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  • Nature Publishing Group  (46,879)
  • 2000-2004  (15,140)
  • 1980-1984  (17,607)
  • 1945-1949  (14,132)
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  • 1
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    Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano (2001)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 409 (6821). pp. 698-701.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: Tropical South America is one of the three main centres of the global, zonal overturning circulation of the equatorial atmosphere (generally termed the 'Walker' circulation1). Although this area plays a key role in global climate cycles, little is known about South American climate history. Here we describe sediment cores and down-hole logging results of deep drilling in the Salar de Uyuni, on the Bolivian Altiplano, located in the tropical Andes. We demonstrate that during the past 50,000 years the Altiplano underwent important changes in effective moisture at both orbital (20,000-year) and millennial timescales. Long-duration wet periods, such as the Last Glacial Maximum—marked in the drill core by continuous deposition of lacustrine sediments—appear to have occurred in phase with summer insolation maxima produced by the Earth's precessional cycle. Short-duration, millennial events correlate well with North Atlantic cold events, including Heinrich events 1 and 2, as well as the Younger Dryas episode. At both millennial and orbital timescales, cold sea surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic were coeval with wet conditions in tropical South America, suggesting a common forcing.
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  • 2
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    A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 417 (6884). pp. 63-67.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-07
    Description: According to small subunit ribosomal RNA (ss rRNA) sequence comparisons all known Archaea belong to the phyla Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and—indicated only by environmental DNA sequences—to the 'Korarchaeota'1, 2. Here we report the cultivation of a new nanosized hyperthermophilic archaeon from a submarine hot vent. This archaeon cannot be attached to one of these groups and therefore must represent an unknown phylum which we name 'Nanoarchaeota' and species, which we name 'Nanoarchaeum equitans'. Cells of 'N. equitans' are spherical, and only about 400 nm in diameter. They grow attached to the surface of a specific archaeal host, a new member of the genus Ignicoccus3. The distribution of the 'Nanoarchaeota' is so far unknown. Owing to their unusual ss rRNA sequence, members remained undetectable by commonly used ecological studies based on the polymerase chain reaction4. 'N. equitans' harbours the smallest archaeal genome; it is only 0.5 megabases in size. This organism will provide insight into the evolution of thermophily, of tiny genomes and of interspecies communication.
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  • 3
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    Termination of global warmth at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary through productivity feedback (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 (6801). pp. 171-174.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: The onset of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum (about 55 Myr ago) was marked by global surface temperatures warming by 5–7 °C over approximately 30,000 yr (ref. 1), probably because of enhanced mantle outgassing2, 3 and the pulsed release of approx1,500 gigatonnes of methane carbon from decomposing gas-hydrate reservoirs4, 5, 6, 7. The aftermath of this rapid, intense and global warming event may be the best example in the geological record of the response of the Earth to high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and high temperatures. This response has been suggested to include an intensified flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the deep ocean and its subsequent burial through biogeochemical feedback mechanisms8. Here we present firm evidence for this view from two ocean drilling cores, which record the largest accumulation rates of biogenic barium—indicative of export palaeoproductivity—at times of maximum global temperatures and peak excursion values of delta13C. The unusually rapid return of delta13C to values similar to those before the methane release7 and the apparent coupling of the accumulation rates of biogenic barium to temperature, suggests that the enhanced deposition of organic matter to the deep sea may have efficiently cooled this greenhouse climate by the rapid removal of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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  • 4
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    Conservation: Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 403 (6765). p. 38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: Living coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) are normally found only in the western Indian Ocean, where they inhabit submarine caves in the Comores Islands. Two specimens have since been caught off the island of Manado Tua, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, some 10,000 kilometres away. We sought to determine the ecological and geographic distribution of Indonesian coelacanth populations with a view to drawing up conservation measures for this extremely rare fish. During our explorations, we discovered two living Indonesian coelacanths 360 km southwest of Manado Tua.
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  • 5
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    The effects of surfactants on spilling breaking waves (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 421 (6922). pp. 520-523.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Breaking waves markedly increase the rates of air–sea transfer of momentum, energy and mass. In light to moderate wind conditions, spilling breakers with short wavelengths are observed frequently. Theory and laboratory experiments have shown that, as these waves approach breaking in clean water, a ripple pattern that is dominated by surface tension forms at the crest. Under laboratory conditions and in theory, the transition to turbulent flow is triggered by flow separation under the ripples, typically without leading to overturning of the free surface15. Water surfaces in nature, however, are typically contaminated by surfactant films that alter the surface tension and produce surface elasticity and viscosity16, 17. Here we present the results of laboratory experiments in which spilling breaking waves were generated mechanically in water with a range of surfactant concentrations. We find significant changes in the breaking process owing to surfactants. At the highest concentration of surfactants, a small plunging jet issues from the front face of the wave at a point below the wave crest and entraps a pocket of air on impact with the front face of the wave. The bubbles and turbulence created during this process are likely to increase air–sea transfer.
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  • 6
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    Relative departures in July temperatures in northern Canada for the past 6,000 yr (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 289 (5794). pp. 164-167.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-11
    Description: There has been concern about recent temperature trends and the future effects of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere1,2; but instrumental records only cover a few decades to a few centuries and it is essential that proxy data sources, such as pollen spectra from peats and lake sediments, be carefully interpreted as climate records. Several workers have shown statistically significant associations between the modern pollen rain and climatic parameters, an approach that by-passes the recognition of pollen/vegetation units. Statistically defined equations that associate abiotic and biotic elements are called transfer functions. We report here on the application of transfer function equations to nine middle and late Holocene peat and lake sediment sequences from northern Canada (Fig. 1).
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  • 7
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    Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans-surface productivity and oxygen utilization (1980)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 288 (5788). pp. 260-263.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: Organic detritus passing from the sea surface through the water column to the sea floor controls nutrient regeneration, fuels benthic life and affects burial of organic carbon in the sediment record. Particle trap systems have enabled the first quantification of this important process. The results suggest that the dominant mechanism of vertical transport is by rapid settling of rare large particles, most likely of faecal pellets or marine snow of the order of 〉200 μm in diameter, whereas the more frequent small particles have an insignificant role in vertical mass flux4–6. The ultimate source of organic detritus is biological production in surface waters of the oceans. I determine here an empirical relationship that predicts organic carbon flux at any depth in the oceans below the base of the euphotic zone as a function of the mean net primary production rate at the surface and depth-dependent consumption. Such a relationship aids in estimating rates of decay of organic matter in the water column, benthic and water column respiration of oxygen in the deep sea and burial of organic carbon in the sediment record.
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  • 8
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    The ‘zero charge’ partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 423 (6941). pp. 738-741.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Noble-gas geochemistry is an important tool for understanding planetary processes from accretion to mantle dynamics and atmospheric formation. Central to much of the modelling of such processes is the crystal–melt partitioning of noble gases during mantle melting, magma ascent and near-surface degassing5. Geochemists have traditionally considered the 'inert' noble gases to be extremely incompatible elements, with almost 100 per cent extraction efficiency from the solid phase during melting processes. Previously published experimental data on partitioning between crystalline silicates and melts has, however, suggested that noble gases approach compatible behaviour, and a significant proportion should therefore remain in the mantle during melt extraction. Here we present experimental data to show that noble gases are more incompatible than previously demonstrated, but not necessarily to the extent assumed or required by geochemical models. Independent atomistic computer simulations indicate that noble gases can be considered as species of 'zero charge' incorporated at crystal lattice sites. Together with the lattice strain model9, 10, this provides a theoretical framework with which to model noble-gas geochemistry as a function of residual mantle mineralogy.
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  • 9
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    Genomic islands in pathogenic and environmental microorganisms (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2 (5). pp. 414-424.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-23
    Description: Horizontal gene transfer is an important mechanism for the evolution of microbial genomes. Pathogenicity islands — mobile genetic elements that contribute to rapid changes in virulence potential — are known to have contributed to genome evolution by horizontal gene transfer in many bacterial pathogens. Increasing evidence indicates that equivalent elements in non-pathogenic species — genomic islands — are important in the evolution of these bacteria, influencing traits such as antibiotic resistance, symbiosis and fitness, and adaptation in general. This review discusses the recent lessons that have been learned from pathogenicity islands in pathogenic microorganisms and how they apply to the role of genomic islands in commensal, symbiotic and environmental bacteria.
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  • 10
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    Consumer versus resource control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 417 . pp. 848-851.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: A key question in ecology is which factors control species diversity in a community1, 2, 3. Two largely separate groups of ecologists have emphasized the importance of productivity or resource supply, and consumers or physical disturbance, respectively. These variables show unimodal relationships with diversity when manipulated in isolation4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Recent multivariate models9, 10, however, predict that these factors interact, such that the disturbance–diversity relationship depends on productivity, and vice versa. We tested these models in marine food webs, using field manipulations of nutrient resources and consumer pressure on rocky shores of contrasting productivity. Here we show that the effects of consumers and nutrients on diversity consistently depend on each other, and that the direction of their effects and peak diversity shift between sites of low and high productivity. Factorial meta-analysis of published experiments confirms these results across widely varying aquatic communities. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that these patterns extend to important ecosystem functions such as carbon storage and nitrogen retention. This suggests that human impacts on nutrient supply11 and food-web structure12, 13 have strong and interdependent effects on species diversity and ecosystem functioning, and must therefore be managed together.
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  • 11
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    When the Earth moved: How Earth scientists developed the theory of plate tectonics (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 417 . pp. 487-488.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: BOOK REVIEWED: Plate Tectonics: An Insider's History of the Modern Theory of the Earth / edited by Naomi Oreskes Westview Press: 2001. 448 pp.
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  • 12
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    Break-up of the Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current into eddies at 8°S (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 432 . pp. 1018-1020.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-09
    Description: The existence in the ocean of deep western boundary currents, which connect the high-latitude regions where deep water is formed with upwelling regions as part of the global ocean circulation, was postulated more than 40 years ago1. These ocean currents have been found adjacent to the continental slopes of all ocean basins, and have core depths between 1,500 and 4,000 m. In the Atlantic Ocean, the deep western boundary current is estimated to carry (10–40) times 106 m3 s-1 of water2, 3, 4, 5, transporting North Atlantic Deep Water—from the overflow regions between Greenland and Scotland and from the Labrador Sea—into the South Atlantic and the Antarctic circumpolar current. Here we present direct velocity and water mass observations obtained in the period 2000 to 2003, as well as results from a numerical ocean circulation model, showing that the Atlantic deep western boundary current breaks up at 8° S. Southward of this latitude, the transport of North Atlantic Deep Water into the South Atlantic Ocean is accomplished by migrating eddies, rather than by a continuous flow. Our model simulation indicates that the deep western boundary current breaks up into eddies at the present intensity of meridional overturning circulation. For weaker overturning, continuation as a stable, laminar boundary flow seems possible.
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  • 13
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    In situ experimental evidence of the fate of a phytodetritus pulse at the abyssal sea floor (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 424 . pp. 763-765.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: More than 50% of the Earth' s surface is sea floor below 3,000 m of water. Most of this major reservoir in the global carbon cycle and final repository for anthropogenic wastes is characterized by severe food limitation. Phytodetritus is the major food source for abyssal benthic communities, and a large fraction of the annual food load can arrive in pulses within a few days1, 2. Owing to logistical constraints, the available data concerning the fate of such a pulse are scattered3, 4 and often contradictory5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, hampering global carbon modelling and anthropogenic impact assessments. We quantified (over a period of 2.5 to 23 days) the response of an abyssal benthic community to a phytodetritus pulse, on the basis of 11 in situ experiments. Here we report that, in contrast to previous hypotheses5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, the sediment community oxygen consumption doubled immediately, and that macrofauna were very important for initial carbon degradation. The retarded response of bacteria and Foraminifera, the restriction of microbial carbon degradation to the sediment surface, and the low total carbon turnover distinguish abyssal from continental-slope ‘deep-sea’ sediments.
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  • 14
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    Paleoceanographic implications of genetic variation in living North Atlantic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 424 (6946). pp. 299-302.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The shells of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma have become a classical tool for reconstructing glacial–interglacial climate conditions in the North Atlantic Ocean1, 2, 3. Palaeoceanographers utilize its left- and right-coiling variants, which exhibit a distinctive reciprocal temperature and water mass related shift in faunal abundance both at present and in late Quaternary sediments1, 2, 4, 5. Recently discovered cryptic genetic diversity in planktonic foraminifers6, 7, 8 now poses significant questions for these studies. Here we report genetic evidence demonstrating that the apparent ‘single species’ shell-based records of right-coiling N. pachyderma used in palaeoceanographic reconstructions contain an alternation in species as environmental factors change. This is reflected in a species-dependent incremental shift in right-coiling N. pachyderma shell calcite δ18O between the Last Glacial Maximum and full Holocene conditions. Guided by the percentage dextral coiling ratio, our findings enhance the use of δ18O records of right-coiling N. pachyderma for future study. They also highlight the need to genetically investigate other important morphospecies to refine their accuracy and reliability as palaeoceanographic proxies.
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  • 15
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    Palaeoceanography: Antarctic stratification and glacial CO2 (2001)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 412 . pp. 605-606.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: One way of accounting for lowered atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during Pleistocene glacial periods is by invoking the Antarctic stratification hypothesis, which links the reduction in CO2 to greater stratification of ocean surface waters around Antarctica1, 2. As discussed by Sigman and Boyle3, this hypothesis assumes that increased stratification in the Antarctic zone (Fig. 1) was associated with reduced upwelling of deep waters around Antarctica, thereby allowing CO2 outgassing to be suppressed by biological production while also allowing biological production to decline, which is consistent with Antarctic sediment records4. We point out here, however, that the response of ocean eddies to increased Antarctic stratification can be expected to increase, rather than reduce, the upwelling rate of deep waters around Antarctica. The stratification hypothesis may have difficulty in accommodating eddy feedbacks on upwelling within the constraints imposed by reconstructions of winds and Antarctic-zone productivity in glacial periods.
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  • 16
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    Strong hemispheric coupling of glacial climate through continental freshwater discharge and ocean circulation (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 430 . pp. 851-856.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The climate of the last glacial period was extremely variable, characterized by abrupt warming events in the Northern Hemisphere, accompanied by slower temperature changes in Antarctica and variations of global sea level. It is generally accepted that this millennial-scale climate variability was caused by abrupt changes in the ocean thermohaline circulation. Here we use a coupled ocean–atmosphere–sea ice model to show that freshwater discharge into the North Atlantic Ocean, in addition to a reduction of the thermohaline circulation, has a direct effect on Southern Ocean temperature. The related anomalous oceanic southward heat transport arises from a zonal density gradient in the subtropical North Atlantic caused by a fast wave-adjustment process. We present an extended and quantitative bipolar seesaw concept that explains the timing and amplitude of Greenland and Antarctic temperature changes, the slow changes in Antarctic temperature and its similarity to sea level, as well as a possible time lag of sea level with respect to Antarctic temperature during Marine Isotope Stage 3.
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  • 17
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    Oceanic respite for wandering albatrosses (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 406 . pp. 955-956.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: Birds taking time off from breeding head for their favourite long-haul destinations. What oceanic seabirds do outside their breeding periods is something of a mystery, although altogether these "sabbaticals' add up to more than half of their lifetime and are probably a key feature of their life history. Here we use geolocation systems based on light-intensity measurements to show that during these periods wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) leave the foraging grounds that they frequent while breeding for specific, individual oceanic sectors and spend the rest of the year there — each bird probably returns to the same area throughout its life. This discovery of individual home-range preferences outside the breeding season has important implications for the conservation of albatrosses threatened by the development of longline fisheries.
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  • 18
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    Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 429 . pp. 292-294.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-10
    Description: The role of iron in enhancing phytoplankton productivity in high nutrient, low chlorophyll oceanic regions was demonstrated first through iron-addition bioassay experiments1 and subsequently confirmed by large-scale iron fertilization experiments2. Iron supply has been hypothesized to limit nitrogen fixation and hence oceanic primary productivity on geological timescales3, providing an alternative to phosphorus as the ultimate limiting nutrient4. Oceanographic observations have been interpreted both to confirm and refute this hypothesis5, 6, but direct experimental evidence is lacking7. We conducted experiments to test this hypothesis during the Meteor 55 cruise to the tropical North Atlantic. This region is rich in diazotrophs8 and strongly impacted by Saharan dust input9. Here we show that community primary productivity was nitrogen-limited, and that nitrogen fixation was co-limited by iron and phosphorus. Saharan dust addition stimulated nitrogen fixation, presumably by supplying both iron and phosphorus10, 11. Our results support the hypothesis that aeolian mineral dust deposition promotes nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic.
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  • 19
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    Deep Roots of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 422 . pp. 602-606.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The Messinian salinity crisis—the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea between 5.96 and 5.33 million years (Myr) ago1—was one of the most dramatic events on Earth during the Cenozoic era2. It resulted from the closure of marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the causes of which remain enigmatic. Here we use the age and composition of volcanic rocks to reconstruct the geodynamic evolution of the westernmost Mediterranean from the Middle Miocene epoch to the Pleistocene epoch (about 12.1–0.65 Myr ago). Our data show that a marked shift in the geochemistry of mantle-derived volcanic rocks, reflecting a change from subduction-related to intraplate-type volcanism, occurred between 6.3 and 4.8 Myr ago, largely synchronous with the Messinian salinity crisis. Using a thermomechanical model, we show that westward roll back of subducted Tethys oceanic lithosphere and associated asthenospheric upwelling provides a plausible mechanism for producing the shift in magma chemistry and the necessary uplift (approx1 km) along the African and Iberian continental margins to close the Miocene marine gateways, thereby causing the Messinian salinity crisis.
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  • 20
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    Managing fisheries in a changing climate (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 429 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-10
    Description: No need to wait for more information: industrialized fishing is already wiping out stocks.
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  • 21
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    Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 428 . pp. 929-932.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The formation and sinking of biogenic particles mediate vertical mass fluxes and drive elemental cycling in the ocean1. Whereas marine sciences have focused primarily on particle production by phytoplankton growth, particle formation by the assembly of organic macromolecules has almost been neglected2, 3. Here we show, by means of a combined experimental and modelling study, that the formation of polysaccharide particles is an important pathway to convert dissolved into particulate organic carbon during phytoplankton blooms, and can be described in terms of aggregation kinetics. Our findings suggest that aggregation processes in the ocean cascade from the molecular scale up to the size of fast-settling particles, and give new insights into the cycling and export of biogeochemical key elements such as carbon, iron and thorium.
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  • 22
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    Effect of trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 430 . pp. 673-676.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The deposition of atmospheric dust into the ocean has varied considerably over geological time1, 2. Because some of the trace metals contained in dust are essential plant nutrients which can limit phytoplankton growth in parts of the ocean, it has been suggested that variations in dust supply to the surface ocean might influence primary production3, 4. Whereas the role of trace metal availability in photosynthetic carbon fixation has received considerable attention, its effect on biogenic calcification is virtually unknown. The production of both particulate organic carbon and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) drives the ocean's biological carbon pump. The ratio of particulate organic carbon to CaCO3 export, the so-called rain ratio, is one of the factors determining CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean. Here we investigate the influence of the essential trace metals iron and zinc on the prominent CaCO3-producing microalga Emiliania huxleyi. We show that whereas at low iron concentrations growth and calcification are equally reduced, low zinc concentrations result in a de-coupling of the two processes. Despite the reduced growth rate of zinc-limited cells, CaCO3 production rates per cell remain unaffected, thus leading to highly calcified cells. These results suggest that changes in dust deposition can affect biogenic calcification in oceanic regions characterized by trace metal limitation, with possible consequences for CO2 partitioning between the atmosphere and the ocean.
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  • 23
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    Directly measured mid-depth circulation in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 419 . pp. 603-607.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The circulation of water masses in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean has a strong influence on global climate owing to the northward transport of warm subtropical water to high latitudes1. But the ocean circulation at depths below the reach of satellite observations is difficult to measure, and only recently have comprehensive, direct observations of whole ocean basins been possible2, 3, 4. Here we present quantitative maps of the absolute velocities at two levels in the northeastern North Atlantic as obtained from acoustically tracked floats. We find that most of the mean flow transported northward by the Gulf Stream system at the thermocline level (about 600 m depth) remains within the subpolar region, and only relatively little enters the Rockall trough or the Nordic seas. Contrary to previous work5, 6, our data indicate that warm, saline water from the Mediterranean Sea reaches the high latitudes through a combination of narrow slope currents and mixing processes. At both depths under investigation, currents cross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge preferentially over deep gaps in the ridge, demonstrating that sea-floor topography can constrain even upper-ocean circulation patterns.
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  • 24
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    Meandering of the subtropical front south-east of the Azores (1982)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 300 (5889). pp. 245-246.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-08
    Description: A subtropical front was observed in the area south and southeast of the Azores during cruises of FS Meteor and FS Poseidon in early 1982. The front has a basically west–east extension, with considerable meandering observed. Meso-scale eddies are found on both sides. The overall flow pattern corresponds to earlier results on geopotential differences in the upper northeast Atlantic, but the baroclinic transport of the order of 107 m3 s−1 is found to be concentrated in a 60-km wide jet. We suggest here that the current band is part of the gyre circulation, resulting from a branching of the North Atlantic Current.
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  • 25
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    Fluxes of biogenic components from sediment trap deployment in circumpolar waters of the Drake Passage (1982)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 299 (5879). pp. 145-147.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Circumpolar surface waters dominate the circulation of the Southern Ocean and sustain one of the ocean's largest standing stocks of biomass thereby producing a significant output of biogenic components, mainly diatoms, to the bottom sediments. Generally transit of biogenic matter from the sea surface to the sea floor affects nutrient regeneration fuels benthic life and transfers signals to the sediment record1–5. Reliable quantification of the relationship between biological production, fractionation of skeletal and tissue components and bottom sediment accumulation depends on direct vertical flux measurements from sediment trap deployments6–9, which have proved to be most scientifically productive10–13. We now present data on vertical mass fluxes from the Southern Ocean and evidence for strong biogeochemical fractionation between organic carbon-, nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds, siliceous and calcareous skeletal remains, and refractory aluminosilicates.
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    Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-West Africa (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 293 (5829). pp. 193-196.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-02
    Description: Analysis of aeolo-marine dust deposits in the subtropical eastern Atlantic enables the strength of the major wind patterns during the late Quaternary to be evaluated and gives an insight into the climate of North Africa.
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  • 27
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    Global change: Monsoon linkages (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 421 (6921). pp. 324-325.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: An excellent sediment record from the Arabian Sea traces recent patterns in the activity of the Asian monsoon. It reveals both variability in monsoon strength and links with climatic events elsewhere. The monsoon is the main determinant of environmental conditions over much of Asia, and so affects the most densely populated region on Earth. Differential heating of the north Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific, and of the Asian land-mass, cause the seasonal reversal of monsoon winds. In summer, these winds blow northwards over the northern Indian Ocean, carrying huge amounts of moisture over the neighbouring land. The ensuing heavy rainfall can have devastating consequences for human life and livelihood. Conversely, agriculture in Asia depends on monsoon rains; and the seasonal upwelling of nutrient-laden subsurface waters, driven by monsoon winds, is essential to the success of coastal fisheries.
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  • 28
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    Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 423 (6943). pp. 956-961.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: A high-resolution mapping and sampling study of the Gakkel ridge was accomplished during an international ice-breaker expedition to the high Arctic and North Pole in summer 2001. For this slowest-spreading endmember of the global mid-ocean-ridge system, predictions were that magmatism should progressively diminish as the spreading rate decreases along the ridge, and that hydrothermal activity should be rare. Instead, it was found that magmatic variations are irregular, and that hydrothermal activity is abundant. A 300-kilometre-long central amagmatic zone, where mantle peridotites are emplaced directly in the ridge axis, lies between abundant, continuous volcanism in the west, and large, widely spaced volcanic centres in the east. These observations demonstrate that the extent of mantle melting is not a simple function of spreading rate: mantle temperatures at depth or mantle chemistry (or both) must vary significantly along-axis. Highly punctuated volcanism in the absence of ridge offsets suggests that first-order ridge segmentation is controlled by mantle processes of melting and melt segregation. The strong focusing of magmatic activity coupled with faulting may account for the unexpectedly high levels of hydrothermal activity observed.
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    Power from the deep (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Biotechnology, 20 (8). pp. 788-789.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-22
    Description: normous amounts of potential energy lie buried in marine sediments in the form of reduced carbon compounds. The most familiar form of this vast energy reserve is petroleum, which drives the lion's share of today's energy economy. The next most obvious submarine energy reserve, even more abundant than petroleum, is methane. At deep-sea conditions of low temperature and high pressure, large amounts of this natural gas are found in sub-seafloor reservoirs of frozen methane hydrates [1]. Yet there is another abundant, but less obvious, marine energy reserve: sediment-associated organic carbon, which represents about 2% of the dry weight of marine sediments along continental margins. Is it possible to tap into this vast, dispersed form of submarine energy? If so, how? The answer, in part, is that microbes already have tapped into this large energy reserve. Now, in two papers, one in this issue [2] and the other in a previous issue of Science [3], researchers harness microbially generated power by constructing a fuel cell that can exploit the naturally occurring voltage gradient created by microbial activity in marine sediments.
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  • 30
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    Mantle thermal pulses below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and temporal variations in the formation of oceanic lithosphere (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 423 (6939). pp. 499-505.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-26
    Description: A 20-Myr record of creation of oceanic lithosphere is exposed along a segment of the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge on an uplifted sliver of lithosphere. The degree of melting of the mantle that is upwelling below the ridge, estimated from the chemistry of the exposed mantle rocks, as well as crustal thickness inferred from gravity measurements, show oscillations of ∼3–4 Myr superimposed on a longer-term steady increase with time. The time lag between oscillations of mantle melting and crustal thickness indicates that the mantle is upwelling at an average rate of ∼25 mm yr-1, but this appears to vary through time. Slow-spreading lithosphere seems to form through dynamic pulses of mantle upwelling and melting, leading not only to along-axis segmentation but also to across-axis structural variability. Also, the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge appears to have become steadily hotter over the past 20 Myr, possibly owing to north–south mantle flow.
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  • 31
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    Harnessing microbially generated power on the seafloor (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Biotechnology, 20 (8). pp. 821-825.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-22
    Description: In many marine environments, a voltage gradient exists across the water sediment interface resulting from sedimentary microbial activity. Here we show that a fuel cell consisting of an anode embedded in marine sediment and a cathode in overlying seawater can use this voltage gradient to generate electrical power in situ. Fuel cells of this design generated sustained power in a boat basin carved into a salt marsh near Tuckerton, New Jersey, and in the Yaquina Bay Estuary near Newport, Oregon. Retrieval and analysis of the Tuckerton fuel cell indicates that power generation results from at least two anode reactions: oxidation of sediment sulfide (a by-product of microbial oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon) and oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon catalyzed by microorganisms colonizing the anode. These results demonstrate in real marine environments a new form of power generation that uses an immense, renewable energy reservoir (sedimentary organic carbon) and has near-immediate application.
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  • 32
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    Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 403 (6765). p. 38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-11
    Description: Living coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) are normally found only in the western Indian Ocean, where they inhabit submarine caves in the Comores Islands1. Two specimens have since been caught off the island of Manado Tua, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, some 10,000 kilometres away2. We sought to determine the ecological and geographic distribution of Indonesian coelacanth populations with a view to drawing up conservation measures for this extremely rare fish2,3. During our explorations, we discovered two living Indonesian coelacanths 360 km southwest of Manado Tua.
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  • 33
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    The first fossil cephalopod statoliths to be described from Europe (1980)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 287 (5783). pp. 628-630.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-15
    Description: Statoliths of cephalopods are small, hard calcareous stones which lie within the cartilaginous skulls of octopods, sepioids and teuthoids1. Fossil statoliths, clearly belonging to genera which are alive today, have previously been described from 11 Cenozoic deposits spanning from the Eocene to the Pleistocene in North America2–5. Such statoliths are of particular interest because they provide a means of studying the evolution of living cephalopod groups which have no calcareous shells, including the cosmopolitan and numerous teuthoids and octopods. Here, the first cephalopod statoliths to be recognized in European deposits are described and identified as Loligo sp. They are compared with the North American fossil Loligo species and statoliths removed from the two living Loligo species of Europe.
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  • 34
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    Mantle plume noble gas component in glassy basalts from Reykjanes Ridge (1983)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 305 (5933). pp. 403-407.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-23
    Description: Basalts from the Reykjanes Ridge contain noble gases delivered from the non-degassed lower mantle by the Iceland plume. These lower mantle gases are thought to be a mixture of planetary and solar components, as would be expected if the Earth accreted from fine silicate particles.
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    Turned out nice again (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 404 (6780). p. 814.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Book review of: The Change in the Weather: People, Weather, and the Science of Climate by William K. Stevens Delacorte: 2000. 432 pp. $24.95
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  • 36
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    Earth science: The ultraslow difference (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 426 (6965). p. 401.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The speed at which mid-ocean ridges grind out new ocean floor varies considerably. The slowest-spreading ridges are especially tough to study — but the latest data show that they are especially intriguing.
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  • 37
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    Bacterial growth and primary production along a north-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 416 . pp. 168-171.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: The oceanic carbon cycle is mainly determined by the combined activities of bacteria and phytoplankton, but the interdependence of climate, the carbon cycle and the microbes is not well understood. To elucidate this interdependence, we performed high-frequency sampling of sea water along a north-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean. Here we report that the interaction of bacteria and phytoplankton is closely related to the meridional profile of water temperature, a variable directly dependent on climate. Water temperature was positively correlated with the ratio of bacterial production to primary production, and, more strongly, with the ratio of bacterial carbon demand to primary production. In warm latitudes (25 degrees N to 30 degrees S), we observed alternating patches of predominantly heterotrophic and autotrophic community metabolism. The calculated regression lines (for data north and south of the Equator) between temperature and the ratio of bacterial production to primary production give a maximum value for this ratio of 40% in the oligotrophic equatorial regions. Taking into account a bacterial growth efficiency of 30%, the resulting area of net heterotrophy (where the bacterial carbon demand for growth plus respiration exceeds phytoplankton carbon fixation) expands from 8 degrees N (27 degrees C) to 20 degrees S (23 degrees C). This suggests an output of CO2 from parts of the ocean to the atmosphere.
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    A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 695-702.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: Changes in iron supply to oceanic plankton are thought to have a significant effect on concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration, a theory known as the 'iron hypothesis'. For this reason, it is important to understand the response of pelagic biota to increased iron supply. Here we report the results of a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the polar Southern Ocean, where the potential to sequester iron-elevated algal carbon is probably greatest. Increased iron supply led to elevated phytoplankton biomass and rates of photosynthesis in surface waters, causing a large drawdown of carbon dioxide and macronutrients, and elevated dimethyl sulphide levels after 13 days. This drawdown was mostly due to the proliferation of diatom stocks. But downward export of biogenic carbon was not increased. Moreover, satellite observations of this massive bloom 30 days later, suggest that a sufficient proportion of the added iron was retained in surface waters. Our findings demonstrate that iron supply controls phytoplankton growth and community composition during summer in these polar Southern Ocean waters, but the fate of algal carbon remains unknown and depends on the interplay between the processes controlling export, remineralisation and timescales of water mass subduction.
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    A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating abaerobic oxidation of methane (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 623-626.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: A large fraction of globally produced methane is converted to CO2 by anaerobic oxidation in marine sediments. Strong geochemical evidence for net methane consumption in anoxic sediments is based on methane profiles, radiotracer experiments and stable carbon isotope data. But the elusive microorganisms mediating this reaction have not yet been isolated, and the pathway of anaerobic oxidation of methane is insufficiently understood. Recent data suggest that certain archaea reverse the process of methanogenesis by interaction with sulphate-reducing bacteria. Here we provide microscopic evidence for a structured consortium of archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria, which we identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization using specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. In this example of a structured archaeal-bacterial symbiosis, the archaea grow in dense aggregates of about 100 cells and are surrounded by sulphate-reducing bacteria. These aggregates were abundant in gas-hydrate-rich sediments with extremely high rates of methane-based sulphate reduction, and apparently mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane.
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    Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature (423). pp. 280-283.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: Serious concerns have been raised about the ecological effects of industrialized fishing1, 2, 3, spurring a United Nations resolution on restoring fisheries and marine ecosystems to healthy levels4. However, a prerequisite for restoration is a general understanding of the composition and abundance of unexploited fish communities, relative to contemporary ones. We constructed trajectories of community biomass and composition of large predatory fishes in four continental shelf and nine oceanic systems, using all available data from the beginning of exploitation. Industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass by 80% within 15 years of exploitation. Compensatory increases in fast-growing species were observed, but often reversed within a decade. Using a meta-analytic approach, we estimate that large predatory fish biomass today is only about 10% of pre-industrial levels. We conclude that declines of large predators in coastal regions5 have extended throughout the global ocean, with potentially serious consequences for ecosystems5, 6, 7. Our analysis suggests that management based on recent data alone may be misleading, and provides minimum estimates for unexploited communities, which could serve as the 'missing baseline'8 needed for future restoration efforts.
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    Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2 (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 634-637.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: The formation of calcareous skeletons by marine planktonic organisms and their subsequent sinking to depth generates a continuous rain of calcium carbonate to the deep ocean and underlying sediments1. This is important in regulating marine carbon cycling and ocean–atmosphere CO2 exchange2. The present rise in atmospheric CO2 levels3 causes significant changes in surface ocean pH and carbonate chemistry4. Such changes have been shown to slow down calcification in corals and coralline macroalgae5,6, but the majority of marine calcification occurs in planktonic organisms. Here we report reduced calcite production at increased CO2 concentrations in monospecific cultures of two dominant marine calcifying phytoplankton species, the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica . This was accompanied by an increased proportion of malformed coccoliths and incomplete coccospheres. Diminished calcification led to a reduction in the ratio of calcite precipitation to organic matter production. Similar results were obtained in incubations of natural plankton assemblages from the north Pacific ocean when exposed to experimentally elevated CO2 levels. We suggest that the progressive increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may therefore slow down the production of calcium carbonate in the surface ocean. As the process of calcification releases CO2 to the atmosphere, the response observed here could potentially act as a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2 levels.
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  • 42
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    Giant squids may die when exposed to warm water currents (1983)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 303 (5916). pp. 422-423.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-16
    Description: Strandings of the giant squid, Architeuthis monachus (Steen-strup), have always stirred attention because of the rarity and enormous size of these cephalopods. These animals have never been observed in their natural habitat and little is known about their physiology and ecology. Stranding of giant squids in Newfoundland waters has been correlated with the inflow of warm water, suggesting that increased temperature may be causing their death1. Squids have also been carried to the Norwegian coast with the warm North Atlantic current2 and on 23 August 1982 a live specimen was caught off Radöy near Bergen, Norway (Fig. 1). This catch gave an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of temperature on the oxygen binding properties of blood from the giant squid. The present finding of an excess of a fourfold decrease in O2 affinity when temperature is increased from 6.4 to 15°C strongly suggests that giant squids may suffocate from arterial desaturation when increased ambient temperatures are experierced.
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    Glaciology: Enigmatic Arctic ice sheets (2001)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 410 (6827). pp. 427-428.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: To what extent was the Arctic Ocean glaciated in the past? Heavily, according to data, gathered by a submarine, which show considerable ice-scouring of topography in parts of the ocean basin
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    Bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America Trench (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-26
    Description: The dehydration of subducting oceanic crust and upper mantle has been inferred both to promote the partial melting leading to arc magmatism and to induce intraslab intermediate-depth earthquakes, at depths of 50–300 km. Yet there is still no consensus about how slab hydration occurs or where and how much chemically bound water is stored within the crust and mantle of the incoming plate. Here we document that bending-related faulting of the incoming plate at the Middle America trench creates a pervasive tectonic fabric that cuts across the crust, penetrating deep into the mantle. Faulting is active across the entire ocean trench slope, promoting hydration of the cold crust and upper mantle surrounding these deep active faults. The along-strike length and depth of penetration of these faults are also similar to the dimensions of the rupture area of intermediate-depth earthquakes.
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance of Professional Standards (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1101-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE ostensible theme of Viscount Samuel's lecture* to thalfetienal Book League in November 1948 was JJiat thAySommumty could be more active now in epiai^iftjaleisure and the opportunities for its ria(i2Vusft.J T)uringihe year that has since passed, sctnMpf Pus obsenfi}|ons have gained in force. ...
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    A philosophy of science (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1104-1104 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SINCE 19*5 onejpf the features of the scientific life of Great "Britain has been a growing interest in the 'philSfipphjief science'. The Philosophy of Science Group or wie VBritish Society for the History of Sciejwe waiJ formed in 1948 with the express object of fcryg'ing together those men of ...
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    The Science of Tsetse Control (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1114-1115 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] TSETSE control should never be divorced from research, ^h^ugh it may fall into the two categorieslona-rahge and applied. Long-range control is devoted^Jfc〉' the extermination of tsetse, whether concerns, with the transmission of trypanosomiasis or »at. .Like pure research, it has great ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1641114a0
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum Mechanics (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1105-1105 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE author writes in the preface to this book: The book is intended to serve as a text on the gramiaTO level and also as a reference book". It is difficult to do both these things well. A reference book has to be reasonably complete, and the author has little freedom in the choice of material. In ...
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Dr. R. A. Hull (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1116-1117 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DB. R. A. HuLL was killed at the age of thirty-eight when We fell while climbing the Brouillard ridge of Mont JS^nc on August 22. Going up to Oxford in 19^9 V^an exhibitioner of St. John's College, he obt|mea a first class in Physics Finals in 1932 and was (Sected a senior scholar of Christ Church ...
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bird Photography by High-speed Electronic Flash (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1118-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A METHOD of taking bird photographs which promises tcibp of great value in the analysis and understanding of bird flight has been described by Eric Hoskuig (British Birds, 42, No. 8; August 1949). SDfe high-speed electronic flash is many times brighter\han bright sunlight and is usually arranged to ...
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    The Night Sky in January (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1119-1119 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FULL moon occurs on Jan. 4d. 07h. 48m., TJ.T., and new moon on Jan. 18d. 07h. 59m. The following conjunctions with the moon take place:Jan. 9flmn.", Saturn 0-2° N.; Jan. lOd. 10h., Mars 2° N.; Jan. 19d. 14h., Venus 10° N. In addition to these conjunctions with the moon, Venus is in conjunction with ...
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Sheld-Ducks: Migration In Summer (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1122-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE status of JwTcommon sheld-duck, Tadorna tadoma (L.),i^ Great Britain and Ireland has long been descfifa0i in the ornithological literature as being simila* toWhat of other British breeding ducks, namely, a resident species the numbers of which are increaseftjiby immigrants from the continent of ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1641122a0
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Forthcoming Events (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1139-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Monday, January 2 INSTITUTION OF GINEERS (at Great George Street, London, 0. W. Knight:"The Building o: S.W.I), at 3 (Christmas of Dams'' Boys). Tuesday, January 3 SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS, PHYSICAL METHODS GROUP (in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Imperial College ...
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    Sir Philip Hartog (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1063-1063 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE publication of this excellent and well-written bij[^tophical memoir of the late Sir be welcomed by all who knew ? ??t??????^G, and no less by that far greater number wrA/krfew' his work in one or other of the many fieraj in which he achieved distinction. The opening chapter recalls a bygone ...
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    [Book Reviews] (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1066-1066 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] MESSRS. E. F. RICKETTS and J. Calvin have revised their well-known book on the littoral fauna of the west coast of America. Written by laymen collec*prs£|)*f the layman, it stimulates his curiosity aboul iune prolific life of the sea-shore and deals witrhe^Subject from the ecological rather than ...
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    Groundnut Scheme In East Africa (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1067-1068 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] READING the first annual report and accounts for 1948-49 of the Overseas Food Corporation*, the reader gets \juft impression that the high hopes with whicX JttjeiEast African groundnut scheme was laun0J?ecMa,Qifd rapidly. Certainly, not only the hopes but ^ijjfee thy scheme itself would have gone ...
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    International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1072-1073 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ON the invitation of the British Government, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (Conseil Permanent International pour 1'Explora-tion de la Men arranged to hold its thirty-seventh annual naee^in^ttrEdinburgh during October 311. The occasipn-jpas the more welcome since it was ...
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    [Obituaries] (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1076-1076 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WE regret to announce the following deaths: Mr. W. E. Copleston, C.S.I., formerly chief conservator of forests, Bombay, on December 1. Prpf. Rene Maire, professor of botany in the University of Algiers, one of the twelve non-resident members of the Paris Academy of Sciences, on November 24, aged ...
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    Prof. T. Slater Price, F.R.S. (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1116-1116 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] PROF. THOMAS SLATER PRICE was born on August 24, 1875, and died on OcMier 29, 1949. Educated at King Edward's Hig4'i$3hool, Birmingham, he proceeded to Mason Collage, Birmingham, and graduated with first-class flonours in chemistry and physics at the University or London in 1895. In that year he ...
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    Middle East Oil (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1118-1118 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN an article in Volume 31, No. 1, of The Lamp (house journalojKthe Standard Oil Co., New Jersey, published fiTeiimes a year primarily for employees and stodolaers) a survey is made of progress in oil production during the past fifty years in the Middle EaatA During that time production increased ...
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    Announcements (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1119-1119 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] AN exhibition, entitled "Research and Production" is to be held by the British Welding Research Associatipriat its London headquarters at 29 Park Cresceirtf, London, W.I, during February 7-11, bejbween 10 a.m. and 5.30 p.m. THE forty-seventh exhibition of scientific instruments anjef materials, ...
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    Prof. C. A. Bentley, C.I.E. (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1116-1116 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN the death oft Prof C. A. Bentley, tropical sanitation an.ent and zealous worker and on malaria. In his early .tley made many contributions to ', including recognition of the cause coolie labour as due to penetration ankylostome larvae and the finding of the Leishman-Donovan bodies in kala azar, ...
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    Sugar Research Foundation (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1125-1126 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ANNUAL REPORT THE Sugar ResajArch Foundation, which is an organisation fltnprted by the great majority of both cane- andjubeefilmagar producers and refiners Of United StatesVerritories, has recently issued its sixth annual.repprt. This document, prepared by the sciantifB^director, Dr. Robert C. ...
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    Periods and Eccentricities of Close Binary Stars (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1129-1130 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] EXAMINATION of the material in the Fifth Lick Catalogue of spectroscopic binaries, recently published by Moore and Neubauer1, reveals a definite relation between periods of revolution P and eccentricities of orbits e for binaries with short periods if their components belong to ...
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    Crystal Structure of Hollandite (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1128-1128 
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    Notes: [Auszug] HOLLANDITE, cryptomelane, coronadite and α-MnO2 form an isostructural series of the general formula A2−yB8−zX16, A being large ions such as Ba2+, Pb2+ and K+, B small and medium-sized ions ...
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    A New Method for the Separation of Hydrocarbons by Selective Adsorption (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1132-1133 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE separation of hydrocarbons can be effected by different methods, for example, crystallization, distillation and solvent treatment. A particular type of the last method is that of fractional precipitation from solution in light hydrocarbons such as propane by the use of methane and other ...
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    Estimation of ‘Hetrazan’ in Body Fluids (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1135-1135 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE estimation of ‘Hetrazan’ (1-diethylcarbamyl-4-methyl piperazine hydrochloride), which has been recently introduced for the treatment of human fllariasis due to Wüchereria bancrofti1, may be carried out by a ‘dye-laking’ method, similar in principle to the methods developed ...
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    Growth-Cycle of Influenza Virus (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1137-1138 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FULTON has criticized1 my work on the growth-cycle of influenza virus2; he appears to have confirmed the main facts, but is reluctant to accept the conclusions. The essential facts are these. (1) Extracts of tissue infected with influenza virus contain two ...
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    Exchange of Oxygen-18 Between Oxides and Gaseous Oxygen (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1130-1131 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE communication by J. A. Allen and I. Lauder1 is of interest to us since we are also making an examination of such reactions. It was anticipated that this work would throw some light on the nature and reactivity of solids and solid surfaces; this expectation has been ...
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    Reports and other Publications (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1139-1140 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Great Britain and Irelandmdon University College. Calendar, Session r.,Jtxvii + 596. (London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd., 1949.)"., r [1010 PlanVfing a Visual Education Policy. Report of the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education (1948); together with Recommenda tions for Future ...
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    Microwave Aerials (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1064-1065 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THESE books are two further volumes of the comprehensivA^eies on radar and related techniques prepaied ajjjine Radiation Laboratory of the MassachusettsSAfttitute of Technology. Readers of these epho^nfr1 will already be aware of the general scope Mid" aim of this series from earlier reviews of ...
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    British Vegetation (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1063-1064 
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    Notes: [Auszug] BY the laymah the preservation of the flora and fauna is Ce^'often regarded as the concern of the man of sc〉OT.3e alone, since the contribution that the and animal life make to his enjoyment entirely unapprehended or only vaguely aj?pTeciated. A wider knowledge by the general public the nature ...
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    Supersonic Aerodynamics (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1104-1105 
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    Notes: [Auszug] JUST before the outbreak of war in 1939, Dr. Ferri Jkjwaslin charge of the supersonic wind tunnel at GtUdonm, near Rome, then by far the largest in the world. There he made some fundamental experiments, now classical, to determine how far the theories of the Gottingen school, led by Prandtl and ...
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    Separation of the Phosphoric Esters on the Filter Paper Chromatogram (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1107-1112 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PHOSPHORIC esters play a central part in the biological world bY linking processes of respiration and fermentation with other essential cellular reactions. ??-T Vnan twenty substances of this group, maiujy sftgars and related substances esterified with_phospi*6ric acid, are known to form ...
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    United Nations Research Laboratories (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1120-1121 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN October 1946 the Economic and Social Council of the Unitedvftftions adopted by a large majority a resolution .Unitted by the French delegation calling with tff ae Secretary-General, in consultation ffu(functional, Scientific and Cultural Organ-the other specialized agencies concerned, upon the ...
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    Agricultural Attaché to the British Embassy in Buenos Aires (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1118-1118 
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    Notes: [Auszug] MR. A. G. MiLL has been appointed to succeed Major T. A. Ratway as agricultural attache to the British Embassy in Buenos Aires. Mr. Mill, who is forty-one, has hefen connected with farming all his life, mainly witjr cattle, sheep and horses. From 1928 he was for ton years in the Argentine as an ...
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    Colonial Service: Recent Appointments (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1118-1119 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE following appointments in the Colonial Service have been/recently announced:D. J. O. Burke, A. G. Cullum/and A. A. Kingshotte, agricultural officers, Nigeria; I. Constantinesco and A. Hamersley, agri-cultm-al officers, Tanganyika; J. H. Rhodes and A/T. Wilson, agricultural officers, Northern ...
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    Forest Research in Sweden (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1126-1126 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE reports of the Forest Research Institute of J. Sweden for 1948-49* contain some interesting articles, among whjflHmay be mentioned:"Solid volume in staked pulpwood of pine and spruce (length of fesjpks Jand 3 metres) and the volume of solid rouA wo6^J'(with bark) in relation to stacked ...
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    Response of Plasmodium berghei to Anti-malarial Drugs (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1133-1133 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE discovery of Plasmodium berghei by Vincke and Lips1 has provided a valuable new strain of malaria for the laboratory trials of chemotherapeutic drugs. We are grateful to Prof. H. E. Shortt for presenting us with a strain of this organism, which we have used for the ...
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    Assay of the Nutritive Value of a Protein by its Effect on Liver Cytoplasm (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1136-1136 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE fact that the cytoplasm content of the liver cell is determined by the quality and quantity of the dietary protein has recently been utilized for the assay of the nutritive value of a protein1. A measure of the cytoplasm content of the liver cell was obtained by estimating ...
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    Mass Therapy with ‘Hetrazan’ as a Control Measure for Bancroftian Filariasis on St. Croix, American Virgin islands (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1135-1136 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN the spring of 1948 a mass treatment programme with ‘Hetrazan’ was conducted on the island of St. Croix, with the object of reducing microfilaræmia in persons infected with Wüchereria banorofti to sub-infective levels for mosquitoes. A survey of 977 people of all age groups revealed an ...
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    [Book Reviews] (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1066-1066 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE principilysfciinge in this valuable work for the ge'neeqi 'reader is the change in size from quarto il a/rormat which allows it to be shelved with the/Tnajp?ity//of other reference books. It is compiled onfSjhe plan of the 'dictionary catalogue', and the eross^references increase its value in ...
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    Prof. Alfred S. Barnes (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1075-1075 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE death on November 11 of Alfred S. Barnes removes another survivor of a former generation of the teachers of the Manchester Municipal School of Technologyi: most have passed away. The School-then the largest and best equipped in Great Britain was opened in 1902; Barnes was appointed in 1901 as ...
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    Food and Agriculture Organisation: Statistics Officer in the Far East (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1076-1076 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Economics and Statistics Division of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation has appointed Mr. C. P. G. J. Smit to be regional representative for statistics in Asia and the Far East. Mr. Smit, who has been with the Netherlands Government for twenty-one years, was formerly deputy ...
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    Trotter and Paterson Memorial Lectures of the Illuminating Engineering Society (1949)
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    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1117-1118 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE Council of the Illuminating Engineering Society is raisinapa fund to provide for public lectures in memory ofJihe late Mr. A. P. Trotter and the late Sir Clifford/Paterson. It has been suggested that the money should be contributed in small sums from the whefle membership of the Society, and ...
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    Source of the Cosmic Rays (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1112-1114 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE enormous energy possessed by the cosmic rays hasttswren rise to many speculations as to how theyfpoufi be generated, which have gone deep into the ijiLperties of the ultimate particles, and into the dismpution of matter in outer space1. The purpose of the present note is to direct attention to ...
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    Pleistocene Deep Weathering (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1130-1130 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] T. C. Phemister and S. Simpson have performed a very useful service in recording deep weathering of granite under comparatively unweathered glacial deposits, as exposed during the cutting of a new drainage system in Aberdeen city1. They refer to other examples of the same kind, ...
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    Fifty Years Of Genetics (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1124-1125 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE Genetitical Seociety of Great Britain held its hundredth meeting in Cambridge during June also the thirtieth anniversary of the SocietylYounded by William Bateson in 1919, and the meelmg was intended to be one with time and, pos^feJy, atmosphere for taking stock of the past And_ locking at the ...
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    Rate of Self-Diffusion in Tin Crystals (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1127-1128 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN non-cubic crystals the rate of self-diffusion can be expected to depend on the crystallographic direction parallel to which the diffusion is measured. Although the determination of this anisotropy is of interest for the theory of diffusion, experiments have so far only been carried out on ...
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    Position of ‘Luxate’ in the Third Linkage Group of the House Mouse (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1138-1138 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE occurrence of a new strain of mice (Mus musculus, L.) resembling the extinct souris luxées of Rabaud1 has been reported2; these mice show extensive abnormalities of the hind limbs, including absence of the tibia (hemimelia). The condition was found to be due to ...
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    Melanin Solubility in Tissue Sections (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1133-1134 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] QUANTITATIVE estimations of staining reactions and histochemical observations on melanomas are not readily made because cellular detail is often obscured by melanin granules. One of the most promising solvents for melanin is ethylene chlorohydrin1. This solvent, and others ...
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    Pregnancy Test using Male Toads (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1138-1138 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] STARTING in November 1948, a series of tests1 for pregnancy were performed using the native male toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneid. Specimens of urine from women pregnant from six weeks to seven months were used. In each series, two or more experimental toads were used. Controls ...
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    Appointments Vacant (1949)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 164 (1949), S. 1139-1139 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned: ASSISTANT BIOCHEMIST (with degree or equivalent qualification in chemistry tfrshlMto take up clinical biochemistry)-The Secretary, Welsh H«wola| School of Medicine, 34 Newport Road, Cardiff LBDBURER IN ...
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    Seeded conversion of recombinant prion protein to a disulfide-bonded oligomer by a reduction-oxidation process (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 10 (2003), S. 725-730 
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    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The infectious form of prion protein, PrPSc, self-propagates by its conversion of the normal, cellular prion protein molecule PrPC to another PrPSc molecule. It has not yet been demonstrated that recombinant prion protein can convert prion protein molecules from PrPC to PrPSc. Here we show that ...
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    Control of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis by alternate quaternary forms of porphobilinogen synthase (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 10 (2003), S. 757-763 
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    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles (such as heme and chlorophyll). Although the predominant oligomeric form of this enzyme, as inferred from many crystal structures, is that of a homo-octamer, a rare human PBGS allele, F12L, reveals ...
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    An mRNA structure that controls gene expression by binding S -adenosylmethionine (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 10 (2003), S. 701-707 
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    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Riboswitches are metabolite-binding RNA structures that serve as genetic control elements for certain messenger RNAs. These RNA switches have been identified in all three kingdoms of life and are typically responsible for the control of genes whose protein products are involved in ...
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    Insights into the respiratory electron transfer pathway from the structure of nitrate reductase A (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 10 (2003), S. 681-687 
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    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The facultative anaerobe Escherichia coli is able to assemble specific respiratory chains by synthesis of appropriate dehydrogenases and reductases in response to the availability of specific substrates. Under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate, E. coli synthesizes the cytoplasmic ...
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    A unique serine-specific elongation factor Tu found in nematode mitochondria (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 10 (2003), S. 669-669 
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    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Nat. Struct. Biol. 9, 669–673 (2002). Figure 3a in this paper contained a mistake. In the tRNA sequence depicted in this panel, the 47th and 48th positions are C and U, respectively. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have ...
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    A conserved amphipathic helix in WASP/Scar proteins is essential for activation of Arp2/3 complex (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 10 (2003), S. 591-598 
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    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Members of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family link Rho GTPase signaling pathways to the cytoskeleton through a multiprotein assembly called Arp2/3 complex. The C-terminal VCA regions (verprolin-homology, central hydrophobic, and acidic regions) of WASP and its relatives stimulate ...
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    Opioid receptor random mutagenesis reveals a mechanism for G protein–coupled receptor activation (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 10 (2003), S. 629-636 
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    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The high resolution structure of rhodopsin has greatly enhanced current understanding of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) structure in the off-state, but the activation process remains to be clarified. We investigated molecular mechanisms of δ-opioid receptor activation without a ...
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