering date. Individual quantitative trait loci explained 9% to 48% of the phenotypic variability, confirming the polygenic basis of the quantitative traits studied. Overall, the quantitative trait loci explain 60% of the genetic variation for leaf resistance and 38% for capitulum resistance to S. sclerotiorum. One linkage group is particularly interesting since it includes quantitative trait loci for all the five quantitative traits measured. Hypotheses for linkage versus pleiotropy and consequences of all the results in resistance breeding are discussed.
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  • 80
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    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: geminiviruses ; beet curly top virus ; DI DNA ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Beet curly top virus (BCTV) infection is associated with the de novo synthesis of a heterogeneous population of subgenomic viral DNAs. Nicotiana benthamiana plants transformed with a partial repeat of one such subgenomic DNA remained susceptible to infection but produced ameliorated symptoms when agroinoculated with BCTV. Symptom amelioration is associated with the mobilization of subgenomic DNA from the integrated copy. In an attempt to improve the resistance, N. benthamiana has been transformed with a partial repeat of a much smaller subgenomic DNA. However, transgenic plants showed almost no resistance although subgenomic DNA was mobilised from the host genome. To further understand the molecular basis of the interference phenomenon, we compared the ability of BCTV to replicate and accumulate in leaf discs derived from resistant and non-resistant transgenic plants. Both subgenomic DNAs were able to interfere with virus replication but only in case of resistant plants the DI DNA efficiently suppressed viral accumulation.
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  • 81
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    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 773-778 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: apple scab ; environmental factors ; resistance ; Venturia inaequalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The susceptibility of apple leaves toVenturia inaequalis was investigated by assessing disease on individual leaves of seedlings and labelled shoots of orchard trees. Four sets (A-D) of potted seedlings of cv. ‘Golden Delicious’, which had been grown in a glasshouse, each with approximately 30 mature leaves, were exposed to a high-inoculum orchard. Sets A and B were exposed after each other for 47 and 42 days, respectively. As a result of the six and three infection periods during exposure, 94% and 81%, respectively of the seedling shoot tips in set A and set B became infected. However, due to ontogenetic resistance, disease incidence was low in both sets on leaves which were fully expanded at the beginning of exposure. Set C was exposed during both periods (89 days) in which sets A and B were exposed. Not only were all the seedling shoot tips in set C infected, but also — due to the loss of ontogenetic resistance — nearly all of the mature leaves. Ontogenetic resistance was also lost in set D, which was exposed for 57 days at the end of the growing season. The symptoms on fully expanded leaves on plants in sets C and D were typical and similar to those on young leaves. A time course symptom assessment was performed on leaves which had developed early in the season on labelled, field-grown shoots of cv. ‘Golden Delicious’ trees. A steady increase of disease incidence was detected, which could not only have resulted from infections followed by extended incubation periods. In addition to the increase of typical lesions on both leaf surfaces, there was also an abundance of diffuse mycelial development on the lower surfaces of the leaves of the field-grown trees.
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    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 653-665 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: avoidance ; Melampsora pinitorqua ; path coefficient analysis ; Pinus pinaster ; resistance ; rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data collected in a three-year field experiment on infection and damage by Melampsora pinitorqua on maritime pines showing contrasting growth were analysed by means of path analysis. The severity of infection in 2 year-old pines could be mainly explained by the amount of susceptible tissues (elongating shoots). In contrast, two years later, ‘intrinsic susceptibility’, i.e. expressed after inoculation, was shown to have the most important direct effect on the amount of infection. Intrinsic susceptibility could be satisfactorily assessed by artificial inoculations on excised shoots under controlled conditions. Shoot potassium and phosphorous contents were shown to have marked positive effects on susceptibility. The hypothesis of an age effect on the relative importance of different resistance mechanisms, i.e. avoidance and active resistance, in maritime pine interaction with twisting rust is discussed.
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  • 83
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    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: black pod ; resistance ; Theobroma cacao
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Phytophthora (P. palmivora and P. capsici) and inoculations at two depths (3 mm and 9 mm) were tested each on 10 clones of Theobroma cacao to determine their effects on pod resistance. Ripe and unripe pods were also assessed to determine the influence of physiological status of the pod on the expression of resistance. The two pathogens tested (P. palmivora and P. capsici) differed significantly in their reactions on pods, with P. palmivora being more aggressive than P. capsici. However, the lack of interaction between clones and pathogen species and the similarity in the ranking of clones based on lesion size suggested that selection for resistant clones can be based on one of the two pathogens, preferably the more aggressive one. Pod reactions differed between inoculation depths (3 mm and 9 mm), and between pod maturity stages (ripe and unripe pods) with relatively larger lesions being recorded at 9 mm depth and on unripe pods as compared to those observed at 3 mm depth and on unripe pods, respectively. The magnitude of increase in lesion sizes, however, varied with genotypes, indicating that inoculation depth and pod maturity stage should be standardized in screening cacao germplasm for resistance to Phytophthora.
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    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: lettuce ; lettuce downy mildew ; Bremia lactucae ; phenylamide fungicides ; virulence factors ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Control of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) with phenylamide fungicides has failed in some intensive lettuce-producing areas in Northern Italy since Spring 1993. Before then, these chemicals and particularly metalaxyl, provided the best disease control. The sensitivity of Bremia lactucae isolates collected in such areas to metalaxyl was evaluated in the laboratory. These strains grew and sporulated profusely on lettuce seedlings treated with 100 and 200 ppm of metalaxyl, whereas sensitive control strains were completely inhibited when treated with fungicide concentrations ranging from 0.5–1 ppm. Thus in Italy occurrence of resistance to phenylamide fungicides in Bremia lactucae has also been demonstrated, as in almost all the countries where these chemicals were previously authorised. Subsequently, a demonstration of occurrence of resistance was made and the virulence pattern of several strains (resistant and sensitive to metalaxyl) was characterised using differential NL series containing the 13 DM resistant genes or R factors. The results suggest the occurrence of a new pathotype in Italy different from all the 16 NL Bremia lactucae races studied.
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    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 431-443 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: basal rot ; cell wall degradation ; Lilium ; pathogenesis ; plasmolysis ; resistance ; transfer cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The early interaction of lily roots with the cortical rot pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii was studied using roots of lily bulblets grown in Hoagland's solution, inoculated with the pathogen, and sampled up to 48 h later. Conidia produced germ tubes within 6 h, which extended towards and into the mucilage covering the root elongation zone, and along and into the anticlinal grooves and middle lamellae of epidermal cells. By 24–48 h, infecting hyphae had reached the periclinal walls and intercellular spaces between the epidermis and the outermost cells of the cortex. Penetration of intercellularly growing hyphae directly across host cell walls was not observed; invasion of the cell lumen only occurred by gradual infringing of hyphae upon successive primary wall layers. Non-cellulosic wall appositions rich in vesicles and covered by a cellulosic protective-like layer were formed in response to approaching hyphae in resistant cv.Connecticut King, but rarely in susceptible cv. Esther which seemed more susceptible to plasmolysis and rot. Finger-like projections of the appositions into the host cell cytoplasm likely represent early stages of transfer cell formation.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: aggressiveness ; disease resistance ; pathogenicity ; pathotype ; resistance ; strain ; susceptibility ; tolerance ; virulence ; virus-host genetic interaction ; virus isolate ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two potyvirus isolates from endive, originating from southern France (Ls252) and from the Netherlands (Ls265), that were highly and poorly pathogenic on lettuce, respectively, were compared with a common isolate (Ls1) of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) and with two highly deviant Greek isolates fromHelminthia (Picris) echioides (Gr4) and endive (Gr5), earlier recognized as LMV. The isolates could not be distinguished by particle morphology and serology, and were all identified as LMV. Leaf curling, plant stunting and necrosis were more characteristic of the virus than mosaic. The isolates studied varied considerably on differential host species and a range of lettce cultivars including pathotype differentials of Pink et al. [1992b]. Ls1 and Ls265 reacte largely as pathotype II, including the ‘common strain’ of the virus, but Ls265 was least pathogenic on lettuce. Ls252 fitted pathotype IV and was very similar to LMV-E (the ‘Spanish strain’). The Greek isolates were very similar to each other in causing very severe symptoms on some non-lettuce hosts and a number of lettuce cultuvars. In lettuce variectal reaction Gr4 resembled pathotype I, but Gr5 severely affected ‘Salinas 88’, resistant to pathotypes I, II and III, and it appears to be a novel pathotype. Genetic interaction between lettuce and LMV is not following a simple yes-or-no pattern, and it is not a mere matter of resistance versus susceptibility. Adoption of a more realistic resistance terminology is proposed. None of the lettuce cultivars tested was resistant to the most pathogenic isolate Ls252, but resistance to it was found in 2 out of 12 wildLactuca species tested (Lactuca perennis andL. tatarica) while the symptomless plants ofL. perennis clearly reacted in ELISA.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Ceratocystis fimbriata ; phytoalexins ; Platanus spp. ; resistance
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inoculation of leaves of resistantPlatanus occidentalis and susceptiblePlatanus acerifolia leaves withCeratocystis fimbriata f. sp.platani, the canker stain disease agent, induced foliar necrosis and biosynthesis of two phytoalexins, scopoletin and umbelliferone. Foliar symptoms keep localized and accumulation of coumarin phytoalexins was rapid for incompatible interactions. Necrosis spread widely and accumulation of these phenolic compounds was much later and lower for compatible interactions. The differential response could be used in a genetic improvement program for resistance against canker stain.
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    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 311-316 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Capsicum annuum ; C. frutescens ; resistance ; Phytaphthora capsici ; host-pathogen interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pepper cultivars from diverse geographic origins were evaluated for resistance to different isolates ofPhytophthora capsici under controlled environmental conditions. All accessions tested were susceptible at the four-leaf stage to the six isolates ofP. capsici. Inoculation at the eight-leaf stage resulted in significantly different interactions among the accessions andP. capsici isolates. The Korean and U.S. cultivars tested were highly susceptible to the isolates ofP. capsici at this stage. In contrast, PI 201234 and PI 201238 had a differential interaction with someP. capsici isolates. At the twelve-leaf stage, Phytophthora blight developed slowly in the Korean and U.S. cultivars that were highly susceptible at the eight-leaf stage. Furthermore, the accessions from the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) became highly resistant toP. capsici at this stage.
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Lilium ; resistance ; in vitro selection ; phytotoxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The production of phytotoxins byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.lilii, a pathogen causing bulb and scale rot in lilies, was investigated. To determine the toxic activity of culture filtrate, a bioassay with in vitro grown scale bulblets or with callus was set up. The fungus produces toxic components in different culture media. The highest toxicity was observed in Czapek Dox medium. HPLC and GC/MS analyses revealed the presence of fusaric acid at toxic concentrations in this medium. The production of fusaric acid in time coincides with the increase of toxic activity in the culture filtrate. It is concluded that at least part of this toxicity is due to fusaric acid.
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    European journal of plant pathology 88 (1982), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: TMV strains ; pathogenicity ; resistance ; hypersensitivity ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Om verschillen in pathogeniteit tussen twee in Nederland voorkomende paprikastammen van het TMV nader vast te stellen, werd een aantalCapsicum-herkomsten, waaronder negen soorten, op resistentie getoetst. Hierbij werden de representatieve paprika-isolaten P 11 en P 8 vergeleken met de uit tomaat afkomstige isolaten MA en SPS als vertegenwoordigers van respectievelijk de tabaks- en tomatestam van het TMV. Bij het beoordelen van de symptomen duidden lokale, necrotische vlekken en afvallen van geïnoculeerde bladeren op resistentie, systemische necrosen of mozaïeksymptomen op vatbaarheid. In deze symptomen kwamen tussen de gebruikte stammen verschillen in virulentie tot uitdrukking. Er werden echter vooral verschillen in agressiviteit waargenomen met betrekking tot zowel afzonderlijke, voor resistentie uitsplitsende,Capsicum-herkomsten als het totale aantal getoetste herkomsten. Van de ruim 73 herkomsten waren er 58 resistent tegen MA en SPS, 31 daarvan tegen P 11, maar slechts vijf daarvan tegen P 8. Deze resistentie tegen P 8 werd gevonden inC. chinense.
    Notes: Abstract A number ofCapsicum accessions including nine species were tested for resistance to TMV based on hypersensitivity. The tobacco strain MA and the tomato strain SPS, which were both isolated from tomato, and two pathogenically distinct pepper strains P 11 and P 8, were used. Of the 73Capsicum accessions tested 58 were resistant to MA and SPS, 31 were resistant to P 11 and five were resistant to P 8.
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    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 149-162 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Brassica ; epidemiology ; resistance ; ringspot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isolates ofMycosphaerella brassicicola, originating from various locations in Europe, differed in their virulence on a differential set of brassica cultivars, as measured by the number of lesions per leaf. Hypersensitivity and significant cultivar-isolate effects were observed, indicating a differential host-pathogen interaction. Although expression of resistance depends on plant development, the differential host-pathogen interaction was found in all plant stages tested. This is the first report on the existence of physiological specialization ofM. brassicicola.
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CAT scanning ; drawdown ; plant roots ; resistance ; water uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the technique of Computer Assisted Tomography applied to gamma ray attenuation measurement of soil water content, it has been shown that the assumption of uniform absorption of soil water along a plant root is clearly erroneous and that drawdown distance is a function of time. The results suggest that the plant sequentially removes water from the top to the bottom of the root as soil hydraulic resistance becomes a major limiting factor in the upper layers, even at the high soil water potential (−0.30 MPa) used.
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    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: breeding ; Dianthus caryophullus ; Fusarium oxysporum ; pectic enzymes ; phytoalexins ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carnation cultivars with different levels of partial resistance were inoculated with race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and monitored for accumulation of host phytoalexins, fungal escape from compartmentalization, production of fungal pectin-degrading enzymes and development of external disease symptoms. Accumulation of phytoalexins, assessed after 10 days in the first 5 cm above the inoculation site, was weakly (methoxydianthramide S) or not (hydroxydianthalexin B) correlated with resistance levels after 12 weeks. Fungal escape from compartmentalization, assessed after 3 weeks as percentages colonized plants at 8 cm above the inoculation site, was highly correlated with expression of susceptibility after 12 weeks. Polygalacturonase (PG) activity, assessed after 4 weeks in the first 5 cm above the inoculation site, was highly correlated to final disease development. Linear increases in disease severity were accompanied by quadratic increases in PG activity. In contrast to water-treated plants, that lacked any PG activity, inoculated plants contained two main groups of fungal PGs, the dominant forms of which had estimated pI values of 7.0 and minimally 9.5, respectively. Compared to those of the first group, enzymes of the second group were produced only in trace amounts in liquid media containing pectin or polygalacturonate as sole source of carbon. On these media, the fungus also produced a pectin methyl esterase (PME) with an estimated pI of 9.3. Besides PMEs of host origin, inoculated plants of susceptible cultivars contained the fungal PME while no more than traces were found in resistant ones. Assessment of phytoalexin production by the host during defense responses cannot replace monitoring of external symptoms as a resistance test. Assessment of fungal growth, whether by reisolations above the compartmentalization area or by measurement of PG activity, provides a both rapid and reliable prediction of disease development.
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    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 509-512 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tospovirus ; resistance ; Capsicum sp. ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Infection by two isolates of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) under temperature regimes of 25/18°C (day/night) or 33°C (continuous) was studied in Capsicum annuum (systemically susceptible to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, TSWV), C. chinense PI 152225 and PI 159236 (reacting hypersensitively to TSWV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemically susceptible to both tospoviruses). At 25/18°C infection was systemic in all hosts tested. At 33°C infection in N. benthamiana was systemic whereas in C. annuum and C. chinense it was restricted to the inoculated leaves. The result differed from that reported for TSWV, where high temperature made plants more susceptible, or caused no difference. Exchanging temperature regimes 6 h to 4 days after inoculation did not affect the final results one month later, with plants being only locally infected at 33°C continuous regime, or systemically infected at 25/18°C alternate regime. The two INSV isolates were biologically and serologically stable for 5 passages in N. benthamiana held continuously at 33°C.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; wild Solanum spp. ; resistance ; detached leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and molecular research on resistance responses of Solanum tuberosum cultivars and partially resistant Solanum species to Phytophthora infestans requires a reliable resistance test that can be used in the laboratory. Laboratory tests performed on detached leaves and intact plants were compared with field tests for similarity of late blight reactions. Detached leaves from field-grown plants were as resistant as detached leaves from climate chamber-grown plants when challenged with P. infestans. However, detached leaves incubated in covered trays at high relative humidity were more susceptible than detached leaves kept in open trays or leaves on intact plants. The incubation conditions of detached leaves in covered trays rather than detachment itself appeared to affect the resistance expression. Detached leaves of some wild Solanum genotypes became partially infected, whereas intact plants were completely resistant when inoculated. Inoculation of leaves on intact plants, however, resulted in lower infection efficiencies. These limitations should be taken into account when choosing the appropriate inoculation method for specific purposes. For resistance screening, laboratory tests proved to be a good alternative for field tests. The ranking of resistance levels for twenty plant genotypes was similar under laboratory and field conditions.
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  • 96
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 51-56 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: resistance ; potato breeding ; roots canister test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fourteen cultivars generally regarded as uniformly susceptible toGlobodera pallida Pa 2/3 were assessed in plastic closed containers for degree of susceptibility and also for root and sprouting characteristics. The material was assessed by scoring degree of sprouting before planting and number of cysts and root growth at the end of experiment at intervals from the time of initial dormancy break through to prolific sprouting. Using covariate analyses, it was found that the degree of root development, particularly in the earlier assessments, significantly influenced the degree of cyst development and so the perceived levels of susceptibility/resistance. Having taken account of root growth characters, significant differences between the cultivars with regard to nematode multiplication were still evident. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to potato breeding and nematological studies.
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  • 97
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    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 365-372 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bymovirus ; barley yellow mosaic virus ; barley mild mosaic virus ; resistance ; variability ; ELISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of thirty-four barley cultivars from European and Asiatic origin was analysed in six soils infected with barley yellow mosaic virus complex (BaYMV, BaMMV). These soils were selected from 16 sites for their differences in cultivar response. Amongst the six cultivars carrying the ym4 gene (Esterel, Express, Labéa, Majestic, Réjane, Vanoise), only cv Majestic was infected at one site with BaYMV and BaMMV. Concerning BaYMV, three cultivars were infected on all the soils and 19 on none of them. Twelve cultivars were differentially infected depending on the soil. In the case of BaMMV, four cultivars were infected on all the soils and 19 on none of them. Eleven cultivars were differentially infected depending on the soil. ELISA tests revealed the presence, in these soils, of variants of BaYMV and BaMMV that were able to overcome at least seven of the 12 known resistance genes (ym3, ym4, ym6, ym8, ym9, ym10, ym11) and the resistance of three varieties (Tosan Kawa 73, OU1 and Taihoku A) in which the genetic basis is unknown. Amplification by RT-PCR of the N-terminal region for three of BaYMV variants was performed. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences were determined and compared with the corresponding sequence of a common strain of BaYMV-G. A few nucleotide differences were detected between all the French isolates, but there were no strain specific amino acid differences.
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  • 98
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    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 343-356 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: centre of virus origin ; hypersensitivity-associated resistance ; immunity ; resistance ; resistance sources ; sensitivity ; test plants ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Na inoculatie van een grote collectieNicotiana-soorten met 14 isolaten van de aardappelvirussen A (PVA), X (PVX) en Y (PVY) en tabaksmozaïekvirus (TMV), konden de secties of sectiedelen van het genus op basis van de gemiddelde reactie van hun soorten in vijf groepen worden verdeeld. Soorten uit Australische woestijngebieden en taxonomisch behorend tot de sectieSuaveolentes (subgenusPetunioides) bleken het meest gevoelig en het minst resistent, terwijl de sectiesPaniculatae (subgenusRustica),Tomentosae (Tabacum) enNoctiflorae (Petunioides) het minst gevoelig en het meest resistent waren. Van de collectienummers van de laatstgenoemde secties bleek 61% resistentie tegen minstens twee van de virussen te bezitten. De meest resistente soorten hebben hun verspreidingsgebied vooral in het centrale deel van het Andesgebergte (het zuidelijk deel van Peru, Bolivia en noord-westelijk Argentinië). Mogelijk is dit het ontstaansgebied van deze virussen. De einge andere resistente soort wasN. africana (Suaveolentes) uit zuid-westelijk Afrika. De meest gevoelige Amerikaanse secties, te wetenGenuinae (Tabacum) enTrigonophyllae, Alatae, Acuminatae enBigelovianae (Petunioides), waren gemiddeld gevoeliger danSuaveolentes-soorten die niet uit de Australische woestijnen afkomstig zijn. Het resterende deel van het genus, bestaande uit de Amerikaanse sectiesThyrsiflorae enRusticae (Rustica) enUndulatae, Repandae enNudicaules (Petunioides), stond met betrekking tot gevoeligheid en resistentie tussen laatstgenoemd deel van de sectieSuaveolentes en de groep resistente secties in, maar vertoonde in hoge mate tolerantie voor PVA, PVX en PVY en met overgevoeligheid samengaande resistentie voor TMV. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat de reacties van het genusNicotiana op virussen vooral geografisch bepaald zijn en in mindere mate taxonomisch.
    Notes: Abstract When testing the response of species of the genusNicotiana to 14 isolates of potato viruses A (PVA), X (PVX) and Y (PVY) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), sections and section parts of the genus could be divided into five groups according to the overall reaction of their species. Species from arid regions of australia and belonging to the sectionSuaveolentes (subgenusPetunioides) were most sensitive and least resistant, whereas the sectionsPaniculatae (subgenusRustica),Tomentosae (Tabacum) andNoctiflorae (Petunioides) appeared least sensitive and most resistant. Sixty-one percent of the accessions of the latter sections proved resistant to at least two of the viruses. The most resistant species have their main geographical distribution in the central Andes (southern Peru, Bolivia and north-western Argentina), where the viruses may have originated. One other resistant species wasN. africana (Suaveolentes) indigenous to south-western Africa. The most sensitive American sections, viz.Genuinae (Tabacum) andTrigonophyllae, Alatae, Acuminatae andBigelovianae (Petunioides), were generally more sensitive than species of theSuaveolentes section from outside the arid regions of Australia. The remaining part of the genus, viz. the American sectionsThyrsiflorae andRusticae (Rustica) andUndulatae, Repandea andNudicaules (Petunioides) was intermediate between the latter group ofSuaveolentes species and the resistant group of sections with regard to sensitivity and resistance, but had a high rate of tolerance to PVA, PVX and PVY and of hypersensitivity-associated resistance to TMV. The results indicate that the viral respons in the genusNicotiana is mainly determined geographically and to a lesser extent taxonomically.
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  • 99
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 37-45 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cultural measures ; chemical control ; biological control ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Conventional ways to control aphid vectors on potato crops rely essentially on cultural and chemical methods. The extensive use of insecticides, too often applied regardless of real needs and consequences, has resulted in more and more failures in both controlling aphids and virus spread. This paper stresses the need to introduce more rationale in the operation of existing methods by improving the efficiency of some of them like forecasting systems, to assess the potential of others like fertilization and semiochemicals and to put most efforts on resistant cultivars so that integrated pest management can be operated in the near future.
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  • 100
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    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: interspecific and intraspecific hybrids ; grafting experiments ; N gene ; resistance ; temperature effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Screening for the pathogenesis-related (b) protein patterns of 11Nicotiana species and 30N. tabacum varieties has revealed both inter- and intraspecific variability and 7 different b-proteins (b0, b1, b1′, b1″, b2, b3 and b4) have been clearly defined. Their genetic determinants are sexually transmitted independently of theN gene conferring resistance to TMV, and a monogenic inheritance has been demonstrated for one of them (b1′). Grafting experiments have revealed the existence of a species-aspecific ‘mobile compound’ responsible for the expression of the b-protein genes, the production of which is probably under the control of theN gene. Among the 5 intraspecific and 6 interspecific hybrids studied, one of them, theN. glutinosa x N. debneyi together with its amphidiploid, synthesizes b-protein (b1″) in a constituve way and possesses a high level of resistance to necrosis-inducing viruses. The amphidiploid is able to transfer these two properties to otherNicotianae not only by crossing but also by grafting; it therefore appears to permanently synthesize the ‘mobile compounds’. Furthermore, the hypersensitive reaction to TMV in these hybrids is only completely broken down at 35 °C, whereas this normally occurs at 30 °C in plants with theN gene.
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