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  • Articles  (260)
  • nitrate  (194)
  • mercury
  • Springer  (260)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (163)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (99)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Benchmark ; mercury ; risk assessment ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents benchmark (BMD) calculations and additional regression analyses of data from a study in which scores from 26 scholastic and psychological tests administered to 237 6- and 7-year-old New Zealand children were correlated with the mercury concentration in their mothers' hair during pregnancy. The original analyses of five test scores found an association between high prenatal mercury exposure and decreased test performance, using category variables for mercury exposure. Our regression analyses, which utilized the actual hair mercury level, did not find significant associations between mercury and children's test scores. However, this finding was highly influenced by a single child whose mother's mercury hair level (86 mg/kg) was more than four times that of any other mother. When that child was omitted, results were more indicative of a mercury effect and scores on six tests were significantly associated with the mothers' hair mercury level. BMDs calculated from five tests ranged from 32 to 73 mg/kg hair mercury, and corresponding BMDLs (95% lower limits on BMDs) ranged from 17 to 24 mg/kg. When the child with the highest mercury level was omitted, BMDs ranged from 13 to 21 mg/kg, and corresponding BMDLs ranged from 7.4 to 10 mg/kg.
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  • 2
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 54-73 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Blei ; Toxizität ; Säuglingsnahrung ; cadmium ; mercury ; lead ; toxicity ; infantformulas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing Young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food. At the end of the observation period Pb-related infant mortality had decreased to zero. Maximum admissible Pb exposure from infant formulas in the USA has now been further reduced but the calculated Pb exposures in the example mentioned above are still lower. In conclusion, no hazard can be deducted from the mentioned epidemiological data regarding the present content of Cd, Hg, and Pb in commercially available infant formulas in Germany. Looking at the high toxic potential, however, it seems desirable to keep the content of these three metals in infant formulas as low as the best available technology can achieve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klinischen Symptome und die Toxokinetik von Schwermetallintoxikationen zeigen Unterschiede zwischen jungen und ausgewachsenen Organismen. Chronisch toxische Cd-Mengen verursachen eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie, die bei Jungratten nach kürzerer und geringerer Exposition auftritt als bei erwachsenen Tieren. Nach der Resorption, die durch Milch und im Eisenmangel erhöht ist, akkumuliert Cd über Jahre bis zu toxischen Konzentrationen in der Nierenrinde. Dieser Fortgang beginnt im Säuglingsalter und kann in den ersten drei Lebensjahren bis zu 1/3 der Erwachsenenwerte erreichen. Hg++ und Methyl-Hg können u. a. eine Hg-Enzephalopathie hervorrufen, in deren Folge Kinder mehr als Erwachsene geistige Behinderungen zeigten. In Saugratten ist die Hg-Akkumulation im Hirn gegenüber erwachsenen Tieren zehnfach erhöht. Milch steigert die Bioverfügbarkeit von Hg++, das nach der Resorption bei Säuglingen vermehrt in den Erythrozyten gebunden wird. Methyl-Hg erreicht in der Muttermilch 5 % der mütterlichen Plasmakonzentration und führte bei epidemischen Vergiftungen zu schweren Schäden bei Säuglingen. Chronische Pb-Exposition kann Enzephalopathien verursachen, die bei Kindern in einem hohen Prozentsatz Krampfleiden und geistige Behinderungen hinterlassen. Anämien und Intelligenzminderungen werden bei Kindern nach sehr niedrigen Pb-Expositionen beobachtet. Die Pb-Resorption wird durch Milchgabe gesteigert und ist bei Kindern erhöht. Für Cd, Hg und Pb gibt es keine gesicherten Belege für Karzinogenese oder Mutagenese bei Menschen nach oraler Exposition. Der Schwermetallgehalt in kommerzieller Säuglingsnahrung liegt in derselben Größenordnung wie in der Muttermilch. Bei Verwendung von kontaminiertem Zapfwasser zur Rekonstitution von Fertignahrung ist die Belastung mit Pb und Cd jedoch erhöht. Die theoretische Metallaufnahme aus solchen Diäten, berechnet für einen normgewichtigen Säugling und einen repräsentativen Diätplan, übersteigt, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, die „provisional tolerable weekly intakes“ der WHO für Erwachsene. Dabei führen Unterschiede in Resorption und Verteilung von Cd, Hg und Pb zu einer erhöhten Empfindlichkeit des kindlichen Organismus. Andererseits ergibt sich aus dem schnellen Wachstum von Säuglingen ein Verdünnungseffekt für essentielle Spurenmetalle, der von manchen Autoren auf toxische Metalle extrapoliert wird. Diesen theoretischen Überlegungen stehen epidemiologische Erfahrungen gegenüber. Eine Statistik über kindliche Bleivergiftungen aus Baltimore ist über einen Zeitraum von 13 Jahren stark rückläufig. Die einzelnen Stufen des Rückgangs lassen sich mit einem zeitgleichen Rückgang der kindlichen Pb-Belastung korrelieren, z. B. durch die Meidung von Bleifarben für den Hausanstrich oder die Abschaffung von bleihaltigem Verpackungsmaterial für Babynahrung. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums weist die Mortalitätsstatistik keine einschlägigen Todesfälle mehr auf. In den USA wurde der zulässige Pb-Gehalt in der Säuglingsnahrung seither weiter reduziert. Die im oben genannten Beispiel aus deutschen Werten errechneten Pb-Belastungen liegen deutlich darunter. Zusammenfassend läßt sich aus den genannten epidemiologischen Erfahrungen keine akute Gefährdung durch die gegenwärtigen Cd-, Hg- und Pb-Gehalte in kommerzieller Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung ableiten. Das hohe toxische Potential läßt es aber wünschenswert erscheinen, die Gehalte dieser drei Metalle so niedrig zu halten, wie es nach neuestem technischem Stand möglich wäre.
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  • 3
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Blei ; Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Gewürze ; Gewürzzubereitungen ; Wurstwaren ; Lead ; cadmium ; mercury ; spices ; condiments ; meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The lead and cadmium contents of 50 spices and 19 condiments were investigated by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury contents were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption method including amalgamation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were 0.470 mg/kg, 0.080 mg/kg, and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. By using the detected levels of these three heavy metals in model calculations only a small carry-over of lead, cadmium, and mercury in meat products by spices and condiments can be assumed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 50 Gewürze und 19 Gewürzzubereitungen wurden mittels flammenloser Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie auf ihren Blei- und Cadmiumgehalt sowie mittels Kaltdampftechnik und nachfolgender Amalgamierung auf ihren Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Im Mittel wurden hierbei 0,470 mg Blei, 0,080 mg Cadmium und 0,005 mg Quecksilber pro kg Würzmittel gefunden. Anhand von Modellrechnungen wurde ein nur geringer Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbereintrag über Würzmittel in die Wurstsorten Fleischwurst, Leberwurst und Mettwurst aufgezeigt.
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  • 4
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 91-94 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: competing vegetation ; forest disturbance ; nitrate ; nutrients ; succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une fertilisation azotée sous forme de nitrate déclenche la germination de graines deRubus idaeus L. (framboisier sauvage) naturellement enfouies dans le parterre de peuplements forestiers conifériens âgés de 50 ans, situés dans l'est du Québec. Les contrastes orthogonaux ont montré un effet linéaire significatif entre les doses de nitrate appliquées et le dénombrement de semis de framboisier sauvage durant deux saisons de croissance consécutives. Les traitements de fertilisation ont davantage stimulé l'émergence du framboisier sauvage à la seconde année qu'à la première. L'auteur discute brièvement de l'effet possible du nitrate sur la levée de la dormance de graines de framboisier sauvage en relation avec les perturbations forestières.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate-nitrogen fertilization triggered germination of dormantRubus idaeus L. (red raspberry) seeds naturally buried in the forest floor of 50-year-old coniferous stands of eastern Quebec. Orthogonal contrasts revealed a significant linear effect between the rates of nitrate applied and red raspberry seedling counts over two consecutive growing seasons. The fertilization treatments stimulated emergence to a greater extent in year 2 than in year 1. The potential effect of nitrate on raspberry seed dormancy breakage is briefly discussed in relation to site disturbance.
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  • 5
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrate ; spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 13-26 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: CERES models ; fluctuations ; lignin ; microbial motility ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrate retention ; polyphenol ; synchrony ; water potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of native available N in tropical soils fluctuates considerably in response to seasonal changes in soil water potential. Such fluctuation reflects the net effect of inputs of N from mineralization, fertilizers and the atmosphere, and removal by plant uptake, immobilization, leaching and gaseous losses. The greatest concentrations normally occur during the transition between the dry and wet seasons. In East-Africa, up to 184 kg mineral N ha−1 has been measured in the 0–40 cm soil layer and in Trinidad, 143 kg ha−1 was found in the 0–10 cm layer. Release and accumulation of mineral N occur as a result of the influence of soil water potential on microbial activity. This is due to changes in microbial motility, solute diffusion, microbial survival and the release of protected organic matter. A quantitative understanding of these processes should increase the efficiency of use of this valuable N resource by crops. Current methods of forecasting mineralization under field conditions include measurement of the soil mineralization potential, the release of N from seasonal inputs of litter and model predictions. Litter quality is important. Its composition, in particular its nitrogen, lignin and soluble polyphenol content has a major impact on its N mineralization rate. Crop uptake, gaseous and leaching losses decrease the concentration of soil mineral N during the wet season. These losses are important under moist tropical conditions. For example, at Port Harcourt and Ibadan in Nigeria, leaching losses were large in spite of NO 3 - adsorption which decreased the depth of NO 3 - leaching relative to through-flow. To minimise these losses, it is essential to synchronise plant nutrient demand with supply by mineralisation. This is particularly important at the start of the tropical rainy season when high rates of mineralisation often in excess of the relatively low levels of crop demand, are observed. Fertilizer recommendation, the time table for cropping and the farming system used therefore need to take into account the seasonal availability of N. The CERES model simulates crop growth and development and the N-cycle. As development and validation continue, such models should provide a strong basis for better soil, crop and fertilizer management practices. A better understanding of the processes should provide a strong basis for futher development of such models.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Leaching ; calcium ; magnesium ; potassium ; nitrate ; tropical soils ; 15N ; urea ; shifting cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Calcium hydroxide was applied to monolith lysimeters at Onne in south-east Nigeria. Eight lysimeters were cropped with maize followed by upland rice and four were uncropped. The cropped and two uncropped lysimeters received Mg, K and urea in the first season. Two uncropped lysimeters received no fertilizers. Drainage water was collected during the two growing seasons and analyzed for calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrate and chloride. The fertilizer applied in the second season was not leached during the year of application. The cropped lysimeters lost 27 percent of the sum of the exchangeable Ca in the soil profile and the calcium added, and 29 percent of the corresponding sum for Mg. With no crop, the losses increased to 34 and 37 percent, respectively, but with no crop or fertilizer, the losses were similar to those from the cropped lysimeters. The loss of potassium ranged from 6 percent from the unfertilized lysimeters to 10 percent in the cropped lysimeters. The amounts of sodium leached ranged from 29 to 35 kg Na ha−1. The bulk of the calcium and magnesium leached from calcium hydroxide and fertilizers occurred in the second season when the loss was in good agreement with the amount of nitrate lost giving (Ca + Mg)/NO3 charge ratios of approximately one. Urea increased the amount of nitrate leached and led to a corresponding increase in the amounts of calcium and magnesium lost in the drainage water. The charge ratio remained unchanged when the cations were leached only with nitrate derived from the mineralization of soil organic matter. In the cropped lysimeters, this source accounted for about four times more nitrate in the drainage water than the fertilizer.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; methods ; 15N ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to answer the question: is denitrification a major route of N loss from tropical agro-ecosystems? This question turns out to be very difficult to answer due to a severe shortage of data on this process for tropical agro-ecosystems other than rice. Given this lack of data, I approach this question by analyzing data on denitrification and nitrous oxide flux in tropical native forest and pasture soils and attempt to make some conclusions and pose some hypotheses about the significance of denitrification in tropical agricultural soils. I also briefly review methods for measuring denitrification. The data analysis suggests that denitrification in tropical forest soils is strongly influenced by the nature and amount of soil C and N turnover. Studies to examine differences in denitrification in different tropical agricultural systems should focus on the effects of system management on C and N turnover. The data analysis also suggests that, just as in temperate regions, denitrification may not be a significant route of N loss from most tropical agricultural systems. However, field studies are necessary to determine if this is actually the case.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: N-response ; model ; critical %N ; nitrate ; soil mineral-N ; N-loss ; leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To aid the development of simulation models for N-response, N-fertilizer experiments with onions (Allium cepa L.) were carried out on 5 different sites. In each experiment, there was little loss of fertilizer-N in soil during the period between application and rapid crop growth and little loss of mineral N by leaching at any time. Even so, a substantial proportion of the N applied as fertilizer could not be accounted for in the crop and soil at harvest; the sum of soil mineral-N plus crop N (excluding fibrous roots) was always linearly related to N rate applied over the entire range (0–300 kg N ha−1) and the gradient was always approximately the same, 0.64, irrespective of soil type or the amount of nitrate remaining in soil at harvest. Evidence was obtained that the phenomena resulted from roots retaining N and inducing immobilization at a rate proportional to soil nitrate concentration and that the proportionality constant was similar on all sites. Throughout plant growth there was little luxury consumption of N and the critical %N was related to plant mass by an equation previously deduced for other C3 crops (Plant and Soil 85, 163); plant nitrate concentration in the early stages increased with soil mineral-N (0–30 cm) to a maximum which varied from site to site but the nitrate concentration in the mature crop was always negligible. Plant yield in the early stages of growth generally declined with increase in fertilizer-N, despite the crops having been planted as sets and no more than 150 kg N ha−1 broadcast at one time; but at maturity, yield always increased asymptotically with increase in fertilizer-N. Mineralization rates were approximately the same in the first as in the second half of each experiment. At harvest, residual soil mineral-N in the upper 30, 60 and 90 cm of soil increased with increase in fertilizer-N even when crop demand for N exceeded supply. At harvest in every experiment, the ratio of crop dry weight in the absence of added N to the maximum obtained was approximately equal to the ratio of plant %N (with no fertilizer) to critical %N. The various phenomena concerning yields, plant-N contents, and values of soil mineral-N at harvest were quite well simulated by a slightly modified version of a previously published model (Fert. Res. 18, 153) with few site-dependent inputs.
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  • 10
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Semi-arid tropics ; Alfisol ; nitrate ; bromide ; leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The variable responses of crops to added nitrogen (N) in Alfisols of the Indian semi-arid tropics are partly due to variable rainfall and partly due to variable losses of available-N. To measure the losses of N through leaching, which can be appreciable under some circumstances, a field experiment was conducted during the rainy season (June-September) of 1992, using bromide (Br) as a tracer for NO 3 - . Bromide (as NaBr) was applied to bare fallow soil at a rate of 200 kg ha−1 in microplots (2 m × 2 m) and its vertical movement was monitored periodically. Data on rainfall and Br− distribution in the soil profile on different dates of soil sampling clearly indicated that the movement of Br− was strongly dependent on rainfall. During the first month (15 June-15 July) after Br− application, with scattered and light rainfall about 90% of the added Br− remained in the soil profile (0.6 m). After continuous heavy rainfall in early August more than 90% Br− had moved beyond 0.6 m depth. This indicates a very high risk of NO 3 - leaching in this soil, and it is unavoidable without special measures to protect the applied N.
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  • 11
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: foliar fertilizer ; nitrate ; potassium ; urea ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheat crops were grown with ostensibly adequate supplies of all soil nutrients in 1990 and 1991 with the aim of testing if late foliar supplements of K and N, applied at key development stages, could improve grain yield and grain N content. Foliar sprays of KNO3 solution, supplying up to 40 kg K ha−1 in total, at flag leaf unfolded, inflorescence completed and the watery-ripe stage of grain filling, had no effect on yield, yield components or grain N. Urea, supplying 40 kg N ha−1 at flag leaf unfolded, had no effects on grain yield and grain N in 1990, but in 1991 grain N was increased by 0.14% whilst yield was reduced by up to 0.6 t ha−1. Urea scorched flag leaf tips in both years. In 1990, the spring was very dry and foliar supplements might have been expected to have had an effect, but on this highly fertile soil all crop K and N requirements were met from the soil.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agriculture ; catchment ; fertilizer ; historical ; manure ; nitrate ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A suggested increase in the growth of macrophytic algae within the Ythan estuary (N.E. Scotland) over recent years has been linked to the increased amounts of nitrogen in the form of NO3–N entering the estuary from the river. The increased NO3 concentration in the river has been associated with recent changes in farming practices in this predominantly agricultural catchment. Terrestrially derived phosphorus is also considered to contribute increasingly to eutrophication of fresh waters. Historical agricultural census data together with appropriate surveys of fertilizer practice were used to calculate the total quantities of fertilizer and manure derived N and P applied annually over the wholeYthan catchment during the period 1960 – 1990. While the total agricultural land area has remained similar, significant changes in cropping practice have occurred. In particular, a greater proportion of land is given to autumn sown crops while the area of grassland has declined. These changes in farming practice are associated with differences in both the total amounts and timing of fertilizer applied. The use of inorganic N in the catchment has trebled since 1960 and is currently approximately 6400 tonnes (104 kg N/ha). The use of P has decreased by more than a quarter to 1274 tonnes (21 kg P/ha) over a similar time period. There has been no obvious change in total quantity of N and P derived from animal manures, estimated to be 44 and 11 kg per ha, respectively, when averaged over the area of agricultural land. Cattle and sheep numbers have remained relatively constant and together account for approximately 80% of the manure N and 70% of the manure P produced annually. However, poultry have declined by 70% since 1960 while pig numbers have increased six-fold. The average annual application rate of manure derived N over the whole catchment (44 kg/ha) is considerably below that proposed at the farm scale in the EC Nitrate Directive (210–170 kg/ha). However, on a local scale difficulties may arise for large manure producing concerns such as dairy or pig units.
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  • 13
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical level ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; plant analysis ; total nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate concentrations were determined in stems of barley taken at the tillering stage from a 2-year rotational/N fertilizer experiment carried out at 2 locations in Cyprus. In the second year leaf laminae were also analysed for total nitrogen (N) concentration. At sampling maximum dry matter (DM) production was obtained with NO3-N concentration above 1000 mg kg−1, which increased with N fertilizer supply. Even though there were differences in DM and NO3 concentration between rotation treatments the relationship between DM and NO3 was similar. Nitrate in stems was more sensitive than total N in leaf laminae as an indicator of N nutrition status.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium ; fertilizer ; grazing ; lognormal ; nitrate ; spatial dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The frequency distributions of soil NO 3 - and NH 4 + concentrations under grazed and ungrazed grassland were found to be lognormal, irrespective of time of year or soil depth. The variance and skewness of the sample values increased with stocking density and use of N fertilizer. An analysis of the spatial dependence of the variability using the semivariogram showed a high ‘nugget’ variance, even when three sample values from each sampling point were averaged. Most of the variance was therefore short-range (occurring within a distance of 0.4 m), suggesting that the sample volume for soil mineral N measurement should be as large as is practicably possible. As an estimate of the average mineral N content, the geometric mean of the sample values consistently underestimated the true arithmetic mean of the population from which the same was drawn. The conventional estimate of the arithmetic mean for lognormally distributed samples values was satisfactory when the sample number was 〉 50 and the (log) variance 〈 0.75 (µg N cm−3). However, for data with larger variances, high coefficients of skewness and fewer observations, Sichel's estimator was a more efficient measure of the true population mean.
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  • 15
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical concentrations ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilization ; petiole ; potato ; short day conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted for three crop seasons to develop tissue analysis technology for optimizing N fertilization in potato grown under short day conditions in subtropics. Nitrogen deficiencies could be detected as early as 25 days after planting (DAP) by tissue analysis of NO3-N concentration in petioles. Petiolar NO3-N declined sharply with age of the crop from 25 to 60 DAP and was significantly correlated at all stages of growth with applied N and tuber yield of potato. Critical concentrations of Petiolar NO3-N were 1.28, 1.23, 1.07 and 0.96% in an early maturing cv. Kufri Chandramukhi and 2.16, 1.95, 1.40 and 1.18% in a late maturing cv. Kufri Badshah at 25, 40, 50 and 60 DAP, respectively. Optimum yields were obtained when petiolar NO3-N was maintained above critical concentrations through the growth period up to 60 DAP by corrective side dressing of N. Response to corrective side dressing of N decreased with increasing concentration of petiolar NO3-N. Optimum rate of N for side dressing up to 30 DAP was 142, 116, 90, 64 and 37 kg ha−1 for petiolar NO3-N of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%, respectively in Kufri Chandramukhi. Corresponding rates of side dressed N were 183, 164, 146, 127, 108 kg ha−1 in late maturing cv. Kufri Badshah. For optimum yields, fertilization of 80 to 120 kg N ha−1 at the time of planting followed by corrective side dressing as recommended by petiolar tissue analysis is advocated.
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  • 16
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium ; fertigation ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; trickle irrigation ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The movement and transformations of ammonium-, urea- and nitrate-N in the wetted volume of soil below the trickle emitter was studied in a field experiment following the fertigation of N as ammonium sulphate, urea and calcium nitrate. Effects on soil pH in the wetted volume were also investigated. During a fertigation cycle (emitter rate 2lh−1) applied ammonium was concentrated in the surface 10 cm of soil immediately below the emitter and little lateral movement occurred. In contrast, because of their greater mobility in the soil, fertigated urea and nitrate were more evenly distributed down the soil profile below the emitter and had moved laterally in the profile to 15 cm radius from the emitter. The conversion of applied N to nitrate-N was more rapid when urea rather than ammonium-N was applied suggesting that the accumulation of large amounts of ammonium below the emitter in the ammonium sulphate treatment probably retarded nitrification. Following their conversion to nitrate-N, both fertigated ammonium sulphate and urea caused acidification in the wetted soil volume. Acidification was confined to the surface 20 cm of soil in the ammonium sulphate treatment, however because of its greater mobility, fertigation with urea (2lh−1) resulted in acidification occurring down to a depth of 40 cm. Such subsoil acidity is likely to be very difficult to ameliorate. Increasing the trickle discharge rate from 2lh−1 to 4lh−1 reduced the downward movement of urea and encouraged its lateral spread in the surface soil. As a consequence, acidification was confined to the surface (0–20 cm) soil.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; N loss ; urea ; nitrate ; leaching ; Oryza sativa L. ; upland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the 1984 and 1985 wet seasons to determine the effect of N fertilizer application method on15N balances and yield for upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) on an Udic Arguistoll in the Philippines. The test cultivars were ‘IR43’ and ‘UPLRi-5’ in 1984 and ‘IR43’ in 1985. Unrecovered15N in15N balances for 70 kg applied urea-N ha−1, which represented N fertilizer losses as gases and movement below 0.5 m soil depth, ranged from 11–58% of the applied N. It was lowest (11–13%) for urea split applied at 30 days after seeding (DS) and at panicle initiation (PI), and highest (27–58%) for treatments receiving basal urea in the seed furrows. In all treatments with basal-applied urea, most N losses occurred before 50 DS. Heavy rainfall in 1985 before rice emergence resulted in large losses of native soil N and fertilizer N by leaching and possibly by denitrification. During the week of seeding, when rainfall was 492 mm, 91 kg nitrate-N ha−1 disappeared from the 0.3-m soil layer in unfertilized plots. Although rainfall following the basal N application was less in 1984 than in 1985, the losses from basal applied urea-N were comparable in the two years. Daily rainfall of 20–25 mm on 3 of the 6 days following basal N application in 1984 may have created a moist soil environment favorable for ammonia volatilization. In both years, highest grain yield was obtained for urea split-applied at 30 DS and at PI. Delayed rather than basal application of N reduced losses of fertilizer N and minimized uptake of fertilizer N by weeds.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; Coron ; N-Sure ; Nitrazine ; melamine ; urea ; nitrate ; N metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of three new slow-release fertilizers (Coron, N-Sure and Nitrazine) by perennial ryegrass turf was compared to uptake of NO 3 - and urea using a nutrient solution culture system. Each source of nitrogen was supplied to turf cultures at a rate equivalent to 21 kg N ha−1 every five days during a twenty day experimental period. Nitrate and urea produced the most growth, while growth on Coron and N-Sure was reduced 30%. Growth on Nitrazine-N was further reduced to only 40% of that on NO 3 - and urea. Coron and N-Sure were absorbed relatively rapidly during the first 24 hour period, with cumulative absorption over the five day period amounting to approximately 80% of the total supplied. Nitrazine-N was absorbed more slowly, with only 40% of the N absorbed after five days. Perennial ryegrass was apparently capable of metabolizing both Coron and N-Sure. The slow-release N component of Nitrazine (melamine) was inhibitory to photosynthesis, and at higher solution concentrations, was toxic to the turf.
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  • 19
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leaching ; nitrate ; underground water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on nitrate leaching and contamination of underground and surface waters in a continuously cropped lowland area of South Western Nigeria has indicated a high potential for nitrate leaching. It was estimated that with 100 kg N ha−1 applied, as much as 29.5 kg N ha−1 could be lost through leaching below the root zone of a maize crop, Over a 3 year period the applied nitrogen contributed to nitrate pollution of underground water significantly in excess of the maximum level accepted for potable water. This was particularly high in valley bottoms where the nitrate nitrogen content ranged from 12.8 to 24.6 mg L−1. Contribution to adjacent stream was, however, not significant.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acid deposition ; freshwaters ; nitrate ; nitrogen deposition ; Great Britain
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A national dataset of water chemistry collected for critical loads mapping is used to make a regional assessment of surface water nitrate concentrations in Great Britain. The primary data are dominated by high concentrations in lowland regions Where N inputs are dominated by non-atmospheric sources. Land cover data are used to screen out sites with potential catchment sources of N, allowing the evaluation of nitrate leaching due to atmospheric deposition alone. In the screened dataset several upland regions show elevated nitrate concentrations, notably Wales, the Pennines, Cumbria, Galloway and the Cairngorms, and there is a clear relationship between surface water nitrate and total N deposition.
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  • 21
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
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  • 22
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1659-1664 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen saturation ; acidic deposition ; clearcutting ; nitrate ; base cations ; alkalinity
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three clear-cuts at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (NH) have resulted in a chronosequence of forest watersheds in close proximity. Following clear-cutting, the stands, now 12, 21, 27, and 78 years old, have different species composition, nutrient capital, and biogeochemistry. In this study, we compared seasonal patterns of NO3 − in streamwater, changes in N capital, and N retention in watersheds of differing stand age. All of the watersheds showed elevated losses of NO3 −, H+ and nutrient cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) during the first few years following clear-cutting. Increased retention of N occurred during vegetation regrowth compared to the reference watershed (W6). Nitrate concentrations were low during the summer growing season, increased in the late fall and peaked in March during spring snowmelt. Concentrations of NO3 − were lower in the regrowing watersheds than in W6 during all months. In W6, there was considerable year-to-year variability in N retention, which was not initially observed in the manipulated watersheds. However, two cut watersheds exhibited higher export of NO3 − in 1989 and 1990, corresponding to a 10-year high value in annual NO3 − loss in W6. These results demonstrate the importance of land use and cutting history in assessments of N saturation and loss from forest watersheds.
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  • 23
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    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; mercury ; plume model
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A reactive plume model that includes atmospheric chemical reactions of mercury was developed. The model simulates advective transport with the mean wind flow; horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion; gas phase; aqueous-phase and particulate chemistry; cloud microphysics; wet deposition and dry deposition. The model was applied to the simulation of clear sky, non-precipitating cloud and precipitating cloud scenarios. No significant mercury chemistry occurs in the absence of droplets. In clouds, Hg(II) is reduced to Hg(0) with more reduction taking place in precipitating clouds than in non-precipitating clouds.
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  • 24
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    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1209-1216 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: gaseous ; particulate ; mercury ; sampling ; silver ; gold ; denuder
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A denuder-based method for sampling and separating gaseous and participate mercury in the air is described. Two different denuder configurations developed in Vilnius, Lithuania (silver) and in Gothenburg, Sweden (gold) are compared. Data were acquired at different sampling locations around the cities of Vilnius and Gothenburg. The concentration of particulate Hg was found to be 0.04 to 0.40 ng m−3 in the Vilnius region, and 0.11 to 0.57 ng m−3 in the Gothenburg region. Intel-calibration results for the silver and gold denuders are presented. The results obtained by the two different denuder configurations and sampling set-ups display satisfactory agreement.
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  • 25
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 37-50 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Global models ; sulfate ; nitrate ; ammonium
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the past few years several attempts have been made to use three-dimensional tracer transport models to simulate the global distribution of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from both natural and anthropogenic sources. We review these studies and show examples of estimated distributions of the total deposition of sulfur, oxidized nitrogen and ammonium as well as the pH of precipitation. The simulated patterns are compared with observations. Weaknesses in these estimates resulting from lack of knowledge of emissions, chemical transformations and removal processes are emphasized and discussed. We also show examples of how the models can be used to estimate past and future deposition patterns. In particular, we use the IPCC scenario IS92a to estimate the possible sulfur deposition around the world in the year 2050. A comparison with critical load values for sulfur deposition indicates that substantial parts of South and East Asia are at risk for acidification problems in the future.
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  • 26
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 353-358 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Sierra Nevada ; alpine lakes ; episodic acidification ; nitrate ; sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric loads to dilute lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California are very low, and fall almost entirely as snow. When acidic anions preferentially elute from melting snow, these low loads may nontheless be enough to acidify low ANC lakes. Two of the ten lakes included in the Sierra Episodes Study are discussed here: High Lake, the only lake in the study to become acidic during snowmelt; and Treasure Lake, typical of the remainder of the lakes. All lakes exhibited increases in NO3 − concentrations during early snowmelt; these were accompanied by increases in base cations, primarily Ca2+. In the first few days of snowmelt, NO3 − concentrations at High Lake increased more rapidly than concentrations of base cations, resulting in ANC values below zero. Export of both NO3 − and SO4 2− from the watersheds exceeded the inputs from the snowpack, suggesting that other sources (e.g., watershed minerals, stored inputs from the previous summer, transformations of other inputs) of these anions are important.
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  • 27
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2217-2222 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dry deposition ; coniferous forest ; ammonia ; ammonium ; nitric acid ; nitrate ; mathematical model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The dry deposition of particle-bound NH4 + and NO3 − and of gaseous NH3 and HNO3 to a 45 year old Norway Spruce forest was determined by the inferential method. Deposition velocities were calculated from meteorological data and plant morphology by a multi-layer model which combines the transfer of the trace substances within the canopy and their absorption probabilities due to a variety of deposition mechanisms. For gaseous deposition the same mathematical concept was adopted as for particles. That means that this approach is an alternative to the common concept of resistance analogy. The mean deposition velocities found were 0.47 cm s−1 for NH4 + and 1.85 cm s−1 for NO3 −. While these values are in the range found in other studies, the mean deposition velocities for the gases were quite large. For NH3 13 cm s−1 were found and for HNO3 11 cm s−1. It is suggested that the absorption of these gases on the plant surfaces is not as effective as assumed in the model.
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  • 28
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    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; forest trees ; biomonitors ; contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of mercury has been determined in assimilation organs of forest trees from 10 main industrial regions of Slovakia, four mountain forests and one military area and compared with concentration of mercury from 1356 permanent monitoring plots of Slovakia. The mercury concentration ranges for 2 yr old needles of Picea abies Karst. were (in mg kg−1): 1.249–4.402 (Rudnany iron ore mines), 0.013–0.749 (nine other industrial regions), 0.021–0.737 (four mountain forests) and 0.053–0.538 (military area). The mercury content in the soil (0–5 cm) from a mercury smelting plant ranged from 9.9 to 130 mg kg−1, and the moss Pleurozium schreberi contained 3.8–9.1 mg kg−1. The values obtained were compared with the available literature data.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; foodplains ; humic substances ; complexation ; speciation ; mobilization ; risk assessment ; water solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The water-mobilizability of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils of the river Elbe in Northern Germany was evaluated by batch extraction experiments. It was shown that only a small amount of the total mercury present (about 1% per extraction) can be mobilized by water. This mercury is transported entirely in the form of a complex bound to humic acids (HA); particulates and fulvic acids (FA) did not seem to contribute to the process. It could not be removed from the HA even at pH 1, indicating an extremely strong complexation e.g. by sulfur-containing ligands. Furthermore, the influence of pH on the mobilization was investigated. It was found that in the range of natural pH-values, there was no observable effect of pH on the mobilization of either mercury or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This surprising finding is explained by an unexpectedly high buffering capacity of the humics, both in the acidic and in the alkaline region. Only at extreme pH-values there was deviation from this behaviour. In contrast to other heavy metals, the amount of mobilized mercury decreases at pH 〈 3; and at pH 〉 12, an increased mobilization of mercury was observed because the humics are mobilized completely, accompanied by the total amount of mercury bound to them.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jemelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
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  • 32
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea during the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F. S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.5 ng m−3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m−3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the down wind ship. which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal (entrainment) velocity of 0.95 cm·s−1 was calculated for the whole experiment. The average removal velocity was 0.5 cm·s−1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s−1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·1−1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm−2 yr1− was estimated for the North Sea.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 373-380 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alkalinity ; mass balances ; iron ; sulphate ; nitrate ; base cations ; manganese ; ammonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the alkalinity concentrations in the hypolimnia of many thermally stratified lakes increase over the duration of the summer. We have quantified the processes, both redox and exchange, that contributed to the alkalinity increases measured in two lakes that are situated on the Precambrian Shield of Ontario, Canada by measuring hypolimnetic mass balances for all substances involved in alkalinity-generating or -consuming reactions. These include nitrate, ammonium, base cations, iron, manganese, sulphate, organic anions, as well as alkalinity itself. In one lake, iron reduction was the dominant source of alkalinity; since this process is probably reversed at fall overturn when hypolimnetic waters mix with oxygenated surface waters, the alkalinity generated by this mechanism is likely temporary in nature. In the second lake, iron reduction and sulphate reduction were both important; the latter should provide more permanent alkalinity.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen pollution ; nitrate reductase ; organic acids ; cations ; ammonium ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many bryophytes rely to a large extent on atmospheric deposition for their nutrient uptake.However, increasing levels of atmospheric ammonium NH 4 + and nitrate NO 3 - attract concern as to the possible harmful effects onbryophytes from these two nutrient sources. Changes in nitrate reductase (NR) activities, cation(Ca, K and Mg), total nitrogen (N) and organic acid concentrations were investigated for themosses, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rytidiadelphus loreus and Philonotis fontana, in response to asingle field misting with 3 mol m-3 NH 4 + and NO 3 - . Increases of 20% were recordedfor tissue N content, 48 hr after misting with N containing solutions. When labelled NH 4 + or NO 3 - were applied to R. Lanuginosum at 1, 3 and 6mol m-3 concentrations, partitioning ofincorporated 15N between different tissueregions occured, with the highest N uptake in the upper stem and leaves. High concentrations ofapplied N resulted in reduced efficiency of N uptake. NH 4 + applications caused declines in NR activities, organic acidsand cations, whereas, NO 3 - treatments causedthe reverse response. Changes in cation contents, organic acids and NR activity reflect short-termregulation of N metabolism in the presence of defined N sources, as well as potential mechanismsof regulating cell pH homoeostasis. The consistency of physiological responses, especially NRactivities, over short-term pollution episodes, provides evidence for their use as indicators of both NH 4 + and NO 3 - pollution.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its ‘soluble organic’ phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7–9.8% C, 27–103 ng g−1 Hg and 19–69 μg g−1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3–2.8% C, 17–24 ng g−1 Hg and 64–72 μg g−1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exactNature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: contamination process ; δ18O ; fluoride ; groundwater ; nitrate ; Rajasthan ; recharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Agricultural activity in the Pushkar Valley, Rajasthan is constrained due to limited availability of good quality water. In this context, occurrence of nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater was investigated and reported. Integration of stable isotope (δ18O) data with recharge characteristics (based on 3H-tracer studies) helps in clearly characterizing the processes controlling contamination by point and non-point sources. High nitrate and fluoride groundwaters are associated with high δ18O waters. This indicates that significant quantities of evaporated (isotopically enriched) surface run-off water and rain water infiltrate along with nitrate and fluoride salts in the soil. The applicability of this approach under different hydrometeorological conditions is also confirmed.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; body distribution ; feather concentrations ; body burden ; tern chicks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We studied mercury concentrations and amounts in tissues of 19 starved young Common Tern chicks (median age 4 days) and in eggs from the same colony. Concentrations and burden were similar between eggs and newly hatched chicks. Mercury concentrations were highest in down, which contained at least 38% of the body mercury. The mercury burden of the whole body and of the tissues as well as the concentration in down increased with age and body mass, indicating the importance of down as an elimination pathway. Conversion ratios between mercury concentrations in tissues and the whole chick body varied according to the contamination level.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cultivar ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The duration of dormancy of seed potatoes varies between years and between origins. Therefore, the effects of conditions during crop growth on dormancy of progeny tubers were studied. The effect of nitrogen during tuber bulking on the duration of dormancy was investigated in three field experiments with two cultivars. In addition to an application of 125 kg N/ha at planting, top dressings of 0–150 kg N/ha were given about 2 weeks after tuber initiation. Haulm was pulled about 4 weeks later. The effect of nitrogen rate at planting was also examined in one experiment. Nitrogen top dressings shortened dormancy in all experiments by 5–8 days. An increased nitrogen rate at planting resulted in a shorter dormancy when the duration of dormancy was expressed in days after tuber initiation, but not when it was expressed in days after haulm pulling, probably because extra nitrogen also delayed tuber initiation.
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    Potato research 31 (1988), S. 535-540 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: N-fertilization ; pot experiment ; cv. Grata ; free amides ; crude protein ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The paper describes the rapid determination by HPLC of free asparagine and glutamine in potato tubers. The method has been applied to tubers from experiments in pots to which differing amounts of nitrogen had been added. Increasing levels of N-fertilizer, applied in inorganic or organic form, increased the concentrations of asparagine and glutamine in the tuber dry matter as well as their amounts per pot. amide concentrations are significantly correlated to those of crude protein (P〈-0.001) and nitrate (P〈-0.01).
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; reducing sugars ; sucrose ; ascorbic acid ; citric acid ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pot and field experiments were carried out to test fertilizer treatments on the behaviour of potato tubers stores at 4°C and ≥90% relative humidity for 6 months. Weight losses (separated into water and dry matter) were enhanced after N and K fertilization and decreased by increasing P supply. Glucose and fructose contents were reduced at harvest by high N-fertilizer rates compared to no or low fertilization, but throughout storage reducing sugar accumulation was increased, sucrose reduction was decreased and ascorbic acid was increased. K fertilization affected the chemical composition of the tubers somewhat similar to that of nitrogen fertilization. High initial nitrate content of the tubers seemed to be increased and low nitrate values were decreased during storage. The tubers from pot experiments showed similar changes but of greater magnitude.
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    Potato research 29 (1986), S. 427-436 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: leaf area ; tuber dry matter ; chlorophyll ; petiole sap ; sucrose ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Einsetzen von Reife und Seneszenz bei Kartoffeln ist nicht genau definiert. Bekannt sind jedoch eine Reihe von Faktoren, um dieses zu modifizieren: zum Beispiel die Stickstoffversorgung. In einem Versuch wurde der Stickstoff (als Kalksalpeter, ‘nitrochalk’) ausgelassen (N0) oder mit 40, 80, 160 und 240 kg ha−1 zur Pflanzzeit (N1 bis N4 entsprechend) verabreicht. Eine gesplittete Anwendung von N, 80 kg ha−1 zur Pflanzung und 80 kg ha−1 zur Pflanzung und 80 kg ha−1 eine Woche nach Knollenbildung (N5) war eingeschlossen. Unterschiede im Blattflächenindex (LAI, Abb. 1), Gesamtproduktion an Trockenmasse (Abb. 2) und Trockenmasse-Konzentration der Knollen (Abb. 3) wurden untersucht, um den Einfluss des Grades der Stickstoffanwendung auf das Einsetzen der Seneszenz (Abb. 1 und 2) und der Reife (Abb. 2 und 3) zu ermitteln. Die Konzentrationen an Gesamtchlorophyll (a+b) in ausgebreiteten Blättern (Abb. 4 und 5) und die Zuckerkonzentration (Abb. 6) sowie die Nitrationen (Abb. 7) im Saft der Petiolen wurden untersucht, um mögliche physiologische Indikatoren für das Einsetzen von Reife und Seneszenz zu erhalten. Die Konzentration des Gesamtchlorophylls in den Blättern war zu jeder Zeit eine Funktion der Höhe der Stickstoff-Applikation (Abb. 5) und sank graduell während des späteren Teils der Wachstumsperiode (Abb. 4). Es bedurfte keiner Kennzeichnung der Schwellenhöhe für das Einsetzen der Seneszenz. Die Konzentration sowohl an Saccharose wie auch NO3 im Petiolensaft zeigte scharfe Rückgänge (Abb. 6 und 7), welche unter Einfluss hoher N-Gaben später erfolgten. Dennoch zeigt ein Vergleich der Zeiten dieser kurzen Rückgänge mit Veränderung beim LAI, bei der Gesamttrockenmasse-Produktion und der Trockenmasse-Konzentration der Knollen (Tabelle 1), dass die Veränderung in der NO3-Konzentration nicht mit Veränderungen in Pflanzenwachstum und-entwicklung assoziiert war; der Abfall der Saccharose-Konzentration stimmte jedoch gut überein.
    Abstract: Résumé Le début de la maturité et de la sénescence de la culture de pomme de terre n'est pas bien défini mais on connait un certain nombre de facteurs qui le modifient, par example la nutrition azotée. Dans cette expérimentation l'azote est apporté aux doses de 0-40-80-160 et 240 kg/ha à la plantation (respectivement N0 à N4). Un double apport d'azote, 80 kg/ha à la plantation et 80 kg/ha une semaine après la tubérisation (N5) est inclu à l'essai. La modification de l'index de Surface Foliaire (LAI) (fig. 1), de la production totale de matière sèche (fig. 2) et de la matière sèche des tubercules (fig. 3) est suivie pour montrer l'effet des doses d'azote apportées sur la date de sénescence (fig. 1 et 2) et de maturité (fig. 2 et 3). La concentration en chlorophylle totale (a+b) dans les feuilles bien développées (fig. 4 et 5) ainsi que celle des sucres (fig. 6) et des ions nitrate (fig. 7) dans le jus pétiolaire ont été étudiées en tant qu'indicateurs physiologiques possibles de la sńescence et de la maturité. La concentration en chlorophylle totale dans les feuilles dépendait des doses d'azote apportées (fig. 5) et diminuait progressivement au fur et à mesure de l'avancement de la saison culturale (fig. 4). Elle ne donnait pas de seuil limite pour le début de la sénescence. La concentration en saccharose et en NO3 dans le jus pétiolaire montrait une chute importante mais tardive avec les fortes doses d'azote. Cependant, la comparaison de la durée de cette courte déclinaison avec les modifications du LAI, de la production totale de matière sèche et de la teneur en matière sèche des tubercules montrait que la variation du taux de NO3 n'était pas associée à l'évolution du développement de la culture, tandis que celle de la teneur en saccharose concordait bien. Nous suggérons que lorsque la concentration en saccharose des pétioles de feuilles bien développées du sommet de la plante chute fortement, les potentiels de croissance et d'accumulation de matière sèche dans les tubercules (tableau 1) deviennent limités car ils ont atteint leur maximum.
    Notes: Summary Maturity in the potato crop is, as yet, ill defined. In an experiment in which nitrogen was applied pre-planting in six treatments, the opportunity was taken to follow changes in growth and development together with changes in three possible measures of physiological activity. A sudden decline in the concentration of sugars in the petiole sap was best associated with changes in crop growth development and may be an appropriate indicator of the onset of maturity and then senescence.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nitrate ; environment ; sandy soil ; silty soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments were conducted on sandy and deep silty soils to assess the effect of physiological age of seed tubers and planting date on the response of potatoes to nitrogen fertiliser. Nitrogen optima commonly had large standard errors which made interpretation of the data difficult. On the sandy soil with cv. Record, early planting increased yield in two years but had no effect on mean N optimum (303 kg ha−1, NOpt). Mean NOpt was less on the silty soil where the cv. Pentland Squire was grown, and was reduced from 273 kg ha−1 to 241 kg ha−1 when planting was delayed by 4 weeks. Physiological age had no effect on NOpt. On the sandy soil, residual soil mineral nitrogen (RSMN) increased by 0.05 kg ha−1 per kg N fertiliser applied; on the silty soil the increase was four times as large. RSMN was larger following the late planted crop on the silty soil in one year.
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    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: colour ; petiole ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment with potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Vebeca) was conducted on a sandy soil near Wageningen (52° North) in 1992. The treatments included a zero-nitrogen control and combinations of three amounts of nitrogen, viz. 110, 180 and 250 kg N ha−1, and splitting of the N dose in one (early May), two (early May and June) or three (early May, June, July) applications. The chlorophyll content of the uppermost fully grown leaves was assessed with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Minolta, Osaka, Japan) throughout the season. The pattern of change with time in SPAd-values differed between treatments. SPAD-502 readings correlated well with laboratory measurements of the chlorophyll content and with the nitrogen concentration in leaves (r 2〉0.95). Data on the nitrate concentration in petiole sap (included as a reference) showed that this variable responded much more to split nitrogen applications than the SPAD-value. Future research will need to consider other factors which may affect the chlorophyll content of the foliage.
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    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; sodium ; nitrate ; sulphate ; micronutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The specific gravity and dry matter content of 193 tuber samples (cultivars: Arran Banner, Spunta, Up-to-Date, Cara) from crops grown at Kokkinochoria, the major potato growing area of Cyprus, were related to each other as follows: Dry matter (%)=−269.59+268.24×specific gravity. This regression accounted for 82.4% of the variation; the fiducial limits (P〈0.05) for single determinations of specific gravity were±1.54 percentage units. The mineral contents of the tubers were similar to those reported in other countries.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; dry matter partition ; nitrogen content ; DW/Nratio ; nitrate ; ammonium ; glutamic acid ; in vitro nitrogen source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Different nitrogen sources (NO3 −, NH4 +, glutamic acid and their combinations) influenced the growth and morphogenic responses (node number, shoot length, and stem, leaf and root dry weight) of three micropropagated potato cultivars (Spunta, Kennebec, Huinkul). Addition of reduced nitrogen (NH4 + or glutamic acid) in a nitrate medium increased shoot length and leaf number. The large increase in growth in plants fed with NO3 −, NH4 + could be explained by higher organic nitrogen content and enhanced dry matter partition to the shoot. This suggests that reduced nitrogen source is required, at least as a supplement to NO3 −, to enhance N assimilation and growth.
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    Mathematical geology 12 (1980), S. 489-522 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: mercury ; resource estimation ; production data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A simple technique based on historical records of tonnage and grade of ore produced provides a means for calculating how much of a mineral product will be available in the future at various average grades. Estimates made on this basis are independent of geologic considerations or changing economic and political factors, although they are based on mining history, which was largely determined by these factors. The relatively minor element, mercury, was used for the test case reported here, but the method has been found applicable to forecasts of resources for other mineral products. Mercury resources available in ore in which the average grade is as low as 0.1% are estimated to be 53 ×10 6 kg (1.5 ×10 6 flasks) for the United States and 1551 ×10 6 kg (45 ×10 6 flasks) for the world; this amount is more than adequate to meet predicted demand to the year 2000. The expectable price of mercury in 1978 dollars at this 0.1% grade is projected to be $58.75 per kg ($2,025 per flask), but at a 10% annual inflation rate, it would be more than $12,000 per flask. To satisfy just the projected U.S. demand for mercury by 2000, the price is calculated to be $48.96 per kg ($1,688 per flask) in 1978 dollars at an average annual grade of 0.12%.
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 217-228 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chemolithotrophs ; natural ecosystems ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase ; nitrification ; population ; production ; rhizosphere ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three aspects of the nitrate production in natural ecosystems are discussed,i.e. the population biology of nitrifying bacteria, the nitrate-producing activity of these organisms and the uptake of nitrate by higher plants. It is concluded that the three methods used in enumerating the nitrifying bacteria,i.e. the Most Probable Number method, the Fluorescent Antibody technique and the Potential Nitrification Rate, all have serious drawbacks and count different segments of the nitrifying populations. From the number of nitrifying bacteria no reliable estimate of the rate production can be obtained and also estimates that are made using field-incubation and15N−NH 4 + techniques do not yield reliable data. Possibly the best results can be obtained using Schimel's method to estimate the actual nitrification rate using15N−NO 3 − , but this method has still not been tested under different sets of soil conditions. From the nitrate reductase activity and the chemical composition of the plant a picture can be obtained of the quantities of nitrate and ammonium that have been taken up. However, it is shown that nitrate and ammonium are taken up in different proportions that they are produced. It is concluded that the various parameters have to be studied simultaneously, preferably in defined systems with plants, in which the participating organisms are known.
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium accumulation ; Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ; leaves ; Mediterranean ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in nitrate and ammonium concentrations were studied inCynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. plants grown for one year in the field in a Mediterranean area. Plants cultivated in a sandy loam soil were fertilized with nitrate-N or ammonium-N at two application rates (250 and 1000 kg N ha−1 year−1) and compared to controls with no added N. Plots were harvested every three weeks from May to November. Shoots were separated into leaves and stems and analyses carried out in both fractions. Nitrogen applications generally led to elevated nitrate concentrations both in leaves and stems at all sampling dates but had little influence on the ammonium concentrations of the tissues. Higher nitrate and ammonium concentrations were found in stems than in leaves, although no levels higher than 0.22% NO 3 − −N and 0.10% NH 4 + −N were detected in either fraction. Nitrate tended to accumulate mostly in autumn and spring whereas low accumulations were found in summer. Ammonium showed both in leaves and stems a progressive but limited accumulation throughout the period with a peak in October, followed by a strong decrease in November.
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 186-190 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; forest soil ; ion exchange resin ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrate ; phosphorus ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cation and anion exchange resin bags were placed just under the humus layer at five adjacent forest sample sites with differing site quality classes in order to assess the available nutrient supply. For comparison, humus samples were collected from the same sites. Nutrients were extracted from humus samples by conventional extraction methods and by shaking together with ion exchange resin bags. Ca and Mg corresponded best to differences in site quality class, of all analysed ions in thein situ resin bag eluates. Thein situ resin bag adsorption of NH4−N, Na and Mn also showed a positive correlation with site quality. The adsorption of PO4−P was negatively correlated to site quality class. Inadequate amounts of exchange resin, or leaving resin bagsin situ for too long a time result in the replacement of already adsorbed ions by ions with higher ion exchange constants.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: field bean ; nodulation ; N2 fixation ; nitrate ; Phaseolus spp. ; Rhizobium phaseoli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Common bean,Phaseolus vulgaris L., is known to be ‘inefficient’ in nodulation and N2 fixation although it responds to applied nitrogen. An experiment was conducted to identify and to characterize bean cultivars nodulating in the presence of a high level of nitrogen. Sixteen cultivars and a check for inefficient nodulation, OAC Seaforth, were inoculated and grown for 40 days in replicated pots supplied with zero, 3.5 and 10.5 mM combined nitrogen as NO 3 − and NH 4 + . Seven traits relating to nodulation and N2 fixation were all significantly affected by N level (N), cultivar (Cv) and N × Cv interactions (except for root dry weight), indicating that cultivars responded differently to the N treatments. Total dry weight (W) and shoot to root ratio (S/R) increased with the increased N levels. Nodule dry weight (Wn), visual nodulation score (Nv) and nodulation index (Nx) decreased as the N increased. Percent N and N content per plant increased with the increased N level. Plant weight (W) was positively correlated with Wn, Nv and N content and negatively correlated with %N. Nodulation score was positively associated with Wn and plant N content. Genotypes superior in nodulation and N2 fixation in the presence of N were identified. Cultivars Italian Barlotti, California Light Red Kidney, Kentucky Wonder A and Pueblo 152 were selected for further testing and use in improving the nitrate tolerant nodulating characteristic of bean.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; labile organic P ; nitrate ; N mineralization ; phosphorus ; Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma ; soil nutrient availability ; soil nutrient pools ; spatial variation ; temporal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As part of a research project on the variation in life-history characteristics within a population of Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma, seasonal and spatial variability in the availability of macronutrients (N, P, and K) were examined on a small scale in the 0–25 cm soil depth at a primary beach plain site, embanked since 1966. On the basis of distinct differences, among other things, in plant biomass, an a priori division into three different types of microhabitat occurring in a mosaic distribution pattern was made: an overall low-lying area (subsite 1) with slightly elevated patches of 0.5 to 1.5 m in diameter (subsite 2) and rather large patches, 20 to 40 m in diameter, of sea buckthorn shrubs, with small and relatively open spots (subsite 3) in the transitional zone from lower area into scrub. All three subsite types were studied within a total area of approximately 2000 m2. Three methods of analysis were applied: an inventory survey (sampling once at the start of the growing season), an analysis of the seasonal variation (sampling at approximately monthly intervals during the period April-November), and an assessment of nitrogen mineralization potentials in the laboratory (sampling once at the beginning of the growing season). All three procedures clearly demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the availability of nutrients over very short distances, i.e. a pronounced spatial variability among subsites. Particularly the availability of N and P appeared to have increased at the subsites 2 and 3, when compared to subsite 1. This small-scale differentiation in soil properties has occurred in an essentially homogeneous parent material (e.g. in texture and carbonate content) over a period of about 20 years. Besides a spatial variability, statistically significant temporal fluctuations were observed in the availability of N, P, and K. Relative fluctuations of mineral N (as indicated by the range/mean ratio) were especially large at the subsites 2 and 3.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interaction ; green manure ; 15N ; N loss ; neem ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about whether the high N losses from inorganic N fertilizers applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by the combined use of either legume green manure or residue with N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping systems before rice on the fate and use efficiency of15N-labeled, urea and neem cake (Azadirachta indica Juss.) coated urea (NCU) applied to the subsequent transplanted lowland rice crop. The pre-rice cropping systems were fallow, cowpea incorporated at the flowering stage as a green manure, and cowpea grown to maturity with subsequent incorporation of residue remaining after grain and pod removal. The incorporated green manure contained 70 and 67 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incorporated residue contained 54 and 49 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The unrecovered15N in the15N balances for 58 kg N ha−1 applied as urea or NCU ranged from 23 to 34% but was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. The partial pressure of ammoniapNH3, and floodwater (nitrate + nitrite)-N following application of 29 kg N ha−1 as urea or NCU to 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 14 days after transplanting was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. In plots not fertilized with urea or NCU, green manure contributed an extra 12 and 26 kg N ha−1, to mature rice plants in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The corresponding contributions from residue were 19 and 23 kg N ha−1, respectively. Coating urea with 0.2g neem cake per g urea had no effect on loss of urea-N in either year; however, it significantly increased grain yield (0.4 Mg ha−1) and total plant N (11 kg ha−1) in 1987 but not in 1986.
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; corn ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ method, derived from anin vivo method, was used to determine nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in:i) excised barley and corn shoots and excised soybean leaves during a N-depletion experiment and; ii) roots and shoots of N-depleted barley and corn seedlings during induction of nitrate, reductase (NR). Nitrate reduction, calculated from thesein situ RNA measurements, was compared with estimates of each organ's nitrate reduction in light aerobic conditions from NO 3 − consumption and a15N model (Gojonet al., 1986b). Thein situ RNA of roots strongly underestimated their15NO 3 − reduction. In contrast, in barley and corn shoots and in the first trifoliolate leaves from 26-day-old, soybean, thein situ NRA assay gave a fair approximation of the true NO 3 − reduction rate (relative differences ranging from −14 to +32%). In young soybean leaves (from 20-day-old plants), however, thein situ NRA strongly underestimated the actual NO 3 − reduction. The physiological significance of thein situ NRA assay in shoots and roots, and its value for field studies are discussed from these results.
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    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Details are presented of a simple mathematical framework that allows 15N tracer experiments to be interpreted in terms of the main processes of the soil/plant nitrogen cycle. The calculations, all of which can be performed on a scientific calculator, yield the rates of gross mineralization and nitrification and the crop nitrogen uptake occurring as ammonium and nitrate. Two procedures are presented. One requires paired experiments with labelled ammonium and unlabelled nitrate as one treatment, and unlabelled ammonium and labelled nitrate as the other. The second procedure requires only the labelled ammonium, unlabelled nitrate treatment. Example calculations are presented using actual experimental data. The interpretative procedure uses the fact that the rate of isotopic dilution in an ammonium pool labelled with 15N is a function of the rate at which unlabelled ammonium is introduced into the pool via mineralization. Similarly, the rate of isotope dilution in an 15N labelled nitrate pool is a function of the rate at which unlabelled nitrate is introduced into the pool via nitrification.
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    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 97-105 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pulse dilution 15N technique was used in the field to determine the effect of the ammonium to nitrate ratio in a fertilizer application on the uptake of ammonium and nitrate by ryegrass and on gross rates of mineralization and nitrification. Two experiments were performed, corresponding approximately to the first and second cuts of grass. Where no substantial recent immobilization of inorganic nitrogen had occurred, mineralization was insensitive to the form of nitrogen applied, ranging from 2.1–2.6 kg N ha-1 d-1. The immobilization of ammonium increased as the proportion of ammonium in the application increased. In the second experiment there was evidence that high rates of immobilization in the first experiment were associated with high rates of mineralization in the second. The implication was that some nitrogen immobilized in the first experiment was re-mineralized during the second. Whether this was nitrogen taken up, stored in roots and released following defoliation was not clear. Nitrification rates in this soil were low (0.1–0.63 kg N ha-1 d-1), and as a result, varying the ratio of ammonium to nitrate applied markedly altered the relative uptake of ammonium and nitrate. In the first experiment, where temperatures were low, preferential uptake of ammonium occurred, but where 〉90% of the uptake was as ammonium, a reduction in yield and nitrogen uptake was observed. In the second experiment, where temperatures and growth rates were higher, the proportion of ammonium to nitrate taken up had no effect on yield or nitrogen uptake.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: lucerne ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase ; Rhizobium meliloti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixing plants of lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Aragón) were grown in a glasshouse for three months in the absence of nitrate, and then supplied with 5 mM KNO3 for a week. In control (non-nitrate fed) plants, nitrate reductase activity (NRA EC 1.6.6.1) was detected only in nodules. After nitrate supply, root NRA showed a transient increase. Shoot NRA increased with time, paralleling changes in nitrate distribution; stem NRA represented nearly 50% of total NRA in plant tissues. Total nitrogen, expressed on a dry weight basis, tended to decrease in shoots upon nitrate supply. Bacteroid NRA (EC 1.7.99.4) showed a great variation depending on Rhizobium meliloti strains, ranging from 5 to 40% of total plant NRA. However, different Rhizobium strains did not give different results in terms of plant growth parameters, nitrate or organic nitrogen content.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; copper toxicity ; nitrate ; nitrogen uptake ; protein content ; Silene vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of copper on the uptake of nitrogen and the tissue contents of inorganic nitrogen, amino acids and proteins were studied in cooper-sensitive Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, grown at different nitrogen sources (NH4 + or NO3 -). All the toxic copper levels tested, i.e. 4, 8, 16 μM Cu2+, strongly inhibited the uptake of nitrogen, especially of NO3 -, and decreased the content of NO3 -, amino acids and proteins. Especially at 4 and 8 μM Cu2+, NH4 + accumulated in the plants, suggesting that the conversion of NH4 - into amino acids was inhibited.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Ca-phosphate ; Fe/Al-phosphate ; nitrate ; P mobilization ; rhizosphere pH ; ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mobilization of soil P as the result of plant-induced changes of soil pH in the vicinity of plant roots was studied. Seedlings of ryegrass were grown in small containers separating roots from soil by a 30-μm meshed nylon screen which root hairs could penetrate but not roots. Two soils were used, a luvisol containing P mainly bound to calcium and an oxisol containing P mainly bound (adsorbed) to iron and aluminum. Plant-induced changes of soil pH were brought about by application of ammonium-or nitrate-nitrogen. After plants had grown for 10 d the soil was sliced in thin layers parallel to the root mat which had developed on the screen, and both soil pH and residual P determined. Mobilization of P was assessed by P-depletion profiles of the rhizosphere soil. Soil pH at the root surface decreased by up to 1.6 units as the result of ammonium N nutrition and it increased by up to 0.6 units as the result of nitrate N nutrition. These changes extended to a distance between 1 and 4 mm from the root surface depending on the type of soil and the source and level of nitrogen applied. In the luvisol, compared to zero-N treatment, P mobilization increased with the NH4-induced decrease in pH, whereas the NO3-induced pH increase had no effect. In contrast, in the oxisol a similar pH decrease caused by NH4 nutrition had no effect, whereas the pH increase caused by NO3 increased markedly the mobilization of soil P. It is concluded that in the luvisol calcium phosphates were dissolved by acidification, whereas in the oxisol adsorbed phosphate was mobilized by ligand exchange.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological nitrogen fixation ; denitrification ; fallow ; flooded soil ; leaching ; legume ; nitrate ; nitrogen balance ; nitrogen loss ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lowlands comprise 87% of the 145 M ha of world rice area. Lowland rice-based cropping systems are characterized by soil flooding during most of the rice growing season. Rainfall distribution, availability of irrigation water and prevailing temperatures determine when rice or other crops are grown. Nitrogen is the most required nutrient in lowland rice-based cropping systems. Reducing fertilizer N use in these cropping systems, while maintaining or enhancing crop output, is desirable from both environmental and economic perspectives. This may be possible by producing N on the land through legume biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), minimizing soil N losses, and by improved recycling of N through plant residues. At the end of a flooded rice crop, organic- and NH4-N dominate in the soil, with negligible amounts of NO3. Subsequent drying of the soil favors aerobic N transformations. Organic N mineralizes to NH4, which is rapidly nitrified into NO3. As a result, NO3 accumulates in soil during the aerobic phase. Recent evidence indicates that large amounts of accumulated soil NO3 may be lost from rice lowlands upon the flooding of aerobic soil for rice production. Plant uptake during the aerobic phase can conserve soil NO3 from potential loss. Legumes grown during the aerobic phase additionally capture atmospheric N through BNF. The length of the nonflooded season, water availability, soil properties, and prevailing temperatures determine when and where legumes are, or can be, grown. The amount of N derived by legumes through BNF depends on the interaction of microbial, plant, and environmental determinants. Suitable legumes for lowland rice soils are those that can deplete soil NO3 while deriving large amounts of N through BNF. Reducing soil N supply to the legume by suitable soil and crop management can increase BNF. Much of the N in legume biomass might be removed from the land in an economic crop produce. As biomass is removed, the likelihood of obtaining a positive soil N balance diminishes. Nonetheless, use of legumes rather than non-legumes is likely to contribute higher quantities of N to a subsequent rice crop. A whole-system approach to N management will be necessary to capture and effectively use soil and atmospheric sources of N in the lowland rice ecosystem.
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  • 62
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    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 115-125 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: N-mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrate ; radiata pine ; deformation ; tree form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nitrogen availability were carried out in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations on former pasture sites in N.S.W. in conjunction with studies of the effects of previous land use on tree form. Sites were selected on previously improved pastures (cleared with introduced legumes) and unimproved pastures (partially cleared without legumes) to form age sequences of stands which had been established for periods of up to fifteen years. Mineral-N pools in soils and forest floor samples were determined monthly for thirteen months and nitrification potentials were determined from periodic laboratory incubations. Nitrate and ammonium pools in 2-, 4-, 6-, 9- and 15-year-old radiata pine stands fluctuated seasonally, peaking in summer and autumn. Maximum total mineral-N concentrations of 20 to 40 μg g−1 soil occurred in the youngest, ex-improved pastures with nitrate-N concentrations of up to 25 μg g−1. In the 15-year-old stands, nitrate-N was only detected during autumn, at less than 5 μg g−1 soil. Net N-mineralization and nitrification potentials were consistently higher in the ex-improved pasture soils compared with the ex-unimproved pastures. N availability decreased with increasing stand age in the ex-improved pasture soils, but the pattern was less clear for the unimproved pasture sites. Suppression of clover by pines and the accumulation of nitrogen in the standing biomass are thought to be the major factors controlling the decline of available N during stand development.
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  • 63
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    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; glutamate dehydrogenase ; glutamine synthetase ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase ; Plantago lanceolata ; Plantago major
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the aims (1) to test whether the different natural occurrence of twoPlantago species in grasslands is explained by a different preference of the species for nitrate or ammonium; (2) to test whether the different occurrence is explained by differences in the flexibility of the species towards changes in the nitrogen form; (3) to find suitable parameters as a tool to study ammonium and nitrate utilization of these species at the natural sites in grasslands, plants ofPlantago lanceolata andP. major ssp.major were grown with an abundant supply of nitrate, ammonium or nitrate+ammonium as the nitrogen source (0.5 mM). The combination of ammonium and nitrate gave a slightly higher final plant weight than nitrate or ammonium alone. Ammonium lowered the shoot to root ratio inP. major. Uptake of nitrate per g root was faster than that of ammonium, but from the mixed source ammonium and nitrate were taken up at the same rate. In vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was present in both shoot and roots of plants receiving nitrate. When ammonium was applied in addition to nitrate, NRA of the shoot was not affected, but in the root the activity decreased. Thus, a larger proportion of total NRA was present in the shoot than with nitrate alone. In vitro glutamate dehydrogenase activity (GDHA) was enhanced by ammonium, both in the shoot and in the roots.In vitro glutamine synthetase activity (GSA) was highest in roots of plants receiving ammonium. Both GDHA and GSA were higher inP. lanceolata than inP. major. The concentration of ammonium in the roots increased with ammonium, but it did not accumulate in the shoot. The concentration of amino acids in the roots was also enhanced by ammonium. Protein concentration was not affected by the form of nitrogen. Nitrate accumulated in both the shoot and the roots of nitrate grown plants. When nitrate in the solution was replaced by ammonium, the nitrate concentration in the roots decreased rapidly. It also decreased in the shoot, but slowly. It is concluded that the nitrogen metabolism of the twoPlantago species shows a similar response to a change in the form of the nitrogen source, and that differences in natural occurrence of these species are not related to a differential adaptation of nitrogen metabolism towards the nitrogen form. Suitable parameters for establishing the nitrogen source in the field are thein vivo NRA, nitrate concentrations in tissues and xylem exudate, and the fraction of total reduced nitrogen in the roots that is in the soluble form, and to some extent thein vitro GDHA and GSA of the roots.
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  • 64
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    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; ammonia toxicity ; maize (Zea mays L.) ; nitrate ; nitrogen use efficiency ; root length density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of maize seedlings can be improved by enhanced ammonium nutrition, but placing fertilizer anhydrous ammonia close to seedlings introduces the risk of ammonia toxicity. In this study, growth and root elongation response to rates of closely placed NH4OH bands were investigated in two contrasting maize hybrids. Seven rates of NH4OH, ranging from 0 to 200 mg N kg-1 soil were injected into the center of each pot. A single rate of Ca(NO3)2-N was included to compare hybrids for N form preference at a moderate N rate. Three seedlings per pot were planted 5.7 cm from the injection point. Hybrid B73×LH51 produced a quadratic response in shoot growth to NH4OH rates, whereas LH74×LH123 exhibited a significant linear decline in response to NH4OH rate. Root length density sampled from the fertlized zone declined linearly in response to NH4OH rate while a slight increase in root length density in unfertilized zones was observed at intermediate NH4OH rates. Hybrids did not differ in root length density in either zone. The hybrid with greater tolerance of NH4OH rates (B73×LH51) also showed a preference in shoot growth for NH4-over NO3-N at 66.7 mg N kg-1 compared to LH74×LH123. On average across hybrids, nitrate concentrations of xylem exudate collected from detopped plants were 14.5 mmol g-1 for Ca(NO3)2 treatments and 1.5 mmol g-1 for NH4OH treatments, indicating that contrasting N-form nutrition resulted from fertilizer treatments. Malate concentrations were higher in the NH4OH treatment indicating that this organic acid anion may substitute for the negative charge of nitrate during enhanced ammonium nutrition in maize. The results suggest that potentially useful genetic variation exists in maize for N form preference and for tolerance to increasing ammonical-N rates.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; cyanides ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; pseudomonads ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field cropped with wheat, a high and low level of soil conduciveness to take-all were induced by applying a nitrogen fertilizer with either calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate. From these two soils, two representative populations of fluorescent pseudomonads were tested for their in situ behaviour. Take-all index and root dry weight were assessed on plants cropped in soils infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) and each bacterized with one of the isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads. The bacteria tested can be split into three groups: antagonists which reduce take-all, deleterious isolates which aggravate the disease and neutral without evident effect on the disease. The predominance of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads in the NH4-treated soil and the predominance of deleterious ones in the NO3-treated soil was confirmed after statistical analysis. The microbial impact on take-all must be more considered as the resulting effect of divergent activities of both rhizobacteria types than the only consequences of the presence of antagonistic pseudomonads. All the high cyanogenic pseudomonads were antagonists in situ and were more numerous in the NH4-treated soil than in the NO3-treated soil.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizers ; fluorescent pseudomonads ; root system ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Take-all of wheat, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt), is reduced by ammoniacal fertilizers as compared to nitrate sources. This influence of nitrogen on the disease is only observed on nodal roots at flowering. But soil conduciveness to take-all, as measured in a soil bioassay, is modified earlier. Forty days after nitrogen application at early tillering, the NH4-treated soil became less conducive than the NO3-treated one. When nitrogen applications are done at sowing and at tillering, differences in disease propagation between the two soils are enhanced. Results from four years of experimentation show that when the level of natural soil inoculum is high, disease severity is reduced by ammonium, showing an effect on the parasitic phase of Ggt. At a low level of natural inoculum the effect of the source of nitrogen is mainly observed on the percent of infected plants, indicating that the saprophytic and preparasitic phases are affected. Rhizospheric bacterial populations increase from sowing to tillering, but differences on take-all conduciveness after tillering are not correlated with differences in the amounts of aerobic bacteria or fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from soils treated with different sources of nitrogen. Qualitative changes in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. populations, like in vitro antagonism, are more likely to explain differences in soil conduciveness to take-all than are quantitative changes in this group. Nevertheless, the introduction of Ggt in a cropped soil leads to a greater increase in fluorescent pseudomonads populations than in total aerobic bacteria. The delay between reducing soil conduciveness and reducing disease in the field with ammonium nitrogen fertilization, the qualitative change of fluorescent pseudomonads populations and the role of necroses in rhizobacteria multiplication, provide information leading to our representation of a dynamic model based on the differentiation of the wheat root system into seminal and nodal roots.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: influx ; localized supply ; Lolium multiflorum ; net uptake rate ; nitrate ; root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots of higher plants are usually exposed to varying spatial and temporal changes in concentrations of soil mineral nitrogen. A split root system was used to see how Lolium multiflorum Lam. roots adapt to such variations to cope with their N requirements. Plants were grown in hydroponic culture with their root system split in two spatially separated compartments allowing them to be fed with or without KNO3. Net NO3 - uptake, 15NO3 - influx and root growth were studied in relation to time. Within less than 24 h following deprivation of KNO3 to half the roots, the influx in NO3 - fed roots was observed to increase (about 200% of the influx measured in plant uniformly NO3 - supplied control plant) thereby compensating the whole plant for the lack of uptake by the N deprived roots. Due to the large NO3 - concentrations in the roots, the NO3 - efflux was also increased so that the net uptake rate increased only slightly (35% maximum) compared with the values obtained for control plants uniformly supplied with NO3 -. This increase in net NO3 - uptake rate was not sufficient to compensate the deficit in N uptake rate of the NO3 - deprived split root in the short term. Over a longer period (〉1 wk), root growth of the part of the root system locally supplied with NO3 - was stimulated. An increase in root growth was mainly responsable for the greater uptake of nitrate in Lolium multiflorum so that it was able to fully compensate the deficit in N uptake rate of the NO3 - deprived split root.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; citrus ; nitrate ; NO3 −/NH4 + ratio ; nitrogen ; nutrient solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In short-term water culture experiments with different 15N labeled ammonium or nitrate concentrations, citrus seedlings absorbed NH4 + at a higher rate than NO3 −. Maximum NO3 − uptake by the whole plant occurred at 120 mg L−1 NO3 −-N, whereas NH4 + absorption was saturated at 240 mg L−1 NH4 +-N. 15NH4 + accumulated in roots and to a lesser degree in both leaves and stems. However, 15NO3 − was mostly partitioned between leaves and roots. Adding increasing amounts of unlabeled NH4 + (15–60 mg L−1 N) to nutrient solutions containing 120 mg L−1 N as 15N labeled nitrate reduced 15NO3 − uptake. Maximum inhibition of 15NO3 − uptake was about 55% at 2.14 mM NH4 + (30 mg L−1 NH4 +-N) and it did not increase any further at higher NH4 + proportions. In a long-term experiment, the effects of concentration and source of added N (NO3 − or NH4 +) on nutrient concentrations in leaves from plants grown in sand were evaluated. Leaf concentration of N, P, Mg, Fe and Cu were increased by NH4 + versus NO3 − nutrition, whereas the reverse was true for Ca, K, Zn and Mn. The effects of different NO3 −-N:NH4 +-N ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) at 120 mg L−1 total N on leaf nutrient concentrations, fruit yield and fruit characteristics were investigated in another long-term experiment with plants grown in sand cultures. Nitrogen concentrations in leaves were highest when plants were provided with either NO3 − or NH4 + as a sole source of N. Lowest N concentration in leaves was found with a 75:25 NO3 −-N/NH4 +-N ratio. With increasing proportions of NH4 + in the N supply, leaf nutrients such as P, Mg, Fe and Cu increased, whereas Ca, K, Mn and Zn decreased. Yield in number of fruits per tree was increased significantly by supplying all N as NH4 +, although fruit weight was reduced. The number of fruits per tree was lowest with the 75:25 NO3 −-N:NH4 +-N ratio, but in this treatment fruits reached their highest weight. Rind thickness, juice acidity, and colour index of fruits decreased with increasing NH4 + in the N supply, whereas the % pulp and maturity index increased. Percent of juice in fruits and total soluble solids were only slightly affected by NO3 −:NH4 + ratio.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; ammonitrate ; Coffea arabica L. ; Glomus intraradices ; nitrate ; nutrient uptake ; pH ; rhizosphere ; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of N sources (ammonium, nitrate and ammonitrate) and VA mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices) on rhizosphere soil characteristics (pH, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable cations, inorganic N concentrations) growth and nutrient acquisition of coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica L. cv guatemala) were investigated in a pot study with an acid soil (Red Bluff Loam) sterilized by autoclaving. Ammonium addition decreased rhizosphere pH while nitrate and ammonitrate additions both increased rhizosphere pH. Mycorrhizae induced a higher pH, a lower exchangeable acidity and higher values of exchangeable cations in the rhizosphere. Ammonium addition resulted in a lower mycorrhizal infection than the two other N sources. Mycorrhizal plants grew better and accumulated more N, Ca and Mg than non-mycorrhizal plants.
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  • 70
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    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; nitrate ; split-roots ; root exudate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of plant-root N-status on bacterial growth in the rhizosphere was studied with 5-week-old wheat plants grown in soil with low N content obtained by mixing 9:1 gravel:sandy loam. As a consequence of N limitation, significant increase in3Hthymidine (Tdr) incorporation rate occured 3 days after addition of 30 mM ammonium compared to controls without ammonium. Plants were grown with split-roots to separate the effect of soil N from effect of plant root derived organic matter-N on bacterial activity. The increase in nitrate concentration from 10 mM to 30 mM at one part of the root system led to significant increased3HT dr incorporation in the rhizosphere at the other part of root system after 4 days showing that the composition of root exudates became more favourable for bacterial growth when plants were fertilized with the higher level of nitrate.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; DIC ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase ; rhizosphere ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Previous reports have indicated positive effects of enriched rhizosphere dissolved inorganic carbon on the growth of salinity-stressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill. cv. F144) plants. In the present work we tested whether a supply of CO2 enriched air to the roots of hydroponically grown tomato plants had an effect on nitrogen uptake in these plants. Uptake was followed over periods of 6 to 12 hours and measured as the depletion of nitrogen from the nutrient solution aerated with either ambient or CO2 enriched air. Enriched rhizosphere CO2 treatments (5000 μmol mol-1) increased NO3 - uptake up to 30% at pH 5.8 in hydroponically grown tomato plants compared to control treatments aerated with ambient CO2 (360 μmol mol-1). Enriched rhizosphere CO2 treatments had no effect on NH3 + uptake. Acetazolamide, an inhibitor of apoplastic carbonic anhydrase, increased NO3 - uptake in ambient rhizosphere CO2 treatments, but had no effect on NO3 - uptake in enriched rhizosphere CO2 treatments. Ethoxyzolamide, an inhibitor of both cytoplasmic and extracellular carbonic anhydrase, decreased NO3 - uptake in ambient rhizosphere CO2 treatments. In contrast, a CO2 enriched rhizosphere increased NO3 - uptake with ethoxyzolamide, although not to the same extent as in plants without ethoxyzolamide. It is suggested that a supply of enriched CO2 to the rhizosphere influenced NO3 - uptake through the formation of increased amounts of HCO3 - in the cytosol.
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  • 72
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    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; ammonium ; induction ; maize ; nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments with two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were conducted to determine (a) if the inhibition of nitrate uptake by aluminium involved a restriction in the induction (synthesis/assemblage) of nitrate transporters, and (b) if the magnitude of the inhibition was affected by the concurrent presence of ambient ammonium. At pH 4.5, the rate of nitrate uptake from 240 μM NH4NO3 was maximally inhibited by 100 μM aluminium, but there was little measurable effect on the rate of ammonium uptake. Presence of ambient aluminium did not eliminate the characteristic induction pattern of nitrate uptake upon first exposure of nitrogen-depleted seedlings to that ion. Removal of ambient aluminium after six hours of induction resulted in recovery within 30 minutes to rates of nitrate uptake that were similar to those of plants induced in absence of aluminium. Addition of aluminium to plants that had been induced in absence of aluminium rapidly restricted the rate of nitrate uptake to the level of plants that had been induced in the presence of aluminium. The data are interpreted as indicating that aluminium inhibited the activity of nitrate transporters to a greater extent than the induction of those transporters. When aluminium was added at initiation of induction, the effect of ambient ammonium on development of the inhibition by aluminium differed between the two hybrids. The responses indicate a complex interaction between the aluminium and ammonium components of high acidity soils in their influence on nitrate uptake. ei]{gnA C}{fnBorstlap}
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivar ; nitrate ; nitrate leaching ; N utilization ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a 2-year field experiment conducted on a Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart-Hohenheim one experimental and nine commercial maize cultivars were compared for their ability to utilize soil nitrate and to reduce related losses of nitrate through leaching. Soil nitrate was monitored periodically in CaCl2 extracts and in suction cup water. Nitrate concentrations in suction water were generally higher than in CaCl2 extracts. Both methods revealed that all cultivars examined were able to extract nitrate down to a soil depth of at least 120 cm (1988 season) or 150 cm (1987 season). Significant differences among the cultivars existed in nitrate depletion particularly in the subsoil. At harvest, residual nitrate in the upper 150 cm of the profile ranged from 73–110 kg N ha−1 in 1987 and from 59–119 kg N ha−1 in 1988. Residual nitrate was closely correlated with nitrate losses by leaching because water infiltration at 120 cm soil depth started 4 weeks after harvest (1987) or immediately after harvest (1988) and continued until early summer of the following year. The calculated amount of nitrate lost by leaching was strongly influenced by the method of calculation. During the winter of 1987/88 nitrate leaching ranged from 57–84 kg N ha−1 (suction cups) and 40–55 kg N ha−1 (CaCl2 extracts), respectively. The corresponding values for the winter of 1988/89 were 47–79 and 20–39 kg N ha−1, respectively. ei]Section editor: B E Clothier
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate ; nitrate leaching ; nitrogen availability ; nitrogen uptake ; plant indicator method ; spring wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long-term comparison between two routine soil nitrogen tests, soil nitrate versus plant indicator method, was performed on the Negev Desert loessial soil in Israel. The Gilat plant indicator method was found to be a better method to reflect the soil nitrogen availability for wheat under field conditions. It was found that 15 to 38 kg ha-1 of NO3-N, measured by nitrate soil test, for each 30 cm soil increment, is not available for plant uptake. This plant unavailable NO3-N background in the soil cannot be leached by repeated irrigation cycles of 100 mm each, or by heavy rains.
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  • 75
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    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 353-354 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cowpea ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrate ; partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract If the quality and quantity of yields from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) are to be maximised, a complete understanding of the N nutrition of the plant must be achieved. The N requirement for developing pods of this species may come from mobilization of N in vegetative tissue, biological N fixation and uptake of N from soil. In this study, the fate of a pulse of fixed 15N2 or of 15NO3-given to different cowpea plants during pod development was determined. The plants were grown in vermiculite in plastic pots that were able to be sealed with silicone adhesive and equipped with a rubber septum so that 15N2 gas could be injected into the air space above the vermiculite, and gas losses would be eliminated. Nineteen days after injection of 15N2 the pods, leaves, nodules and roots contained 65%, 15%, 9%, and 4%, respectively of the quantity of 15N2 fixed. When 15NO3-15N was taken up by other plants during this period, these plant parts contained 40%, 26%, 3% and 19%, respectively, of the total plant 15N. The percentage 15N in roots was greater, and that of 15N in nodules was lower, when 15NO3-15N was applied than when 15N2 was utilised by plants. These results indicate that, while a high percentage of fixed-N or NO3-N given to cowpea plants moved to the developing pods, other sinks were competing for this newly-aquired N.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Glycine max ; nitrate ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule number ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The capabilities of 36 diverse strains of bradyrhizobia to nodulate the soybean cv. Wilkin were determined in pots using starter-N levels of 0 and 51 mM (KNO3). At 21 days after planting, the strains showed a broad range of nodule number per plant. Nodulation was totally suppressed by N only in a group of strains which also formed relatively few nodules under N-free conditions. When plants were grown until 42 days, these strains continued to be poorly infective under N-free conditions, whereas their nodulation was greatly improved by the high-N treatment (N became limiting at between 21 and 42 days in the high-N treatment). We conclude that optimization of plant growth potential, by application of N, is important when determining strain infectivity.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Hippophaë rhamnoides ; hydroxyl-ion efflux ; ionic balance ; ion uptake ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase activity ; proton efflux ; rhizosphere pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of 2-month-old nonnodulatedHippophaë rhamnoides seedlings supplied with combined N was compared with that of nodulated seedlings grown on zero N. Plant growth was significantly better with combined N than with N2 fixation and, although not statistically significant for individual harvests, tended to be highest in the presence of NH 4 + , a mixture of NH 4 + and NO 3 − producing the highest yields. Growth was severely reduced when solely dependent on N2 fixation and, unlike the combined-N plants, shoot to root ratios had only slightly increased after an initial decrease. An apparently insufficient nodule mass (nodule weight ratio 〈5 per cent) during the greater part of the experimental period is suggested as the main cause of the growth reduction in N2-fixing plants. Thein vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of NO 3 − dependent plants was almost entirely located in the roots. However, when grown with a combination of NO 3 − and NH 4 + , root NRA was decreased by approximately 85 per cent.H. rhamnoides demonstrated in the mixed supply a strong preference for uptake of N as NH 4 + , NO 3 − contributing only for approximately 20 per cent to the total N assimilation. Specific rates of N acquisition and ion uptake were generally highest in NO 3 − +NH 4 + plants. The generation of organic anions per unit total plant dry weight was approximately 40 per cent less in the NH 4 + plants than in the NO 3 − plants. Measured extrusions of H+ or OH− (HCO 3 − ) were generally in good agreement with calculated values on the basis of plant composition, and the acidity generated with N2 fixation amounted to 0.45–0.55 meq H+. (mmol Norg)−1. Without acidity control and in the presence of NH 4 + , specific rates of ion uptake and carboxylate generation were strongly depressed and growth was reduced by 30–35 per cent. Growth of nonnodulatedH. rhamnoides plants ceased at the lower pH limit of 3.1–3.2 and deterioration set in; in the case of N2-fixing plants the nutrient solution pH stabilized at a value of 3.8–3.9 without any apparent adverse effects upon plant performance. The chemical composition of experimental and field-growing plants is being compared and some comments are made on the nitrogen supply characteristics of their natural sites.
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  • 78
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    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alternative path respiration ; ammonium ; ionic balance ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase ; Plantago ; root respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract P. lanceolata andP. major were grown in culture solutions with nitrate or ammonium as the nitrogen source. Dry matter accumulation in the shoot was faster with nitrate than with ammonium, whilst that of the roots was not affected by the nitrogen source. As a consequence, the shoot-to-root ratio was lower with ammonium than with nitrate. InP. lanceolata, dry matter percentage of shoot and root tissue was lower with nitrate nutrition, suggesting better elongation growth than with ammonium. However, in shoot tissue ofP. major the opposite was found. The rate of root respiration declined with time, and this was almost completely due to a declining activity of the alternative path, which amounted to about 30–60% of total root respiration. Respiration via the cytochrome path was for a part of time slightly increased by ammonium, whereas the activity of the alternative path was strongly enhanced. The concentration of ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (SC) in the roots of both species was higher when nitrate was used, but no difference in the concentration of starch was found. When the plants were transferred from one nitrogen source to the other, many parameters, including the concentration of nitrate and chloride, and the shoot to root ratio, adjusted to the new situation in both species.
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  • 79
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    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; maize ; nitrate ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminium toxicity has been shown to decrease NO3 - uptake in Zea mays seedlings during the first 30 minutes after addition of Al3+. This suggests that NO3 - uptake inhibition could be a primary response to Al addition. We therefore tested the hypothesis that NO3 - uptake and root elongation are affected differently by Al3+. Eight-day old seedlings were exposed to 100 μM Al3+ in the presence of 1 or 10 mM Ca2+, added as either CaSO4 or CaCl2. In the presence of Al3+, cumulative uptake of NO3 --N during an 8 h period was not affected by Ca2+ level (1 or 10 mM). Root elongation at 1 mM Ca2+ was decreased to 63% of the control by the presence of Al3+. Raising ambient Ca2+ from 1 to 10 mM in the presence of Al3+ restored elongation rates to 78% (CaCl2) and 88% (CaSO4) of elongation without Al. Because reductions in root elongation were partially overcome by added Ca2+, but lowered uptake of NO3 - was not, it was concluded that Al3+ toxicity decreased root growth and NO3 - uptake by different mechanisms.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidic soils ; ammonium ; Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. ; nitrate ; nitrification ; N-mineralization ; NRA ; seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two Dutch heathland sites Hoorneboeg (HB) and Ede, dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa and differing in nitrate production, were sampled for an entire growing season. A large number of soil and plant parameters were monitored in an attempt to assess the contribution of nitrate in the N supply and its assimilation by Deschampsia. Average NO3 − and NH4 + concentrations (mg kg−1) in the top 10-cm depth were 0.03 and 2.2, respectively, for HB, and 2.1 and 6.7, respectively, for Ede. Laboratory incubations of intact cores and experiments with FH-layer suspensions showed significantly higher mineralization and nitrification rates for the Ede site during most of the season. Nitrification was largely controlled by the rate of net N-mineralization, which in turn was highly affected by soil moisture. Nitrate production was virtually zero at HB and accounted for 25% of the net N-mineralization at Ede. Shoot chemical composition showed no essential differences for the two sites, but mean in vivo (current) foliar NRA was almost 2-fold higher at Ede than at HB, indicating some utilization of nitrate at the former location. At the HB site with essentially no nitrate production, however, enzyme activities were clearly higher than ‘basal’ constitutive levels in NH4 +-fed plants. Apparently, shoot NRA at the HB site became positively affected by factors other than nitrate availability and/or showed disproportional increases in response to atmospheric nitrate inputs. Root NRA displayed the same low basal level at the two sites. Nitrate fertilization (100 kg N ha−1) yielded maximally induced foliar NRAs similar to levels found in hydroponic nitrate plants. Although no accumulation of free NO3 − was observed in shoots from fertilized plots, increases in foliar concentrations of both organic N and carboxylates clearly indicated nitrate assimilation. Root NRA showed no response to nitrate addition. It is concluded that current NRA measurements in Deschampsia at heathland sites are of limited value only, especially when interpreted ‘in isolation’. A combined approach, using concurrently conducted soil and plant analyses, will allow the extent of nitrate utilization in the field to be best characterized.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; localised nutrient ; mineralisation ; 15N ; nitrate ; organic residue ; proliferation ; roots ; soil ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain nutrients mineralised from organic matter in the soil, plants have to respond to its heterogeneous distribution. We measured the timing of nitrogen uptake by wheat from a localised, 15N labelled organic residue in soil, as well as the timing of changes in root length density. We calculated the rates of N uptake per unit root length (inflows) for roots growing through the residue and for the whole root system. A stimulated local inflow appeared to be the main mechanism of exploitation of the residue N during the first five days of exploitation. 8% of the N that the plants would ultimately obtain from the residue was captured in this period. Roots then proliferated in the residue. This, together with a rapidly declining N inflow, contributed to the capture, over the next seven days, of 63% of the N that the plants derived from the residue. After that time, massive root proliferation occurred in the residue, but relatively little further N was captured.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; carbohydrates ; carboxylates ; cultivar ; growth ; nitrate ; xylem exudate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations in the inorganic and organic composition of xylem exudate, growth and N content under contrasting forms of N supply in three cucumber cultivars (Hyclos, Medusa and Victory) were studied in glasshouse conditions. The plants were grown hydroponically with two NO3 -:NH4 + ratios (100:0 and 60:40). The xylem sap of Medusa grown with both N sources displayed an increase of organic N and carboxylate concentrations and a decrease of cations, inorganic anions and carbohydrates compared with that of those grown with NO3 - alone, showing a higher growth and N content in tissues and thus better utilization of N supplied as NO3 - and NH4 +. Mixed N nutrition in Hyclos caused the greatest amounts of NO3 - and NH4 + in xylem sap, lower root weight and N levels in the leaves, while its root was unable to generate an adequate supply of organic N compounds. Despite the levels of cations, inorganic and organic anions were reduced by the NH4 + supplied to Victory, the ionic balance in the xylem sap, growth and N content remained similar to that of those supplied with NO3 - alone. Finally, the cucumber cultivars studied here, responded differently to the form of N supplied, it may partly be due to their ability of assimilating N in the roots and partly to the form in which the N is translocated to the shoot.
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  • 83
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    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: assimilation ; cadmium ; distribution ; nitrate ; Pisum sativum ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The net uptake, distribution and assimilation of NO 3 − were studied in pea plants subjected to either long-term continuous Cd treatment for 10 d (10 or 50 μM Cd) or short-term treatment (72 h) with 50 μM Cd. In the latter treatment, the effects of transferring the plants to a Cd-free nutrient solution for a 'recovery period' of 96 h were also studied. All these treatments were compared with 'controls', plants which received no Cd. In both experiments, the reduction in fresh weight was associated with a decrease in the content (%) of shoot and root water and in transpiration rate as Cd concentration increased. The concentration of 3 − in the shoots and sap decreased dramatically and net 3 − uptake was severely inhibited, effects associated with a loss of shoot nitrate reductase (NR) activity. In the short-term Cd treatment, net 3 − uptake was almost completely inhibited after 24 h, but recovered after the transfer of plants to a Cd-free nutrient solution. Similarly, a dramatic decrease in the shoot NR activity was observed. The uptake, distribution and tissue partitioning of K was also studied, which is considered to be the major counterion of 3 − . Potassium uptake was similarly affected by Cd, as inferred from the ratio 3 − /K uptake, which was ca. 10. The ratio K/ 3 − tissue content increased in the shoot concomitantly to Cd in both long-term and short-term metal supply. These parameters showed a tendency of K similar to that observed for 3 − , although its relative tissue distribution was not affected by Cd.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ARA ; denitrification ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa ; nitrate ; Sinorhizobium meliloti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies on the inhibitory effects of combined nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation in legume crops have been usually carried out after short-term nitrate treatments at high concentrations. As these treatments are quite different from field conditions, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the continuous presence of nitrate (0, 1, 5 and 10 mM) throughout three months on lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Plants were grown in a greenhouse with perlite as substrate and were inoculated with a denitrifying Sinorhizobium meliloti strain (102-F-51) and a non-denitrifying strain (102-F-65). During the first 60 days of growth, the highest nitrate treatment resulted in a complete inhibition of the main symbiotic parameters (nodule initiation and development and specific nitrogen fixation) in plants inoculated with either strain. However, after 3 months of growth in the presence of nitrate, this inhibition was partly abolished, with a high number of new functioning nodules being formed. Acetylene reduction activity (ARA) of these plants was 70% of the control plants. As this process was observed in plants nodulated with either strain, it is concluded that this was not related to the denitrifying ability of the strain, but is an intrinsic property of the lucerne nitrogen fixing system. As legume plants usually grow under natural field conditions in the continuous presence of nitrate, the ability to use simultaneously nitrate and atmospheric nitrogen could be of adaptive and agronomic importance.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; H+ flux ; H+-selective microelectrode ; mineral uptake ; pH-indicator dye ; nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two methods for measuring proton fluxes along intact maize roots grown with NH 4 + or NO 3 − at pH 6.5 were compared. Videodensitometric measurement of changes in a pH-indicator dye by video camera was used to map pH around roots and determine the amounts of protons released by various root regions. This method was compared with potentiometric determination of the concentration of H+ in the unstirred layer at the root surface using ion-selective microelectrodes. With NH 4 + the roots released large amounts of H+ in preferential regions where the rate of flux can reach 1.4 or even 2.5 nmol m−1 s−1. Videodensitometry indicated a first region of root acidification in the subapical zone, but this was more difficult to localize with microelectrodes. With NO3 − both methods showed that the roots released small amounts of H+ and that the apical region took up H+ in the first 10 mm then sometimes released H+ over the following 10 mm of root. The H+ flux profiles obtained by both methods were in good agreement in terms of both order of magnitude of the fluxes and spatial differences along the root. These results suggest that videodensitometry, which is easier to use than potentiometry, can be used to screen different plant species or cultivars under various experimental conditions. The microelectrode technique is indispensable, however, for studying the underlying mechanisms of net H+ fluxes.
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  • 86
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    Plant and soil 224 (2000), S. 231-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grass ; leaching ; legume ; mineralisation ; N fixation ; nitrate ; urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents integrated measurements of N fixation, net mineralisation, pasture yield and change in soil mineral N over a 12 month period for dairy pastures on a sandy loam soil in the South East of South Australia. The two adjacent pastures studied were an irrigated perennial white clover-ryegrass and an annual non-irrigated subterranean clover with mixed annual grasses. This produced the most comprehensive mineral N balance reported for grazed pastures, to the authors' knowledge, allowing calculation of gaseous and leaching losses of N (210 kg ha−1 in the irrigated and paddock and 81 kg ha−1 in the non irrigated paddock) primarily from urine patches. In both paddocks these losses were about three times the N yield in milk (61 and 28 kg N ha−1 respectively) and were replenished by biological N fixation (294 and 100 kg N ha−1). However, mineralisation of soil organic N, excretal N and pasture residues (687 and 438 kg N ha−1) was the major source of mineral N for cycling and losses. The results demonstrate the enormous impact of pasture management on N fluxes and reinforce the importance of livestock urine on the magnitude of N fluxes including gaseous and leaching losses.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Helianthus annuus L. ; magnesium ; nitrate ; nitrogen-nutrition ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the nitrogen source (ammonium and nitrate) and its interaction with magnesium on various physiological processes was studied in sunflower plants (Helianthus annuusL.). Plants were grown in hydroponic culture with nitrate (5 mM) or ammonium (5 mM) and four concentrations of magnesium (0.1, 0.8, 5 and 10 mM). After 2 weeks, growth, gas exchange and fluorescence parameters, soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids, soluble protein and mineral elements were determined. Ammonium nutrition resulted in a reduction of dry matter accumulation, as well as in a decrease in the CO2 assimilation. Moreover, ammonium-fed plants showed a greater content of free amino acids, soluble protein, Rubisco and anions, and a lower cation content, mostly Mg2+. The presence of high levels of Mg2+ in the nutrient solution containing NH4 + resulted in a stimulation of growth and CO2 assimilation to the levels observed in nitrate-fed plants. The lower photosynthetic rate of ammonium-fed plants grown with low level of magnesium does not seem to be due to a lower photosynthetic pigment content, or a deficiency in Photosystem II activity, or to lower Rubisco content. Hence, Rubisco activity or other enzymes involved in CO2 fixation could have been affected in ammonium-fed plants.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soil ; ammonium ; calcium ; magnesium ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of solution acidity and form of nitrogen on net nutrient uptake rates in Acer pseudoplatanus and Calamagrostis villosa seedlings were examined as part of a complex ecological study. Uptake rates were measured by the depletion method under controlled conditions (temperature 20 °C, irradiance 400 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR) from a nutrient solution containing 1.5 mM nitrogen in the form of nitrate or ammonium or an equimolar mixture of both. The solution acidity was kept constant at pH 5.5 (control treatment), 4.5 or 3.5 (low pH treatments). Strongly acid pH decreased or stopped the uptake rates of NO3 −, Mg2+ and Ca2+, but the uptake of NH4 + was not changed in both species. Ammonium ions reduced the uptake rate of NO3 − in Acer but increased the uptake rate in Calamagrostis. Ammonium as the sole source of nitrogen had a strong negative impact on the uptake rates of calcium and magnesium and this effect was independent of the media acidification usually connected with NH4 + uptake and assimilation. However, the negative effect of ammonium ions on the base cation uptake was more pronounced at low pH values.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca spp. ; Lactuca sativa ; lettuce ; nitrate ; dry matter content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrate content was measured in 135 genotypes of cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and 21 genotypes of wildLactuca spp. grown in two experiments. In Experiment 1 plants were grown on nutrient film. In Experiment 2 plants were grown in large pots of potting soil. Within cultivated lettuce five plant types were distinguished and within each of them genotypes were found with low nitrate content. The coefficient of variation in the experiment with plants growing in large pots was not larger than in the experiment with plants growing on nutrient film. In butterhead genotypes nitrate content was negatively correlated with dry matter content and positively with plant fresh weight.
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  • 90
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    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; lupins ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius L. were grown in a glasshouse in solutions containing NO3 -, NH4 + or NH4NO3 with a total nitrogen concentration of 2.8 M m-3 in each treatment. One cultivar chosen (75A-258) was relatively tolerant to alkaline soils whereas the other (Yandee) was intolerant to alkalinity. Controlled experiments were used to assess the impact of cationic vs. anionic forms of nitrogen on the relative performance of these cultivars. Relative growth rates (dry weight basis) were not significantly different between the two cultivars when grown in the presence of NO3 -, NH4 + or NH4NO3. However, when NO3 - was supplied, there was a modest decline in relative growth rates in both cultivars over time. When plants grown on the three sources of nitrogen for 9 days were subsequently supplied with 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3 for 30 h, NH4 + uptake was generally twice as fast as NO3 - uptake, even for plants grown in the presence of NO3 -. Low rates of NO3 - uptake accounted for the decrease in growth rates over time when plants were grown in the presence of NO3 -. It is concluded that the more rapid growth of 75A-258 than Yandee in alkaline conditions was not due to preferential uptake of NH4 + and acidification of the external medium. In support of this view, acidification of the root medium was not significantly different between cultivars when NH4 + was the sole nitrogen source.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: critical concentration ; deficiency ; diagnosis ; growth rate ; lettuce ; luxury consumption ; nitrogen ; nitrate ; nutrient requirement ; petiole sap ; phosphorus ; phosphate ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for determining the way in which growth rate varies with plant nutrient concentration using a simple nutrient interruption technique incorporating only 2 treatments. The method involves measuring the changes in growth and nutrient composition of otherwise well-nourished plants after the supply of one particular nutrient has been withheld. Critical concentrations are estimated from the relationship between the growth rate (expressed as a fraction of that for control plants of the same size which remained well-nourished throughout) and the concentration of the growth-limiting nutrient in the plants as deficiency developed. Trials of the method using young lettuce plants showed that shoot growth rate was directly proportional to total N (nitrate plus organic N) concentration, and linearly or near-linearly related to K and P concentration over a wide range; the corresponding relationship for nitrate was strongly curvi-linear. Critical concentrations (corresponding to a 10% reduction in growth rate) determined from these results were similar to critical values calculated from models derived from field data, but were generally higher than published estimates of critical concentration (based on reductions in shoot weight) for plants of a similar size. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. Nitrate, phosphate or potassium concentrations in sap from individual leaf petioles were highly sensitive to changes in shoot growth rate as deficiency developed, with the slope of the relationships varying with leaf position, due to differences both in their initial concentration and in the rates at which they were utilized in individual leaves. Each nutrient was always depleted more quickly in younger leaves than in older ones, providing earlier evidence of deficiency for diagnostic purposes. Although the plants were capable of accumulating nitrate, phosphate and potassium well in excess of that needed for optimum dry matter production during periods of adequate supply, the rate of mobilization of these reserves was insufficient to prevent reductions in growth rate as the plants became deficient. This brings into question the validity of the conventional concept that luxury consumption provides a store of nutrients which are freely available for use in times of shortage. The implications of these results for the use of plant analysis for assessing plant nutrient status are discussed.
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  • 92
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    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 19-31 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; carboxylate/organic nitrogen ratio ; 15N isotope ; nitrate ; nitrogen cycling ; perennial ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solution culture studies have shown that plant uptake of NH4 + and NO3 - can be improved by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ in the root environment: the same may be true for grass grown in soil culture. An experiment was set up to see whether gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) increased the rate at which perennial ryegrass absorbed 15NH4 + and 15NO3 - from soil. The results demonstrated that gypsum increases the rates of uptake of both NH4 + and NO3 - by perennial ryegrass. However because there was little potential for mineral-N loss from the experimental system, either by gaseous emission or by N immobilization, long term improvements in fertilizer efficiency were not observed. Nitrogen cycling from shoots to roots commenced once net uptake of N into plants had ceased. Labelled N transferred thus to roots underwent isotopic exchange with unlabelled soil N. It was suggested that this exchange of N might constitute an energy drain from the plant, if plant organic N was exchanged for soil inorganic N. The fact that the exchange occurred at all cast doubt on the suitability of the 15N-isotope dilution technique for assessing fertilizer efficiency in medium to long term experiments. There was evidence that the ‘extra’ NO3 --N taken up by plants on the all-nitrate treatments as a result of gypsum application, was reduced in root tissue rather than in shoots, but to the detriment of subsequent root growth and N uptake.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia toxicity ; chloride ; inhibition ; nitrate ; nitrification ; salt stress ; urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of urinary chloride and nitrogen concentration and osmotic pressure on the nitrification of ammonium in a calcareous soil treated with cow urine were examined. Urinary chloride concentrations of up to 7.4 g L−1 had no effect on the rate of nitrification, as determined by the accumulation of soil nitrate. Osmotic stress, generated using a mixed salt solution, had an inhibitory effect on nitrification at soil osmotic pressures lower than or equal to −1.0 PMa. Nitrification was completely inhibited at a soil osmotic pressure of −2.6 MPa. Accumulation of nitrate after a lag phase of 18 days was noted in the −2.0 MPa soil osmotic pressure treatment, indicating some degree of adaptation or osmo-regulation within the nitrifying population at this stress level. High urine-N concentrations resulted in considerable nitrite accumulations and reduced nitrification activity through the effect of free ammonia. It is concluded that in most temperate grassland soils at near-neutral pH, urinary chloride and nitrogen are unlikely to reduce nitrification rates, except where urine-N concentrations exceed 16 g N L−1. Inhibition due to osmotic stress will be directly related to soil moisture status and may be particularly severe in dry, light-textured soils.
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    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: neem ; N fertilizer ; nitrate ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is well adapted to acid upland soil and can be grown for seed, green manure, and fodder production. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted on an Aeric Tropaqualf in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea management practice on the response of a subsequent upland rice crop to applied urea. Cowpea was grown to flowering and incorporated as a green manure or grown to maturity with either grain and pods removed or all aboveground vegetation removed before sowing rice. Cowpea green manure accumulated on average 68 kg N ha−1, and aboveground residue after harvest of dry pods contained on average 46 kg N ha−1. Compared with a pre-rice fallow, cowpea green manure and residue increased grain yield of upland rice by 0.7 Mg ha−1 when no urea was applied to rice. Green manure and residue substituted for 66 and 70 kg urea-N ha−1 on upland rice, respectively. In the absence of urea, green manure and residue increased total aboveground N in mature rice by 12 and 14 kg N ha−1, respectively. These increases corresponded to plant recoveries of 13% for applied green manure N and 24% for applied residue N. At 15 d after sowing rice (DAS), 33% of the added green manure N and 16% of the added residue N was recovered as soil (nitrate + ammonium)-N. At 30 DAS, the corresponding recoveries were 20 and 37% for green manure N and residue N, respectively. Cowpea cropping with removal of all aboveground cowpea vegetation slightly increased (p〈0.05) soil (nitrate + ammonium)-N at 15 DAS as compared with the pre-rice fallow, but it did not increase rice yield. Cowpea residue remaining after harvest of dry pods can be an effective N source for a subsequent upland rice crop.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allophane ; first-order kinetics ; mineralization ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen mineralization kinetics of Costa Rican soils developed from volcanic ash were investigated. Two aspects of the aerobic incubation method proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) were examined: the addition of—N nutrient leaching solution, and air-drying samples prior to incubation. Net cumulative N mineralized over 210 days was analyzed in terms of three kinetic models of N mineralization: single term, first-order (FO); two term, first-order (DFO); and combined first-order, zero-order (FOZ). Net cumulative N mineralization was significantly increased both by air-drying and by—N nutrient solution addition. The effect of air-drying was to induce a ‘flush’ of mineralization during the first 30 to 45 days of incubation, while the effect of the—N nutrient solution was more apparent after that time. The 16 mineralization curves generated were qualitatively similar. The FO model provided the worst fit with the data and deviated from it in a consistent manner. Both the DFO and the FOZ models fit the data closely but the precision of parameter estimation using the DFO model was relatively poor. The first-order term of the FOZ model was interpreted as accounting for pretreatment effects (e.g., air-drying) and the zero-order term as describing the ‘basal mineralization rate’ of the soil. The success of the zero-order term in describing mineralization over long times suggests that incubation methods cannot be used to isolate a ‘mineralizable fraction’ of soil organic N.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 387-390 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica napus L. ; canola ; critical concentrations ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; sowing time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Critical concentrations of NO3-N in fresh petiole tissue and total N in the dried lamina were determined for the youngest mature leaf (YML) of field-grown canola. For dry matter yield of canola sown on 4 May, critical NO3-N concentration in the YML petiole at the rosette stage (RS) was 1.46 mg/g fresh wt. At the flower-buds-visible stage (BV) it was 0.45 mg/g fresh wt. For seed yield the values were 1.72 and 0.53 mg/g fresh wt. Critical total N concentration in the YML lamina for dry matter yield were 69 mg/g dry wt. at RS and 57 at BV. For seed yield they were 71 and 59 mg/g dry wt. Critical NO3-N concentrations in the YML petiole of canola sown on 30 May were reduced by 50%; critical total-N concentrations in the YML lamina were not reduced to the same extent. Despite the reductions in critical N concentrations in the YML, critical N fertilizer rates for vegetative growth and seed yield were unaffected by sowing date or plant growth stage.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; carboxylates ; H+/OH- efflux ; ionic balance ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase activity ; nitrogen starvation ; Rumex acetosa ; Rumex crispus ; Rumex maritimus ; Rumex palustris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth, chemical composition, and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of hydroponically cultured Rumex crispus, R. palustris, R. acetosa, and R. maritimus were studied in relation to form (NH4 +, NO3 -, or both) and level of N supply (4 mM N, and zero-N following a period of 4mM N). A distinct preference for either NH4 + or NO3 - could not be established. All species were characterized by a very efficient uptake and utilization of N, irrespective of N source, as evident from high concentrations of organic N in the tissues and concurrent excessive accumulations of free NO3 - and free NH4 +. Especially the accumulation of free NH4 + was unusually large. Generally, relative growth rate (RGR) was highest with a combination of NH4 + and NO3 -. Compared to mixed N supply, RGR of NO3 -- and NH4 +-grown plants declined on average 3% and 9%, respectively. Lowest RGR with NH4 + supply probably resulted from direct or indirect toxicity effects associated with high NH4 + and/or low Ca2+ contents of tissues. NRA in NO3 - and NH4NO3 plants was very similar with maxima in the leaves of ca 40 μmol NO2 - g-1 DW h-1. ‘Basal’ NRA levels in shoot tissues of NH4 + plants appeared relatively high with maxima in the leaves of ca 20 μmol NO2 - g-1 DW h-1. Carboxylate to organic N ratios, (C-A)/Norg, on a whole plant basis varied from 0.2 in NH4 + plants to 0.9 in NO3 - plants. After withdrawal of N, all accumulated NO3 - and NH4 + was assimilated into organic N and the organic N redistributed on a large scale. NRA rapidly declined to similar low levels, irrespective of previous N source. Shoot/root ratios of -N plants were 50–80% lower than those from +N plants. In comparison with +N, RGR of -N plants did not decline to a large extent, decreasing by only 15% in -NH4 + plants due to very high initial organic-N contents. N-deprived plants all exhibited an excess cation over anion uptake (net proton efflux), and whole-plant (C-A)/Norg ratios increased to values around unity. Possible difficulties in interpreting the (C-A)/Norg ratio and NRA of plants in their natural habitats are briefly discussed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alkaloid synthesis ; ammonium ; bound nitrogen ; Datura stramonium ; hyoscyamine ; mineral nutrition ; nitrate ; scopolamine ; vermiculite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants of Datura stramonium var. tatula L. Torr. were cultivated on vermiculite and received two different mineral solutions. In one treatment only NO3 −-nitrogen was added, while in the other NO3 −-nitrogen was partly (20%) replaced by NH4 +-nitrogen. Total dose of nitrogen as well as interionic ratios were kept constant in both treatments. With the combined treatment (NO3 −-NH4 +) a significant higher hyoscyamine content was found at the time when highest biomass was reached. This was apparently the result of an increased alkaloid biosynthesis. Also scopolamine content was positively influenced, but only at a point past maximal biomass yield. No significant differences in amounts of nitrogen bound per plant were found between both treatments. The higher alkaloid content observed with the combined treatment was associated with a higher relative proportion of bound nitrogen present in the alkaloids. It seems that more nitrogen is available for secondary metabolism when NH4 +-nitrogen is present in the culture medium.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; European larch ; nitrate ; Scots pine ; uptake rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In forest soils, ammonium is usually the predominant form of inorganic nitrogen. However, the capacity of trees to utilize both NO3 - and NH3 + may provide greater flexibility in responding to changes of nitrogen supply from the environment. Such capacity has been studied in seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) grown in the presence or absence of either nitrate or ammonium. Nitrate-induced plants showed a higher nitrate uptake rate than non-induced plants; this difference was almost negligible after 24 h of exposure to NO3 -. Ammonium uptake in both species was consistently higher than that of nitrate, regardless of prior nitrogen provision. In both nutrient conditions, larch showed a more efficient transport system in comparison with Scots pine, with higher ammonium and nitrate uptake rates in both induced and non-induced plants. This was consistent also with the activity of nitrate reductase, measured in vivo in roots and leaves.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: basal stem ; nitrate ; Rhizoctonia solani ; root disease ; spring wheat ; tissue nutrient concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a common problem of spring wheat in South Australia. There are reports that nitrogen applications can reduce the incidence and severity of the disease. A glasshouse trail in pots examined the effects of disease and of applied nitrogen on wheat growth, and evaluated the utility of the basal stem nitrate concentration in diagnosing deficiency in plants with and without root disease. Plants were harvested at the mid-tillering stage. Shoot growth was increased by applied nitrogen until a maximum yield was attained, after which additional N had no effect on shoot yield. Root growth, however, responded positively only to low levels of applied N, after which it declined, and in the highest N treatment root mass was less than in the plants without applied N. Root disease caused severe reductions in plant growth, and both root and shoot mass were affected similarly. Even though growth of diseased plants responded positively to applied nitrogen the response was less than that of disease-free plants. The critical concentration of basal stem nitrate-N did not appear to be affected by root disease, and was estimated at 1200 mg kg-1, consistent with other glasshouse data. The basal stem nitrate-N concentration, either in fresh or dried tissue, appeared a better diagnostic tool of N stress than did total shoot N concentration or content, because of sharper definition of critical concentrations. Concentrations of other nutrients in shoot tissue were affected differentially by both applied nitrogen and root disease, but generally did not reach critical levels, although phosphorus and magnesium appeared deficient in very disease-stressed plants.
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