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  • Articles  (875)
  • Triticum aestivum  (569)
  • rice  (291)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Fisheries
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (875)
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  • Articles  (875)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Dependent Seed Transmission of Stagonospora nodorum in Wheat (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 837-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Septoria nodorum ; Phaeosphaeria nodorum ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transmission of Stagonospora nodorum from four naturally infected winter wheat seedlots was quantified in controlled environment germination chambers at 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25 °C. Seedlings were harvested when the second leaf began to emerge. Coleoptiles and first seedling leaves were examined for the presence of lesions caused by S. nodorum. First leaves were incubated on Bannon's medium for 2 weeks, after which they were examined for pycnidia of S. nodorum. Transmission to the coleoptile occurred at all temperatures, but decreased from 100% to 72% as temperature increased from 9 to 25 °C. Transmission to the first leaf was less, dropping from 37% to 2% as temperature increased from 9 to 25 °C. At least 44% of infected first leaves were symptomless at all temperatures, with 96% of infected leaves showing no symptoms at 25 °C. Transmission to seedling leaves occurred over a broad temperature range. Under the high densities at which wheat is sown, a significant number of infected seedlings per unit area may originate from relatively low initial seed infection levels and transmission efficiencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008723823196
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulating the global fisheries: The World Wildlife Fund, Unilever, and the Marine Stewardship Council (2000)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 17 (2000), S. 125-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Environment ; Fisheries ; Fordism ; Nation-State ; Regulation ; Supranational State ; Transnational corporations ; Transnational State
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This analysis uses an analytical frameworkgrounded in political economy perspectives of theglobalization of the agro-food sector combined with acase study approach focusing on the Marine StewardshipCouncil (MSC) to inform discussions regarding thecharacteristics of societal regulation in thepost-Fordist era. More specifically, this analysisuses the case of the emergence of the MSC toinvestigate propositions regarding the existence of,and location of, nascent forms of a transnationalState. The MSC proposes to regulate the certificationof sustainable fisheries at the global level throughan eco-labeling program. The MSC was created in 1996by the transnational environmental organization theWorld Wildlife Fund and the transnational corporationUnilever. The emergence of the MSC has generatedheated discussion in fisheries management circles thatis in general divided along North/South lines. Thisanalysis indicates that the case of the MSC providesvaluable insights into the possible characteristics ofsupranational regulatory mechanisms that might emulatethe role of the nation-State in the post-Fordist era.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007625606243
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen in percolation water in paddy fields with a rice/wheat rotation (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; leaching ; paddy soil ; wheat ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen in percolation water was observed in paddy field soil under rice/wheat rotation. Different N-application rates were designed. Porous pipes were installed in triplicate at depths of 30, 60 and 90 cm to collect the water in the period of wheat growth. Suction cups were installed in triplicate at the same depths to collect the water during the period of rice growth. NH4 +, NO3 - and total N in the water were analysed with a continuous-flow nitrogen analyzer. Results showed that nitrate was the predominant form of nitrogen in percolation water during the period of wheat growth. Nitrate leaching was high in early spring after the `tillering fertilisation'. More than 50 mg l-1 of nitrate concentration in percolation water was observed for 30 and 60 cm in depth and more than 15 mg l-1 were observed for 90 cm. The concentration decreased quickly and was very low, less than 2 mg l-1 usually, in the earring stage of wheat. Nitrate in water was low, less than 1.5 mg l-1 usually, when the field was flooded during the period of rice growth. Some soluble organic N existed in the water. Nitrate in percolation water increased when the field was drained. The leaching loss of nitrogen during winter wheat growth period was estimated to be about 3.4% of the N-fertiliser applied at the normal application rate of farmers; for the rice growth period it was around 1.8%. Although a reduced N-application decreased N leaching, it caused a marked decrease in crop yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009712404335
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual effectiveness of boron fertilizer for oilseed rape in intensively cropped rice-based rotations (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: boron fertilization ; rape ; rice ; residual effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments (3–4 years) were conducted to evaluate the residual effect of boron (B) fertilizer for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an intensive crop rotation including two rice (Oryza sativa) crops per year. Experiments were conducted on four sites where the soil types were sandy, silty and clayey Inceptisols, and an Ultisol, located in the Zhejiang Province, Southeast China. Application of B fertilizer at rates of 1.1, 1.65 and 3.3 kg B/ha in the first year showed a different residual effect on oilseed yield in successive years, but had only small positive effects on the rice grain yield at two sites. The residual effect of 1.1 kg B/ha remained fully effective in correcting B deficiency in oilseed rape for 2 years in the Inceptisols, whereas the residual effect of 1.65 kg B/ha continued to correct B deficiency for at least 3 years in both the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Foliar application of B fertilizer generally corrected B deficiency for oilseed rape but showed limited residual effect in the following years after application. The decline in residual values of B from a single fertilizer addition was closely related to the soil and leaf B concentration. Soil available B also decreased dramatically with the advance of rotation, but a larger decrease was found at a depth of 20–40-cm for the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Thus, a more detailed understanding of the B cycling in the system is now needed to optimize management of B fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009837120062
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. I. Model Development (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 141-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the MERES (Methane Emissions in Rice EcoSystems) model for simulating methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields is described. The CERES-Rice crop simulation model was used as a basis, employing the existing routines simulating soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to predict the amount of subsrate available for methanogenesis. This was linked to an existing submodel, described elsewhere in this volume (Arah & Kirk, 2000), which calculates steady-state fluxes and concentrations of CH4 and O2 in flooded soils. Extra routines were also incorporated to simulate the influence of the combined pool of alternative electron acceptors in the soil (i.e., NO3 −, Mn4+, Fe3+, SO4 2−) on CH4 production. The rate of substrate supply is calculated in the SOM routines of the CERES-Rice model from (a) the rate of decomposition of soil organic material including that left from the previous crop and any additions of organic matter, (b) root exudates (modified from the original CERES-Rice model using recent laboratory data), and (c) the decomposition of dead roots from the current crop. A fraction of this rate of substrate supply, determined by the concentration of the oxidized form of the alternative electron acceptor pool, is converted to CO2 by bacteria which outcompete the methanogenic bacteria, thereby suppressing CH4 production. Any remaining fraction of the substrate supply rate is assumed to be potentially available for methanogenesis. The CH4 dynamics submodel uses this potetial methanogenesis rate, along with a description of the root length distribution in the soil profile supplied by the crop model, to calculate the steady-state concentrations and fluxes of O2 and CH4. The reduced form of the alternative electron acceptor pool is allowed to reoxidize when soil pores fill with air if the field is drained. The MERES model was able to explain well the seasonal patterns of CH4 emissions in an experiment involving mid- and end-season drainage and additions of organic material at IRRI in the Philippines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009894619446
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. III. Databases (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 179-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: climate change ; databases ; GIS ; methane ; rice ; soils ; weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As part of a series of papers describing the use of a simulation model to extrapolate experimental measurements of methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields in Asia and to evaluate the large-scale effect of various mitigation strategies, the collation and derivation of the spatial databases used are described. Daily weather data, including solar radiation, minimum and maximum temperatures, and rainfall were collated from 46 weather stations from the five countries in the study, namely China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Quantitative soil data relevant to the input requirements of the model were derived by combining data from the World Inventory of Soil Emissions (WISE) database, the ISIS database, and the FAO Digital Soil Map of the World (FAO-DSMW). These data included soil pH; organic carbon content; sand, silt, and clay fractions; and iron content for top and subsoil layers, and average values of bulk density and available water capacity for the whole profile. Data on the areas allocated to irrigated, rainfed, upland, and deepwater rice at the province or district level were derived from the Huke & Huke (1997) database developed at IRRI. Using a geographical information system (GIS), a series of georeferenced data sets on climate, soils, and land use were derived for each country, at the province or district level. A summary of the soil-related derived databases is presented and their applicationn for use in global change modeling discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009898720354
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. IV. Upscaling to National Levels (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 201-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: rice ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics ; China ; India ; Indonesia ; Philippines ; Thailand ; estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The process-based crop/soil model MERES (Methane Emissions from Rice EcoSystems) was used together with daily weather data, spatial soil data, and rice-growing statistics to estimate the annual methane (CH4) emissions from China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand under various crop management scenarios. Four crop management scenarios were considered: (a) a 'baseline' scenario assuming no addition of organic amendments or field drainage during the growing season, (b) addition of 3,000 kg DM ha−1 of green manure at the start of the season but no field drainage, (c) no organic amendments but drainage of the field for a 14-d period in the middle of the season and again at the end of the season, and (d) addition of 3,000 kg DM ha−1 of green manure and field drainage in the middle and end of the season. For each scenario, simulations were made at each location for irrigated and rainfed rice ecosystems in the main rice-growing season, and for irrigated rice in the second (or 'dry') season. Overall annual emissions (Tg CH4 yr−1) for a province/district were calculated by multiplying the rates of CH4 emission (kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1) by the area of rice grown in each ecosystem and in each season obtained from the Huke and Huke (1997) database of rice production. Using the baseline scenario, annual CH4 emissions for China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand were calculated to be 3.73, 2.14, 1.65, 0.14, and 0.18 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. Addition of 3,000 kg DM ha−1 green manure at the start of the season increased emissions by an average of 128% across the five countries, with a range of 74–259%. Drainage of the field in the middle and at the end of the season reduced emissions by an average of 13% across the five countries, with a range of −10% to −39%. The combination of organic amendments and field drainage resulted in an increase in emissions by an average of 86% across the five countries, with a range of 15–176%. The sum of CH4 emissions from these five countries, comprising about 70% of the global rice area, ranged from 6.49 to 17.42 Tg CH4 yr−1, depending on the crop management scenario.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009850804425
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. II. Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 161-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The MERES (Methane Emissions from Rice EcoSystems) simulation model was tested using experimental data from IRRI and Maligaya in the Philippines and from Hangzhou in China. There was good agreement between simulated and observed values of total aboveground biomass, root weight, grain yield, and seasonal methane (CH4) emissions. The importance of the contribution of the rice crop to CH4 emissions was highlighted. Rhizodeposition (root exudation and root death) was predicted to contribute about 380 kg C ha−1 of methanogenic substrate over the season, representing 37% of the total methanogenic substrate from all sources when no organic amendments were added. A further 225 kg C ha−1 (22%) was predicted to come from previous crop residues, giving a total of around 60% originating from the rice crop, with the remaining 41% coming from the humic fraction of the soil organic matter (SOM). Sensitivity analysis suggested that the parameter representing transmissivity to gaseous transfer per unit root length (λr) was important in determining seasonal CH4 emissions. As this transmissivity increased, more O2 was able to diffuse to the rhizosphere, so that CH4 production by methanogens was reduced and more CH4 was oxidized by methanotrophs. These effects outweighed the opposing influence of increased rate of transport of CH4 through the plant, so that the overall effect was to reduce the amount of CH4 emitted over the season. Varying the root-shoot ratio of the crop was predicted to have little effect on seasonal emissions, the increased rates of rhizodeposition being counteracted by the increased rates of O2 diffusion to the rhizosphere. Increasing the length of a midseason drainage period reduced CH4 emissions significantly, but periods longer than 6–7 d also decreased rice yields. Organic amendments with low C/N were predicted to be more beneficial, both in terms of enhancing crop yields and reducing CH4 emissions, even when the same amount of C was applied. This was due to higher rates of immobilization of C into microbial biomass, removing it temporarily as a methanogenic substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009846703516
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformations and plant uptake of urine N and S in long and short-term pastures (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: labelled nitrogen ; Lolium perenne ; nitrogen cycling ; root biomass ; straw ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field trial was carried out to compare the transformations and plant uptake of urine N and S in a short-term pasture from within an arable/pasture ley rotation and a long-term pasture. Animal urine labelled with 15N and 35S was applied to microplots at both sites. These microplots were destructively sampled at various time intervals over 12 months and analysed for 15N and 35S. It is known that soil organic matter accumulates under short-term pastures compared with a long-term pasture in which accumulation and degradation are in balance. Consequently, it was hypothesised that immobilization of urine N and S is more intense in the short-term. However, in this study there was considerably less immobilization of 15N and 35S into soil organic forms under short-term pasture than long-term pasture. This was attributable to a greater pasture dry matter response to urine application under the short-term pasture (due to its inherently low N fertility) resulting in a greater plant uptake of 15N and 35S with less 15N and 35S consequently being available for immobilization. At both sites, all of the applied 35S was accounted for through plant uptake and recovery in the soil, but 21–48% of the 15N was unaccounted for and presumed to have been lost through gaseous emissions. It was concluded that accumulation of soil organic N and S under short-term pastures is likely to be attributable to turnover of plant residues (particularly root material) and does not appear to be related to immobilization in urine patches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009885413823
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Powdered granite is not an effective fertilizer for clover and wheat in sandy soils from Western Australia (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bicarbonate-extractable potassium ; muriate of potash ; potassium ; potassium chloride ; relative effectiveness ; silicate rock powder ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Granite (silicate) rock dust, a by-product of quarry operations, is being advocated and used as a fertilizer in the wheatbelt of south-western Australia (WA). The dust is insoluble and based on its nutrient element content (1.9% K and 0.3%P and negligible N) it is not expected to be a useful fertilizer. Previous laboratory studies and glasshouse experiments in WA suggest the dust is a slow release K fertilizer. This paper extends the previous studies to consider the dust as an NP or K fertilizer in the year of application in a field experiment on a soil deficient in N, P and K. In addition, the effectiveness of the dust as a K fertilizer was compared with the effectiveness of KCl (muriate of potash), the K fertilizer used in WA at present, in glasshouse experiments using K deficient soils. In the field experiment, compared with NP fertilizer or NPK fertilizer (urea, supplying N; superphosphate, providing P, S, Ca, Cu, Zn and Mo; KCl providing K), the dust had no effect on grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum); in fact dust applied at 20 t ha-1, for unknown reasons, reduced yields by about 65% compared to the nil (no fertilizer, no dust) treatment. Relative to the nil treatment, applying NPK fertilizer increased yields about threefold, from 0.54 to 1.79 t ha. The glasshouse experiments showed that, relative to KCl, the dust was from about 0.02 to 14% as effective in K deficient grey sandy soils for producing dried tops of 30-day old wheat plants or 42-day old clover (Trifolium subterraneum) plants. In soils with adequate K (yellow sands, sandy loams or clays, loamy clays, clay loams and clays), neither KCl nor the dust affected yields of 30 to 42-day old wheat or clover plants grown in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse experiments, no yield depressions were measured for the dust applied up to 17 g dust per kg soil (equivalent to 17 t dust ha-1 mixed into the top 10 cm of soil in the field). It is concluded that the dust has no value as a fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009757525421
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of 15N-labelled fertiliser by a perennial ryegrass seed crop and a subsequent wheat crop (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: labelled nitrogen ; Lolium perenne ; nitrogen cycling ; root biomass ; straw ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (150–200 kg N/ha) are currently being applied to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) seed crops in New Zealand. Due to increasing requirements for efficient use of N fertilisers and minimising nitrate contamination of the environment, a field experiment was established using 15N-labelled fertiliser to follow the fate of applied N. Urea-15N was applied to a perennial ryegrass seed crop in April (30 kg N/ha), August (30 kg N/ha), September (60 kg N/ha) and October (60 kg N/ha). The urea-15N was applied in solution and watered in to minimise volatilisation loss. At the time of harvest (December), 9% of the applied 15N was in the seed, 29% in the straw, 19% in the roots and 39% in the soil organic matter. Losses of 15N were minimal as the N was applied in several applications, each one at a relatively low rate, and at times when leaching was unlikely to occur. Ryegrass plants used a greater proportion of the N applied in September and October (61–65%) compared with that applied in April (44%). Consequently more N was recovered from the soil in the autumn application (57%) than from the September and October applications (28–44%). The availability of the residual fertiliser N to a subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop was studied in a glasshouse experiment. The residual fertiliser N was present in the soil and ryegrass roots and stubble. The wheat plants only recovered 7–9% of this residual N. Most of the N taken up by the wheat came from the soil organic N pool. Overall, applying a total of 180 kg N/ha to the ryegrass appeared to have minimal direct impact on the environment. In the short term N not used by the ryegrass plants contributed to the soil organic N pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009803008544
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of potassium starvation on the uptake of radiocaesium by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Tonic) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: plant uptake ; potassium ; potassium starvation ; radiocaesium ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short term experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of internal tissue potassium concentration on the uptake of radiocaesium by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Tonic). The results showed that potassium starvation increased Cs influx rates by a factor of 10 compared with non-starved plants. Solution to plant tissue transfer factor (TF) values also increased by around an order of magnitude after potassium starvation treatment. The enhancement of Cs influx rates by potassium starvation could be offset by an increase in external potassium concentration: this effect is minimal at external potassium concentrations greater than approximately 200 μM (8 mg L-1). This reveals that Cs influx into plant roots is subject to control by both internal and external potassium status. The kinetics of Cs uptake by potassium in starved and non-starved plants can be described adequately by the Michaelis-Menten equation. It was shown that potassium starvation substantially reduces the Km value from approximately 28 to 6 μM, which suggests that starvation treatment increases significantly the affinity of plant roots for Cs+. Mechanisms involved in K-Cs interactions during plant uptake are discussed in this paper. Finally, the relevance of such mechanisms as determinants of radiocaesium uptake by plants growing under different ecological conditions is emphasised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004789915175
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root exudation and Fe uptake and transport in wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 222 (2000), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deficiency ; genotypic differences ; iron ; nutrient efficiency ; phytosiderophore ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance to Zn deficiency in wheat germplasm may be inversely related to uptake and transport of Fe to shoots. The present study examined eight bread (Triticum aestivum) and two durum (T. turgidum L. conv. durum) wheat genotypes for their capacity to take up and transport Fe when grown under either Fe or Zn deficiency. Bread wheat genotypes Aroona, Excalibur and Stilleto showed tolerance to Zn and Fe deficiency, while durum wheat genotypes are clearly less tolerant to either deficiency. Roots of bread wheats tolerant to Zn deficiency exuded more phytosiderophores than sensitive bread and durum genotypes. Greater amounts of phytosideophores were exuded by roots grown under Fe than Zn deficiency. A relatively poor relationship existed between phytosiderophore exudation or the Fe uptake rate and relative shoot growth under Fe deficiency. At advanced stages of Zn deficiency, genotypes tolerant to Zn deficiency (Aroona and Stilleto) had a greater rate of Fe uptake than other genotypes. Zinc deficiency depressed the rate of Fe transport to shoots in all genotypes in early stages, while advanced Zn deficiency had the opposite effect. Compared with Zn-sufficient plants, 17-day-old Zn-deficient plants of genotypes tolerant to Zn deficiency had a lower rate of Fe transport to shoots, while genotypes sensitive to Zn deficiency (Durati, Yallaroi) had the Fe transport rate increased by Zn deficiency. A proportion of total amount of Fe taken up that was transported to shoots increased with duration of either Fe or Zn deficiency. It is concluded that greater tolerance to Zn deficiency among wheat genotypes is associated with the increased exudation of phytosiderophores, an increased Fe uptake rate and decreased transport of Fe to shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004799027861
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) gene expression and ABA accumulation in the developing embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in response to drought (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; drought stress ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat germ agglutinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Expression of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) gene inthe developing embryos of wheat (Triticumaestivum L. cv. C-306) was studied in relation toabscisic acid (ABA) accumulation under water stressconditions. Imposition of water stress resulted inelevated ABA levels in the embryos at threedevelopmental stages (18, 24 and 30 DPA). On thecontrary, the effect of drought stress on WGAaccumulation was stage dependent with significantincrease in WGA content being observed at only 24 DPA. Our results suggest that apart from ABA, otherfactors which are temporally expressed, are alsoinvolved in regulation of WGA gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006317302405
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphoagronomic and biochemical variation in an Argentinean landrace of wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: agronomic traits ; isozymes ; landrace ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sample of an Argentinean landrace of wheat showed considerable variation in most of the evaluated morphological and agronomic characters. However, analyses with high molecular glutenins and two isozyme systems, known to be highly polymorphic among current cultivars, revealed very little or no variation, respectively. The large difference in the observed variation between morphoagronomic and biochemical characters is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008711903949
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    Genetics of wheat starch B-granule content (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: A granules ; B granules ; quantitative analysis ; starch quality ; triploid endosperm ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two lines of hexaploid wheat were crossed and the basic generations of parent, F1, F2 and back-cross were sown in a controlled-environment chamber. FreshF1 and back-cross grains were generated, so the material could be handled either as the standard set of basic generations on a whole-plant basis, or as an extended set on an embryo or endosperm basis. The experiment was repeated. Mature grains were harvested and the starch particle size distribution was analysed in 3284 grains from 111 plants. Means and variances were partitioned into additive, dominance and interaction components. Grains from cross-pollinations had B-granule contents between parental values, rather than of the maternal parent, indicating an involvement of the grain genotype. Quantitative models based on endosperm genotype gave a better fit to the data than those based on embryo genotype. The difference in starch B-granule content between the parents was largely due to additive genes. Dominant genes were also indicated, with the first dose in the triploid endosperm having a large effect while the second dose had little or none. Non-allelic interactions were significant in the second experiment where the use of more types of backcross made them more detectable. There were also small and significant residual effects of the maternal plant in the first experiment, attributed to the vigour of the F1 mother plant and to the cytoplasm of Sunco. Narrow-sense heritability was low, between 0.05and 0.18 depending on the generation. Transgressive segregation was not found, suggesting that all alleles tending to increase the B-granule content were found in the Sunco parent and none in ME71. There was also no detectable heterosis in this character. The results show that breeding and selection for a low B-granule content should be possible but a further reduction will require new and complementary genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003814609884
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  • 17
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    Effectiveness of different classes of molecular marker for classifying and revealing variation in rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: AFLP ; isozyme ; ISSR ; molecular marker ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have examined the effectiveness of similar numbers of markers from four molecular marker systems (AFLP, isozymes, ISSR and RAPD) for revealing genetic diversity and discriminating between infraspecific groups of Oryza sativa germplasm. Each marker system classifies the germplasm into three major groups (most effectively with isozymes and AFLPs), but with differences (primarily with ISSR) between the precise classifications generated. However, at the highest levels of genetic similarity there was only partial agreement as to relationships between individual accessions when different markers were used. When variance was partitioned among and within the three subspecific groups, although the differences were not significant, greater variation was found among than within groups using AFLP and isozymes, with the reverse for RAPD and ISSR. Measurement of polymorphism using average heterozygosity and effective number of alleles gave similar results for each marker system. These results are discussed in relation to various genetic resources conservation activities, and the advisability of extrapolating to other sets of germplasm particularly of other crop species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003952720758
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  • 18
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    Genetic analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum in Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and the Japanese cultivar Saikai 165 (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 87-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; doubled haploid ; Fusarium headblight ; genetic analysis ; Fusarium graminearum ; recombinant inbred ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat scab
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic constitution of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) caused by Fusarium graminearum in the Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and the Japanese cultivar Saikai 165 was investigated using doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Frequency distributions of DHLs derived from two F1 crosses, Sumai 3 (very resistant to resistant; VR-R) / Gamenya (very susceptible; VS) and Sumai 3 / Emblem (VS), fitted well to 1: 2: 1 (resistant: moderately resistant: susceptible) ratios for reaction to FHB in the field. It is suggested that the resistance of Sumai 3 is controlled by two major genes with additive effects. One of the resistance genes may be linked in repulsion to the dominant suppressor B1 for awnedness with recombination values 15.1 ± 3.3% in Sumai 3 /Gamenya and 21.4 ± 4.3% in Sumai 3 / Emblem. Saikai 165 is a Japanese resistant line derived from an F1 Sumai 3 / Asakaze-komugi (moderately resistant; MR). The data for RILs derived from the cross Emblem / Saikai 165, indicates that three resistance genes control the resistance of Saikai 165.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003951509797
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  • 19
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    Differential tolerance to Fe and Zn deficiencies in wheat germplasm (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: deficiency ; genotypic variation ; iron ; nutrient efficiency ; phytosiderophore ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance to Fe deficiency of wheat genotypes exhibiting differential tolerance to Zn deficiency is not known, even though the relationship between Fe nutrition and differential tolerance of wheat genotypes to Zn deficiency has been hypothesised frequently. In the present experiment, eight Triticum aestivum and two T. turigidum L. conv. durum cultivars were grown in nutrient solution deficient in either Znor Fe. Three indices of tolerance to nutrient deficiency were compared: relative [(-nutrient/+nutrient) × 100] shoot growth, shoot dry weight under nutrient deficiency and relative shoot/root dry weight ratio. Genotypes Aroona, Excalibur, Stilleto and Trident were classified as tolerant to both Zn and Fe deficiency, while durum wheats Durati and Yallaroi were sensitive to Zn deficiency and moderate to sensitive to Fe deficiency. Genotypes Excalibur, Stilleto and Trident come from the same breeding programme and have the common parent (line MEC3 =Sonora64//TZPP/YAQUI54) that could have been the donor of the genes for tolerance to Zn deficiency. When Fe-deficient, all wheat genotypes were severely chlorotic but kept producing shoot and root dry matter at a relatively high rate, making the relationship between the relative shoot growth and the relative leaf chlorophyll content poor. This is the first report of wheat genotypes exhibiting multiple tolerance to Zn and Fe deficiencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003965007305
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    Salinity tolerant performance and genetic diversity of four rice varieties (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: PCR ; RAPDS ; rice ; salt-tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic diversity of three salinity tolerant rice varieties Pokkali, Nona-Bokra and Bicol was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNAs(RAPDs). High yielding susceptible variety IR29 was used as check for comparison. The salinity performance of these varieties were tested by using rapid screening techniques at seedling stage. One hundred primers tested of which 42 revealed differences between Pokkali & Nonabokra, 43 between Pokkali & Bicol and 50 between Nonabokra and Bicol. Polymorphism differences between IR29 - Pokkali, IR29 - NonaBokra and IR29 - Bicol were 47%, 53% and 31%, respectively. Four primers amplified specific fragments that appeared in all the three salt tolerant varieties but not in the salt susceptible variety IR29. Primer UBC 9 (5′-CCTGCGCTTA-3′ produced a prominent diagnostic fragment of approximately 1600 bp; primer UBC 244 (5′-CAGCCAACCG-3′) generated a fragment of about 800 bp in the salt-tolerant varieties; primer UBC 251 (5′-CTTGACGGGG-3′) amplified one polymorphic band of 1100 bp and primer UBC 267(5′-CCATCTTGTG-3′) yielded a relatively weak polymorphic band of 1100 bp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004041900101
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  • 21
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    Analysis of geographical and breeding-related distribution of hybrid necrosis genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; breeding and environmental effects ; gene frequency ; geographical distribution ; hybrid necrosis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the Information and Analytical System of Wheat Genetic Resources GRIS 3.2, the peculiarities of distribution of hybrid necrosis genes in bread wheat in different regions of the world were analyzed. Considerable variation in frequencies of the Ne1 and Ne2 genes in regions with different moisture and heat supply was revealed. A significant effect of breeding on frequency dynamics of different genotypes Ne1ne2, ne1Ne2 and ne1ne2 was confirmed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003915708448
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  • 22
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    Screening the ability of rice roots to overcome the mechanical impedance of wax layers: importance of test conditions and measurement criteria (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; roots ; screening ; wax layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of a wax layer method for screening the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots to overcome mechanical impedance is described. Wax layers (3 mm thick) made of mixtures of white soft paraffin and paraffin wax were installed 50 mm deep in tubes of sand. The sand was watered with nutrient solution and planted with 3-d old rice seedlings. The numbers of root axes per plant that had penetrated the wax layers 24 d after planting were counted. The ratio of penetrated to total root axes per plant gave a misleading measure of root penetration ability, as rice varieties differed in the ratio of penetrated to total axes in a low impedance (3% wax) control. In non-flooded conditions, a 60% wax layer decreased root penetration (number of roots penetrating the wax layer per plant) to a mean of 74% of the low impedance control, whereas an 80% wax layer decreased mean root penetration to 31% of the control. The best measure of root penetration in non-flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating an 80% wax layer. Flooding decreased root penetration of a 60% wax layer to a mean of 26% of the low impedance control. The best measure of root penetration in flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating a 60% wax layer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004753900945
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  • 23
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    The influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought on water relations and growth of upland rice in Côte d'Ivoire (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought ; Heterodera sacchari ; nematode ; Oryza glaberrima ; Oryza sativa ; plant water status ; rice ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought stress, in isolation and combination, on the water status and growth of rice in Côte d'Ivoire. Drought is considered one of the main yield-limiting factors to upland rice in West Africa, while H. sacchari is emerging as a potentially serious pest. A field study conducted during 1997 at the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) showed that under low water availability in sandy soil, damage to a nematode susceptible Oryza sativa (cv IDSA6) is significant. Visual drought score and physiological parameters were significantly affected (P≤0.01) in plots with a mean population density of 39.4 H. sacchari eggs ml-1 soil at 81 days after sowing, compared to plots with a mean density of 1.2 eggs ml-1. Stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and relative water content were lower, leaf chlorophyll content was greater, and near total yield losses were observed in higher nematode density plots. In 1-l pots following 5 days of imposed drought, the H. sacchari-resistant and drought-resistant O. glaberrima (cv CG14) showed a reduction in stomatal conductance of 73% and in leaf water potential by 0.96 MPa (54%). The effect of H. sacchari (473 eggs l-1 soil) inoculated as cysts to soil before sowing was similar but less severe. The combination of both stresses had similar but yet more pronounced effects than the single stresses on stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and leaf dry weight in CG14. IDSA6 responded in a similar manner to CG14, but less acutely to both stresses. Only the combined stresses resulted in a significant (P≤0.05) reduction in osmotic potential and root dry weight compared with the control, for either CG14 or IDSA6. It is suggested that H. sacchari increased the effects of drought and drought-related losses. This may give a false impression of drought susceptibility in field screening for cultivars, and complicate models which predict crop damage caused by nematodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004734415254
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  • 24
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    Ultrastructural effects of the herbicide chlorpropham (CIPC) in root tip cells of wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chlorpropham (CIPC) ; microtubules ; nuclei ; recovery ; roots ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present ultrastructural investigation on the effects of 50 μM chlorpropham (previously called CIPC) on growing roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell cv. Vergina) was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of a carbamate herbicide action in plant cells, since the wide range of responses of plant cells to carbamate herbicides is based mainly on immunofluorescence studies. Cells of control roots contained abundant microtubules both in interphase and mitotic arrays. In chlorpropham-treated roots, however, no microtubules could be detected at all, neither in dividing nor in differentiating cells. Cycling cells became binucleate, polyploid or contained incomplete cell walls, the result of inhibition of cytokinesis. In long-term drug treatments (24 h or more) the affected cells entered a new cycle, which, however, did not progress beyond mid-metaphase. The nuclei of binucleate cells initiated prophase synchronously. Small vacuoles and Golgi vesicles were trapped within the nucleoplasm of the multilobed nuclei. In roots recovering from 8 h chlorpropham treatment, cells continued to exhibit polyploid nuclei, intranuclear vacuoles and incomplete walls. Microtubules reappeared but they were sparse and lacked a definite orientation. Preprophase cells did not form normal preprophase bands of microtubules, while mitotic cells occasionally contained microtubules bound to chromosomes and converged to minipoles. It is concluded that chlorpropham disorganized directly microtubules in addition to irreversibly affecting microtubule organizing centres, which failed to further support microtubule arrays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026409027223
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  • 25
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    Contribution of N2 fixing cyanobacteria to rice production: availability of nitrogen from 15N-labelled cyanobacteria and ammonium sulphate to rice (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; `in situ' N2 fixation ; N fertilizer ; 15N balance ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study investigate the potential contribution of nitrogen fixation by indigenous cyanobacteria to rice production in the rice fields of Valencia (Spain). N2-fixing cyanobacteria abundance and N2 fixation decreased with increasing amounts of fertilizers. Grain yield increased with increasing amounts of fertilizers up to 70 kg N ha-1. No further increase was observed with 140 kg N ha-1. Soil N was the main source of N for rice, only 8–14% of the total N incorporated by plants derived from 15N fertilizer. Recovery of applied 15N-ammonium sulphate by the soil–plant system was lower than 50%. Losses were attributed to ammonia volatilization, since only 0.3–1% of applied N was lost by denitrification. Recovery of 15N from labeled cyanobacteria by the soil–plant system was higher than that from chemical fertilizers. Cyanobacterial N was available to rice plant even at the tillering stage, 20 days after N application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004737422842
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    Comparisons of RFLP and PCR-based markers to detect polymorphism between wheat cultivars (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cheyenne ; polymorphism ; RAPD ; recombinant inbred chromosome line(RICL) RFLP ; STS ; SSR ; Triticum aestivum ; Wichita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Previously chromosome 3A of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was reported to carry genes influencing yield, yield components, plant height, and anthesis date. The objective of current study was to survey various molecular marker systems for their ability to detect polymorphism between wheat cultivars Cheyenne(CNN) and Wichita (WI), particularly for chromosome3A. Seventy-seven `sequence tagged site' (STS), 10simple sequence repeat (SSR), 40 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, and 52 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes for wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosomes, were investigated. Three (3.9%) STS-PCR primer sets amplified polymorphic fragments for the two cultivars, of which one was polymorphic for chromosome 3A. Sixty percent of SSR markers detected polymorphism between CNN and WI of which 50% were polymorphic for chromosome 3A. Twenty percent of RAPD markers detected polymorphism between CNN and WI in general, but none of these detected polymorphism for chromosome 3A. Of the fifty-two RFLP probes, 78.8% detected polymorphism between CNN and WI for group 3 chromosomes with one or more of seven restriction enzymes and 42% of the polymorphic fragements were for chromosome 3A. These high levels of RFLP and SSR polymorphisms between two related wheat cultivars could be used to map and tag genes influencing important agronomic traits. It may also be important to reconsider RFLP as the most suitable marker system at least for anchor maps of closely related wheat cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003993930447
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  • 27
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    Russian wheat aphid-induced protein alterations in spring wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) ; protein ; Russian wheat aphid ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a perennial, serious pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the western United States. Current methodologies used to enhance RWA resistance in wheat germplasm could benefit from an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to RWA. This study was initiated to identify specific polypeptides induced by RWA feeding that may be associated with RWA resistance. The effects of RWA feeding on PI 140207 (a RWA-resistant spring wheat) and Pavon (a RWA-susceptible spring wheat) were examined by visualizing, silver-stained denatured leaf proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparisons of protein profiles of noninfested and RWA-infested Pavon and PI 140207 revealed a 24-kilodalton-protein complex selectively inhibited in Pavon that persisted in PI 140207during RWA attack. No other significant qualitative or quantitative differences were detected in RWA-induced alterations of protein profiles. These results suggest that RWA feeding selectively inhibit synthesis and accumulation of proteins necessary for normal metabolic functions in susceptible plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003866626723
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  • 28
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    Molecular marker assisted tagging of morphological and physiological traits under two contrasting moisture regimes at peak vegetative stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought resistance ; QTL mapping ; RFLP markers ; rice ; root traits ; vegetative stage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root morphology under well-watered conditions sampled on two occasions and under low-moisture stress was studied in a randomly chosen subset of 56 doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between IR64 and Azucena at two growth stages during the vegetative stage. A molecular map of the same population served as the basis for locating QTLs controlling root morphology and associated traits. The region flanking the RFLP markers RZ730 and RZ801 on chromosome 1 were associated with plant height in all three sampling environments. This position corresponds to sd-1 a semi-dwarfing gene. A total of 15 QTL were detected at the two developmental stages, of which only three QTL were common. Region flanked by RG157 and RZ318 (chromosome 2) contained QTL for root thickness under two different developmental stages. In total, 21 QTL for different traits were detected under low-moisture stress condition. While two QTL for plant height on chromosomes 1 and 3 were common, none of the loci for root morphological traits was common between the two different moisture regimes. The chromosomal segment between RG171 and RG157 contained QTL controlling tiller number per plant, total root length, root volume and total root number per plant. Absence of common QTL for root traits between two developmental stages and two moisture regimes suggests the existence of parallel genetic pathways operating at different growth stages and moisture regimes. Root volume and total root number per plant decreased significantly under stress, whereas maximum root length and plant height exhibited non-significant increases under stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003854224905
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    Uptake and transport of organic and inorganic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Daucus carota ; Glomus mosseae ; Glomus intraradices ; monoxenic culture ; N uptake ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract New information on N uptake and transport of inorganic and organic N in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is reviewed here. Hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) were shown to transport N supplied as 15N-Gly to wheat plants after a 48 h labelling period in semi-hydroponic (Perlite), non-sterile, compartmentalised pot cultures. Of the 15N supplied to hyphae in pot cultures over 48 h, 0.2 and 6% was transported to plants supplied with insufficient N or sufficient N, respectively. The increased 15N uptake at the higher N supply was related to the higher hyphal length density at the higher N supply. These findings were supported by results from in vitro and monoxenic studies. Excised hyphae from four Glomus isolates (BEG 84, 107, 108 and 110) acquired N from both inorganic (15NH4 15NO3, 15NO3 − or 15NH4 +) and organic (15N-Gly and 15N-Glu, except in BEG 84 where amino acid uptake was not tested) sources in vitro during short-term experiments. Confirming these studies under sterile conditions where no bacterial mineralisation of organic N occurred, monoxenic cultures of Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith were shown to transport N from organic sources (15N-Gly and 15N-Glu) to Ri T-DNA transformed, AM-colonised carrot roots in a long-term experiment. The higher N uptake (also from organic N) by isolates from nutrient poor sites (BEG 108 and 110) compared to that from a conventional agricultural field implied that ecotypic differences occur. Although the arbuscular mycorrhizal isolates used contributed to the acquisition of N from both inorganic and organic sources by the host plants/roots used, this was not enough to increase the N nutritional status of the mycorrhizal compared to non-mycorrhizal hosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026500810385
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    Selenium accumulation by sequentially grown wheat and rice as influenced by gypsum application in a seleniferous soil (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: residual effect of gypsum ; rice ; selenium toxicity ; sulphur ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for 2 years on an alkaline calcareous seleniferous soil to study the effect of different levels of gypsum (0.2 – 3.2 t ha−1) applied to wheat only in the first year on Se accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping sequence. With gypsum application, grain yield of both rice and wheat crops increased by 0.4 – 0.5 t ha−1; the increase in straw yield was 0.4 – 1.1 t ha−1. Significant reduction in Se accumulation by wheat was observed with gypsum application up to 0.8 t ha−1 and its residual effect was evident on the following crops for 2 years. Reduction in Se accumulation varied from 53 to 64% in wheat grain, 46 to 49% in wheat straw, 35 to 63% in rice grain and 36 to 51% in rice straw with an application of gypsum at 0.8 t ha−1. A corresponding increase in S concentration was observed. In the gypsum-treated plots, the ratio of S:Se increased by 6 – 8 times in wheat and 3 – 6 times in rice. Reduction in Se accumulation by crop plants through gypsum application may help in lowering the risk of Se over-exposure of animals and humans that depend on diet materials grown on high selenium soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026579116794
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    Patterns of RFLP-based genetic diversity in germplasm pools of common wheat with different geographical or breeding program origins (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 197-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic diversity ; germplasm ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A set of 292 accessions of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) representing 21 germplasm pools based on geographical or breeding program origins was assayed for RFLP diversity. Thirty cDNA and genomic DNA probes and the HindIII restriction enzyme were employed for RFLP analysis. About 61% of all 233 scored bands were present in 75% or more of the accessions. All but one of the 30 probes revealed polymorphism, and the average number of distinct patterns per probe over all accessions was 9.5.Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values within a pool varied from 0 to 0.9 and depended on the identities of both the germplasm pool and the probe. Rare banding patterns with a relative frequency of ≤0.2 within a pool were detected. These rare patterns were more likely to occur in pools exhibiting high levels of heterogeneity. The highest level of polymorphism was observed in the Turkish landraces from Southwest Asia. The Eastern U.S. soft red winter wheat germplasm pool was more genetically diverse than the other advanced germplasm pools, and nearly as diverse as the Turkish landrace pool. RFLP-based genetic relationships between germplasm pools generally tracked expectations based on common geographical origin, breeding history and/or shared parentages. The Chinese wheat landraces from Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan provinces were distinct from other pools. Similarity matrices for among-pool genetic distance estimates based on either band frequencies or banding pattern frequencies showed good correlation with matrices derived from Nei and Li's mean genetic similarity estimates (r=−0.82** and r=−0.73**, respectively.
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    Control and inheritance of resistance to yellow rust in Triticum aestivum-Lophopyrum elongatum chromosome substitution lines (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biochemical marker ; gene location ; Lophopyrum elongatum ; Puccinia striiformis ; stripe rust ; substitution line ; Triticum aestivum ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A set of T. aestivum-L. elongatum chromosome substitution lines was tested for yellow rust resistance at the seedling stage. Inheritance of the resistance and esterase-5 (Est-5) variation were studied. The results demonstrated that L.elongatum carried a new gene(s) conferring yellow rust resistance. This gene was dominant and located on chromosome 3E of L. elongatum. The biochemical locus encoding Est-5was also located on chromosome 3E, and co-segregated with theYr gene(s) in the wheat background. The transmission frequencies of chromosome 3E in 3E(3A) × CS, 3E(3B) × CS and 3E(3D) × CS hybrids were scored.None of the hybrids transmitted the alien chromosome at thetheoretical maximum rate, but the transmission frequencies ofchromosome 3E in F2 populations of 3E(3A) × CS and 3E(3D) × CS were significantly higher than in thatof 3E(3B) × CS.
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    Distribution and allelic expressivity of genes for hybrid necrosis in some elite winter and spring wheat ecotypes (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: complementary genes ; hybrid necrosis ; spring wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; winter × springwheat hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and allelic expressivity of hybrid necrosis genes (Ne 1 and Ne 2) were studied in 21 winter (mostly exotic) and 43 spring type elite wheat genotypes, by crossing them with two known testers, C 306 (Ne 1-carrier) and HD 2380 (Ne 2-carrier).Ne 1 gene was present in one north-west Himalayan winter wheat landrace, Shoure Local, but absent in the other winter as well as spring wheats. Ne 2 gene was prevalent to a much lower extent in the exotic winter wheat germplasm (31.57%) as compared to the recently developed Indian and Mexican spring wheat semidwarfs (69.80%). This may suggest that breeders have tried to preclude hybrid necrosis by selecting for non-carrier genotypes in the development of exotic winter wheats in contrast to the situation in spring wheats. Based on the degree of expression of hybrid necrosis genes in the F1 hybrids, the carrier genotypes were characterized with respect to the allelic strength of the hybrid necrosis genes. The 27 non-carrier genotypes of the two ecotypes identified in the present study have a greater potential use in future hybridization programmes so as to overcome the problem of hybrid necrosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003824910041
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    Allelic variation at high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Loci, Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1, in Japanese and Chinese hexaploid wheats (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelic variation ; Chinese wheat ; glutenin subunit ; seed storage protein ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variation in the electrophoretic banding patterns of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits of 274hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties from China was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 27 different major HMW glutenin subunits were identified. Each variety contained three to five subunits and 29different glutenin subunit patterns were observed in274 Chinese hexaploid wheats. Seventeen alleles were identified based on the comparison of subunits mobility with that previously identified in a set of standard hexaploid wheats. The Chinese hexaploid wheats exhibited allelic variation in HMW glutenin subunit composition and the variation differed from that of Japanese and hexaploid wheats of other countries.
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    Resistance gene deployment strategies in cereal hybrids using marker-assisted selection: Gene pyramiding, three-way hybrids, and synthetic parent populations (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 175-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: durable resistance ; hybrids ; maize ; marker-assisted selection ; pearl millet ; resistance gene deployment strategies ; rice ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Marker-assisted selection (MAS) for resistance genes (R-genes), identified using molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, is now possible in many crops. MAS can be used to pyramid several R-genes into a single host genotype. However, this may not provide durable genetic resistance because the pathogen is exposed to a full homozygous pyramid during hybrid seed production and to a full heterozygous pyramid in the resultant hybrid. Alternative gene deployment strategies that generate genetic variability were analysed, for hybrid cereal cultivars of pearl millet, maize, sorghum and rice, using maintainer lines (B-lines) with two smaller complementary pyramids. An F1 seed parent, produced on two such B-lines, can be used to produce a three-way hybrid. All target loci are heterozygous for resistance alleles in the F1 seed parent, and the pathogen is exposed in the hybrid to a host population that is heterogeneous and heterozygous for alleles at the resistance loci targeted by MAS. Alternatively, single-cross hybrids can be made on seed parents that are maintained by two B-lines that differ for the complementary resistance gene pyramids. In a cross-pollinated crop, the B-lines are allowed to intermate to produce a synthetic B-line. In an inbreeding crop, the B-lines are equivalent to a two-component multiline variety. In inbreeding crops, because there is no intermating between the B-line components, the resultant synthetic seed parents have a higher frequency of genotypes with resistance alleles (R-alleles) at several resistance loci. However, in both cross-pollinated and inbreeding crops the genotypic structure in the hybrids is almost the same. All alternatives to a single-cross hybrid having a full pyramid produce hybrid cultivars having lower frequencies of resistance alleles. The frequency of genotypes having R-alleles at several loci increases greatly in both seed parent and hybrid when the overall frequency of R-alleles in the maintainer lines increases. This is simply done by adding a maintainer line that has a full pyramid or by the component lines having overlapping pyramids.
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    Effect of common bunt on the frost resistance and winter hardiness of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines containing Bt genes (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bunt infection ; bunt resistance ; frost resistance ; Tilletia caries ; T. foetida ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the effects of bunt inoculation on frost resistance and winter hardiness in lines containing resistance genes, the bunt [Tilletia foetida (Wallroth) Liro, T. caries (DC.) Tulasne] susceptibility of wheat lines containing bunt resistance genesBt1 to Bt10 and the effect of the year on the degree of infection were studied over six years from 1991 to 1997 in an artificial inoculation nursery. Uninoculated and artificially inoculated wheat plants were tested for frost resistance in the phytotron in 1995 and in the field in boxes in three years from 1994/95 to 1996/97. The line withBt10 was very resistant, lines with Bt5, Bt6, Bt8 and Bt9 were resistant, the line with Bt4 was moderately resistant, those with Bt2 and Bt3 were moderately susceptible, the line with Bt1 was susceptible and the line with Bt7 was very susceptible to the local bunt population in Hungary. Bunt incidence also varied over years. The frost resistance of the Bt lines was generally lower after bunt inoculation than that of uninoculated plants. The increased frost kill in inoculated plants was not correlated with the extent of varietal susceptibility to bunt. Some lines with resistance, namely those with Bt5 (1.6% infection), Bt8 (0.6%) and Bt10 (0.0%), suffered significantly greater frost kill in the young plant stage as the result of bunt inoculation. By contrast, the Bt7line had excellent frost resistance and winter hardiness but suffered the greatest extent of bunt infection, whereas the Bt6 line had good frost resistance and good bunt resistance.
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    Suppression of wheat early growth in standing stubble (2000)
    Springer
    Sciences of soils 5 (2000), S. 10-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-9492
    Keywords: Soil temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; Stubble retention ; Nitrogen ; Early growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Early growth and development are often lower when wheat is sown into standing stubble. A study was conducted to determine whether this difference in early growth could be explained by the effects of stubble on soil temperature in the vicinity of the young plant. The roles of nitrogen nutrition and soil strength were also assessed. Three crops were monitored (1990–1992), with the wheat being sown into either standing wheat stubble after a no-till fallow (NT), or into no-tilled plots from which the stubble had been removed by burning (NB). Measurements were made of wheat growth and development, soil and plant N, soil temperature and penetration resistance. The site was on a black earth near Warialda in the northern wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia. In 1992 wheat was also grown under simulated stubble to isolate the shading and soil temperature effects of stubble from other factors. A significant (P〈0.05) relationship was found between average soil temperature and above ground dry matter (DM) at 65 days after sowing (DAS) but not at 107 DAS. This relationship accounted for differences in DM production at 65 DAS between NT and NB treatments in 1991 and 1992, but not in 1990. In that year the lower DM production in NT plots was associated with poorer N nutrition, and possibly disease. Laboratory incubations indicate that immobilisation of N as stubble decomposed could have contributed to this. Burning stubble produced no immediate increase in soil N availability, so that it is unlikely that N contained in stubble contributed to the difference. Soil strength differences between treatments and phytotoxic effects are unlikely to have contributed to growth differences in this soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10112-000-0002-3
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    Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms ; Mussoorie rock phosphate ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient-deficient soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of inoculating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the PO4 3–-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) Bacillus circulans and Cladosporium herbarum and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus sp. 88 with or without Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) amendment in a nutrient-deficient natural sandy soil was studied. In the sandy soil of low fertility root colonization by VAM fungi was low. Inoculation with Glomus sp. 88 improved root colonization. At maturity, grain and straw yields as well as N and P uptake improved significantly following inoculation with PSM or the VAM fungus. These increases were higher on combined inoculation of PSM and the VAM fungus with MRP amendment. In general, a larger population of PSM was maintained in the rhizosphere of wheat in treatments with VAM fungal inoculation and MRP amendment. The results suggest that combined inoculation with PSM and a VAM fungus along with MRP amendment can improve crop yields in nutrient-deficient soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050475
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    Phylogenetic and Pathotypic Analysis of Rice Bacterial Blight Race 3 (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 743-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: rice ; rice bacterial blight ; Xanthomonas oryzae ; pv. oryzae ; virulence analysis ; environmental effects ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eight Philippine races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae have been identified based on virulence phenotypes observed on a set of five differential varieties. One of these, Race 3, was found to consist of two phylogenetically distinct lineages based on DNA fingerprinting analysis. To determine, if the two lineages could be differentiated based on host-specificity, 186 strains of Race 3 were analyzed with additional fingerprints and 76 selected isolates with additional differential rice varieties. The strains were separated into 36 haplotypes clustering in three groups (IS1113-B, -C, and -G) at the 75% similarity level. Isolates varied in their reaction to a rice line carrying the resistance gene Xa7, however, the variability was not consistent within lineage. Aggressiveness of isolates belonging to lineage IS1113-B and -G was significantly greater when tested during the dry season than when tested during the wet season. However, no such differences were evident for isolates from lineage IS1113-C, indicating that environmental effects presumably light and temperature are genotype-specific.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008731610813
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    Studies on the Interaction Between Septoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum in Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 917-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ergosterol ; detached glumes ; interaction ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Phaeosphaeria nodorum ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactions between Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici were studied. Results from a detached glume experiment indicated that the interaction may be isolate-dependent, as it was shown that the interaction between the two pathogens may be beneficial or antagonistic depending on the isolate of each pathogen present. The number of spores produced by both pathogens was significantly greater when an aggressive isolate of S. tritici was mixed with a non-aggressive isolate of S. nodorum, whereas the number of spores produced by both pathogens was significantly less when two non-aggressive isolates were mixed. There was a significant reduction in disease level when S. tritici was applied prior to S. nodorum, compared to vice versa in the growth chamber. Results from growth chamber and field studies showed that S. nodorum produced significantly more spores when both pathogens were present together. It is concluded that S. tritici has a stimulatory effect on spore production by S. nodorum. However, there was a reduction of S. tritici spores observed in the dual inoculation treatments, suggesting that S. nodorum inhibits S. tritici.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008733227236
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    Factors controlling diel patterns of methane emission via rice (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlling factor ; diel methane emission pattern ; dissolved methane ; rice ; soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane emissions from flooded rice grown under greenhouse conditions were monitored using a closed chamber technique. The three rice cultivars showed similar diel emission patterns though the amplitudes differed. Variation in emissions (maximum emission rate) from the different cultivars ranged from 0.164–0.241 mg/pot/h at tillering stage, 0.714–2.334 mg/pot/h at heading stage, 0.399–1.393 mg/pot/h at ripening stage. The methane emissions increased in the morning at accelerating rates, reached a maximum in the early afternoon, then decreased rapidly to constant rates during the night. The diel emission pattern was modeled using a Gaussian equation for daytime, and a constant for nocturnal emissions. Applying an Arrhenius equation, more than 90% of the diel variation of methane emissions could be predicted from soil temperature fluctuations. The predictions improved by using a diffusion model based on soil temperature and dissolved methane concentrations in soil solution. Soil temperature and methane concentration in soil solution are the two major factors controlling diel methane emissions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009753923339
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    Decreases in Colwell bicarbonate soil test P in the years after addition of superphosphate, and the residual value of superphosphate measured using plant yield and soil test P (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 157-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus ; Lupinus angustifolius ; residual value ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decreases in Colwell bicarbonate soil test P in the years after applying single (ordinary) superphosphate, and the residual value of superphosphate, was measured in a long-term field experiment on a duplex (texture contrast) soil (sand over lateritic ironstone gravel clay sand at 10–15 cm), at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, typical of many soils used to grow crops in Western Australia. Ten levels of P (0–91 kg P ha-1) were applied once only in late May to different plots in different years from 1988 to 1993. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), or lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius)) were sown in late May of each year, when the P treatments applied that year were banded (drilled) with the seed. Soil samples were collected each June to measure soil test P. Seed (grain) yields of the crops were measured each December. The residual value (RV) of P applied in previous years was calculated relative to P applied in the current year, using grain yields (RVyield) and soil test P (RVsoil). Soil test P measured on soil samples collected in June was related to yields measured in December that year to provide soil P test calibrations. Relative to P applied in the current year, soil test P decreased by between 15 to 30% for P applied one year previously, by 25 to 30% for P applied three years previously, and by 60 to 70% for P applied six years previously. Soil test P was affected by spatial variation, and it also varied in the different years, for P applied in the current year, one year previously, two years previously, etc. Compared with P applied in the current year, mean RVyield determined in the different years decreased by about 40% one year after P application, followed by a further 20% decrease for P applied two years previously, followed by a further 20% decrease for P applied three to five years previously. Relative to current P, RVsoil decreased by about 25% one year after P application, followed by a further 20% for P applied two years previously, followed by a further 10% for P applied three years ago, and followed by a further 6% for P applied four and five years ago. As measured in the different years, the soil P test calibration varied between years for P applied one, two etc. years previously. This was so even when the same cultivar of wheat was grown at the same site in different years.
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    The fate of algal nitrogen in a flooded soil system (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: algae ; flooded soils ; N cycling ; nitrogen ; 15N ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Algal N labelled with 15N added to a flooded soil in laboratory columns without plants was studied to determine the changes over time in the fate of N assimilated by algae and to study how its fate is affected by (a) exclusion of light simulating complete closure of the rice canopy, and (b) addition of fertilizer-NH4 *. In the light but with no added fertilizer-N there was little net mineralization of the added algal N during the first 4 weeks, but after 8 weeks 42% had been mineralized, of which 95% was denitrified. Exclusion of light caused net mineralization to proceed more rapidly in the first 4 weeks due to the death of algal cells and lowered reassimilation. After 8 weeks 51% had been mineralized, of which 54% was denitrified, 16% volatilized and 30% was present as KCl exchangeable NH4 +-N. Application of fertilizer-NH4 + apparently caused mineralization of 25% of the algal N within one week but the results were probably affected by pool substitution in which labelled N mineralized to NH4 +-N was diluted with fertilizer – NH+ 4 and then immobilized leaving more labelled NH4–N in the mineral pool. After 8 weeks, 42% of algal N had been mineralized, of which 69% was estimated to have been denitrified, 19% lost through NH3 volatilization and 12% remained as extracted NH4 ++NO- 3. Uptake of N by a rice crop would reduce the gaseous losses. Algal N was mineralized quickly enough to be available during the growing season of a rice crop and, depending on field conditions, algae may have a role in assimilating N and protecting it from loss as well as being a major driving force for NH3 volatilization through diurnal increases in pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009850915579
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    Comparing responses of grain legumes, wheat and canola to applications of superphosphate (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cicer arietinum ; current P ; Lens culinaris ; Lupinus albus ; Lupinus angustifolius ; P concentration response ; P content response ; Pisum sativum ; previous P ; sigmoid response ; single superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; Vicia faba ; yield response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a major deficiency of soils of south-western Australia (WA). The fertilizer P requirements are not known for grain legumes being evaluated for neutral to alkaline, fine textured soils in WA. To rectify this, glasshouse and field experiments were undertaken to compare the responses of several grain legume species, wheat and canola to applications of single superphosphate and the results are reported in this paper. The glasshouse experiments measured responses of dried tops, harvested at 26 to 42 days after sowing, to P that was freshly-applied (current P) and previously-applied (previous P). Responses in the glasshouse were measured using yield, P concentration and P content (P concentration multiplied by yield) of oven dried tops of the following: wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica napus), faba bean (Vicia faba), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), field pea (Pisum sativum), albus lupin (Lupinus albus) and narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). Field experiments in 1994 and 1995 compared seed (grain) yield responses of faba bean, chickpea, lentil, albus lupin and wheat to applications of current P. The P was banded (drilled) with the seed while sowing at 5 cm depth. Canola and wheat produced very large yield responses to increasing applications of current P. Responses were much smaller for albus lupin, faba bean and chickpea. Responses for lentil, narrow leaf lupin and field pea, fell in between responses of the small and large seeded species. Similar trends for responses were obtained as measured using yield, P concentration, or P content. For soils treated with previous P, similar trends were observed as for current P, but differences in yield responses between species were much less marked and the response curves tended to become more sigmoid. In the field experiments, grain yield responses to current P of albus lupin and chickpea were less than that for wheat. Relative to wheat, faba bean was the most responsive grain legume to applications of current P, with lentil producing similar responses to wheat in one experiment at a newly cleared, P deficient site.
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    Efficiency of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide in retarding hydrolysis of urea and ammonia volatilization losses in a flooded sandy loam soil amended with organic materials (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; green manure ; inhibitor ; NBPT ; rice ; urea hydrolysis ; wheat straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using a forced-draft chamber technique, the suppression of NH3 volatilization losses by applying N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was studied in an alkaline sandy loam soil amended with green manure or wheat straw. Applied urea was completely hydrolysed in 12, 8 and 6 days in unamended, green manure and wheat straw amended soil, respectively. By applying 0.5% (w/w of urea) NBPT, complete hydrolysis of urea was delayed up to 16 days in the unamended soil, whereas in wheat straw amended soil urea hydrolysis was completed by the 12th day even when it was treated with 2% NBPT. Applied at 1 or 2% level, NBPT delayed the NH3 volatilization to the 4th day after application of urea in green manure or wheat straw amended soil. Hydrolysis of urea was more effectively retarded by applying NBPT in the unamended soil than in soil amended with green manure or wheat straw. In the unamended soil, 7.1% of the applied urea was lost through NH3 volatilization. The losses were reduced to 1.2 and 0.7% by applying 0.5 and 1% NBPT, respectively. Enhanced NH3 volatilization caused by the green manure or wheat straw was counteracted by applying NBPT.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009702707389
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    Low risks of toxicity from boron fertiliser in oilseed rape–rice rotations in southeast China (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: boron toxicity ; oilseed rape ; rice ; rotation ; soil boron ; seed yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yields in intensive rice (Oryza sativa L.) -based rotations in Asia are stagnating or declining because of decreasing nutrient availability and depletion of soil nutrient reserves. In the rape (Brassica napus L.)–rice–rice cropping rotation of southeast China, where boron (B) deficiency is widespread and B fertiliser is needed to correct it, our objective was to evaluate the risks of fertiliser-induced B toxicity in oilseed rape and in rice. Response of oilseed rape to B fertiliser application at rates up to 6.6 kg B ha-1 was studied in seven field experiments on three contrasting soils of Zhejiang province, alluvial, red and blue-purple soils. The effects of up to 3.3 kg B ha-1 in 1 year, 6.6 kg B ha-1 in 2 years or 9.9 kg B ha-1 in 3 years were studied on oilseed rape and the one or two rice crops grown immediately after rape in each annual crop rotation. Soils varied in initial hot CaCl2-extractable B in the 0–15-cm layer from 0.24 to 0.99 mg kg-1. At the stem elongation stage of oilseed rape, 3.3 kg B ha-1 depressed shoot dry matter on soils with low clay and organic matter content. However, the subsequent effects of high fertiliser B on seed yield were minimal even at 6.6 kg B ha-1. Moreover, the application of a total of 6.6 or 9.9 kg B ha-1 as successive annual applications of 3.3 kg B ha-1 to oilseed rape generally had no negative effect on seed yield of oilseed rape. The single exception was on a sandy alluvial soil where a total of 6.6 kg B ha-1 in 2 years slightly depressed seed yield of oilseed rape. Grain yields of rice crops grown in rotation after oilseed rape were unaffected by B applications up to 6.6 kg ha-1. The minimal effects of a total of 6.6 kg B ha-1 applied over 2 years on seed yield were consistent with the modest increase in hot CaCl2-extractable B levels. It is concluded that there is limited risk of B toxicity from the use of borax fertiliser at up to 4–8 times recommended rates in rape–rice cropping rotations in southeast China. The low risk of B toxicity can be attributed to the relatively high B removal in harvested seed, grain and stubble, the redistribution of fertiliser B by leaching in the 0–60 cm layer and to B sorption.
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    Absorption of molecular urea by rice under flooded and non-flooded soil conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 208 (1999), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14C-urea ; flooded soil ; molecular urea ; 15N-urea ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted with rice to study the relative absorption of urea in molecular form compared to the other forms of N produced in soil from the applied urea. A method involving application of 14C-labelled urea and 15N-labelled urea alternately in two splits was used to quantify the absorption of molecular urea and other forms of N formed from it. Biomass production and N uptake were greater in plants grown under flooded soil conditions than in plants grown under non-flooded (upland) conditions. Absorption of N by rice increased with increasing rate of urea application up to 250 mg pot−1 and declined thereafter. The absorption of urea from the flooded soil constituted 9.4% of total N uptake from applied N compared to only 0.2% from the non-flooded. Under submerged conditions, absorption of urea from topdressing was about twice that from basal application at planting. High water solubility of the fertilizer and better developed rice root system might have enhanced the absorption of molecular urea by flooded rice, especially from topdressing. Thus, in the flooded rice system, the direct absorption of molecular urea from topdressing accounted for 6.3% of the total N uptake from added urea. Under upland condition, it was 0.12%.
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    Iodate and iodide effects on iodine uptake and partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in solution culture (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deficiency ; hydroponic ; iodate ; iodide ; iodine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Xinjiang province of western China, conventional methods of iodine (I) supplementation (i.e, goiter pills and iodinated salt) used to mitigate I deficiencies were ineffectual. However, the recent addition of KIO3 to irrigation waters has proven effective. This study was conducted to determine the effects of I form and concentration on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, I partitioning within the plant, and ultimately to assist in establishing guidelines for incorporating I into the human food chain. We compared IO3 − vs. I− in order to determine how these chemical species differ in their biological effects. Rice was grown in 48 L aerated tubs containing nutrient solution and IO3 − or I− at 0, 1, 10, or 100 μM concentrations (approximately 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg kg−1 I). The IO3 − at 1 and 10 μM had no effect on biomass yields, and the 100 μM treatment had a small negative effect. The I− at 10 and 100 μM was detrimental to biomass yields. The IO3 − treatments had more I partitioning to the roots (56%) on average than did the I− treatments (36%), suggesting differences in uptake or translocation between I forms. The data support the theory that IO3 − is electrochemically or biologically reduced to I− prior to plant uptake. None of the treatments provided sufficient I in the seed to meet human dietary requirements. The I concentration found in straw at 100 μM IO3 − was several times greater than seed, and could provide an indirect source of dietary I via livestock feeding on the straw.
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    Restoration of gibberellin biosynthesis by 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid in uniconazole-treated rice plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid ; gibberellin ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; shoot elongation ; uniconazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 2,6-Diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid (DIPA), a promoter of growth and flowering of Sagittaria species, was found to improve the shoot growth of rice plants treated with uniconazole, an inhibitor of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. In a modified micro-drop bioassay using semi-dwarf rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Tan-ginbozu, in which uniconazole had been incorporated into the agar medium, a significant recovery from growth inhibition was observed for both the 3rd and the 4th leaf sheaths but not for the 2nd sheath. In greenhouse experiments, uniconazole-treated rice plants partially recovered from growth inhibition when DIPA was applied after uniconazole treatment, whereas DIPA applied with, or before, uniconazole treatment did not improve growth. The levels of GA1 and GA20 in the rice plants treated with uniconazole plus DIPA were almost equal to those of the untreated controls, indicating that the observed growth recovery is attributable to the restoration of GA biosynthesis by DIPA.
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    Inheritance in hexaploid wheat of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath derived from Aegilops tauschii Coss. (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Aegilops tauschii ; hairy auricles ; hairy leaf sheath ; inheritance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii in hexaploid wheat backgrounds (synthetic hexaploid wheat and common wheat varieties) was analyzed. The results indicated that hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii can be transferred and are expressed in hexaploid wheat. In a synthetic hexaploid wheat ('Ae. tauschii' 188) hairy auricles was proved to be controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which was different from the Pa gene located on chromosome 4BS of common wheat. The hairy leaf sheath phenotype of 'Altar 84/Ae. tauschii 188' was also controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which is obviously different from the Hls gene in T. dicoccoides. We suggest to designate the Ae. tauschii genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath as Pa2 and Hls2, respectively; such genes could be used as useful genetic markers in common wheat.
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    Gibberellic acid (GA) increases fibre cell differentiation and secondary cell-wall deposition in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) culms (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cortical fibre cell ; gibberellic acid ; spring wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of gibberellic acid (GA) in differentiation and secondary cell-wall deposition of fibre cells of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) culms was studied using applications of GA and chlormequat (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor). In certain genotypes, higher GA levels may increase the number of cortical fibre cell files by changing cell fate from parenchyma to fibre, and induce thicker secondary cell-walls.
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    Ethylene inhibitors promote male gametophyte survival in rice (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: anther ; sugars ; ethylene inhibitors ; correlative signal ; rice ; spikelet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Lalat) was grown in pots under open field conditions during the wet season of 1997. Attempts were made to manipulate the growth and development of the male gametophyte, located on the basal region of the panicle, by exogenous application of chemicals regulating formation/action of ethylene and compare grain setting in the spikelets bearing few grain. Application of ethylene action (AgNO3) and synthesis inhibitor (Co(NO3)2; paclobutrazol and uniconazole) improved grain setting in the spikelets and the ethylene releasing substance 2-chloroethyle phosphonic acid (CEPA) depressed it compared to the control. The ethylene inhibitors promoted dry mass accumulation and concentrations of starch and reducing sugars in the anthers of the basal spikelets, while CEPA reduced the level of these carbohydrates significantly. The ethylene inhibitors helped in the survival of more numbers of pollen in these anthers, but CEPA depressed their number significantly. Promotion of growth of the basal anthers was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in the concentration of nonreducing sugars and enhanced activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase enzymes. It is concluded that male gametophyte development of the basal spikelets of rice is susceptible to ethylene at the stage of pollen mitosis. The possibility of the hormone interfering in carbohydrate metabolism of the anther during this stage of development is discussed.
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    Genetics of resistance to Karnal bunt disease of wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 105 (1999), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; inheritance ; Karnal bunt ; Neovossia ; Tilletia indica ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to Neovossia indica was studied in a Triticum aestivum line HD 29. To overcome the influence of environment on disease expression, the study was conducted by extensive evaluation of advanced generation (F8) recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed by single seed descent from the cross WL 711 (susceptible) × HD 29 (resistant. The results suggested that HD 29 possesses three major genes for resistance to isolated Ni7 and two genes for resistance to isolate Ni8. One of the two genes controlling resistance to Ni8 is common with one of the genes conferring resistance to Ni7. These observations have important implications in breeding for Karnal bunt resistance.
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    The use of microsatellite polymorphisms for the identification of Australian breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: microsatellite ; Oryza sativa ; polymorphism ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten microsatellite loci were analysed for 43 cultivars or breeding lines of rice. Polymorphism-Information-Content values ranged from 0.62 to 0.92. The microsatellite markers were found to be useful for cultivar identification and assessment of genetic relationships. Most of the cultivars could be uniquely identified by at least one microsatellite marker. Genetic heterogeneity was detected within rice samples by amplification of microsatellites from DNA extracted from multiple individual plants and also from bulked DNA preparations.
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    Heading date and resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat not genetically associated (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease assessment ; maturity ; resistance ; Septoria tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen cultivars, with large differences in heading date, were evaluated for their response to septoria tritici blotch in two experimental setups in Njoro, Kenya. Due to the more or less constant temperatures during the growing season and the overhead irrigation applied the epidemic conditions were similar over the whole observation period for the early and late cultivars. In experiment 1 the cultivars were assessed for disease severity at the same moment irrespective of the developmental stage, while in experiment 2 the cultivars were assessed at the same developmental stage. Measured at the same time, the disease severity was highest in the early maturing cultivars and lowest in the late maturing cultivars (r = –0.78). When assessed at the same development stage the disease build up was independent of heading date (r = –0.10) but strongly dependent on resistance level. There were no indications that early heading cultivars were more susceptible than late heading cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003593218761
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    Effects of kinetin on growth, grain yield and some mineral elements in wheat plants growing under excess salinity and oxygen deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: flooding ; kinetin ; leaf relative water content ; membrane stability ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants, 22d. old, were exposed to wide range of soil water osmotic potential (Ψs = 0 to −1.2 MPa) induced by NaCl and CaCl2 treatments in combination with roots maintained under aerobic (drained at field capacity) or nonaerobic (flooded) conditions in the soil, and sprayed with 10 mg L−1 kinetin solution. In drained plants, not receiving kinetin, increased soil salinity resulted in appreciable inhibition of shoot growth and reduction in chlorophyll (Ch1.), soluble sugars (SS) contents and grain yield. Shoot growth, Ch1. content, soluble sugars and grain yield were significantly lower for flooded plants than unflooded analogues over the entire Ψs range. Both salinity and waterlogging synergize to increase Na+, Ca+ and Cl− accumulation in shoot tissues and to decrease the stability of leaf membranes to either dehydration (40% polyethylene glycol 6000) or heat (51 °C) stress. The ratio of K+/Na+ transported to shoots under aerobic and anaerobic conditions decreased progressively on salinization. The association between the internal mineral element concentrations was largely affected by kinetin treatment. Kinetin application ameliorated the deleterious effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency. It reduced Na+, Ca2+ and Cl− accumulation and improved K+ uptake under salinity and waterlogging stresses. Increased K+/Na+ ratio helped the plants to avoid Na+ toxicity and enhanced shoot growth and grain yield. Kinetin also reduced membrane injury by dehydration and heat stresses and improved the water status of plants under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effects of single factors (Soil salinity ‘Ψs’, soil waterlogging ‘WL’ and Kinetin ‘Kin’) and their interactions (Ψs × WL, Ψs × Kin, WL × Kin and Ψs × WL × Kin) were shown by analysis of variance to be statistically significant for most parameters tested. Calculation of the coefficient of determination (η+) led to three important findings. (1) Salinity (Ψs) was dominant in affecting leaf relative water content (RWC), shoot dry mass, grain yield, stability of leaf membranes to dehydration stress and the contents of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl−. (2) Kinetin (Kin) had a dominant effect on the stability of leaf membranes to heat stress as well as on chlorophyll and soluble sugars contents. (3) The share of waterlogging (WL) was dominant for K+ content. It can be concluded that kinetin application helped wheat plants to grow successfully in the areas subjected to combined effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency, such as in salt marshes.
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    Induction by ozone of ethylene production and an ACC oxidase cDNA in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase ; ethylene ; Oryza sativa ; ozone ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to ozone at 1 µl l−1 for 6 h induced ethylene production in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) leaves. The stimulation of ethylene production was detectable 2 h after the start of the exposure to ozone, and lasted for 6 h after the exposure. A 429-bp cDNA fragment encoding ACC oxidase was obtained by RT-PCR from ozone-treated rice leaves. Its nucleotide sequence and deduced amino-acid sequence had 97.2% and 94.4% identity, respectively, to those of OS1A1COX, which was previously obtained from deepwater rice. The abundance of the cDNA increased in accordance with the induction of ethylene production by the exposure to ozone.
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    The promotive effect of combustion products from plant vegetation on the release of seeds from dormancy (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: dormancy ; Lactuca sativa ; lettuce seeds ; Brassica napus ; rapeseed ; combustion products ; Salix viminalis ; Themeda triandra ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In darkness, dormancy was imposed on seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand rapids) by high temperature and on seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Apex) by osmotic stress using polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000). In both cases, dormancy was broken by incubating the seeds in aqueous extracts of combustion products from Salix viminalis wood chips or Themeda triandra leaves. Dormancy of rapeseed, but not lettuce, was also broken by a solution of smoke from burnt straw of Triticum aestivum. The greatest stimulation from burnt vegetation was achieved with an aqueous extract of pyrolysed willow wood chips, which had been subjected to temperatures of up to 800 °C during combustion in a down-draught gasifier. This suggests that some biologically active substances obtained from combustion of plant tissues are highly heat-stable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006222705855
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    Uptake of zinc by rye, bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars differing in zinc efficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypic variation ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc efficiency ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of zinc (Zn) nutritional status on uptake of inorganic 65Zn was studied in rye (Secale cereale, cv. Aslim), three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Dagdas, Bezostaja, BDME-10) and durum wheat (Triticum durum, cv. Kunduru-1149) cultivars grown for 13 days in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. The cultivars were selected based on their response to Zn deficiency and to Zn fertilization in calcareous soils under field conditions. When grown in Zn-deficient calcareous soil in the field, the rye cultivar had the highest, and the durum wheat the lowest Zn efficiency. Among the bread wheats, BDME-10 showed higher susceptibility to Zn deficiency and Bezostaja and Dagdas were less affected by Zn deficiency. Similarly to field conditions, in nutrient solution visual Zn deficiency symptoms (i.e. necrotic lesions on leaf blade) appeared to be more severe in Kunduru-1149 and BDME-10 and less severe in rye cultivar Aslim. Under Zn deficiency, shoot concentrations of Zn were similar between all cultivars. Cultivars with adequate Zn supply did not differ in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn, but under Zn deficiency there were distinct differences; rye showed the highest rate of Zn uptake and the durum wheat the lowest. In the case of bread wheat cultivars, 65Zn uptake rate was about the same and not related to their differential Zn efficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rye had the highest rate of root-to-shoot translocation of 65Zn, while all bread and durum wheat cultivars were similar in their capacity to translocate 65Zn from roots to shoots. When Zn2+ activity in uptake solution ranged between 117 p M and 34550 pM, Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient bread wheat genotypes were again similar in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn. The results indicate that high Zn efficiency of rye can be attributed to its greater Zn uptake capacity from soils. The inability of the durum wheat cultivar Kunduru-1149 to have a high Zn uptake capacity seems to be an important reason for its Zn inefficiency. Differential Zn efficiency between the bread wheat cultivars used in this study is not related to their capacity to take up inorganic Zn.
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    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
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    Boron accumulation and partitioning in wheat cultivars with contrasting tolerance to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; genotypic difference ; sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two pot experiments at the Plant Environment Laboratory (PEL), Reading, UK investigated sterility, boron (B) accumulation and B partitioning of wheat cultivars grown with limited B in the growing medium. The first experiment evaluated nine cultivars of spring wheat with diverse field responses to low available soil B, supplied with or without 20 μM B. A second experiment examined the response of a susceptible (SW-41) and a tolerant (Fang-60) cultivar to B-deficiency. These cultivars were supplied with either 20 μM B from sowing to flag leaf emergence and no added B thereafter, or 20 μM B from sowing to maturity. When B was not supplied in the nutrient solution, the number of grains ranged from 4 per ear (cv. BL-1135) to 32 per ear (cv. BL-1249) and sterility of competent florets ranged from 39% to 93%. Boron concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis did not differ greatly when the growing medium contained limited B, but differences between cultivars were evident when B was unlimited. Tolerance of B-deficiency was not related to the B concentration in the flag leaf. Some cultivars produced viable pollen and set grains while others failed to do so at similar B concentrations in the flag leaf. The two contrasting cultivars did not differ much in their pattern of B partitioning when B supply was restricted from flag leaf emergence onwards. Similarly, little evidence was found that the tolerant cultivars translocated B from their leaves, roots or stems when the supply in the growing medium was restricted. The proportion of total B partitioned in different organs was the same irrespective of B supply and cultivar. On average, leaves contained 68% of the total B content in the whole plant compared to 16% in the roots, 10% in the ears and only 6% in the stems. Tolerant or susceptible cultivars of wheat could not be distinguished based on the B concentration and B content of the flag leaf.
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    Production and testing of plants regenerated from protoplasts of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 105 (1999), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa L. ; photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS) ; protoplasts ; flow cytometry ; tetraploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants were regenerated from protoplasts isolated from embryonic suspension cultures of N5047S, a photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile (PGMS) Japonica rice line. Flow cytometric analyses of nuclear DNA content identified some tetraploid regenerates whose agronomic traits could be distinguished from diploid regenerates. Pollen and female fertility of diploid protoplast-derived clones grown under different light and temperature conditions was compared. A promising PGMS protoplast clone, ZAU11S, was developed from these clones. Its male sterility was confirmed as a photoperiod × temperature interaction type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003442100236
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    Accurate root length measurement by image analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: image analysis ; NIH Image ; rice ; root length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Algorithms for estimating root length by image analysis should lead to results that have no systematic error (bias), be insensitive to preferential root orientation, valid across a wide range of sample sizes and adjust for overlap between roots in samples, to reduce the effort needed in spreading out root systems. We propose a new algorithm that forms a compromise between small bias and robustness (insensitivity to variation in sample size and preferential root orientation), and provide a simple way of dealing with root overlap. Image analysis was performed on a Macintosh computer using the public domain NIH Image program. The digital image of the root was processed to get the thinned image (skeleton). The numbers of orthogonally and diagonally connected pairs of pixels (N o and N d, respectively) in the skeleton were counted separately and used for length (L) calculation. A new length calculation equation was introduced so that the effect of orientation on length calculation was minimized; L=[N d 2+(N d+N o/2)2]1/2+N o/2. The maximum error due to orientation of a single line was evaluated for an ideal line, and the analysis revealed that the new equation was less affected by orientation than previous equations. Copper wire and rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots containing both primary and fine secondary root were measured manually and with image analysis. The two methods showed good agreement within 1.5%. The proposed image analysis method yielded length estimates with CV from 0.23 to 0.88%, which was lower than the CVs of the line-intersect method. Moreover, the lengths of overlapping samples were calculated correctly because the image analysis method distinguished an overlapping pixel from a thinned image, while the calculation with the line-intersect method showed underestimation because overlaps were not considered in that method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004778925316
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    Identification of a RAPD marker linked to a brown planthopper resistance gene in rice (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bph-1 ; linkage analysis ; mapping ; RAPD ; RFLP ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We report the tagging of a brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene (Bph–1) in rice using RAPD and RFLP markers. The Korean rice variety ‘Gayabyeo’ has dominant duplicate genes including Bph–1 conferring resistance to biotype 1 of BPH. Bulked segregant RAPD analysis was employed for rapid identification of DNA markers linked to resistance genes. For tagging these two genes, an F2F3 population from a ‘Gayabyeo’ × ‘Nagdongbyeo’ cross was developed and evaluated for BPH resistance. Three bulked DNAs from two groups of homozygous BPH resistant (each for Bph–1 and the other unknown gene) and homozygous susceptible F2 plants were analyzed by RAPD using 140 random oligomers. One primer, OPD–7 yielded a 700-bp fragment that was present in Gayabyeo and resistant F2 plants (homozygous for Bph-1 locus) but absent in Nagdongbyeo and susceptible F2 plants. Cosegregation of this marker with Bph-1 was verified using an F2 population segregating for Bph-1. Chromosomal regions surrounding the Bph-1 were examined with additional RFLP and microsatellite markers on chromosome 12 to define the location of the RAPD marker and Bph-1. Use of this RAPD marker could facilitate early selection of resistant lines for BPH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003506830735
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    Molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: C-banding ; chromosome additions ; chromosome substitution ; Elymus tsukushiense ; homoeology ; in situ hybridization ; RFLP ; Roegneria kamoji ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Elymus tsukushiense Honda (syn. Roegneria kamoji C. Koch) (2n = 6x = 42, StsStsHtsHtsYtsYts) is a hexaploid species, distantly related to bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Apart from the delineation of evolutionary relationships, this species is a potential source of resistance to scab, a devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. A standard C-banded karyotype was established identifying all 21 chromosome pairs of E. tsukushiense. By using C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization analyses, three wheat-E. tsukushiense chromosome addition lines, one ditelosomic addition line, and one disomic substitution line were identified in BC2 progenies from wheat × E. tsukushiense hybrids. Twenty DNA markers specific for the seven homoeologous groups of the Triticeae were used to determine the homoeology of the added E. tsukushiense chromosomes. The E. tsukushiense chromosomes in the addition lines NAU702, NAU703, and NAU701 were identified as belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 5, and thus, were designated as 1Ets#1, 3Ets#1, and 5Ets#1, respectively. NAU751 was identified as a disomic substitution line with chromosome 3A of wheat replaced by chromosome 3Ets#1. Line NAU702 has a high level of resistance to scab and will be used in chromosomal engineering and development of improved wheat germplasm for scab resistance breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003686014905
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    Cumulative and interaction effects of prolamin allelic variation and of 1BL/1RS translocation on flour quality in bread wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: 1BL/1RS ; bread-making quality ; prolamins ; wheat-rye translocations ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The allelic variation of prolamin loci was studied in three F2 progenies from three crosses between the 1BL/1RS cultivar Triana and Yécora Rojo, Pavón and Florence Aurora, cultivars without the translocation. According to the 1:2:1 theoretical proportions observed in the allelic variants of the Glu-B3/Gli-B1 loci of the parent without the translocation, the inheritance as a block of the rye chromosome arm was confirmed. A group of F3-F4 recombinant lines, developed from these crosses was evaluated using the SDS-sedimentation test and the mixograph and alveograph tests. The presence of the 1BL/1RS translocation was not associated with significantly lower grain protein content values or with the optimum mixing time in the mixograph of the genotypes. The effect of the 1BL/1RS translocation on most of the quality parameters was highly dependent on the genetic pool. Significant increases in gluten strength and better mixing properties associated with the presence of some alleles of the Glu-A1, Glu-A3/ Gli-A1 and Gli-D2 loci were detected. The additivity and the interaction of prolamin gene effects with the rye translocation in the 1BL/1RS lines and its possible use in plant breeding are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003648110480
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    Amylose synthesis capacity of the three Wx genes of wheat cv. Chinese Spring (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: amylose content ; granule-bound starch synthase ; null alleles ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Wx locus controls amylose synthesis in the cereal endosperm. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has the three Wx loci on chromosomes 7A ( Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1) and 7D (Wx-D1). To verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently and accurately, we produced eight possible types of recombinant lines carrying different null alleles at the Wx loci under the ‘Chinese Spring’ genetic background. Amylose content varied from 0% of the waxy ‘Chinese Spring’ to 25% of the ‘Chinese Spring’ normal type. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the largest in Wx-B1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b. More than 3% reductions in amylose content were detected in the double null types. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a predominates and produces 21–22% amylose, followed by Wx-D1a (20–21%) and Wx-A1a (15–18%). These significant differences were partly correlated with variation in the amounts of the Wx proteins produced by different Wx genes. However, comparisons of the double null lines with the single null or normal lines indicated that amylose content was not linearly proportional to the number of the Wx genes, suggesting that the Wx genes act in an epistatic manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003604328227
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    Analyses of genetic diversity in Cuban rice varieties using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: AFLP ; DNA fingerprinting ; isozymes ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the genetic diversity among the major cuban rice cultivars was conducted using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. Polymorphisms were detected for esterases, peroxidases, alcohol dehydrogenases and polyphenoloxidases systems; 21 RAPD primers and four AFLP primer combinations. Heterozygosity arithmetic mean value (Hav(p)), the effective multiplex ratio (EMR) and the marker index (MI), were calculated for isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. The mean value of genetic similarity among the different varieties was 0.92 for isozyme, 0.73 for RAPD and 0.58 for AFLP analyses. Thus, AFLP were able to detect polymorphisms with higher efficiency than RAPD (+15%) and isozyme (+34%). Data from the isozyme, RAPD and AFLP analyses were used to compute matrices of genetic similarities. The efficiency of the UPGMA for the estimation of genetic relatedness among varieties was supported by cophenetic correlation coefficients. The resulting values indicated that the distortion level for the estimated similarities was minimal. The correlation coefficients obtained by the Mantel matrix correspondence test, which was used to compare the cophenetic matrices for the different markers, showed that estimated values of genetic relationship given for isozyme and RAPD markers (r = 0.89), as well as for AFLP and RAPD markers (r = 0.82) were properly related. However, AFLP and isozyme data showed only moderate correlation (r = 0.63). Although the genetic variability found among the different cultivars was low, both RAPD and AFLP markers proved to be efficient tools in assessing the genetic diversity of rice genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003672729948
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    Location of Pm3g, a powdery mildew resistance allele in wheat, by using a monosomic analysis and by identifying associated molecular markers (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Blumeria graminis ; powdery mildew ; QTL ; RFLPs ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A segregating population of doubled-haploid lines issued from the cross between the wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) cultivars Courtot, resistant to several isolates of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal), and Chinese Spring (susceptible) was used to map Mlar, a gene carried by Courtot and conferring resistance to this pathogen. The assignation of Mlar using monosomic lines of Courtot was confirmed by the mapping analysis. Mlar was located on the short arm of the chromosome 1A, in the vicinity of the locus XGli-A5 coding for storage proteins. This result was in accordance with those demonstrating that Mlar was an allele of the Pm3 locus (Pm3g), a gene also involved in the resistance to powdery mildew.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003713219799
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    Allelic variation in high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Loci of Glu-1 in Japanese common wheats (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelic variation ; glutenin subunit ; Japanese Norin variety ; seed storage protein ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed storage proteins of 131 Japanese Norin wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine allelic make-up in varieties at each of three loci that control high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits. Three alleles were identified at the Glu-A1 locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and five at the Glu-D1 locus. Twenty-four different, major glutenin HMW subunits were identified and each contained three to five subunits and seventeen different glutenin subunit patterns were observed for 19 subunits in the 131 Japanese Norin varieties. Fourteen alleles were identified by comparison of subunit mobility with that previously found in hexaploid wheat. Japanese Norin varieties showed a specific pattern of allelic variation in glutenin HMW subunits, different from that of Chinese and other country common wheats in allelic frequency at Glu-1 loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003516620466
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    Agro-morphological characterization of ovary culture-derived plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploids ; genetics ; haploids ; induced variation ; Oryza sativa ; ovary culture ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants derived from unpollinated ovary culture of ten rice genotypes showed significant variability in agro-morphological characteristics. The ovary-derived plant (H1) populations were completely haploid, doubled haploid or haploid-doubled haploid mixture. Haploids had very drastic reduction in plant height, panicle length, grain length, breadth and number and spikelet fertility (0.0%–2.1%). Doubled haploids from the hybrid of UPRI 95–121 × UPRI 95–165 were normal with fertility ranging between 69.6% and 97.7%. A genetic segregation in ratio of 1:1 was observed for five pigmentation characters in the H1 population derived from hybrid UPRI 95–122 × UPRI 95–165. Plant height showed the largest coefficient of variability (28.5%) followed by the number of spikelets per panicle (24.2%), number of grains per panicle (22.0%), percent seed set (9.2%) and panicle length (9.0%). The range of variation in the H1 population from fully fertile hybrid PMS 2A (CMS) × IR 31802 (restorer) was similar to its corresponding F2 population for plant height, spikelet fertility and number of grains/panicle. A single clone of plants from the cultivar BG 1321 exhibited complete male sterility but normal female fertility when pollinated with other varieties. Ovary-derived plants from the CMS lines PMS 2A and IR 58025A showed stable male sterility and those from thermosensitive genetic male sterile line UPRI 95–140 showed thermosensitive genetic male sterility. These lines have potential in the hybrid breeding program and are being currently exploited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003524217816
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    Resistance to foliar blight of wheat: A search (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 469-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: foliar blight ; germplasm ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One thousand three hundred and eighty-seven spring wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) lines belonging to the Indian and CIMMYT wheat programmes were evaluated for their tolerance to foliar blight disease for three consecutive years i.e., from 1994 to 1997. Disease severity at six different growth stages, beginning from tillering to late milk stage, was recorded. None of the genotypes showed immunity to the disease. Of 43 lines showing resistant reaction, a major proportion (25) was represented by CIMMYT material. Comparatively, Indian germplasm lines tended to be more susceptible at more advanced growth stages. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and Apparent Infection Rate (r) values of resistant lines were much lower than those of susceptible ones, but lower AUDPC in some of the resistant lines did not correspond to a lower 'r' value. Most of the resistant lines were derived from Seri, Myna, Bau, kauz, Hork 's' and Aegilops tauschii Coss.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008797232108
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    The genetic structure and conservation of aus, aman and boro rices from Bangladesh (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 587-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: diversity ; genetic resources ; GIS ; Oryza sativa ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A diverse set of 115 rice varieties from Bangladesh was surveyed using 35 polymorphic RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers and the genetic structure of this germplasm, encompassing the principal rice ecotypes of Bangladesh (aus, aman and boro), was determined using multivariate analysis. The level of genetic diversity was evaluated and compared with the levels of diversity found within other rice growing areas of the world. Geographical information systems analysis using Atlas-GIS was employed to analyse and present the geographic distribution of genetic diversity across Bangladesh, and cluster analysis was used to test the efficiency of selection of material for a core collection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008749532171
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    Transfer of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility through protoplast fusion in rice (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Cybrid ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; mitochondrial DNA ; protoplast fusion ; rice ; wild abortive cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility has been extensively used in hybrid seed production in the tropics. Using protoplast fusion between cytoplasmic male sterile and fertile maintainer lines; we report here, transfer of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility to the nuclear background of RCPL1-2C, an advance breeding line which also served as maintainer of this cytoplasm. In total, 27 putative cybrids between V20A and RCPL1-2C and 23 lines between V20A and V20B were recovered and all of them were sterile. DNA blots prepared from the mitochondrial DNA of the cybrid lines from both the sets were probed with orf155 that is known to exhibit polymorphism between the mitochondrial DNA of the male-sterile and fertile maintainer lines. Hybridization of orf155 to 1.3 kb HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA fragment of the cybrids showed transfer of mitochondrial DNA from wild abortive cytoplasmic male-sterile line to the maintainers, viz. RCPL 1-2C and V20B. Expression of male sterility was confirmed by the presence of sterile pollen grains and the lack of seed setting due to selfing in all the cybrid lines. These cybrids, on crossing with respective fertile maintainers set seeds that in turn, produced sterile BC1 plants. DNA blots from HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA of these BC1 plants when probed with orf155 again exhibited localization of orf155 in wild abortive cytoplasm-specific 1.3 kb HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA fragments. This demonstrated that the cytoplasmic male sterility transferred through protoplast fusion retained intact female fertility and was inherited and expressed in BC1 plants. Fusion-derived CMS lines, on pollination with pollen grains from restorer, showed restoration of fertility in all the lines. The results demonstrate that protoplasts fusion can be used for transferring maternally inherited traits like cytoplasmic male sterility to the desired nuclear background which can, in turn, be used in hybrid seed production programme of rice in the tropical world.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009662231294
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    Influence of crop management on eyespot development and infection cycles of winter wheat (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cultural practices ; disease progress equation ; infection cycles ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was assessed at four crop growth stages for eyespot (anamorph Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, teleomorph Tapesia yallundae) in a series of field trials that studied the effects on disease frequency of five wheat management techniques (sowing date and density, nitrogen fertiliser dose and form, removal/burial of cereal straw). An equation expressing disease level as a function of degree-days was fitted to the observed disease levels. This equation was based on eyespot epidemiology and depended on two parameters illustrating the importance of the primary and the secondary infection cycles respectively. Cultural practices were classified according to the importance of their effects on disease, and these effects could be related to infection cycles and host plant architecture. Sowing date had the earliest and strongest effect; early sowing always increased disease frequency through the primary infection cycle, and its influence on the secondary cycle was variable. Disease frequency was increased by high plant density and/or a low shoot number per plant through primary infection; the secondary cycle was, however, decreased by a low shoot number per plant, which reduced late disease development at high plant density. High nitrogen doses increased disease levels and the severity of both infection cycles, but this effect was partly hidden by a simultaneous stimulation of tillering and thus an indirect decrease of disease incidence. When significant, ammonium (vs ammonium nitrate) fertiliser decreased eyespot levels and infection cycles whereas straw treatment (burial vs removal of straw from the previous cereal crop) had no effect.
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    Nitrogen transformations in a flooded soil in the presence and absence of rice plants: 2. Denitrification (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 269-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; gas entrapment ; nitrification inhibitors ; 15N ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification rates (d) in a flooded alkaline clay were measured following addition of either $$^{15} NO_3^ - or^{15} NH_4^ + $$ to the floodwater, by collecting evolved N2 + N2O in an enclosure in the absence or presence of rice plants. Similar estimates of d were obtained in the $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ treatment when the isotopic composition of the enclosed atmosphere was determined using arc redistribution or direct mass spectrometric analysis. Approximately 90% of the gaseous products of denitrification were physically trapped in the soil five days after $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ addition. Mechanical shaking of the soil-water system was an effective method for releasing entrapped gas. Denitrification showed a marked diurnal variation in both $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ and $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ treatments planted to rice, with higher rates during the day than at night. Measured rates of denitrification were higher in planted than in unplanted pots for both $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ and $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ treatments for normal gas sampling. However, evidence was obtained that this was not a real effect, but was due to release of entrapped gas. Denitrification losses corrected for gas entrapment were estimated at 〈5% of applied $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ . The 15N mass balance indicated that a much larger amount of applied ammonium (15–25%) was lost by NH3 volatilisation. The rate of denitrification corrected for gas entrapment was similar to the rate of nitrification estimated by inhibition of ammonium oxidation. Although the inhibitors 2-ethynylpyridine and acetylene prevented denitrification by effectively inhibiting nitrification of $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ , the total recovery of 15N in the soil-plant system did not increase. The total recovery of $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ was 7–9% higher in the presence than in the absence of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009726524817
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    Nitrogen transformations in a flooded soil in the presence and absence of rice plants: 1. Nitrification (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitors ; 15N-dilution ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrification rates (n) in the floodwater of an alkaline clay were measured in the absence or presence of rice plants by inhibition of ammonium oxidation and 15N-dilution techniques. Floodwater nitrate concentrations in control treatments showed a marked diurnal variation, and were higher than in the inhibitor treatments after the first day. Ammonium concentrations in floodwater declined exponentially in all treatments, being markedly affected by diffusion and NH3 volatilization but little affected by nitrification and plant uptake. Nitrification rates in floodwater estimated by 15N-dilution were generally higher than the rates estimated by the inhibitor method. Estimates of n were generally higher during daylight hours than at night, and did not differ significantly between planted and unplanted pots. Microbial immobilisation of labelled ammonium and gross N immobilisation were not affected by addition of the nitrification inhibitor 2-ethynylpyridine.
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    The role of legume fallows in intensified upland rice-based systems of West Africa (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1998), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fallow ; legumes ; nitrogen fixation ; rice ; weeds ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Traditional upland rice-based cropping systems in West Africa rely on periods of fallow to restore soil fertility and prevent the build-up of insect pests and weeds. Demographic growth and increased demand for land is forcing many farmers to intensify their rice production systems. Declining fallow length and increasing number of crops before leaving the land to extended fallow result in a significant yield reduction. Promising cropping system alternatives include the use of site specific, weed-suppressing, multi-purpose cover legumes as short duration fallows. Constraints to rice production related to intensification were determined in 209 farmers' fields in four agro-ecological zones during 1994 and 1995. Nitrogen accumulation and weed suppression were evaluated in 54 legume accessions, grown for six months during the dry season, under a range of hydrological and soil conditions in 1994/95. Their effect on the yield of upland rice was determined in 1995. To increase benefits from improved fallow technology, the timing of legume establishment in relation to rice and the effect on crop and weed growth of removing, burning, mulching, or incorporating fallow residues prior to the rice crop were determined. Intensified land use resulted in a significant plot-level yield reduction that was highest in the derived savanna and the bimodal forest zones where it was associated with a doubling of the weed biomass in rice and a significant reduction in soil N supply. Legume fallows appear to offer the potential to sustain rice yields under intensified cropping. Legume biomass was in most instances significantly greater than in the weedy fallow control and several legume species suppressed weed growth. Nitrogen accumulation by legumes varied between 1–200 kg N ha-1 with 30–90% Ndfa. Rice grain yield following legume fallows increased by an average of 0.2 mg ha-1 or 29% above the weedy fallow control. Relay establishment substantially increased legume biomass. However, seeding of the legume at 28 days or earlier significantly reduced grain yield due to interspecific competition. Incorporating or mulching of fallow residues provided no significant yield advantage as compared to burning. Absolute effects varied as a function of site, legume species, and management practice.
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    Production of polyhaploids of hexaploid wheat using stored pearl millet pollen (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hexaploid wheat ; pearl millett ; Pennisetum glaucum ; polyhaploid ; pollen storage ; Triticum aestivum ; wide crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of drying and freezing on viability of pearl millet pollen were examined with the aim of using stored pollen in polyhaploid production of hexaploid wheat. Freshly collected pollen of pearl millet line NEC 7006 with 55% water content, germinated at a frequency of 80%. Pollen that was dried for two hours to 6% water content showed 50% germination frequency and maintained similar frequencies after the freezing process. In crosses of hexaploid wheat variety Norin 61 with fresh pearl millet pollen, embryos were obtained at a frequency of 27.6%. In crosses with pollen stored at -196 °C, -80 °C and -20 °C for one month, embryo formation frequencies ranged from 27.5 to 17.4%. After five and twelve months of storage, the frequencies ranged from 29.7 to 14.6% at storage temperatures of -196 °C and -80 °C, and from 8.0 to 3.2% at -20 °C, indicating significant differences among storage temperatures. However, no significant frequency difference was found among pollen water contents at the time of collection. All plants regenerated from crosses with pearl millet pollen stored for five months were wheat polyhaploids. These results suggest that stored pearl millet pollen is an efficient medium for producing polyhaploids in hexaploid wheat.
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    Bread wheat: F1 hybrid performance and parental diversity estimates using molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; heterosis ; genetic distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In wheat, the possibility of introducing F1 seed into practical agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of effective chemical hybridising agents (CHAs). Although some technical and economic problems concerning the use of CHAs for large-scale production of F1 seed remain to be solved, a first group of F1 hybrids has been submitted for registration in several European countries i.e., France, England and Italy. Combining ability for grain yield and several agronomic and quality traits was studied in an eight-parent diallel cross. Highly significant combining ability effects were observed for all the traits while specific combining ability effects were statistically significant for grain yield, plant height, heading time and Chopin alveograph parameter P. The level of genetic diversity between parents as estimated using molecular markers is considered a tool for predicting the hybrid performance and heterosis of crosses. To explore this possibility, RFLP and RAPD markers were used to predict the performance of hybrids obtained from diallel and top crosses. The performance of the hybrids was determined in replicated plot trials sown at normal seed density in several locations. Coefficient of parentage (rp), based on pedigree information for all the pairwise combinations of the parents ranged from 0.01 to 0.34. The parents were assayed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 87 primers which generated 304 polymorphic bands. Genetic similarity between parents, estimated on the basis of common bands using the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (J), ranged from 0.25 to 0.57. Correlation between parental diversity and hybrid performance was generally weak. A positive trend is observed in the yield potential of the hybrids produced in Italy in the last 10 years. In fact among the first set of hybrids produced by random crossing of the available cultivars, none produced 10% more than the checks whereas the last generation of hybrids includes combinations yielding 15% more than the best standards. Our results clearly indicate the need to develop specific strategies in order to identify and/or to select parental lines with a high level of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). The information regarding the genetic diversity of the parental lines do not appear helpful for predicting F1 performance.
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    Genetic studies of antifreeze proteins and their correlation with winter survival in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: antifreeze proteins ; chromosome substitution lines ; cold acclimation ; freezing tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; winter survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) accumulate in the leaves of winter cereals during cold acclimation, where they may inhibit ice recrystallization during freezing and thawing cycles and provide nonspecific disease resistance. In this study, 21 wheat chromosome substitution lines and the parental lines Chinese Spring and Cheyenne wheat were used to determine the heritability of AFPs and the relationship between the accumulation of AFPs and winter survival. In cold-acclimated lines, antifreeze activity in leaf apoplastic extracts ranged from 1 (low) to 5 (high) with an average value of 3.2, and the accumulation of apoplastic proteins ranged from 30 μg (g FW)-1 to 115 μg (g FW)-1 with a mean value of 70 μ (g FW)-1. Examination of the individual lines revealed that Cheyenne chromosomes 5B and 5D carry major regulatory genes that increase both antifreeze activity and the accumulation of antifreeze proteins in plants grown at low temperature. Substitution lines carrying Cheyenne chromosomes 2A, 3A, 6B, and 7A exhibited lower freezing tolerance and also showed a marked decrease in the accumulation of specific AFPs during cold acclimation. Antifreeze activity and apoplastic protein content were not correlated with freezing tolerance (defined as % survival at -11 °C), but they were both significantly and positively correlated with winter field survival rates. Antifreeze activity (positively correlated) and total leaf fresh weight (negatively correlated) together accounted for about 55% of the variation in winter survival, indicating that high antifreeze activity and slow vegetative growth at low temperature are both important quantitative traits for winter survival.
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    Somaclonal variation and chilling tolerance improvement in rice: Changes in fatty acid composition (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 24 (1998), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: chilling tolerance ; fatty acids ; galactolipids ; phospholipids ; rice ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between chilling tolerance of six rice cultivars – Facagro 57, Facagro 76, Fujisaka 5, Kirundo 3, Kirundo 9 and IR64 -and the fatty acid composition in total lipids, phospholipids, galactolipids and neutral lipids from leaves was studied. Higher double bond index and proportions of linolenic acid in the phospholipid and galactolipid classes were related to cultivar chilling tolerance, but this was not so for the total lipids nor the neutral lipid class. The somaclonal families derived from Facagro 76, Kirundo 3 and Kirundo 9 that showed enhanced chilling tolerance as compared to their original parental cultivar were analyzed for fatty acid composition in phospholipids and galactolipids from leaves. Altered proportions in fatty acid composition in phospholipids, galactolipids or both were found in the somaclonal families derived from Facagro 76 and Kirundo 9, but not from Kirundo 3. These changes most usually resulted in higher double bond index and higher proportions in linoleic and linolenic acids which were related either to lower ratio of C16 to C18 fatty acids or to higher unsaturation in the C18 fatty acid fraction. Different mechanisms thus seem to be implicated in the altered fatty acid composition of somaclones, which may be related to the chilling tolerance improvement of some somaclonal families.
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    Relationship between ammonium accumulation and senescence of detached rice leaves caused by excess copper (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; copper ; leaf senescence ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that ammonium (NH 4 + ) accumulation is linked to the senescence of detached rice (Oryza sativa) leaves induced by copper (Cu) was investigated. CuSO4 was effective in promoting senescence of detached rice leaves. Both CuSO4 and CuCl2 induced NH 4 + accumulation in detached rice leaves, indicating that NH 4 + accumulation is induced by copper. Sulfate salts of Mg, Mn, Zn, and Fe were ineffective in inducing NH 4 + accumulation in detached rice leaves. The senescence of detached rice leaves induced by Cu was found to be prior to NH 4 + accumulation. Free radical scavengers, such as glutathione and thiourea, inhibited senescence caused by Cu and at the same time inhibited Cu-induced NH 4 + accumulation. The current results suggest that NH 4 + accumulation is not associated with senescence induced by Cu, but is part of the overall expression of oxidative damage caused by an excess of Cu. Evidence was presented to show that copper-induced ammonium accumulation in detached rice leaves is attributed to a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity and an increase in reduction of nitrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004369518777
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    Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; breeding ; resistance ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F2 and F1-top as pedigree, selected lines in F3, F4, F2-top, F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency.
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    Breeding wheat for resistance to Heterodera avenae in Southeastern Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae ; resistance ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Breeding wheat for resistance to Heterodera avenae in southern Australia has been in progress for nearly 30 years and recently a number of resistant varieties have been released. Early breeding work was hampered by three factors: • a lack of appreciation of the role and extent of the problem, • inaccurate, slow screening methods, ultimately being replaced by the 'tube' test and soon by linked molecular markers, • inappropriate breeding strategies, so that varietal releases have taken place only when the breeding has been fully integrated into the main programs. The experiences in southern Australia will be relevant to many other areas in the world where H. avenae is the major pest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018347704735
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    Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic effects ; inheritance ; quality ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.
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    Analysis of genetic profiles of winter wheats from Russia (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; genetic diversity ; ancestors ; genetic profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of GRIS, the wheat genetic resources database, the retrospective analysis of winter wheat breeding programs in the ex-USSR during its existence, and modern Russia, was conducted. The dynamics of genetic diversity of released cultivars was studied. A significant tendency to reduce the use of local materials was discovered, although a stable set of original ancestors has prevailed over the last 40 years. The modern cultivar genes pool has increased as a result of the utilisation of North American semidwarf varieties. Breeding programs at different breeding centres are distinguished by varying levels of genetic diversity. The need to discover new sources of disease resistance and environmental adaptation are problems that remain.
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    Genetic systems regulating flowering response in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetics ; intrinsic earliness ; photoperiodic response ; vernalisation requirement ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic systems regulating bread wheat ontogenesis have been studied at Ukraine's Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute, for more than two decades. The influence of Vrn genes is the most obvious; dominant alleles of Vrn genes inhibit the vernalisation requirement. The Vrn genotypes of more than 1000 cultivars were determined and the peculiarities of gene geography were shown. Dominant Vrn1 or Vrn2 seemed to be replaced by Vrn3 in regions closer to the equator. In the developed sets of near-isogenic (congenic) lines, the value of different genes was characterised for certain environments (favourable – phytotron, natural – early or late drought) based on their effects. Methods of Vrn gene manipulation were elaborated, including methods for winter genotype selection from spring x spring crosses. The possibility of alien homoeologous Vrn loci introgression was shown. In the introgressed lines, the new genes were identified and found to be nonallelic to known Vrn genes in wheat. In studying congenic lines for three Ppd genes, differences were observed in duration and intensity of photoperiodic response, vernalisation requirement and effects on agronomic traits. For typical winter wheats, two loci were identified that influenced the duration of the vernalisation requirement. One system, controlling intrinsic earliness, might be responsible for the differences in reaction to light intensity, as selection of earlier genotypes is supposed to be more effective at lower light intensity.
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    The detection of allelic variants at the recessive vrn loci of winter wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalisation response ; Vrn – genotypes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Substitution lines with reciprocal substitutions of chromosomes containing recessive alleles of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomeVrn genes between varieties of winter wheat with high vernalisation requirement (‘Mironovskaya 808’) and low vernalisation requirements (‘Bezostaya 1’) have been created. On this basis the genetic determination of vernalisation requirement was established. Substitution lines Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5A), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5B), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5D) and reciprocal substitution lines Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5A), Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5B) and Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5D) were grown under different durations of vernalisation (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks) and their response was evaluated. Photoperiodic sensitivity of the original parental genotypes was also determined. Reciprocal substitution lines of the same chromosome that carries the same vrn allele responded differently to vernalisation deficit. Differences have been shown between all group 5 reciprocal substitutions. Lines carrying chromosomes 5A and 5D of Mironovskaya 808 had a high vernalisation requirement whereas lines carrying chromosome 5B of Bezostaya 1 (vrn2B) had a low vernalisation requirement. The reciprocal lines had a reverse requirement. This explains the different vernalisation requirements of the original varieties: Mironovskaya 808 with a high vernalisation requirement carries two alleles (vrn1M and vrn3M) in its genotype that increase the vernalisation requirement, whereas Bezostaya 1 with a lower requirement for vernalisation contains only one such allele (vrn2B). By combination of the alleles in the lines with the substitution of chromosome 5B carrying vrn2 allele that in both original genotypes work inversely to the other alleles, transgressive genotypes have been formed: genotype vrn1M vrn2B vrn3M determines a higher vernalisation requirement than original variety Mironovskaya 808, and genotype vrn1B vrn2M vrn3B determines a lower vernalisation requirement than the original Bezostaya 1. An incomplete vernalisation requirement prolonged the time to heading, with exponential dependence on the vernalisation deficit, or prevented heading altogether. The original varieties further differed in photoperiodic sensitivity (Mironovskaya 808 sensitive, Bezostaya 1 less sensitive) that also influenced the background of substitution lines. The impact of the background on the heading time showed itself by about one week difference between Mironovskaya 808 and Bezostaya 1 grown under 8 weeks vernalisation and normal photoperiod. The difference between the lines with Mironovskaya 808 background and the lines with Bezostaya 1 background was approximately the same and was not significantly changed in different vernalisation variants of the lines. This difference may be caused by different photoperiodic sensitivity of the original varieties, but also by other genes, such as genes of earliness per se.
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    Agronomic performance of chromosomes 1B and T1BL.1RS near-isolines in the spring bread wheat Seri M82 (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; T1BL.1RS ; chromosome substitution and translocation ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The T1BL.1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - rye (Secale cereale L.) translocations have been of particular interest and are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the T1BL.1RS chromosome on grain yield and its components using 20 near-isolines of spring bread wheat cultivar ‘Seri M82’ (10 homozygous for chromosome 1B substitution and 10 homozygous for T1BL.1RS). The test lines have been produced by substituting the 1B chromosome in Seri M82 (T1BL.1RS, T1BL.1RS) through backrossing. Two field experiments were evaluated under optimum (five irrigations) and reduced (one irrigation) moisture conditions for two consecutive production cycles at the Mexican National Agricultural Research Institute, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico. The presence of T1BL.1RS had a significant effect on grain yield, harvest index, grains/m2, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, test weight, flowering date and physiological maturity in both moisture conditions. The agronomic advantage of the 1B substitution lines on above-ground biomass yield at maturity, spikes/m2and grain-filling duration was expressed only under the optimum moisture condition. The presence of T1BL.1RS increased grain yield 1.6% and 11.3% for optimum and reduced moisture conditions, respectively. These results encourage further use of T1BL.1RS wheats in improving agronomic traits, especially for reduced irrigation or rainfed environments.
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    Hybrid chlorosis in wheat × rye crosses (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allele ; hybrid chlorosis ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum macha ; makha wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fourteen accessions of rye when crossed to Triticum aestivum cv. C 306 (Ne1ne2ch1Ch2) yielded chlorotic F1 hybrids and six accessions involved in hybrid combination with the same tester produced normal F1 hybrid plants. Two rye accessions, namely, EC 179188 and EC 143825 when crossed to the wheat lines HD 2329 (ne1Ne2ch1Ch2) and NI 5439 (ne1ne2ch1Ch2) also produced chlorosis. The hybrids between T. macha and two rye accessions produced normal plants. Variable degrees of chlorosis were observed among different wheat × rye F1 hybrids. It is suggested that the rye accessions producing chlorosis in combination with wheat cvs. C 306, HD 2329 and NI 5439 (all Ch2-carriers) carry one of the complementary genes for chlorosis. Gene symbol Chr1 is proposed for the chlorosis gene of rye.
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    Characterization of Triticum aestivum/Psathyrostachys juncea derivatives by genomic in situ hybridization (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: in situ hybridization ; Psathyrostachys juncea ; chromosome translocation ; translocation addition ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique, one translocation line, seven translocation-addition lines, five translocation plus translocation addition lines and two ditelosomic addition lines were identified in backcross progenies of Triticum aestivum L. -Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski intergeneric hybrids. No complete P. juncea chromosomes were detected in the 25 lines studied. The results suggest that intact P. juncea chromosomes may be difficult to isolate in a wheat background.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018333625723
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    Evaluation of agar and agarose gels for studying mechanical impedance in rice roots (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agar ; agarose ; gels ; mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agar and agarose gels were evaluated as systems to mechanically impede roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two-layer gels were used so that seedlings established in a layer of weak gel (0.35% weight/volume) and then grew downwards to encounter a treatment gel of up to 5.0% (w/v). Agarose gels were stronger than agar gels of the same concentration, reaching a maximum penetrometer resistance of 1.2 MPa at a concentration of 5.0%, compared to 0.3 MPa with agar. The 5.0% agar gel stimulated elongation of the seminal axis by 40% in seedlings of variety TN1 (compared with elongation in the 0.2% gel), but decreased it by 15% in the variety Lac 23. Although increasing agarose concentration decreased seminal axis elongation in both varieties, the seminal axis did not reach the lower layer of treatment gel when the concentration of the treatment gel was greater than 2.0%. The decreased root elongation was therefore a non-mechanical inhibition. In experiments conducted using a different batch of agarose, these inhibitory effects were not seen and strong agarose gels stimulated seminal axis elongation. It was concluded that the agar and agarose gel systems studied were unsuitable for studying the effect of mechanical impedance on the elongation of rice roots and that great care should be taken in interpreting the results of experiments using gels as a growth medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004489501678
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  • 94
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    Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): combined effects of copper and cadmium (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomarker ; cadmium ; copper ; heavy metal ; PC ; PC-SH ; phytochelatin ; stress ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contaminated soils often show increased levels of more than one metal, e.g. copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) or nickel (Ni). In case such soils are used for crop production, prediction of yield reduction or quality decline due to heavy metals in the soil is inadequate when based only on chemical soil analysis. The use of biomarkers such as phytochelatins (PC), non-protein thiols specifically induced in plants upon exposure to heavy metals, may be an additional tool or diagnostic criterion in heavy metal research and in practice. In the present work, Cu and Cd uptake and induction of PC synthesis are studied with hydroponically grown maize and wheat plants exposed to mixtures of the two metals. We observed a close positive relationship between the concentrations of Cd and PC in the plant shoot material. A decreased shoot concentration of Cd after addition of Cu, due to metal competition at common root absorption sites, coincided with lower shoot PC levels. Also differences in metal uptake and xylary metal transport among the two plant species were reflected in corresponding differences in PC concentration. The observed direct relationship between shoot PC concentration and the degree of metal-induced growth inhibition makes the use of PC promising for the purpose tested for.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004373700581
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  • 95
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    Alleviation of sodicity stress on rice genotypes by Phosphorus fertilization (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilization ; pH ; phosphorus ; rice ; sodicity ; sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice seedlings transplanted into sodic soil are exposed to an excess of potentially toxic ions as well as nutritional imbalance, both of which adversely affect their growth and yield. The present study was aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of fertilization with phosphorus and potassium on the plants at varying sodicity levels and also the response of genotypes with known variability in their tolerance to sodicity. In pot-house experiments during two seasons, the alleviating effects of P and K fertilization on three rice genotypes were examined at four sodicity levels. Seedlings of CSR13 and Jaya (both moderately tolerant to sodicity), died by 25–35 days after transplanting in sodic soils of pH 9.7–9.9 where Olsen's P was 12.5 and 14.8 kg/ha, respectively. However, there was no problem of survival or growth in these soils when Olsen's P was 17.6 and 20.8 kg/ha. Depletion in P from 12.0 kg to 10 kg resulted in some mortality of the seedlings even at pH 9.1. Sodicity tolerant genotype CSR10, did show some survival and growth even at pH 9.9 with Olsen's P at 14.8 kg/ha (without P fertilization) which suggests that differences in tolerance to sodicity which exist at genotypic level are not masked by low P. None of the three genotypes showed any survival problem at pH 8.0 and 8.1 with Olsen's P at 8.5 and 8.7 kg/ha, respectively. Seedlings in P fertilized sodic soils not only produced significantly more new roots but also higher root biomass than those in unfertilized sodic soils and these roots seem to have some control on Na uptake as reflected by low Na concentration in the shoots. Thus, P fertilization not only improved P and K status of plants but also reduced the concentration of potentially toxic Na ions in shoots, resulting in better survival, growth and yield. Although fertilization with K alone did improve shoot K content, it had no significant effect on reducing Na. So the mortality of the seedlings or grain yield in K fertilized sodic soils was as good as in control and this could be explained on the basis of lack of any significant difference in Na concentrations in shoots between these two treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004369101549
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  • 96
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    Method for screening bread wheat for tolerance to boron (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: boron ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new method for screening wheat for boron tolerance has been developed to overcome the problems of methods used in the past. Seedlings were grown for 10 days while suspended over B-rich solutions. Their root lengths were then measured as an index of tolerance. Five varieties of wheat were screened at seven concentrations of B. Results were obtained more quickly and easily than from the alternative methodologies and compared favourably. Screening of 128 doubled haploid lines from a cross between Halberd and (Wl*MMC) suggested that transgressive segregation had occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018316325208
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  • 97
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    Chromosomal locations in common wheat of three new leaf rust resistance genes from Triticum monococcum (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf rust ; Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici ; resistance genes ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum monococcum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Monosomic analysis was conducted to determine chromosomal locations of three new leaf rust resistance genes recently transferred to common wheat (Triticum aestivum) from T. monococcum. The resistance gene in wheat germplasm line KS92WGRC23 was transferred from T. monococcum ssp. monococcum. The resistance genes found in KS93U3 and KS96WGRC34 were transferred from T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides. Allelism tests showed that the three resistance genes were unlinked. The three lines were crossed with each of the seven A-genome Wichita monosomic lines. The leaf rust resistance genes in KS92WGRC23, KS93U3, and KS96WGRC34 were located on chromosomes 6A, 1A, and 5A, respectively, by monosomic analysis. These results demonstrate that the three new genes derived from T. monococcum are each different. They also differ from previously reported Lr genes. This information on chromosome location and the development of mapping populations will facilitate molecular tagging of the new genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018376315133
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  • 98
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    Studies on somaclonal variants for resistance to scab in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through in vitro selection for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; tolerance to deoxynivalenol ; somaclonal variant ; in vitro selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro selection system for scab resistance by using in vitro screening for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (DON). Immature embryos of two wheat varieties, a scab-resistant variety Sumai 3 and a susceptible variety Mianyang 11, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/l and 0.6 × 10-4 M DON for callus induction. The responses of callus induction and plant regeneration to 0.6 × 10-4 M DON differed significantly between resistant and susceptible varieties, according to observed scab resistance levels at the plant level in the field. The percentage of callus formation of resistant variety Sumai 3 on induction medium containing DON was higher than that of susceptible variety Mianyang 11. Regeneration of DON-tolerant calli on DON-containing differentiation medium differed significantly between Sumai 3 and Mianyang 11. Averaged across the DON-tolerant calli of two varieties and their reciprocals, regeneration of DON-tolerant calli was decreased 3-fold on DON-containing medium. By an inoculation test with conidiospores of Fusarium graminearum Schw, we obtained several resistant lines from progenies of regenerated plants from DON-tolerant calli. These somaclonal lines had lower disease scoring (reaction index, infected spikelets and disease incidence), shorter plants and better yield components than Sumai 3, a famous Chinese resistant variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018354606939
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  • 99
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    Optimizing selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; rice ; pure lines ; hybrids ; rough rice yield ; head rice ; total milled rice ; selection index ; path analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract High rough rice yields are important for the profitable production of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The value of rough rice is determined primarily by head rice (whole milled grains) and broken rice, together referred to as total milled rice. The objective of this study was to optimize selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice using path-coefficient analysis and selection indices. Thirty-seven long grain pure lines were grown in an experiment at three Arkansas locations during 1993 and 1994. In another test, twenty-eight F1 hybrids obtained from an eight-parent half diallel of long-grain rices were grown at two locations in Arkansas during 1991. For the pure lines, path analysis revealed that rough rice yield was approximately twice as important in determining total milled rice/ha than head rice. Path analysis for the hybrids revealed that rough rice yield was an even greater component in determining total milled rice/ha. Based on yield components for hybrid rice, panicle density had the largest direct effect determining total milled rice/ha. Filled grain/panicle, grain weight, and head rice, in that order, were secondary, but positive, factors determining total milled rice/ha. A selection index for pure lines based only on selection for head rice was 19.2 percent as effective as selection for total milled rice/ha directly. When selection for total milled rice/ha was based solely on rough rice yield, selection was 82.7 percent as effective as selecting for total milled rice/ha directly. Selection to improve total milled rice/ha should concentrate on increasing both rough rice yield and head rice. Rough rice yield should receive greater priority than head rice in selection strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018331809955
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  • 100
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    Seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; head rice ; seeding date ; rice ; rough rice yield ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in Arkansas is seeded from late March through early June each year. Farmers need new rice cultivars that not only produce both high rough rice yields and high head rice across this range of seeding dates but do so consistently. Thus, a seeding date study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Stuttgart, Arkansas, to study seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability. Fourteen rice cultivars were seeded at five dates ranging from late March through mid-June. Kang's yield-stability statistic was used to select cultivars for both high rough rice yields and high head rice as well as stability for both traits. Plant stands from March seedings of each year were significantly lower than for the later seeding dates. Maturity (days to 50 percent heading) was extended at the early seeding dates. Some rice cultivars, such as ‘LaGrue’, had lower and more variable head rice when seeded early. In the June seeding dates each year, ‘Kaybonnet’ produced rough rice yields that were more consistent with yields when planted at the earlier planting dates. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Kaybonnet’, and ‘Newbonnet’ were cultivars selected by Kang's stability statistic, which was targeted to select cultivars with stable, high rough rice yields and stable, high head rice. The validity of using Kang's yield-stability statistic for cultivar selection is also evident empirically by the adaptation and wide use of these four cultivars by southern U.S. rice producers. These results indicate that seeding date studies and stability analyses would be useful tools for rice breeders to identify cultivars that will be readily adapted and grown by rice producers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018344615296
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