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  • 1
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    Chemical, Physical and Temporal Evolution of Magmatic Systems (2015)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Our understanding of the physical and chemical processes that regulate the evolution of magmatic systems has improved tremendously since the foundations were laid down 100 years ago by Bowen. The concept of crustal magma chambers has progressively evolved from molten-rock vats to thermally, chemically and physically heterogeneous reservoirs that are kept active by the periodic injection of magma. This new model, while more complex, provides a better framework to interpret volcanic activity and decipher the information contained in intrusive and extrusive rocks. Igneous/metamorphic petrology, geochemistry, geochronology and numerical modelling all contributed towards this new picture of crustal magmatic systems. This book provides an overview of the wide range of approaches that can nowadays be used to understand the chemical, physical and temporal evolution of magmatic and volcanic systems.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (223 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862397323
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/422/1
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ‘zero charge’ partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 423 (2003), S. 738-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Noble-gas geochemistry is an important tool for understanding planetary processes from accretion to mantle dynamics and atmospheric formation. Central to much of the modelling of such processes is the crystal–melt partitioning of noble gases during mantle melting, magma ascent and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01708
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  • 3
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    Gas-driven filter pressing in magmas: Insights into in-situ melt segregation from crystal mushes (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: Gas-driven filter pressing is the process of melt expulsion from a volatile-saturated crystal mush, induced by the buildup and subsequent release of gas pressure. Filter pressing is inferred to play a major role in magma fractionation at shallow depths (〈10 km) by moving melt and gas relative to the solid, crystalline framework. However, the magmatic conditions at which this process operates remain poorly constrained. We present novel experimental data that illustrate how the crystal content of the mush affects the ability of gas-driven filter pressing to segregate melt. Hydrous haplogranite (2.1 wt% water in the melt) and dacite (4.2 wt% water in the melt) crystal mushes, with a wide range of crystallinities (34–80 vol% crystals), were investigated using in-situ, high-temperature (500–800 °C) synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy with high spatial (3 μm/pixel) and temporal resolution (~8 s per three-dimensional data set). Our experimental results show that gas-driven filter pressing operates only below the maximum packing of bubbles and crystals (~74 vol%). Above this threshold, the mush tends to fracture and gas escapes via fractures. Therefore, the efficiency of gas-driven filter pressing is promoted close to the percolation threshold and in situations where a mush inflates slowly relative to build-up of pressure and expulsion of melt. Such observations offer a likely explanation for the production of eruptible, crystal-poor magmas within Earth’s crust.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 4
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    An Experimental Study of Trace Element Fluxes from Subducted Oceanic Crust (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-23
    Description: We have determined experimentally the hydrous phase relations and trace element partitioning behaviour of ocean floor basalt protoliths at pressures and temperatures (3 GPa, 750–1000°C) relevant to melting in subduction zones. To avoid potential complexities associated with trace element doping of starting materials we have used natural, pristine mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB from Kolbeinsey Ridge) and altered oceanic crust (AOC from Deep Sea Drilling Project leg 46, ~20°N Atlantic). Approximately 15 wt % water was added to starting materials to simulate fluid fluxing from dehydrating serpentinite underlying the oceanic crust. The vapour-saturated solidus is sensitive to basalt K 2 O content, decreasing from 825 ± 25°C in MORB (~0·04 wt % K 2 O) to 750°C in AOC (~0·25 wt % K 2 O). Textural evidence indicates that near-solidus fluids are sub-critical in nature. The residual solid assemblage in both MORB and AOC experiments is dominated by garnet and clinopyroxene, with accessory kyanite, epidote, Fe–Ti oxide and rutile (plus quartz–coesite, phengite and apatite below the solidus). Trace element analyses of quenched silica-rich melts show a strong temperature dependence of key trace elements. In contrast to the trace element-doped starting materials of previous studies, we do not observe residual allanite. Instead, abundant residual epidote provides the host for thorium and light rare earth elements (LREE), preventing LREE from being released (LREE 〈3 ppm at 750–900°C). Elevated Ba/Th ratios, characteristic of many arc basalts, are found to be generated within a narrow temperature field above the breakdown temperature of phengite, but below exhaustion of epidote. Melts with Ba/Th 〉1500 and La/Sm PUM (where PUM indicates primitive upper mantle) ~1, most closely matching the geochemical signal of arc lavas worldwide, were generated from AOC at 800–850°C.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    The temporal record of magmatism at Cerro Uturuncu, Bolivian Altiplano (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: Twenty-six new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau ages for 23 lavas and domes from the Uturuncu volcano in the Altiplano of SW Bolivia reveal a protracted eruptive history from 1050±5 to 250±5 ka. Eruptions have been exclusively effusive, producing some 50 km 3 of high-K dacites and silicic andesites. Bimodal mineral compositions, complex mineral textures, the presence of andesitic magmatic enclaves within dacites and linear chemical trends on binary element plots all indicate that magma mixing is an important petrogenetic process at Uturuncu. Post-458 ka, distinct high and low MgO–Cr magmas are resolved. These magmas erupt during similar times, suggesting that eruptions are tapping different parts of the magma system, albeit from the same vent system. Volcanic and petrological features are consistent with the existence of a vertically extensive magma mush column beneath Uturuncu, and calculated buoyancy forces are sufficient to drive effusive eruptions. Eruptive activity is episodic, with six eruptive periods separated by hiatuses of 〉50 kyr. Cumulative volume curves demonstrate that the majority of the edifice formed between 595 and 505 ka. The episodicity of eruptions is most likely to be related to fluctuations in the magma supply to the underlying Altiplano–Puno Magma Body. Supplementary material: Detailed 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data, and lava flow and dome areas, volumes and stratigraphic ages where absolute ages are lacking are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18815
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 6
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    Hydrous Phase Relations and Trace Element Partitioning Behaviour in Calcareous Sediments at Subduction-Zone Conditions (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: We report the results of experiments on two natural marine sediments with different carbonate contents (calcareous clay: CO 2 = 6·1 wt %; marl: CO 2 = 16·2 wt %) at subduction-zone conditions (3 GPa, 750–1200°C). Water (7–15 wt %) was added to the starting materials to simulate the effects of external water addition from within the subducting slab. The onset of melting is at 760°C in water-rich experiments; melt becomes abundant by 800°C. In contrast, the onset of melting in published, water-poor experiments occurs at variable temperatures with the production of significant melt fractions being restricted to more than 900°C (phengite-out). The different solidus temperatures ( T solidus ) can be ascribed to variable fluid X H2O [H 2 O/(CO 2 + H 2 O)], which, in turn, depends on bulk K 2 O, H 2 O and CO 2 . Partial melts in equilibrium with residual garnet, carbonate, quartz/coesite, epidote, rutile, kyanite, phengite, and clinopyroxene are granitic in composition, with substantial dissolved volatiles. Supersolidus runs always contain both silicate melt and solute-rich fluid, indicating that experimental conditions lie below the second critical endpoint in the granite–H 2 O–CO 2 system. Carbonatite melt coexists with silicate melt and solute-rich fluid above 1100°C in the marl. The persistence of carbonate to high temperature, in equilibrium with CO 2 -rich hydrous melts, provides a mechanism to both supply CO 2 to arc magmas and recycle carbon into the deep Earth. The trace element compositions of the experimental glasses constrain the potential contribution of calcareous sediment to arc magmas. The presence of residual epidote and carbonate confers different trace element characteristics when compared with the trace element signal of Ca-poor marine sediments (e.g. pelagic clays). Notably, epidote retains Th and light rare earth elements, such that some melts derived from calcareous sediments have elevated Ba/Th and U/Th, and low La/Sm PUM , thereby resembling fluids conventionally ascribed to altered oceanic crust. Our results emphasize the importance of residual mineralogy, rather than source lithology, in controlling the trace element characteristics of slab-derived fluids.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Aridity-induced Miocene canyon incision in the Central Andes (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: The relationship between the rise of the Andean mountain chain and the onset of aridity on its western margin is poorly understood. Canyon incision on both the eastern and western flanks of the chain is interpreted generally as a direct response to increased rock uplift, but may equally have been the result of climate change. Here we record some of the oldest canyon incision on the western Andean margin by tracking the downward migration of the local water table using (U-Th)/He hematite geochronology on vertical drill-core transects. Our data constrain the incision history of the Quebrada de Parca canyon in northern Chile from ca. 16 Ma to the present day. The erosional and topographic response of the Quebrada de Parca river suggests that incision was induced by a switch to a more arid climate in the middle Miocene, which reduced regional precipitation and river discharge. Geomorphic analysis of the modern river suggests that the Central Andes have gained only ~700 m of elevation since incision began, and had therefore reached at least 50% of their current elevation by middle Miocene time. We thus conclude that the onset of aridity at ca. 16 Ma occurred subsequent to the main Andean uplift.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 8
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    Trace element thermometry of garnet-clinopyroxene pairs (2016)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: We present major and trace element data on coexisting garnet and clinopyroxene from experiments carried out between 1.3 and 10 GPa and 970 and 1400 °C. We demonstrate that the lattice strain model, which was developed for applications to mineral-melt partitioning, can be adapted to garnet-clinopyroxene partitioning. Using new and published experimental data we develop a geothermometer for coexisting garnet and clinopyroxene using the concentration of rare earth elements (REE). The thermometer, which is based on an extension of the lattice strain model, exploits the tendency of minerals at elevated temperatures to be less discriminating against cations that are too large or too small for lattice sites. The extent of discrimination against misfit cations is also related to the apparent elasticity of the lattice site on which substitution occurs, in this case the greater stiffness of the dodecahedral X-site in garnet compared with the eightfold M2-site in clinopyroxene. We demonstrate that the ratio of REE in clinopyroxene to that in coexisting garnet is particularly sensitive to temperature. We present a method whereby knowledge of the major and REE chemistry of garnet and clinopyroxene can be used to solve for the equilibrium temperature. The method is applicable to any scenario in which the two minerals are in equilibrium, both above and below the solidus, and where the mole fraction of grossular in garnet is less than 0.4. Our method, which can be widely applied to both peridotitic and eclogitic paragenesis with particular potential for diamond exploration studies, has the advantage over commonly used Fe-Mg exchange thermometers in having a higher closure temperature because of slow interdiffusion of REE. The uncertainty in the calculated temperatures, based on the experimental data set, is less than ±80 °C.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 9
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    Experimental Constraints on Plagioclase Crystallization during H2O- and H2O-CO2-Saturated Magma Decompression (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Experiments simulating magma decompression allow the textures of volcanic rocks to be calibrated against known eruptive conditions. Interpretation of natural samples may be complicated, however, by both the decompression path and the composition of exsolving volatiles, which affect the time evolution of crystal textures. Here we present the results of decompression experiments at elevated temperature and pressure designed to assess the effects of degassing path on crystallization of Mount St. Helens rhyodacite. Three families of experiments were employed to simulate varied P H 2 O– t trajectories: single-step, H 2 O-saturated decompression (SSD); continuous, H 2 O-saturated decompression (CD); continuous, H 2 O–CO 2 -saturated decompression. Quantitative textural data (crystal abundance, number density, and size) are used to calculate plagioclase nucleation and growth rates and assess deviations from equilibrium in run products. These are the first experiments to quantify feldspar nucleation and growth rates during H 2 O–CO 2 -saturated decompression. We find that reducing the initial melt water content through addition of CO 2 increases nucleation rates relative to the pure water case, an effect most pronounced at low d P /d t. Moreover, these early formed textural distinctions persist at the lowest pressures examined, suggesting that deep H 2 O–CO 2 fluids could leave a lasting textural ‘fingerprint’ on erupted magmas. Crystals formed prior to decompression during the annealing process also modulate sample textures, and growth on pre-existing crystals contributes significantly to added crystallinity at a wide range of experimental conditions. The phase assemblage itself is a dynamic variable that can be used in conjunction with textural data to infer conditions of magma ascent and eruption. Finally, quantitative textural data from experimental samples are compared with those of natural pyroclasts erupted during the summer 1980 explosive–effusive transition at Mount St. Helens. This comparison supports a model of magma ejected from multiple storage regions present in the upper crust following the May 18 Plinian eruption, such that subsequent eruptions tapped magmas that experienced varied decompression and degassing histories.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Experimental Constraints on Dacite Pre-eruptive Magma Storage Conditions beneath Uturuncu Volcano (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: Cerro Uturuncu is a long-dormant, compositionally monotonous, effusive dacitic volcano in the Altiplano–Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) of SW Bolivia. The volcano recently gained attention following the discovery of an ~70 km diameter Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) anomaly roughly centred on its edifice. Uturuncu dacites, erupted over the past ~1 Myr, invariably have a phase assemblage of plagioclase–orthopyroxene–biotite–ilmenite–magnetite–apatite–zircon and rhyolite glass. To better constrain storage conditions of the dacite magmas and to help understand their relationship with the observed deformation, petrological experiments were performed in cold-seal hydrothermal vessels. Volatile-saturated ( P H2O = P TOTAL and P H2O + P CO2 = P TOTAL ) phase equilibria experiments were run between 50 and 250 MPa and 760 and 900°C at f O 2 ~ Ni–NiO. Two synthetic starting compositions were investigated based on a typical Uturuncu dacite whole-rock and its rhyolitic groundmass glass. Pre-eruptive magma storage conditions have been estimated by comparing results from the experiments with natural phase assemblages, modes, and mineral and glass compositions. H 2 O-saturated experiments constrain storage pressures to 100 ± 50 MPa, equivalent to 1·9–5·7 km below surface. In the dacite, natural phase assemblages are reproduced at 870°C, 100 MPa with both orthopyroxene and biotite stabilized concurrently. Natural glass chemistries are most closely replicated at 50 MPa at 870°C, reflecting the role of decompression crystallization prior to eruption. In H 2 O-saturated rhyolite experiments the natural phase assemblage is most closely replicated at 870°C, 50 MPa. Isothermal, mixed volatile dacite experiments at 870°C further constrain storage pressures to 110 ± 10 MPa. Assuming that there has been no dramatic change in the eruptive behaviour of Uturuncu in the last 270 kyr, pre-eruptive storage of dacite magmas at ~100 MPa precludes their role in producing the large diameter deformation anomaly. If deformation is a result of magmatic intrusion, then intrusion of less evolved magmas into deeper, mid-crustal storage regions is a more probable explanation. Intrusion within the Altiplano–Puna Magma Body (APMB), the extent of which is roughly coincident with the APVC, is most likely. It is proposed that dacite magmas form from andesitic parents, via fractionation and/or assimilation, within the APMB. Dacites then rise buoyantly to shallow storage levels where they stall and crystallize prior to eruption. Microlites form during subsequent ascent from the storage region to the surface.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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