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  • Articles  (52)
  • Triticum aestivum
  • fish
  • Springer  (52)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (49)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (3)
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  • Articles  (52)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume-sensitive taurine transport in fish erythrocytes (1987)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 96 (1987), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: volume-sensitive fluxes ; amino-acid transport taurine ; erythrocyte ; adenosine-3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Taurine plays an important role in cell volume regulation in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Erythrocytes from two euryhaline fish species, the eel (Anguilla japonica) and the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) were found to contain high intracellular concentrations of this amino acid (≃ 30 mmol per liter of cell water). Kinetic studies established that the cells possessed a saturable high-affinity Na+-dependent β-amino-acid transport system which also required Cl− for activity (apparentK m (taurine) 75 and 80 μm;V max 0.85 and 0.29 μmol/g Hb per hr for eel (20°C) and flounder cells (10°C), respectively. This β-system operated with an apparent Na+/Cl−/taurine coupling ratio of 2∶1∶1. A reduction in extracellular osmolarity, leading to an increase in cell volume, reversibly decreased the activity of the transporter. In contrast, low medium osmolarity stimulated the activity of a Na+-independent nonsaturable transport route selective for taurine, γ-amino-n-butyric acid and small neutral amino acids, producing a net efflux of taurine from the cells. Neither component of taurine transport was detected in human erythrocytes. It is suggested that these functionally distinct transport routes participate in the osmotic regulation of intracellular taurine levels and hence contribute to the homeostatic regulation of cell volume. Volume-induced increases in Na+-independent taurine transport activity were suppressed by noradrenaline and 8-bromoadenosine-3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate, but unaffected by the anticalmodulin drug, pimozide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01869333
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical comparison of methods for mercury determination in fish (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: mercury ; fish ; collaborative study ; atomic absorption spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract One of the major analytical problem in the analysis of fish tissues for total mercury is the dissolution of the sample. This paper compares two different methods of wet digestion (microwave and closed pressurized vessel), followed by FIAAS as final determination and a Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS determination method without previous mineralization. Six fish samples were selected for this study. The top, the central and the bottom portions of the fish were analyzed separately. The mercury contents in the bottom portions determined by Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS were significantly higher than those obtained by the other two systems. A good correlation was observed among the results of the different techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244010
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of open and closed focussed microwave digestions in view of total mercury determination by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 199-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: microwave digestion ; fish ; mercury ; CVAAS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Food samples digestion, in view to quantify total mercury, is the first step to perform before measuring mercury by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). We have compared two microwave digestion systems, one working at atmospheric pressure (open system) and the other one under pressure (closed system). Results obtained for fish muscle samples by the two methods are in good agreement. However, fat is not digested in the open system, whereas in the closed system no more fat remains in the final solution. During the quantification step, applying the CVAAS technique, we have noticed that the choice and the concentration of the reductant solution is very important to obtain good results. Elaborated methods have been validated using certified reference materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243999
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the results for the analysis of individual chlorobiphenyl congeners in various interlaboratory exercises (1989)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 97 (1989), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: PCBs ; chlorobiphenyls ; ring test ; capillary gas chromatography ; fish ; sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A comparison is made between interlaboratory studies in which individual chlorobiphenyls (CBs) are measured in fish and sludge samples. The target coefficient of variation (CV(R)) between laboratories at CB levels of 0.01–1.0 mg/kg should be in the order of 20–30%. An improvement in the CV(R) is clearly shown in studies in which a learning program, paying attention to the optimization of gas Chromatographic operating conditions, is included. For standard solutions, where no interference problems of the matrix occur, excellent CV(R)s are obtained in the order of 6%. In fish oil CV(R)s of 10–30% and in sludge CV(R)s of 20–30% are reached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01197277
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential Scanning Calorimetric Investigations on Pyloric Caeca During Ripening of Salted Herring Products (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; fish ; general proteolytic activity ; pyloric caeca ; ripening ; salted herring product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermoanalytical behaviour of pyloric caeca during salting and ripening was investigated using a Perkin Elmer DSC 7. Not only the thermal stability of the muscle proteins was influenced by salting but also that of pyloric caeca. It was recognised that the salting itself leads to a remarkable increase of the transition temperature compared with raw herring. An influence of the salt:fish ratio could be observed. The higher the salt content the higher the increase of the denaturation temperature. During ripening the transition temperature remained on a high level or showed only a slight decrease during the investigation period. The dependency from the salt content remained evident. The increase of the transition temperature was accompanied by a decrease of the transition enthalpy. The increase of thermal stability is connected with a decrease of the general proteolytic activity in pyloric caeca. Possibly, the enzymes are diffusing from the pyloric caeca into the muscle and cause there an increase of enzymatic activity observable in North Sea herring accompanied by a decrease of activity in pyloric caeca itself. Simultaneous the thermal stability of pyloric caeca is lowered. The reason for the differences in ripening could be seen in some enzyme-inhibiting factors unknown until now.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010101910394
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative study of DNA adducts levels in white sucker fish (Catostomus commersoni) from the basin of the St. Lawrence River (Canada) (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 148 (1995), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: DNA adducts ; liver ; fish ; 32P-postlabelling ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; genotoxic biomarker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of DNA adducts in the hepatic tissue of the white sucker fish speciesCatostomus commersoni were determined by32P-postlabelling. The fish were caught at four sites: two sites near the city of Windsor (Québec, Canada) on the St. François River, a downstream tributary of the St. Lawrence River, and two sites in the St. Lawrence River itself, near the city of Montréal (Québec, Canada). The latter sites are known to be contaminated by many pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Total adduct levels in all fish ranged from 25.1–178.0 adducts per 109 nucleotides. White sucker from the selected sites of the St. Lawrence River had a significantly higher mean level of DNA adducts than those of the St. François River (129.4 vs 56.8, respectively). These results suggest that the effluents of many heavy industries (e.g. from a Soderberg aluminium plant) flowing in the St. Lawrence River are more likely to produce genotoxic damage to fish than those released in one of its tributary, and mainly associated to the activities of a small town and a nearby pulp and paper mill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928150
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosomes with genes controlling the level of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and acid proteinase using the Chinese Spring-Hope substitution lines (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 905-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: chromosome substitution ; nitrate reductase ; nitrite reductase ; acid proteinase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The levels of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and acid proteinase were compared in the primary leaves of 8-day-old wheat seedlings of Chinese Spring, Hope, and the 21 disomic substitution lines of Hope in Chinese Spring. Two chromosomes, 7B and 7D, were considered to contain genes controlling the level of nitrate reductase. Substitution of Hope chromosome 7B caused a highly significant increase in the in vitro stability of nitrate reductase. Nitrite reductase appeared to be controlled by two major genes, located on chromosomes 4D and 7D, and two minor genes, located on chromosomes 3D and 5A. In the case of acid proteinase, substitution of chromosome 1D caused a significant reduction in enzyme activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00485123
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of the mitochondrial form of superoxide dismutase in hexaploid wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 435-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: superoxide dismutase ; Triticum aestivum ; isozymes ; isoelectric focusing ; structural genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of mature grains of a large number of aneuploid derivatives of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and of the members of five wheat-alien chromosome addition series were subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels in order to study the genetic control of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Evidence was obtained that homologous structural genes for the mitochondrial form of SOD are located in the long arms of the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of Chinese Spring and in chromosome 2R of Secale cereale cv. Imperial. The SOD gene loci located in chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, and 2R were designated Sod-A1, Sod-B1, Sod-D1, and Sod-R1, respectively. Chromosome-arm pairing data indicate that 2DL is not homoeologous to either 2AS or 2BL. The results of this study suggest, however, that 2BL is partially homoeologous to both 2AL and 2DL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499098
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of developmental incompatibility in hybrids between rainbow trout and two subspecies of cutthroat trout (1985)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 557-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: interspecific hybrids ; fish ; development ; gene regulation ; rainbow trout ; cutthroat trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the developmental rate of hybrids between rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and two subspecies of cutthroat trout: westslope cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki lewisi) and Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki bouvieri). These taxa show considerable genetic divergence at 42 structural loci encoding enzymes; the mean Nei's d between the rainbow trout and the two species of cutthroat trout is 0.22. We used four measures of developmental rate: time of hatching and yolk resorption, rate of increase in activity of four enzymes, and time of initial detection of seven isozyme loci. The two cutthroat trout subspecies reached hatching and yolk resorption earlier than rainbow trout. Cutthroat trout had higher relative enzyme activities than rainbow trout from deposition of eye pigment to hatching. There was no difference in the rate of increase in enzyme activity or time of initial expression of these loci between these species. Hybrids showed developmental rates intermediate or similar to that of the parental species using all measures. Our results indicate an absence of regulatory and developmental incompatibility between these taxa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504290
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyamines in liver and their influence on chromatin condensation after 17-β estradiol treatment of Atlantic salmon (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 109 (1992), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: polyamines ; estradiol ; fish ; vitellogenesis ; liver ; skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were treated with 17-β estradiol to induce vitellogenin synthesis in liver. This led to an increase in liver wet weight and total DNA. After incubation with micrococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.31.1) less soluble chromatin was obtained from nuclei of the estradiol treated than the control fish, but active gene regions were solubilized by the nuclease. Thus, in the estradiol treated fish soluble mononucleosomes contained hybridizable vitellogenin gene sequences. As a result of estradiol treatment the content in total liver of putrescine rose 3-fold, that of spermidine 2-fold, while spermine was unchanged. In muscle no significant changes were observed. The regulatory functions of polyamines during gene expression were investigated by binding (14C)spermine to isolated liver nuclei depleted of endogenous polyamines. The number of binding sites was higher in nuclei of estradiol treated than control fish. (14C)spermine associated preferentially with micrococcal nuclease insensitive chromatin. Thus, the high content of putrescine and spermidine in liver supported the view of polyamine accumulation in proliferating tissues. The preferential binding to condensed chromatin indicated a stabilizing effect of polyamines on the organization of inactive chromatin structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230869
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid, simple and sensitive microassay for skeletal and cardiac muscle myoglobin and hemoglobin: use in various animals indicates functional role of myohemoproteins (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 112 (1992), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myoglobin ; hemoglobin ; muscle ; heart ; microassay ; mammals ; birds ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel, simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible microassay is described for determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin content of myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from various mammals, birds and fish. As little as 50 mg of tissue is needed and myoglobin concentrations lower than 1 mg% can be detected. Myoglobin and hemoglobin are separated at alkaline pH by ammonium sulfate extraction followed by ultrafiltration. Heme content is determined by absorption of the Soret band when the hemoprotein extract is visibly colored or more sensitively by its peroxidase activity when the extract has low color. The heme reacts with tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide and orthotolidine to generate a blue color. Hemoglobin content is correlated with myoglobin content and is related to aerobic capacity and blood flow to the tissue. Myoglobin content varied over 5 orders of magnitude up to 7 per cent of the weight of tissue, whereas hemoglobin content varied over 2 orders of magnitude up to 6 per cent of tissue weight. Myoglobin content is increased in species with high basal metabolic rate, high physical activity, prolonged diving capacity, fatigue resistance, and red muscle, whereas it is decreased in white muscle, iron-deficient animals, animals with sedentary lifestyles, and in animals and tissues with small fiber diameters such as avian or fish hearts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229642
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linkage conservation of homologous esterase loci in fish (Cyprinodontoidei: Poeciliidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 103-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: fish ; esterases ; linkage conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Homologies among esterase isozymes in fish in the poeciliid genera Poeciliopsis and Xiphophorus are proposed. Esterase homologies are based on their tissue distributions and inhibition and substrate properties. The five esterases include two carboxylesterases, one eserine sulfate-sensitive esterase, and two esterases resistant to inhibition, one of which reacts only with acetate esters. Linkage studies in Poeciliopsis monacha indicate that the loci encoding the two carboxylesterases are linked to each other and to the locus for eye-specific lactate dehydrogenase. Comparisons of the linkage reported here with earlier studies in Xiphophorus suggest that there is a large region of linkage homology in the genetic maps of Poeciliopsis and Xiphophorus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504363
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate reductase activity (in vivo and in vitro) of ditelosomic stocks of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: nitrate reductase ; Triticum aestivum ; ditelosomics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nitrate reductase activities (NRA) of 31 ditelosomic stocks were compared with that of the control plant [Chinese Spring (CS) euploid], using in vivo and in vitro assay procedures that had been optimized with respect to the euploid. Fourteen stocks exhibited significant differences in in vivo NRA from that of the euploid; the effect of removal of a chromosome arm was always to increase NRA. Eight of these stocks showed similar effects in vitro, although in three, a casein-sensitive factor had to be eliminated before the difference was expressed. Homoeologous group effects were evident among ditelosomics of groups 2, 4, and 7, while for three chromosomes (2D, 7A, and 7B), removal of either arm resulted in a similar increase in NRA in vivo and probably in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504273
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different stability of posttranslationally modified brain microtubules isolated from cold-temperate fish (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 130 (1994), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: microtubules ; calcium ; colchicine ; posttranslational modifications ; fish ; cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microtubule proteins were isolated by a temperature-dependent assembly-disassembly method from brain tissue of for cold-temperate fish; one fresh water fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and three marine fish (Labrus berggylta, Zoarces viviparus andGadus morhua). The α-tubulins from all four fish species were acetylated. The α-tubulins from the marine fish were composed of a mixture of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin, while the fresh water fish tubulin only reacted with an antibody against detyrosinated tubulin. The isolated microtubules had a similar MAP composition. A 400 kD protein and a MAP2-like protein were found, but MAP1 was missing. All microtubules disassembled upon cooling to 0°C. In spite of these common characteristics, the assembly of microtubules fromLabrus berggylta was inhibited by colchicine and calcium, in contrast to the assembly of microtubules fromOncorhynchus mykiss andZoarces viviparus. For the latter, colchicine was not completely inhibitory even at a concentration as high as 1 mM, and calcium induced the formation of both loosely and densely coiled ribbons. The effects of calcium and colchicine on microtubules fromOncorhynchus mykiss andZoarces viviparus were modulated by either fish or cow MAPs, indicating that the effects are due to intrinsic properties of the fish tubulins and not the MAPs. In view of these findings, our results suggest that there is not correlation between colchicine sensitivity, inability of calcium to inhibit microtubule assembly, and acetylation and detyrosination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01457395
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase expression in green sunfish, bluegill, and their reciprocal interspecific hybrids (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 167-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: ascorbic acid-2-sulfatase ; arylsulfatases ; beta-glucuronidase ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fish arylsulfatases (arylsulfate sulfohydrolase; EC 3.1.6.1) were resolved into cationic arylsulfatase A-like (ARSA) and anionic arylsulfatase B-like (ARSB) fractions by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Green sunfish (GSF) hepatic ARSA was more acidic and more thermostable than bluegill (BG) ARSA. GSF × BG interspecific hybrids preferentially expressed GSF ARSA, while BG × GSF hybrids appeared to produce a dimeric enzyme consisting of both GSF and BG ARSA polypeptides. GSF hepatic betaglucuronidase (GUS) also proved to be more thermostable than BG GUS. Thermostabilities of GUS produced by reciprocal interspecific hybrids were very similar to that of GSF GUS. Either GSF GUS is preferentially expressed in both interspecific hybrids or both the GSF and BG GUS polypeptides are synthesized in comparable amounts, and the GSF GUS polypeptide sufficiently stabilizes the heterotetramers produced by the hybrids to produce denaturation profiles closely approximating that of the GSF enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00552990
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food search behavior in arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), induced by food extracts and amino acids (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1987-1998 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Arctic charr ; fish ; food extract ; food search behavior ; Salvelinus alpinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Food search behavior in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) to extracts of granulated food was quantified and compared with the response to solutions of amino acid mixtures. The concentration of each of 18 amino acids was analyzed in the food extract and similar pure amino acid solutions were prepared. Earlier published electrophysiological data and the data of concentrations in the test area were used to order the amino acids with respect to their presumed contribution to the stimulatory effect of the food extract. The 18 amino acids were tested collectively (18 aa) or were divided into two groups, one group containing 7 amino acids (7 aa) which was presumed to have a high stimulatory effect and the other group containing the remaining 11 amino acids (11 aa). The solutions of 7, 11, and 18 aa were stimulatory at concentrations between 2 and 5 × 10−6 M, but no significant responses were observed at 2–5 × 10−9 M. This can be compared with the food extract which elicited response at all concentrations tested, i.e., the total concentrations of 18 amino acids were 5 × 10−9, 5 × 10−8, 5 × 10−7, and 5 × 10−6 M. The response to the 18 aa solution was compared with the food extract and was shown to be significantly lower at 5 × 10−9 M but not at 5 × 10−6 M. These results show that amino acids induce food search behavior in Arctic charr, but there are other substances which also contribute to the stimulatory effect of the food extract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041948
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelochemicals in soil from no-tillage versus conventional-tillage wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2277-2289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; no-tillage ; conventional-tillage ; soils ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; mass spectrometry ; Petri-dish bioassay ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no-tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater, Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity, purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August. No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no significant biological activity toward wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026937
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Devil's-claw (Proboscidea louisianica), essential oil and its components (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1927-1940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phytotoxic ; allelochemical ; α-bisabolol ; δ-cadinene ; p-cymen-9-ol ; essential oil ; germination ; phenethyl alcohol ; piperitenone ; vanillin ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Proboscidea louisianica ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential allelopathic activity of devil's-claw [Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung] essential oil and a few of the compounds it contains on the elongation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) radicles was studied using a Petri dish bioassay. Essential oil was collected by steam distillation using an all-glass-Teflon assembly. Ether extracts of the steam distillates from fresh devil's-claw were inhibitory to cotton and wheat radicle elongation. The following six components of devil's-claw essential oil identified by CGC-MS-DS were inhibitory to cotton and/or wheat at a concentration of 1 mM: vanillin, piperitenone, δ-cadinene,p-cymen-9-ol, α-bisabolol, and phenethyl alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020506
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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    Are Tropical Herbivores More Resistant Than Temperate Herbivores to Seaweed Chemical Defenses? Diterpenoid Metobolites from Dictyota acutiloba as Feeding Deterrents for Tropical Versus Temperate Fishes and Urchins (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 289-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acutilol diterpenes ; biogeography ; chemical defenses ; Dictyota ; diffuse coevolution ; fish ; plant–herbivore interactions ; sea urchin ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Because herbivory is more intense in the tropics, tropical seaweeds may be better defended against herbivory than are temperate seaweeds. A “diffuse” coevolutionary corollary to this hypothesis is that tropical herbivores should be more resistant to seaweed defenses than temperate herbivores because tropical herbivores more commonly encounter heavily defended seaweeds. We begin to test the latter prediction using three newly discovered diterpenoid secondary metabolites from the tropical brown alga Dictyota acutiloba. We tested the feeding deterrent properties of these compounds against common herbivorous fishes and sea urchins from warm-temperate North Carolina versus tropical Guam using standardized laboratory feeding assays. The temperate herbivores were deterred by lower concentrations of secondary metabolites than the tropical herbivores. In no case was a tropical herbivore more deterred by a compound than a temperate herbivore, suggesting that temperate herbivores may be more strongly affected by seaweed chemical defenses. Feeding by the temperate pinfish Lagodon rhomboides was significantly reduced by two of the three diterpenes at a concentration that was only 13–18% of the natural concentration found in the alga. Feeding by four species of tropical fishes (two parrotfishes and two surgeonfishes) was unaffected by metabolite concentrations that deterred the temperate fish. At 100% of natural concentrations, only one of the three compounds deterred the two parrotfishes, and none of the three compounds deterred the surgeonfishes. Contrasts between the temperate sea urchin Arbacia punctulata and the tropical sea urchin Diadema savignyi showed a similar pattern; low concentrations of acutilol A acetate strongly deterred the temperate, but not the tropical, urchin. Tropical herbivores appear more resistant than temperate herbivores to seaweed chemical defenses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006360.36833.13
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    Chemical recognition of the mother by the young of the cichlid fish,Cichlasoma citrinellum (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 461-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: communication ; fish ; cichlid ; Cichlasoma citrinellum ; pheromone ; maternal ; development ; predation ; chemoreception ; fry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When placed in aY-maze, the 1–10-day-old free-swimming fry of the Midas cichlid can chemically distinguish between their mother and plain water and between another mother and plain water. They do not distinguish between the two mothers offered together or between their father and plain water. Predation pressures make these responses adaptive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988188
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    Differences in tissue expressions of enzyme activities in interspecific sunfish (Centrarchidae) hybrids and their backcross progeny (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 931-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: interspecific hybrids ; fish ; enzyme locus expression ; tissue enzyme activities ; malate dehydrogenase ; lactate dehydrogenase ; glucosephosphate isomerase ; phosphoglucomutase ; developmental regulation ; gene regulatory evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The extent of naturally occurring variations of enzyme locus expression was determined for three tissues (liver, muscle, and eye) in two species of sunfish (Centrarchidae), the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) and the redear sunfish (L. microlophus). The genetic basis for species differences in tissue enzyme specific activities of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1), and glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) was investigated by determining enzyme specific activities in the tissues of the reciprocal F1 hybrids and of their backcross progenies. The specific activities for most enzymes in hybrids were intermediate between those of the parental species. Significant differences in enzyme specific activity were detected among the F1 progeny as well as those of backcrosses. Variations in specific activity levels in one tissue were often independent of variations in specific activities in a different tissue. However, the changes in the specific activities of different enzymes within the same tissue were often positively correlated. The tissue glucosephosphate isomerase activity differences appear not to be due to different functional contributions of the glucosephosphate isomerase allelic isozymes. Cluster analysis of distributions of specific activities revealed no simple Mendelian pattern of inheritance for control of tissue enzyme activity. Our results suggest a polygenic control of tissue enzyme specific activity levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499484
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    Genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 in hexaploid wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 837-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: NADH dehydrogenase ; aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase ; Triticum aestivum ; isozymes ; structural genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 (NDH-1) and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (AADH-2) was investigated in Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Evidence was obtained that NDH-1 is active as a monomer and is encoded by genes located in the p arms of the homoeologous group 4 chromosomes. The NDH-1 gene loci located in 4 Ap, 4Bp, and 4Dp were designated Ndh-A1, Ndh-B1, and Ndh-D1, respectively. Aadh-A2 was previously reported to be located in 6Aq; in this study, Aadh-B2 and Aadh-D2 were localized in 6Bq and 6Dq, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1 is expressed on AADH-2 zymograms; the presence of a contaminating aliphatic alcohol in one or more reagents is suggested as the probable cause of this phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502603
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    Genetic analysis of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 287-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: shikimate dehydrogenase ; electrophoresis ; isoelectric focusing ; isozymest ; Triticeae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to investigate the genetic control of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase-1 (SKDH-1). Studies of wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines established thatSkdh-1 ofHordeum vulgare cv. Betzes is located in chromosome 5H,Skdh-V1 ofDasypyrum villosum in 5V,Skdh-R1 ofSecale cereale cvs. Dakold and King II in 5R, andSkdh-S 11 ofTriticum longissimum in 5S1S. Also, the chromosomal locations of the genes that encode SKDH-1 inT. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring,T. umbellulatum, andS. cereale cv. Imperial, determined earlier using zone electrophoresis, were reconfirmed using IEF. Zone electrophoresis and IEF do not differ markedly in their ability to detect the expression of alienSkdh-1 genes in wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines. However, IEF may be superior to zone electrophoresis as a technique for detecting and analyzing SKDH-1 genetic variants within Triticeae species; among the species studied, IEF generally resolved two or more isozymes perSkdh-1 allele present, while zone electrophoresis resolved only one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561467
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    Arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase expression in green sunfish, bluegill, and their reciprocal interspecific hybrids (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 167-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: ascorbic acid-2-sulfatase ; arylsulfatases ; beta-glucuronidase ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fish arylsulfatases (arylsulfate sulfohydrolase; EC 3.1.6.1) were resolved into cationic arylsulfatase A-like (ARSA) and anionic arylsulfatase B-like (ARSB) fractions by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Green sunfish (GSF) hepatic ARSA was more acidic and more thermostable than bluegill (BG) ARSA. GSF × BG interspecific hybrids preferentially expressed GSF ARSA, while BG × GSF hybrids appeared to produce a dimeric enzyme consisting of both GSF and BG ARSA polypeptides. GSF hepatic betaglucuronidase (GUS) also proved to be more thermostable than BG GUS. Thermostabilities of GUS produced by reciprocal interspecific hybrids were very similar to that of GSF GUS. Either GSF GUS is preferentially expressed in both interspecific hybrids or both the GSF and BG GUS polypeptides are synthesized in comparable amounts, and the GSF GUS polypeptide sufficiently stabilizes the heterotetramers produced by the hybrids to produce denaturation profiles closely approximating that of the GSF enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02401799
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    Identification of three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Wx locus ; waxy mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nullisomic analysis of waxy (Wx) protein of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. “Chinese Spring” using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that threeWx loci,Wx-A1, Wx-B1, andWx-D1, located on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AL, and 7DS, produce three distinct Wx subunit groups, subunit group-A (SGA), SGB, and SGD, respectively. SGA has a higher molecular weight and a more basic isoelectric point (pI) than the other two. SGB and SGD have the same molecular weight but a slightly different pI range. Owing to the detection of these three subunit groups, we were able to identify the expression of three waxy genes in wheat endosperm and to find two types of mutants among Japanese wheat cultivars, one lacking SGA and the others SGB. These results suggest the possibility of breeding a waxy wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399821
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    Lectin like properties and differential sugar binding characteristics of C-reactive proteins purified from sera of normal and pollutant induced Labeo rohita (1999)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 16 (1999), S. 741-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: C-reactive protein ; pollutant ; agglutinin ; galactose binding lectin ; fish ; Labeo rohita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Different forms of C-reactive proteins (CRPs) have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the sera of Labeo rohita confined in freshwater (CRPN) and water polluted with nonlethal doses of cadmium (CRPCd) or mercury (CRPHg). CRPN[emsp4 ], CRPCd[emsp4 ], and CRPHg show remarkable differences in their electrophoretic mobility but exhibit strong immunological cross reactivity. All these CRPs exhibit variable agglutination properties with erythrocytes from diverse sources in presence of Ca+2, which could be inhibited by a variety of sugars showing specificity for galactose. Inhibition results show that the potency of galactose as an inhibitor increases about 4 fold in the process of transformation of CRPN to CRPCd and CRPHg[emsp4 ]. In case of CRPN[emsp4 ], Gal β(1→1) Gal and oNO2 phenyl β-Gal show highest inhibitory potency while oNO2-phenyl β-Gal is the most potent inhibitor for CRPCd and CRPHg but the potency of Gal β(1→1) Gal reduced drastically. 6-phosphate D-Gal and stachyose are 20 times weaker inhibitors than D-Gal for induced CRP mediated agglutination, in contrast, these sugars are only 6 times weaker for CRPN[emsp4 ]. Dissociation constants of the binding of CRPN with phosphoryl choline (PC) and galactose are about 9[emsp4 ]mM and PC binding causes a change in the α and β conformations of these CRPs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007167611778
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    Identification of three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Wx locus ; waxy mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nullisomic analysis of waxy (Wx) protein of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. “Chinese Spring” using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that threeWx loci,Wx-A1, Wx-B1, andWx-D1, located on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AL, and 7DS, produce three distinct Wx subunit groups, subunit group-A (SGA), SGB, and SGD, respectively. SGA has a higher molecular weight and a more basic isoelectric point (pI) than the other two. SGB and SGD have the same molecular weight but a slightly different pI range. Owing to the detection of these three subunit groups, we were able to identify the expression of three waxy genes in wheat endosperm and to find two types of mutants among Japanese wheat cultivars, one lacking SGA and the others SGB. These results suggest the possibility of breeding a waxy wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553602
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    Accumulation of mercury in estuarine food chains (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 40 (1998), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: fish ; invertebrates ; ligands ; mercury ; methylmercury ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract To understand the accumulation of inorganic mercury and methylmercury at the base of the estuarine food chain, phytoplankton (Thalassiosira weissflogii) uptake and mercury speciation experiments were conducted. Complexation of methylmercury as methylmercury-bisulfide decreased the phytoplankton uptake rate while the uptake rate of the methylmercury-cysteine and -thiourea complexes increased with increasing complexation by these ligands. Furthermore, our results indicated that while different ligands influenced inorganic mercury/methylmercury uptake by phytoplankton cells, the ligand complex had no major influence on either where the mercury was sequestered within the phytoplankton cell nor the assimilation efficiency of the mercury by copepods. The assimilation efficiency of inorganic mercury/methylmercury by copepods and amphipods feeding on algal cells was compared and both organisms assimilated methylmercury much more efficiently; the relative assimilation efficiency of methylmercury to inorganic mercury was 2.0 for copepods and 2.8 for amphipods. The relative assimilation is somewhat concentration dependent as experiments showed that as exposure concentration increased, a greater percentage of methylmercury was found in the cytoplasm of phytoplankton cells, resulting in a higher concentration in the copepods feeding on these cells. Additionally, food quality influenced assimilation by invertebrates. During decay of a T. weissflogii culture, which served as food for the invertebrates, copepods were increasingly less able to assimilate the methylmercury from the food, while even at advanced stages of decay, amphipods were able to assimilate mercury from their food to a high degree. Finally, fish feeding on copepods assimilated methylmercury more efficiently than inorganic mercury owing to the larger fraction of methylmercury found in the soft tissues of the copepods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005959211768
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    The use of polynomial regression analysis with indicator variables for interpretation of mercury in fish data (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 40 (1998), S. 189-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: binary variables ; fish ; impoundment ; indicator variables ; James Bay ; mercury ; polynomial regression ; Québec ; reservoirs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mercury levels in fish in reservoirs and natural lakes have been monitored on a regular basis since 1978 at the La Grande hydroelectric complex located in the James Bay region of Québec, Canada. The main analytical tools historically used were analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), linear regression of the mercury-to-length relationship and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) multiple comparisons of mean mercury levels. Inadequacy of linear regression (mercury-to-length relationships are often curvilinear) and difficulties in comparing mean mercury levels when regressions differ lead us to use polynomial regression with indicator variables. For comparisons between years, polynomial regression models relate mercury levels to length (L), length squared (L2), binary (dummy) indicator variables (Bn), each representing a sampled year, and the products of each of these explanatory variables (L × B1, L2 × B1, L × B2, etc.). Optimal transformations of the mercury levels (for normality and homogeneity) were found by the Box-Cox procedure. The models so obtained formed a partially nested series corresponding to four situations: (a) all years are well represented by a single polynomial model; (b) the year-models are of the same shape, but the means may differ; (c) the means are the same, but the year-models differ in shape; (d) both the means and shapes may differ among years. Since year-specific models came from the general one, rigorous statistical comparisons are possible between models. Polynomial regression with indicator variables allows rigorous statistical comparisons of mercury-to-length relationships among years, even when the shape of the relationships differ. It is simple to obtain accurate estimates of mercury levels at standardized length, and multiple comparisons of these estimations are simple to perform. The method can also be applied to spatial analysis (comparison of sampling stations), or to the comparison of different biological forms of the same species (dwarf and normal lake whitefish).
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    Temperature, growth and dietary effects on fish mercury dynamics in two Ontario lakes (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 40 (1998), S. 175-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: bioenergetics ; fish ; mercury ; methylmercury ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A bioenergetics-based model was used to investigate the effects of temperature, growth and dietary exposure on methylmercury dynamics in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from two lakes sampled in northwestern Ontario. Orange Lake was smaller, warmer, had slower fish growth and higher mercury concentrations in yearling yellow perch and walleye (three fold difference in 40 cm walleye) than Trout Lake. The model was applied to test the hypothesis that higher water temperatures in Orange Lake increased metabolic needs, food consumption and mercury uptake in fish. The effects of different growths rates in the lakes were also considered. Temperature/metabolic effects and growth effects on internal methylmercury dynamics in walleye and perch were predicted to occur but be of secondary importance. Different dietary exposure to methylmercury was likely the dominant source of variation in fish mercury concentrations between the two lakes.
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    Fish mercury levels in relation to characteristics of hydroelectric reservoirs in Newfoundland, Canada (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 40 (1998), S. 217-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Canada ; fish ; hydroelectric reservoirs ; mercury ; Newfoundland ; return time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mercury levels in fish have been demonstrated to increase after impoundment with augmented levels of mercury predicted to decline as the reservoir ages. Previous research in Newfoundland predicted return rates in the order of 10 to 12 years for landlocked Atlantic salmon or ouananiche (Salmo salar) and 7 years for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). In order to test the validity of these predictions on a broader spatial and temporal scale, and develop more generally predictive ‘models’, mercury levels in three fish species were studied in 16 older Newfoundland hydroelectric reservoirs of various age (32 to 95 years) and area flooded (21 to 13,000 ha). Mercury concentrations were standardized to fish length and correlated with physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the sampling sites. Standard length mercury levels ranged from 0.23 to 0.86 ppm in ouananiche, 0.13 to 0.59 ppm in brook trout, and 0.22 to 0.72 in arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Fish in excess of the Canadian Safety Limit (0.5 ppm) were collected from 14 of 16 sites for ouananiche, 8 of 17 sites for brook trout, and 3 of 7 sites for arctic charr, including control lakes. Standard length fish mercury levels were correlated with reservoir age and (log10) area flooded for ouananiche and with pH for arctic charr. A multiple regression model was developed relating standard length mercury in ouananiche with reservoir age and log10 of the flooded area. There were no apparent relationship between reservoir characteristics and brook trout mercury concentrations. Based on this analysis, it is not possible, at present, to develop generally predictive models for all species found in Newfoundland impoundments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005975714493
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    Analysis of chemicals from earthworms and fish that elicit prey attack by ingestively naive garter snakes (Thamnophis) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemoreception ; garter snakes ; Thamnophis sirtalis ; chemical cues ; Lumbricus terrestris ; earthworm ; Pimephales promelas ; fish ; prey odors ; glycopeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Materials previously shown to elicit increased tongue-flicking and prey attack in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) were isolated from both earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and fish (Pimephales promelas). Both high- and low-molecular-weight components from earthworms and fish stimulated attacks and increased tongue-flicking in previously unfed neonate garter snakes relative to distilled water controls. Earthworm collagen was also effective, but even concentrated fractions were less effective than raw extract. Conflicting reports on the effectiveness of collagen suggest that the salient chemical(s) is a smaller molecule tightly bound to collagen and resisting standard purification methods.
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    Interference in determination of rubidium and cesium in fish and zooplankton by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2503-2510 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rubidium determination ; cesium determination ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; fish ; Zooplankton ; chemical interference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Interference in the determination of rubidium and cesium in fish and Zooplankton was examined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using synthetic matrices of these organisms at known concentrations and dilutions. Absorbance signals were depressed at dilution factors of less than 100, which confirms that the method is not free of interference for determination of rubidium and cesium in fish and Zooplankton.
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    Learning and sibling odor preference in juvenile arctic char,Salvelinus alpinus (L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 773-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Arctic char ; attraction ; fish ; fluviarium ; kinship ; odor ; salmonids ; Salvelinus alpinus ; siblings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of learning for sibling odor preference in juvenile Arctic char was analyzed in the present study. Fish were reared in the following eight conditions: (1) communally with siblings for 15 months; (2) communally with siblings for 17 months; (3) in isolation since fertilization; (4) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent during the whole rearing period; (5) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent from time of free swimming; (6) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent during the whole rearing period, except two months without scent until testing; (7) in isolation since fertilization and exposed to sibling scent from time of free swimming, except two months without scent until testing; and (8) communally with siblings followed by a two-month isolation until testing. Char were followed individually in a Y-maze (fluviarium test) with a video-computer-based image analysis system for 12 hr. Sibling-scented water was supplied to one lateral half of the test area and water from non-siblings on the opposite half. Isolated individuals without any preexposure to siblings showed no significant preference. Test fish reared with siblings and those that had been reared in isolation but exposed to sibling scent until testing preferred water conditioned by their own siblings. Isolated fish that had been exposed to sibling scent since fertilization, or since free swimming, followed by a two-month period with only pure water, showed no significant preference. Char isolated for two months after being communally reared preferred water scented by siblings. The results demonstrated that behavioral discrimination between siblings and nonsibling odors occurred after total isolation (isolated both from siblings and sibling odors) only in individuals that had been communally reared. This may suggest that social interactions are important for learning and long-term memory of sibling odors in Arctic char.
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    Distribution and Exudation of Allelochemicals in Wheat Triticum aestivum (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2141-2154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phenolic acids ; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; DIMBOA ; GC-MS-MS ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; weed suppression ; annual ryegrass ; Lolium rigidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat allelopathy has potential for weed suppression. Allelochemicals were identified in wheat seedlings, and they were exuded from seedlings into agar growth medium. p-Hydroxybenzoic, trans-p-coumaric, cis-p-coumaric, syringic, vanillic, trans-ferulic, and cis-ferulic acids and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) were identified in both the shoots and roots of 17-day-old wheat seedlings and their associated agar growth medium. Wheat accessions with previously identified allelopathic activity tended to contain higher levels of allelochemicals than poorly allelopathic ones. The allelopathic compounds present in the shoots generally also were identified in the roots and in the agar medium. Allelochemicals were distributed differentially in wheat, with roots normally containing higher levels of allelochemicals than the shoots. When the eight allelochemicals were grouped into benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives, DIMBOA, total coumaric, and total ferulic acids, the amount of each group of allelochemicals was correlated between the roots and the shoots. Most of the allelochemicals identified in the shoots and roots could be exuded by the living roots of wheat seedling into the agar growth medium. However, the amounts of allelochemicals in the agar growth medium were not proportional to those in the roots. Results suggest that wheat plants may retain allelochemicals once synthesized. The presence of allelochemicals in the agar growth medium demonstrated that wheat seedlings were able to synthesize and to exude phytotoxic compounds through their root system that could inhibit the root growth of annual ryegrass.
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    Chemical suppression of feeding in larval weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) by trochophores of the serpulid polychaeteHydroides dianthus (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1763-1771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fish larvae ; chemical ecology ; feeding suppression ; Cynoscion ; Hydroides ; trochophore ; rotifers ; fish ; polychaete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of exudates from trochophore larvae of the polychaeteHydroides dianthus on feeding in larval weakfish (Cynoscion regalis). Laboratory prey consisted ofH. dianthus trochophores and/or comparably sized rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). When experiments were conducted in filtered seawater, ingestion of rotifers was always greater than ingestion of trochophores. However, consumption of rotifers was depressed when water fromH. dianthus cultures (=trochophore water) was the experimental medium. The same effect was noted whether we added trochophore water from polychaete cultures that were two or five days postfertilization. However, no effect was noted when we used water from rotifer cultures. We concluded thatH. dianthus trochophores release a water-soluble compound that inhibits feeding in weakfish larvae.
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    Inhibitory effect of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) residue on growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart Solms.) II. Relative effect of flower, leaf, stem, and root residue (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2663-2670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parthenium hysterophorus ; Eichhornia crassipes ; Triticum aestivum ; biomass ; inhibitory activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative effect of residue of leaf, flower, stem, and root of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on growth of water hyacinth was studied. The inhibitory activity of the residue as shown by its effect on biomass and healthy leaf number (HLN) of treated plants was in the order: leaf and flower 〉stem 〉root. Total phenolic acids in the medium after 72 hr of suspending the plant part residue were maximum in flower followed by leaf, root, and stem, successively. The dry leaf powder (DLP) and dry flower powder (DFP) at and above 0.50% (w/v) and dry stem powder (DSP) at 1.00% (w/v) killed water hyacinth in about one month. Dry root powder (DRP) at the highest dose (1.25% w/v) reduced the growth of the treated plants drastically, but the plants recovered after about one month. The DSP at 0.50% (w/v) and DRP at 0.25–0.75% (w/v) supported growth of treated plants, probably due to lower levels of inhibitors, allowing utilization of constituents of the residue as nutrients. Using wheat seedlings as a reference material, it was observed that in aquaculture at different levels of parthenium plant parts residue, water hyacinth plants were much more sensitive to inhibitory activity. Thus, water hyacinth is suggested as a material for bioassay of inhibitory activity of the parthenium plant residue.
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    Different Carotenoids and Potential Information Content of Red Coloration of Male Three-Spined Stickleback (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 787-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Breeding coloration ; Gasterosteus aculeatus ; stickleback ; fish ; multiple ornaments ; signalling ; carotenoids ; astaxanthin ; tunaxanthin ; lutein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) use the red coloration of males as a criterion for mate choice. Redder males are more attractive. However, males often differ not only in the intensity of their coloration (from dull to bright red) but also in color quality (from yellowish to purple-red). We investigated whether the red coloration of the stickleback is actually a multiple signal made by several pigments. We kept wild caught males singly in tanks until they had built a nest and were ready to accept females. Then, we took standard photographs and measured their colors by spectrometer analyses of the slides and by descriptions of human observers. These two measurements were highly correlated. When analyzing the carotenoid content of the sticklebacks' skin we found two groups of carotenoids (astaxanthin and tunaxanthin/lutein) that were quantified for each individual. The differences in color observed in the fish are correlated to this pigment quantification. Redder fish have more astaxanthin in their skin than yellowish fish, while the color of the yellowish fish appears to be made by tunaxanthin/lutein. Our results suggest that the red coloration of sticklebacks is a multiple trait that is made of at least two different carotenoids. This opens the possibility that male sticklebacks signal more detailed information to females than a one-dimensional trait would allow.
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    Effect of Previous Exposure to Hydroxamic Acids in Probing Behavior of Aphid Sitobion fragariae on Wheat Seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 771-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; experience ; probing behavior ; sieve elements ; salivation ; cell punctures ; hydroxamic acids ; EPG ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We hypothesized that aphids after previous exposure to hydroxamic acids (Hx), a family of secondary plant compounds deleterious to aphids, are able to reduce their subsequent exposure to them. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating the time to produce salivation into a sieve element (SSE) by the aphid Sitobion fragariae on seedlings of two wheat cultivars of Triticum aestivum differing in their concentration of Hx. The total time to produce a first SSE was significantly longer in the high-Hx cultivar; however, the subsequent, second SSE (first SSE after interruption of probing) in this cultivar was significantly reduced, reaching the level observed in the low-Hx plants. Therefore, a strategy to reduce the exposure to secondary compounds was observed only in the second SSE in high-Hx plants. When the experimental plant was replaced by a new unattacked plant after the first SSE, aphids did not change the behavior described, thus excluding an aphid-induced plant susceptibility. The number of cell punctures and accumulated duration was not affected by previous exposure to Hx, either in low or high Hx cultivars. Total time and pathway time but not cell punctures, seem to be the variables affected by previous exposure to Hx.
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    Inhibition of pitted morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and certain other weed species by phytotoxic components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1027-1043 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: allelopathy ; ferulic acid ; no-tillage ; prickly sida ; common ragweed ; weed control ; 2-methoxy-4-ethenylphenol ; carboxylic acid ; phenol ; morning glory ; Ipomoea lacunosa ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to determine if well-known phytotoxic effects of plant residues on crop growth could also be responsible for observed reductions of certain weed species in no-till cropping systems. An aqueous extract of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) reduced the germination and root length of pitted morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Phytotoxicity was increased by about 70% when bioassays with the wheat extract on morning glory and ragweed were conducted in the presence of light. Phytotoxic substances were extracted from wheat with 2 N NaOH. The hydrolyzed extract was fractionated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The compound isolated by TLC having the greatest inhibitory effects on morning glory germination was identified using mass spectrometry and determined to be ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid). Ferulic acid at 5 × 103 M inhibited the germination and root length of morning glory 23 and 82%, respectively, and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) with carpels 85 and 82%, respectively. Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) germination was inhibited 100%. Ferulic acid had no effect on ragweed or prickly sida without carpels. Morning glory root and shoot biomass were reduced 52 and 26%, respectively, when morning glory was grown in sand and watered with a 5 × 103 M solution of ferulic acid. Ferulic acid in the presence of prickly sida seed carpels was found to undergo decarboxylation, forming a styrene derivative, 2-methoxy-4-ethenylphenol. The more phytotoxic styrene compound was produced by a bacterium isolated from the carpels of prickly sida seed. The study showed that ferulic acid and other compounds may indeed play a role in reducing the growth of certain weeds in no-tillage cropping systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982209
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    Chemically stimulated feeding behavior in marine animals (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 989-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feeding behavior ; chemoreception ; mixture interaction ; synergism ; suppression ; neural coding ; chemical senses ; crustaceans ; fish ; marine animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A review is provided of the chemical components in tissue extracts that elicit feeding behavior in marine fish and crustaceans. For most species, the major stimulants of feeding behavior in excitatory extracts are an assemblage of common metabolites of low molecular weight including amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, nucleosides and nucleotides, and organic acids. It is often mixtures of substances rather than individual components that account for the stimulatory capacity of a natural extract. Recent studies using a shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio, are described in which behavioral bioassays were conducted with complex synthetic mixtures formulated on the basis of the composition of four tissue extracts. These results indicate that synergistic interactions occur among the mixture components. The neural mechanisms whereby marine crustaceans receive and code information about chemical mixtures are also reviewed. Narrowly tuned receptor cells, excited only by particular components of food extracts such as specific amino acids, nucleotides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and ammonium ions, are common in lobsters and could transmit information about mixtures as a labeled-line code. However, since physiological recordings indicate that most higher-level neurons in the brain each transmit information about many components of mixtures, rather than about a single component, it is suggested that information about a complex food odor is transmitted as an across-fiber pattern, instead of a labeled-line code. Electrophysiological recordings of responses of peripheral and central neurons of lobsters to odor mixtures and their components reveal that suppressive interactions occur, rather than the synergistic interactions noted earlier in the behavioral studies. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Evidence from the behavioral study indicates that the “direction” of a mixture interaction can be concentration-dependent and the synergism may occur at low mixture concentrations, while suppression may occur at high concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01638992
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    Allelopathic effect of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) extract and residue on some agronomic crops and weeds (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1739-1747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; parthenium ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; Compositae ; corn ; Zea mays ; ryegrass ; Lolium multiflorum ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; velvetleaf ; Abutilon theophrasti ; soybean ; Glycine max ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelopathic effects of entire shoot extract, plant part extracts, and shoot residue of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on corn (Zea mays L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), and soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] growth were examined. Parthenium shoot contained water-soluble materials that were toxic to root growth of velvetleaf and wheat. At 4% (w/ v) concentration, root growth of velvetleaf and wheat were reduced by 60 and 75%, respectively. The order of increasing sensitivity to parthenium was ryegrass, corn, wheat, and velvetleaf. There was a strong correlation between extract concentration and increased toxicity to test species. The toxicity of plant part extracts was also concentration dependent. At 1 and 2% (w/v), the inflorescence and leaves caused more root inhibition than stem extract. Parthenium shoot incorporated in soil at 1% (w/w) caused significantly more root inhibition of wheat than soybean, corn, and ryegrass. At 4% (w/w), root growth of all the test species was inhibited compared to the control. Toxicity of parthenium residue to wheat diminished with increasing periods of decomposition. Residue decomposed for four weeks was less toxic than the undecomposed residue.
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    Chemoattraction between fry of Arctic char [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] studied in a Y-maze fluviarium (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1009-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Arctic char ; chemoattraction ; fish ; fry ; Salvelinus alpinus ; Y-maze fluviarium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Attraction of fry of Arctic char [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] to water conditioned by conspecifics of the same age was studied in a Y-maze fluviarium. Two types of experiments were run. In “up-swimming tests” (1), starting from the common leg of the Y-maze, a single fish was given the choice of entering one of the two upstream arms. In “gradient tests” (2), the momentary positions of a single char were time-lapse photographed in a test yard of this common shank. Strong attraction to conditioned water was observed in both types of tests.
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    Phenolic acid content of soils from wheat-no till, wheat-conventional till, and fallow-conventional till soybean cropping systems (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1045-1068 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; no till ; conventional till ; soil extracts ; allelopathy ; phenolic acids ; Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soil core (0–2.5 and/or 0–10 cm) samples were taken from wheat no till, wheat-conventional till, and fallow-conventional till soybean cropping systems from July to October of 1989 and extracted with water in an autoclave. The soil extracts were analyzed for seven common phenolic acids (p-coumaric, vanillic,p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic; in order of importance) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The highest concentration observed was 4 μg/g soil forp-coumaric acid. Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent was used to determine total phenolic acid content. Total phenolic acid content of 0- to 2.5-cm core samples was approximately 34% higher than that of the 0- to 10-cm core samples. Phenolic acid content of 0- to 2.5-cm core samples from wheat-no till systems was significantly higher than those from all other cropping systems. Individual phenolic acids and total phenolic acid content of soils were highly correlated. The last two observations were confirmed by principal component analysis. The concentrations were confirmed by principal component analysis, tions of individual phenolic acids extracted from soil samples were related to soil pH, water content of soil samples, total soil carbon, and total soil nitrogen. Indirect evidence suggested that phenolic acids recovered by the water-autoclave procedure used came primarily from bound forms in the soil samples.
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    Pukalide, a widely distributed octocoral diterpenoid, induces vomiting in fish (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2697-2704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Key Words ; Vomiting ; emesis ; terpenoid ; cembranoid ; octocoral ; pukalide ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tissue and extractable metabolites from the subtropical gorgonianLeptogorgia virgulata (Coelenterata: Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) induce vomiting in a variety of fish species. To elucidate the chemical bases of this phenomenon, experiments were undertaken with purified pukalide, a cembranoid diterpene that comprises as much as 0.1–0.5% of the wet tissue weight ofL. virgulata. When incorporated into artificial foods at concentrations corresponding to the levels found inL. virgulata, pukalide induced emesis when delivered orally to killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). The threshold dose for pukalide-induced emesis was 0.05 mg/g fish body weight. Control pellets devoid of pukalide did not induce vomiting. The emetic effect of pukalide was dose-dependent, as fish ingesting more than 0.100 mg pukalide/ g body weight exhibited a significantly higher incidence of vomiting than fish ingesting lower doses of pukalide (G=5.5,df=1,P〈0.025). The elapsed time between ingestion of pukalide-containing pellets and emesis was significantly longer in fish that ingested marginally emetic doses of pukalide (Kruskal-WallisH=4.00, significant withP〈0.05). Although not markedly unpalatable to fish, pukalide may function in nature as a defensive toxin by inducing emesis and learned aversion in potential octocoral predators.
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    Chemical protection of a fish (Abudefduf leucogaster bleeker) by a soft coral (Litophyton viridis May) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1421-1428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Abudefduf leucogaster ; Litophyton viridis ; fish ; soft coral ; alcyonarian ; toxin ; chemical defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Around Laing Island (Bismarck Sea), juveniles of the fishAbudefduf leucogaster are associated with the alcyonarianLitophyton viridis which, on mechanical stimulation, can release a potent ichthyotoxin and appears to be accordingly disliked by large predators. The fish has no special immunity to high levels of toxin but is affected more slowly than others. This has been interpreted in terms of an original strategy wherebyA. leucogaster plays its long reaction time against the diffusion of the toxin, allowing the fish to remain around the soft coral and benefit from indirect chemical protection. Possible biological implications of the toxin release are discussed.
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    Characterization of proteases produced by newly isolated and identified proteolytic microorganisms from fermented fish (Budu) (1992)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1992), S. 284-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus ; budu ; fermentation ; fish ; proteases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Eight different strains ofBacillus were isolated from fermented fish (Budu) and their proteolytic enzyme activities were determined after 18 h cultivation at room temperature (35° C). Four isolates possessed high protease activities. Optimum pH for these enzymes was between 7.0 and 8.0 and the optimal temperature was 55° C. The proteases retained 40% of their original activity after 20 min at 55° C but lost all activity at 65° C. Three of the four isolates were identified asBacillus subtilis, the fourth asBacillus licheniformis.
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    Iridoviruses associated with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis (EHN) in aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Amphibian ; aquaculture ; epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus ; fish ; frog virus 3 ; Iridoviridae ; ranavirus ; reptile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Systemic infections of teleost fishes caused by iridoviruses have recently been recognized in Australia, Asia, Europe and the USA. These iridoviruses are different from those of the established genera Lymphocystivirus and Goldfish Virus 1-like Viruses of the family Iridoviridae. The agents exhibit similar physicochemical properties, are antigenically related and prove to be of high virulence to different teleost fishes in aquaculture. The first iridovirus, epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus, responsible for an epizootic outbreak of haematopoietic necrosis in redfin perch, was reported in Australia. Some years later, similar iridovirus epizootics occurred in sheatfish and catfish in Europe. The Australian and the European isolates proved to be antigenically related and showed properties in common with frog virus 3, the type species of the genus Ranavirus of the Iridoviridae. Further iridovirus isolates from fish, amphibians and reptiles exhibited a close relationship with each other and with frog virus 3. It is important to note that the Australian amphibian iridovirus, Bohle iridovirus, was experimentally transmitted to teleost fish inducing high mortalities. The occurrence of similar viruses in different host species in the aquatic environment and their inter-species transmission emphasize the importance of health control in aquaculture.
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    Effect of introduced Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on the uptake of nitrogen by wheat from 15N-enriched organic residues (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen mineralization ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; rhizosphere ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of an antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (F113) carrying the marker gene cassette lacZY and a marked, non-producing strain (F113G22) on the uptake of nitrogen from 15N-enriched organic residues incorporated into a sandy soil were investigated in microcosm studies. Strain F113 produces the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), whilst its modified derivative strain F113G22 has DAPG production deleted by Tn5 mutagenesis. Uptake of nitrogen by wheat (Triticum aestivum) from 15N-enriched organic residues was estimated using stable isotope-ratio mass spectrometry of shoot and root material of 17-day-old plants. In addition, plant growth and active microbial biomass in soil were monitored. In contrast to results obtained in our previous study on pea (Pisum sativum), it was found that in wheat, inoculation with either strain F113 or F113G22 decreased the proportion of nitrogen derived from 15N-labelled organic residues incorporated into soil as compared to non-inoculated controls. It is therefore suggested that these strains decreased mineralization of organic residues in the rhizosphere of wheat, making less inorganic N (15N) available for plant uptake. The results of this study indicate that the effects of introduced Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere are plant-species dependent, and highlight the importance of testing microbial inocula on a range of plant species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008999112121
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    Design and Synthesis of Potent Tyr(OMe)5-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogues with Modifications at Positions 6, 9 and 10 (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of peptide research and therapeutics 5 (1998), S. 305-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3904
    Keywords: fish ; gonadotropin release ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) ; peptide analogues ; receptor binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have recently reported the synthesis and the conformational properties of some Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in which the tyrosine residue at position 5 is substituted with tyrosine-O-methyl (Keramida et al., Let. Pept. Sci., 3 (1996) 257/Matsoukas et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem., 32 (1997) 927). The analogue [Tyr-(OMe)5]-GnRH was found to exert a lower degree of desensitization than the native GnRH peptides in terms of pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) release in goldfish. Compared to GnRH, however, [Tyr-(OMe)5]-GnRH exerted a lower GTH-release potency in cultured goldfish pituitary fragments, and was bound with a lower binding affinity to the rat pituitary GnRH receptors. In order to increase the potency of [Tyr-(OMe)5]-GnRH, we have synthesized a group of GnRH peptides containing Tyr-(OMe)5 in combination with other substitutions at positions 6, 9 and 10 and we have estimated their binding affinity for the rat pituitary receptors and gonadotropin (GTH) release potency in the goldfish pituitary. A selected number of these analogues was also tested for their ability to induce ovulation in seabass. The important structural modifications that increased the binding and gonadotropic activity of [Tyr(OMe)5]-GnRH in vitro and in vivo were found to include the replacement of the proline at position 9 with azetidine, glycine amide terminus with an alkyl amide group and Gly6 residue with hydrophilic D-amino acids such as D-Arg6. Overall, the findings provide SAR information on a group of novel GnRH peptides that can be also used to induce ovulation in teleosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008885522753
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and synthesis of potent tyr(OMe)5-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues with modifications at positions 6, 9 and 10 (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of peptide research and therapeutics 5 (1998), S. 305-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3904
    Keywords: fish ; gonadotropin release ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) ; peptide analogues ; receptor binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We have recently reported the synthesis and the conformational properties of some Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in which the tyrosine residue at position 5 is substituted with tyrosine-O-methyl (Keramida et al., Let. Pept. Sci., 3 (1996) 257/Matsoukas et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem., 32 (1997) 927). The analogue [Tyr-(OMe)5]-GnRH was found to exert a lower degree of desensitization than the native GnRH peptides in terms of pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) release in goldfish. Compared to GnRH, however, [Tyr-(OMe)5]-GnRH exerted a lower GTH-release potency in cultured goldfish pituitary fragments, and was bound with a lower binding affinity to the rat pituitary GnRH receptors. In order to increase the potency of [Tyr-(OMe)5]-GnRH, we have synthesized a group of GnRH peptides containing Tyr-(OMe)5 in combination with other substitutions at positions 6, 9 and 10 and we have estimated their binding affinity for the rat pituitary receptors and gonadotropin (GTH) release potency in the goldfish pituitary. A selected number of these analogues was also tested for their ability to induce ovulation in seabass. The important structural modifications that increased the binding and gonadotropic activity of [Tyr(OMe)5]-GnRH in vitro and in vivo were found to include the replacement of the proline at position 9 with azetidine, glycine amide terminus with an alkyl amide group and Gly6 residue with hydrophilicd-amino acids such asd-Arg6. Overall, the findings provide SAR information on a group of novel GnRH peptides that can be also used to induce ovulation in teleosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02443548
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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