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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatilization losses of surface-applied urea nitrogen from Vertisols in the Indian semi-arid tropics (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Vertisol ; pH ; Cation exchange capacity ; Moisture ; Urea ; 15N ; Nitrogen losses ; Ammonia volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N loss from Vertisols was estimated by measuring the loss of 15N-labelled urea N under conditions that promote NH3 volatilization. Urea granules were placed on the top of 150-mm deep soil columns (Vertisols) collected from three sites with a range in pH, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. There were two contrasting moisture treatments, one near field capacity (wet) and another with intermittent wetting of the soil surface before allowing the columns to dry (moist-dry). The results indicated that losses were influenced markedly by pH and moisture treatment, being 29.5, 33.5, and 33% from the wet soils and 37, 42, and 40.5% from the moistdry soils with pH values of 7.7, 8.2, and 9.3, respectively. These observations clearly indicate that broadcasting of urea on the surface of Vertisols may cause substantial N losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334581
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field evaluation of nitrogen fixation and use of nitrogen fertilizer by sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping on an Alfisol in the Indian semi-arid tropics (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fertilizer use efficiency ; Intercropping ; Natural 15N abundance ; Nitrogen fixation ; Pigeonpea ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to obtain the N balance sheet for sole crops and intercrops of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and pigeonpeas [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Intercropping gave a significant advantage over sole cropping in terms of dry matter production and grain yield, as calculated on the basis of the land equivalent ratio and area-time equivalent ratio. The N fertilizer use efficiency and atmospheric N2 fixation by pigeonpea were estimated using 15N-labeling and natural abundance methods. The N fertilizer use efficiency of sorghum was unaltered by the cropping system, while that of the pigeonpea was greatly reduced by intercropping. Although intercropping increased the fractional contribution of fixed N to the pigeonpeas, no significant difference was observed between the cropping systems in total symbiotically fixed N. There was no evidence of a significant transfer of N from the pigeonpea to the sorghum. This study showed that use of soil N and fertilizer N by pigeonpeas was almost the same as that by sorghum in sole cropping, indicating the potential competence of pigeonpeas to exploit soil N. However, when N was exhausted by a companion crop in intercropping, the pigeonpea crop increased its dependency on atmospheric N2 fixation. We conclude that knowledge of how N from different sources is shared by companion crops is a prerequisite to establishing strategies to increase N use, and consequently land productivity, in intercropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383976
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatilization losses of surface-applied urea nitrogen from Vertisols in the Indian semi-arid tropics (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Vertisol ; pH ; Cation exchange capacity ; Moisture ; Urea ; 15N ; Nitrogen losses ; Ammonia ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N loss from Vertisols was estimated by measuring the loss of 15N-labelled urea N under conditions that promote NH3 volatilization. Urea granules were placed on the top of 150-mm deep soil columns (Vertisols) collected from three sites with a range in pH, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. There were two contrasting moisture treatments, one near field capacity (wet) and another with intermittent wetting of the soil surface before allowing the columns to dry (moist-dry). The results indicated that losses were influenced markedly by pH and moisture treatment, being 29.5, 33.5, and 33% from the wet soils and 37, 42, and 40.5% from the moist-dry soils with pH values of 7.7, 8.2, and 9.3, respectively. These observations clearly indicate that broadcasting of urea on the surface of Vertisols may cause substantial N losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334581
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of sorghum to fertilizer phosphorus and its residual value in a Vertisol (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: grain yield ; harvest index ; P on phenology ; P uptake ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of crops to added P in Vertisols is generally less predictable than in other soil types under similar agroclimatic conditions. Very few studies have considered the residual effects of P while studying responses to fresh P applications. Field experiments were conducted for three years to study the response of sorghum to fertilizer P applied at 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg P ha−1, and its residual value in a Vertisol, very low in extractable P (0.4 mg P kg−1 soil), at the ICRISAT Center, Patancheru (near Hyderbad), India. In order to compare the response to fresh and residual P directly in each season, a split-plot design was adopted. One crop of sorghum (cv CSH6) was grown each year during the rainy season (June-September). The phenology of the sorghum crop and its harvest index were greatly affected by P application. The days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity were significantly reduced by P application as well as by the residues of fertilizer P applied in the previous season. In the first year of the experiment, sorghum grain yield increased from 0.14 t (no P added) to 3.48 t ha−1 with P added at the rate of 40 kg P ha−1. Phosphorus applied in the previous year was 58% as effective as fresh P but P applied two years earlier was only 18% as effective as fresh P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749519
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movement of bromide as a tracer for nitrate in an Alfisol of the Indian Semi-Arid Tropics under rainfed condition (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Semi-arid tropics ; Alfisol ; nitrate ; bromide ; leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The variable responses of crops to added nitrogen (N) in Alfisols of the Indian semi-arid tropics are partly due to variable rainfall and partly due to variable losses of available-N. To measure the losses of N through leaching, which can be appreciable under some circumstances, a field experiment was conducted during the rainy season (June-September) of 1992, using bromide (Br) as a tracer for NO 3 - . Bromide (as NaBr) was applied to bare fallow soil at a rate of 200 kg ha−1 in microplots (2 m × 2 m) and its vertical movement was monitored periodically. Data on rainfall and Br− distribution in the soil profile on different dates of soil sampling clearly indicated that the movement of Br− was strongly dependent on rainfall. During the first month (15 June-15 July) after Br− application, with scattered and light rainfall about 90% of the added Br− remained in the soil profile (0.6 m). After continuous heavy rainfall in early August more than 90% Br− had moved beyond 0.6 m depth. This indicates a very high risk of NO 3 - leaching in this soil, and it is unavoidable without special measures to protect the applied N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00790660
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between extracted phosphorus and sorghum yield in a Vertisol and an Alfisol under rainfed cropping (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical limit ; Olsen-extractable P ; P buffering capacity ; relative yield ; sandy soil ; Sorghum bicolor ; Vertisols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little attention has been devoted to calibrating the soil tests for P in the field for crops grown under rainfed conditions in different soil types. Field experiments were conducted during the 1990 rainy season (June-September) at the ICRISAT Center, Patancheru (near Hyderabad), India on nearby Vertisol and Alfisol sites having a range in extractable P, for establishing relationships between extractable P and sorghum yield. In the Vertisol, 90% relative grain yield of sorghum was obtained at 2.8 mg kg−1 Olsen extractable P while in the Alfisol, 90% relative grain yield was achieved at 5.0 mg P kg−1 soil. These results suggest that a single critical limit of available P does not hold true for grain sorghum in the two soil types under similar agroclimatic conditions and that the critical limit is lower for the clayey Vertisol than the sandy Alfisol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750689
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labeled nitrogen fertilizer research with urea in the semi-arid tropics (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 21-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carthamus tinctorius L ; Double-cropping ; Fertilizer application ; Nitrogen balance ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Safflower ; Semi-arid tropics ; Sorghum bicolor L ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies were conducted on Indian Vertisol to determine the fate of15N-labeled fertilizers applied to dryland sorghum in two successive rainy seasons. In the 1981 season, a split-band (SB) urea application of 74 kg N/ha, half amounts placed 5 cm deep and 8 cm from opposite sides of plant rows at 4 and 19 days after emergence, was superior to preemergent applications of either surface-applied (S) or incorporated (I) applications at the same rate; 907 mm of rainfall fell during the sorghum growing period. Percentages of applied N recovered in the soil-plant system after the sorghum harvest were 94%, 74%, and 72%, respectively, for the SB, I, and S application methods. Substantial quantities, 39%, 45%, and 42% of the added N for the SB, I, and S tretments, respectively, remained in the soil after the final harvest. Plant utilization of added urea-N was greater in 1980 when rainfall during the growing season was 212 mm less than in 1981. S or I applications of urea at 74 kg N/ha, with above-ground plant15N recoveries of 48.0% and 48.6%, respectively, were also equally as efficient during 1980. Residual soil N derived from fertilizer was of little value for a sorghum crop in the following rainy season and for a safflower crop in the post-rainy season in a double-cropping system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232936
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of cereals to nitrogen in sole cropping and intercropping with different legumes (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cereals ; cowpea ; groundnut ; intercropping ; legumes ; maize ; nitrogen fertilizer ; pigeonpea ; sole cropping ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of sole and intercropped cereal to nitrogen fertilization was compared in three contrasting cropping systems, sorghum/pigeonpea, maize/groundnut, and sorghum/cowpea. The cereal in these systems responded to nitrogen similarly as in sole cropping, although different legumes affected the cereal differently. There was no current season benefit from the legume, whether it matured earlier or later than the cereal, and for high yields the cereal in intercropping needs fertilizer application. Response to nitrogen varied with the amount and distribution of seasonal rainfall. With increased nitrogen fertilizer applied to the intercropped cereal, the legume yields were suppressed. The optimum dose for the intercropped cereal was similar to that for sole cropping but it was 50% less in a dry year particularly, on a shallow Alfisol. The combined yields of both crops made intercropping more profitable than sole cropping. The relative advantage of intercropping was high in the sorghum/pigeonpea system (40 to 70%) because of the greater temporal difference between species, and moderate in the maize/groundnut (13 to 35%), and sorghum/cowpea (18 to 25%) systems. Although the relative advantage of intercropping (expressed as Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)) decreased with N, the economic value, of the advantage was little affected within the optimum N range because absolute yields increased with fertilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370641
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of legume-based cropping systems on nitrogen mineralization potential of Vertisol (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cropping system ; legumes ; N mineralization ; N potential ; rotation effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantity and patterns of net mineralization of soil nitrogen (N) were studied in Vertisols under different cropping systems in the semi-arid tropical areas. Eight cropping systems were selected; three contained pigeonpea (PP), one contained PP and cowpea (COP), and two contained chickpea (CP) as legume component crops, one included sequence cropping with nonlegumes during the rainy and postrainy seasons, and one system was kept fallow (F) during the rainy season and sown to sorghum (S) during the postrainy season. Cropping systems with PP as a component crop increased mineralizable N(N o ) content two-fold in the soil compared with fallow + sorghum (F+S)−F+S system. The N mineralization rate constant (k) was not significantly affected by previous cropping history of the soil; however, a numerically higher rate constant was observed in the COP/PP intercrop, followed by sequential S+safflower (SF) system as compared to the other soils. Mineral N accumulation curves for six soils were more accurately described by the exponential model than the linear model. The active N fraction (N o /Ntot %) varied between 8 and 16% for different systems and a direct relationship was observed between N o /Ntot and total N for the soils under diverse cropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011363
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labeled nitrogen fertilizer research with urea in the semi-arid tropics (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfisol ; Fertilizer application ; Leaching losses ; 15N balance ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; fecovery ; Nitrogen immobilization ; Nitrogen losses ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Sorghum bicolor L. ; Urea supergranule ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies with bordered microplots were conducted on an Alfisol in the semiarid tropics of India to determine (1) the fate of15N-labeled urea applied to dryland sorghum in two successive rainy seasons and (2) the effect of method of application on N fertilizer efficiency. Recoveries of15N-labeled fertilizers by above-ground plant parts ranged from 46.7% to 63.6% in 1981 when the rainfall was above the average and from 54.4% to 66.9% in 1980 when the rainfall was near the average. Small (0.014 g) pellets of urea applied twice as postemergent applications in separate 5 cm deep bands were more effective than single preemergent applications either surface applied or incorporated. Both banding and the split applications contributed to overall fertilizer efficiency. Large (1.0 g) pellets of urea (supergranules) placed at a depth of 5 cm were also superior to the incorporated, small-pellet treatment in 1981. The15N-balance data for the soil (0–90 cm in depth)-plant system in 1981 showed that the unaccounted-for fertilizer N ranged from 5.1% to 20.6%. An important finding was that high grain yields, in excess of 6,000 kg/ha, with N fertilizer losses of less than 10% could be obtained through fertilizer management during a very wet season. The data from the Alfisol experiments were compared with data from similar Vertisol experiments; N fertilizer losses resulting from incorporated and surface applications were greater for Vertisols than for Alfisols in the wetter year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220246
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