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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of pasture contamination by copper, chromium, arsenic timber preservative on soil biological activity (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 200-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Soil microfauna ; Decomposition ; Cotton strip ; Heavy metals ; Enchytraeids ; Nematodes ; Pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Contamination of grazed pasture gave 0–5 cm soil contents of 19–835 mg kg-1 Cu, 47–739 mg kg-1 Cr, and 12–790 mg kg-1 As. Soil Cu, Cr, As contents were correlated and declined with depth to 30 cm. In plots with medium and high contamination buried cotton strips retained most of their original tensile strength, indicating repression of decomposition processes.Lumbricus rubellus andAporrectodea rosea were absent in plots with medium and high contamination; there was no evidence of heavy metal accumulation in earthworm tissue; soil bulk density was greater in the absence of lumbricids. Enchytraeids and nematodes were most abundant with low contamination. Nematode diversity was greater with low (0–5 cm) or medium (5–10 cm) contamination than in control plots or those with high contamination; the proportion of predators increased with contamination. Basal soil respiration was less sensitive than substrate-induced respiration to contamination. Although contamination reduced the nitrification rate, all mineral N was found as NO inf3 sup- after 14 days. Sulphatase was the enzyme activity most sensitive to high contamination. Whereas contamination by 100 mg kg-1 of Cu, Cr, and As caused little depression of soil biological activity, there was some supperssion at 400 mg kg-1 and at 800 mg kg-1 normal processes were inhibited and herbage production was negligible. No single measurement adequately indicated the need for site remediation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647667
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability and effects of heavy metals on soil microbial biomass survival during laboratory incubation (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; CO2−C evolution ; Heavy metals ; Microbial biomass C ; Metabolic quotient ; Soil incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this work we studied the influence of Pb, Zn, and Tl on microbial biomass survival and activity during a laboratory incubation of soil. In comparison to uncontaminated soil, the microbial biomass C decreased sharply in soil contaminated with Zn and Tl, whereas the addition of Pb did not have any significant inhibitory effect on the level of microbial biomass C. Zn displayed the greatest biocidal effect, confirmed by the measurement of the death rate quotient (q D). The microbial activity, measured as CO2 evolution, increased significantly in contaminated soils, emphasizing the need of living organisms to expend more energy to survive. The greater demand for energy by microorganisms in order to cope with the toxicity of pollutants was also confirmed by measurement of the metabolic quotient (q CO2). In order to determine whether soil microorganisms affect the bioavailability of these metals through their mobilization and release, we studied the relationships between available Pb, Zn, and Tl, and microbial biomass C. The water-soluble fraction of Tl, available Tl, and Zn, and microbial biomass C were related significantly, but not Pb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336144
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of long-term waste water irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Waste water irrigation ; Heavy metals ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of long-term waste water irrigation (up to 80 years) on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities was studied in two agricultural soils (Vertisols and Leptosols) irrigated for 25, 65 and 80 years respectively at Irrigation District 03 in the Valley of Mezquital near Mexico City. In the Vertisols, where larger amounts of water have been applied than in the Leptosols, total organic C (TOC) contents increased 2.5-fold after 80 years of irrigation. In the Leptosols, however, the degradability of the organic matter tended to increase with irrigation time. It appears that soil organic matter accumulation was not due to pollutants nor did microbial biomass:TOC ratios and qCO2 values indicate a pollutant effect. Increases in soil microbial biomass C and activities were presumably due to the larger application of organic matter. However, changes in soil microbial communities occurred, as denitrification capacities increased greatly and adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratios were reduced after long-term irrigation. These changes were supposed to be due to the addition of surfactants, especially alkylbenzene sulfonates (effect on denitrification capacity) and the addition of sodium and salts (effect on AEC) through waste water irrigation. Heavy metals contained in the sewage do not appear to be affecting soil processes yet, due to their low availability. Detrimental effects on soil microbial communities can be expected, however, from further increases in pollutant concentrations due to prolonged application of untreated waste water or an increase in mobility due to higher mineralization rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003749900188
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of different temperatures on metal tolerance measurements and growth response in bacterial communities from unpolluted and polluted soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil bacteria ; [3H]-Thymidine ; [14C]-Leucine ; Temperature ; Metal tolerance ; Heavy metals ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature on the growth rate and metal toxicity in soil bacterial communities extracted from unpolluted and polluted soils were investigated using the thymidine and leucine incorporation techniques. An agricultural soil, which was contaminated in the laboratory with Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni or Pb, and an uncontaminated forest soil were used. Measurements were made at 0°C and 20°C. Leucine incorporation was found to be as sensitive to heavy metals as thymidine incorporation in the short-term trial used to indicate heavy metal tolerance. Similar IC50 values (the log of the metal concentration that reduced incorporation to 50%) were also obtained at 0 and 20°C, independently of the technique used. Metal tolerance could thus be measured using both techniques at any temperature in the range 0–20°C. In the long-term experiment different temperature-growth relationships were obtained on the basis of the rate of thymidine or leucine incorporation into bacterial assemblages from unpolluted and polluted soils, as judged from the minimum temperature values. This could not be attributed to the metal addition alone since different patterns were observed when different metals were added to the soil. Thus, the minimum temperature for thymidine incorporation was similar in Cu-polluted and unpolluted soil, while in soils polluted with Cd and Zn the minimum temperature increased by 2°C, and Ni and Pb additions increased the minimum temperature by 4°C compared to the unpolluted soil. This suggested that heavy metal pollution led to bacterial communities showing different temperature characteristics to those in the corresponding unpolluted soil. Similar observations were deduced from the minimum temperatures required for leucine incorporation. Three groups of bacterial communities were distinguished according to the growth response to temperature in polluted soils, one group in Cu-polluted soil, a second group in soil polluted with Zn and Cd, and a third group in soils polluted with Ni and Pb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334897
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiological and chemical changes in two arable soils after long-term sludge amendments (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 160-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Sludge ; Heavy metals ; Xenobiotica ; Soil quality ; Soil microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Sludge amendments increase the input of carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, the soil concentrations of heavy metals and xenobiotica can also increase due to sludge amendments, with possible effects on soil microorganisms and soil fertility. Therefore, we studied the effects on soil microorganisms and soil chemistry in two arable soils after 12 and 16 years of sewage sludge amendment (0, 1 and 3 dry matter ha–1 year–1). The sludge amendments were combined with nitrogen addition at three rates according to crop requirements, and all combinations were replicated 4 times, giving a total number of 36 parcels at each experimental site in a non-randomised block design. Univariate data evaluation as well as principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were used to identify differences between treatments in microbial and chemical parameters. The DFA showed that acid and alkaline phosphatase, potential ammonium oxidation and total nitrogen were the most important parameters to discriminate between a priori defined groups of sludge treatments. Among the heavy metals, copper showed the highest increase in soil concentration with sludge amendments, but this increase was still not high enough to have a significant influence on the measured parameters. None of the xenobiotica investigated was found in high soil concentrations. In conclusion, the present study showed that the sewage sludge affected several of the biological and chemical parameters investigated. However, no severe negative effects on soil microorganisms were detected at these moderate levels of sludge amendment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050603
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incorporation of heavy metals by the mud snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve, in submerged paddy soil treated with composted sewage sludge (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mud snail ; Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve ; Heavy metals ; Paddy soil ; Reed-sludge compost ; Bioconcentration of Cu and Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The biomass of newborn snails was higher in paddy soil without rice plants than in the soil with rice plants. There was an inverse correlation between shell width and concentratins of Zn and Cu in snail flesh. The Zn and Cu concentrations in snail flesh were extremely high compared with those in the paddy soil surrounding the snails, possibly because snails ingest sludge, one of the main components of the composts. These results suggest that this type of snail may be used to eliminate Zn and Cu from paddy soil when composted sewage sludge has been applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257641
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function of the soil microbial community in microhabitats of a heavy metal polluted soil (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 390-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Soil microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Particle-size fractions ; Heavy metals ; Phospholipid fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Particle-size fractionation of a heavy metal polluted soil was performed to study the influence of environmental pollution on microbial community structure, microbial biomass, microbial residues and enzyme activities in microhabitats of a Calcaric Phaeocem. In 1987, the soil was experimentally contaminated with four heavy metal loads: (1) uncontaminated controls; (2) light (300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd); (3) medium; and (4) heavy pollution (two- and threefold the light load, respectively). After 10 years of exposure, the highest concentrations of microbial ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen were found in the clay (2–0.1 μm) and silt fractions (63–2 μm), and the lowest were found in the coarse sand fraction (2,000–250 μm). The phospholipid fatty acid analyses (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) separation of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the microbial biomass within the clay fraction was predominantly due to soil bacteria. In contrast, a high percentage of fungal-derived PLFA 18 : 2ω6 was found in the coarse sand fraction. Bacterial residues such as muramic acid accumulated in the finer fractions in relation to fungal residues. The fractions also differed with respect to substrate utilization: Urease was located mainly in the 〈2 μm fraction, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase in the 2–63 μm fraction, and xylanase activity was equally distributed in all fractions. Heavy metal pollution significantly decreased the concentration of ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen of soil microorganisms in the silt and clay fraction and thus in the bulk soil. Soil enzyme activity was reduced significantly in all fractions subjected to heavy metal pollution in the order arylsulfatase 〉phosphatase 〉urease 〉xylanase. Heavy metal pollution did not markedly change the similarity pattern of the DGGE profiles and amino sugar concentrations. Therefore, microbial biomass and enzyme activities seem to be more sensitive than 16S rRNA gene fragments and microbial amino-sugar-N to heavy metal treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000268
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Soil microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Functional diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three soil types-Calcaric Phaeozem, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Lithosol-in large container pots were experimentally contaminated with heavy metals at four different levels (light pollution: 300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd; medium pollution: twofold concentrations; heavy pollution: threefold concentrations; uncontaminated control). We investigated the prognostic potential of 16 soil microbial properties (microbial biomass, respiration, N-mineralization, 13 soil enzymes involved in cycling of C, N, P and S) with regard to their ability to differentiate the four contamination levels. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities decreased with increasing heavy metal pollution, but the amount of decrease differed among the enzymes. Enzymes involved in the C-cycling were least affected, whereas vartous enzyme activities related to the cycling of N, P and S showed a considerable decrease in activity. In particular, arylsulfatase and phosphatase activities were dramatically affected. Their activity decreased to a level of a few percent of their activities in the corresponding unpolluted controls. The data suggest that aside from the loss of rare biochemical capabilities-such as the growth of organisms at the expense of aromatics (Reber 1992)-heavy metal contaminated soils lose very common biochemical propertities which are necessary for the functioning of the ecosystem. Cluster analysis as well as discriminant analysis underline the similarity of the enzyme activity pattern among the controls and among the polluted soils. The trend toward a significant functional diversity loss becomes obvious already at the lowest pollution level. This implies that concentrations of heavy metals in soils near the current EC limits will most probably lead to a considerable reduction in decomposition and nutrient cycling rates. We conclude that heavy metal pollution severely decreases the functional diversity of the soil microbial community and impairs specific pathways of nutrient cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335958
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass, activity, and organic matter accumulation in soils contaminated with heavy metals (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Microbial biomass ; Soil respiration ; Soil organic C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Chemical characteristics and some parameters related to biological components were determined in 16 soils from a fairly homogeneous area in the north of Italy, contaminated with different levels of heavy metals. Correlation analysis of the parameters studied showed close positive relationships among the metals and with the organic C content in the soils studied. Negative relationships were observed among the heavy metals, soil respiration, and the ratio between evolved CO2−C and microbial biomass C per unit time (specific respiratory activity). This was ascribed to an adverse heavy metal effect on the soil microflora, which appeared to increase the accumulation of organic matter as the heavy metal content increased, probably because the biomass was less effective in mineralising soil organic matter under these conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336086
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of inorganic and organic fertilization on soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and heavy metal bioavailability (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Organic fertilization ; Soil microbial biomass carbon ; Metabolic quotient ; Bioavailability ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We studied the long-term effects (12 years) of municipal refuse compost addition on the total organic carbon (TOC), the amount and activity of the microbial biomass (soil microbial biomass C, BC and metabolic quotient qCO2) and heavy metal bioavaiability in soils as compared to manuring with mineral fertilizers (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM). In addition, we studied the relationships between among the available fraction [Diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid (DTPA) extractable] of heavy metals and their total content, TOC and BC. After 12 years of repeated treatments, the TOC and BC of control and mineral fertilized plots did not differ. Soils treated with FYM and composts showed a significant increase in TOC and BC in response to the increasing amounts of organic C added. Values of the BC/TOC ratio ranged from 1.4 to 2, without any significative differences among soil treatments. The qCO2 increased in the organic-amended soil and may have indicated microbial stress. The total amounts of metals in treated soils were lower than the levels permitted by the European Union in agricultural soils. DTPA-extractable metals increased in amended soils in response to organic C. A multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection of variables was carried out in order to discriminate between the influence exerted on DTPA-extractable metals by their total content, TOC and BC. Results showed that each metal behaved quite differently, suggesting that different mechanisms might be involved in metal bioavailability
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050506
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil microbial effects of a Cu-Ni smelter in southwestern Finland (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Bacteria ; Soil respiration ; Litter decomposition ; Fungal hyphal length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of a Cu-Ni smelter on the soil microbial parameters: physiological groups of bacteria, soil respiration, fungal hyphal length, and green-needle litter decomposition, were investigated. The microbial parameters were reduced and this was significantly explained (P〈0.01) by the supplied environmental variables: exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, soil moisture, pH, and organic C as loss on ignition (Canoco, RDA-analysis). The importance of measuring exchangeable cations for major and trace elements appeared to be a relevant factor that must be considered when establishing relationships between microbial populations, their activity and the effect of heavy metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260522
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil previously amended with sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobia ; Heavy metals ; Waste disposal ; Nonnodulating ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the residual effects of sewage sludge on soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., nodulation, and N fixation. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage in soils (Typic Paleudults) obtained from plots where heat-treated sludge had been applied in 1976 at rates equal to 0, 56,112, and 224 Mg ha−1 high (7.0) and low (6.2) soil pH regimes were established by CaCO3 additions. Sludge and soil pH treatments resulted in clearly defined differences in metal uptake by soybean shoots. Plant Zn, Cd, and Ni concentrations were greater on pH 6.2, sludge-amended soil than on the pH 7.0, amended soil. At low soil pH, soybean Zn and Cd concentrations, respectively, increased from 41 and 0.19 mg kg−1 (control) to 120 and 0.58 mg kg−1 at the 224 Mg hat sludge rate. At the high soil pH and 224 hg hat sludge rate, Zn and Cd concentrations were 45 and 0.15 mg kg−1, respectively. Symbiotic N fixation provided 90% of the total N accumulation. Total N accumulation, shoot N concentration, dry matter, and N fixation by nodulating soybeans exhibited a significant linear increase with sludge rate. Total N accumulation, dry matter, and N fixation were significantly greater at high soil pH. For high and low soil pH, respectively, N fixation increased from 422 and 382 mg N per plant (control) to 614 and 518 mg N per plant at the 224 Mg ha−1 sludge rate. While soybean nodulation also increased linearly on sludge-amended soil, a significant rate times pH interaction for nodule number indicated that nodulation was less strongly enhanced by sludge at low soil pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260841
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of heavy metals on growth and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 311-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Macrophomina phaseolina ; Heavy metals ; Toxicity ; Growth ; Survival ; Cd ; Ni ; Co ; Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Cd, Co, Ni and Zn on growth and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina were studied in vitro. Cd, Ni and Co at 500 μg ml−1 inhibited growth by 78.8%, 73.6% and 11.8%, respectively, after 4 days at 25 ± 1°C. The mycelial dry weight yield was enhanced by 2.1% at 100 μg ml−1 Zn. The population of the pathogen declined in soil amended separately with Cd, Co, Ni and Zn. Cd (4000 mg kg−1) proved to be the most toxic, by completely inhibiting the survival of the pathogen in soil after 20 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261019
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical comparisons of heavy-metal concentrations in river sediments (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Statistics ; River sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Statisticalt tests were used to determine lead, copper, and chromium enrichment in sediments from the Lower Branch of the Rouge River in southeast Michigan, USA. Both absolute metal concentrations and ratios of trace metal to conservative metal concentrations were used to compare sampled sites along the Lower Branch of the Rouge River to background sites in the headwaters region. Concentration ratios were used to reduce the effects of certain chemical and physical characteristics on the level of metal contained in a given sediment. Results from the comparison of sample sites to the background reveal metal enrichment at several sites, particularly along the highly urbanized, downstream section of the river. This section of the Lower Branch of the Rouge River exhibits significant lead and copper contamination, as well as measurable chromium enrichment when using either concentrations alone or ratios as methods of comparison. The areas of metal enrichment appear to coincide closely with areas of known anthropogenic activities. Of particular interest, however, is the enrichment of lead and copper at two upstream sites where the statistical tests suggest an anthropogenic source for the enrichment, but where no previously known cultural activities existed. These data prompted a historical search of records, which discovered several abandoned landfills immediately upstream of the metal enrichment sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770602
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supergene processes on ore deposits—a source of heavy metals (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 156-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Pore solution ; Supergene alteration ; Acid mine drainage ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The study of supergene processes (i.e., secondary processes running in ore deposits and driven by thermodynamic nonequilibrium between ore-and rock-forming minerals and natural waters, gasses, etc.) is important in order to understand the migration of heavy metals from ore into their adjacent surroundings. The contamination of the local environment can be characterized by the composition of pore waters. The Pb-Zn-Cu ore deposits of Zlaté Hory (Czech Republic) have been chosen for a detailed study of pore solutions. A simple model has been created to describe the evolution of supergene processes in the ore deposits. This model is based on the determination of chemical composition of pore solutions. The dilution of pore solutions of such mineral deposits results in acid mine drainage. Pore solutions can have, during specific stages of their evolution, relatively high concentrations of Cu (0.09 mol/kg), Zn (0.1 mol/kg), SO4 (0.8 mol/kg) and an extremely low pH (1.38). The supergene alteration of pyrite is the most important process determining the character of pore water. This reaction causes significant acidification and is a leading source of acid mine drainage. The leached zone originates from the interaction of pyrite and limonite. Increased concentrations of heavy metals and sulfates occur in pore waters. The dynamic composition of pore waters within ore deposits undergoing the supergene process can be used to distinguish: (1) three main zoneslimonite, transition, and primary zone and (2) two areas—an area with the highest intensity of weathering processes and an area of weathering initiation. In these areas the rate of sulfide oxidation is higher as a result of low pH. From the study of these zones and areas we can further our knowledge of ore body, pore solution, acid mine drainage, and contamination of the local environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766989
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of heavy-metal profiles in river Weser Estuary sediments, Germany (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 24 (1994), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Sediments ; Heavy metals ; Estuary ; River Weser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Studies of heavy metal concentrations in porewaters and in sediments from the Weser Estuary, Germany, indicate that the depth distribution of Mn, Cd, and Cu in the solid phase is predominantly influenced by the subsurface redox regime, while Ni shows only moderate alteration. Based on solid-phase heavy metal data from eight locations in the study area, linear regressions of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cd on Al allowed differences between the initial metal concentration and the concentration preserved in the sediments to be predicted. We calculate that, due to early diagenetic processes, Mn is enriched to 145 percent, while Cu and Cd are depleted to 71 percent and 46 percent, respectively, of the initial metal concentration in the near-surface sediment. Maximum depletion of Cd (84 percent), Cu (68 percent), Mn (54 percent), and Ni (24 percent) concentrations in the sediment, observed at a restricted area downcore, indicate the importance of post-depositional processes to metal preservation in the sediment. Without knowledge of the quantitative effects of diagenetic reactions on the preservation of metal concentrations in sediments, the depth distribution of metals in sediment cores may be misinterpreted as the effect of human activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766892
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the early diagenetic environment in intertidal sands and muds of the Manukau Harbour, New Zealand (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 24 (1994), S. 254-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Sequential extraction ; Diagenesis ; Estuary ; Sediment ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The early diagenetic environment of intertidal sandy sediments (sands) and muddy sediments (muds) is described and compared from two cores taken from an unpolluted part of the Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. Extraction techniques characterized the form of the trace elements (Fe, Mn, S, C, Pb, Zn, Cu) at different depths in the sediment. Dissolved forms of Fe, Mn, and S were measured in interstitial water. Nonresidual metal concentrations, humic acid, FeS, and FeS2 are an order of magnitude higher in the muds than in the sands because of dilution by unreactive sand particles. Muds contain a larger proportion of metals in the mobile fractions; exchangeable (Mn), carbonate (Mn, Fe, Zn), and easily-reducible oxide (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb). This is due to greater surface area (for Mn adsorption); the favorable conditions for MnCO3, FeCO3, and FeS precipitation; and higher concentrations of easily reducible iron oxide and humic acid. Therefore, compared to the sands, muds are more important as reservoirs for toxic metals, both in terms of quantity and availability. At either site there was very little difference between the forms of Zn, Pb or Cu identified by sequential extraction as sediments changed from oxic to anoxic conditions. One reason for this is that the amounts and proportions of some of the important components that bind metals, viz., amorphous iron hydrous oxides, humic acids, and FeS2, do not change much. Other components that do change with redox conditions, for example, manganese phases and FeS, are only minor components of the sediment. Redox conditions, then, have relatively little effect on trace-metal partitioning in the sediment matrix of these unpolluted sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00767086
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    Sediment and heavy metal accumulation in the Cauvery basin (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Radiometric dates ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic input ; Cauvery basin ; Remobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eleven cores were collected from the Cauvery basin. Radiometric dates were used to determine modern sediment accumulation rates. Sediment accumulation rates ranged from 0.4 to 4 mm yr–1. Heavy metal concentration decreases with the increase of depth. The heavy metal concentrations at certain depths are attributed to the irregular input of metals and their remobilization. Heavy metal accumulations have been computed using sediment accumulation rates, and accumulation rates show an additional anthropogenic input of metals and sediments in the recent past. Factor analysis and correlation analysis show the diverse source and accumulation mechanism influencing the metal distribution in the basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050046
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  • 19
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    Distribution of heavy metals in the Piscinas beach sediments (SW Sardinia, Italy) (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sediments ; Mineralogy ; Geochemistry ; Heavy metals ; Biogeochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have studied sediments of the Piscinas beach (SW Sardinia, Italy), which is supplied by two streams that wash mine dumps of abandoned lead and zinc mines at Montevecchio and Ingurtosu, situated inland from the supply basin of the beach itself. A study of the texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments was conducted for the purpose of assessing the possible influence of the mine waste on the composition of the sediments, looking for any anomalous enrichments in heavy metals. Furthermore, to evaluate and quantify metal release into the sea, samples of Posidonia oceanica, a bioaccumulator marine plant, were also examined. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in the foreshore sediments is particularly affected by the contribution of the streams, while in the shoreface the distribution is affected by the currents that disperse the sediments both out to sea and southwards. The metal contents of the Posidonia oceanica are correlated with the different stages of activity of the mines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050405
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    The use of sediments to detect human impact on the fluvial system (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1015-1028 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Contaminants ; Heavy metals ; Organochlorines ; Fluvial sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediments have been used to detect sources of contamination in a catchment of the Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) estuary and to evaluate the effects of different land-use practices on the fluvial environment. Mean enrichment (mean concentrations over pre-anthropogenic background) of size-normalized (〈62.5 μm) aquatic sediment is 10 × for Cu, 20× for Pb and 90× for Zn adjacent to industrialized areas and 2×, 7× and 7×, respectively for these metals in highly urbanized subcatchments. Diffuse sources contribute minor metals to fluvial sediment even in the most underdeveloped subcatchment (2×, 3× and 3× for Cu, Pb and Zn respectively). Organochlorine pesticide residue concentrations parallel heavy-metal trends due to a common mixed industrial base. Effects-based sediment criteria suggest that some adverse biological impacts are probably occurring in streams flowing through the industrial areas. This interpretation is supported by sequential extraction data which show that a moderate proportion of total heavy metals, especially Zn, is associated with the more bioavailable exchangeable/adsorbed phases in these aquatic sediments. High total suspended solid loads in water downstream of one of the industrial centers, and high particle-bound Cu and Pb concentrations, suggest that most contaminants exiting the catchment do so in association with the solid phase.
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    Inorganic pollutants in the Padma River, Bangladesh (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1059-1062 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words River water ; Bed sediment ; Trace metal ; Heavy metals ; River pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The water and bed-sediment pollution status of the Padma River was determined by analysis of representative samples for selected metals and ions. Water and bed-sediment samples were collected at a T-dam, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, for 7 months. Water and silt-metal content analysis was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry or other analytical methods. The data showed the variation of the metal ion-levels in water as follows: Ca 17.11–48.37 ppm, Na 17.51–20.09 ppm, K 1.00–3.60 ppm, Cr 2.80–7.00 ppm, and SO4 4.17–5.48 ppm; in bed sediment, the levels were Cr 35–1050 ppm and Pb 12–48 ppm. The occurrence of Na, K and Ca was in the normal range (US EPA permissible limit), but the levels of Cr in water were much higher than the permissible limit. The SO4 ion content was well below the pollution level. The concentration of Pb in the bed sediment was within the permissible limit for the standard International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Soil-5a, but the concentration of Cr in the bed sediment was significantly higher than the permissible limit for the standard IAEA Soil-5a. Thus the Padma river water was polluted with Cr. The occurrence of some ions showed a monthly variation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900098
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    Sediment and heavy metal accumulation in the Cauvery basin (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Radiometric dates ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic input ; Cauvery basin ; Remobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eleven cores were collected from the Cauvery basin. Radiometric dates were used to determine modern sediment accumulation rates. Sediment accumulation rates ranged from 0.4 to 4 mm yr−. Heavy metal concentration decreases with the increase of depth. The heavy metal concentrations at certain depths are attributed to the irregular input of metals and their remobilization. Heavy metal accumulations have been computed using sediment accumulation rates, and accumulation rates show an additional anthropogenic input of metals and sediments in the recent past. Factor analysis and correlation analysis show the diverse source and accumulation mechanism influencing the metal distribution in the basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770427
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    Heavy metals distribution and fractionation in sediments of the Mahanadi River basin, India (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 22 (1993), S. 80-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Mahanadi River ; Heavy metals ; Fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metals distribution in core sediments, different size fractions of bed sediments (〉212 urn, 90-212 jam, 63–90 urn, 53–63 urn, 〈 53 urn), and suspended sediments (〉30 urn, 20–30 μm, 10–20 urn, 2–10 urn, 〈2 μm) have been discussed. Pb, Zn, and Cr have been accumulating in recent years in the sediments. Si, Al, Fe, Ca, and Mg dominate the bed and suspended sediment composition. Metals show increasing concentrations in finer sediments. Applying multivariate analysis to sediment composition, metals have been grouped into different factors depending upon their source of origin. Chemical fractionation studies on suspended and bed sediments show Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb are associated with the residual fraction and Mn with the exchangeable fraction.
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    Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 22 (1993), S. 106-110 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; River-deposited sediment ; Contamination ; Water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.
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    Natural and anthropogenic influences on the geochemistry of Quaternary lake sediments from Holzmaar, Germany (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 31 (1997), S. 236-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Lake sediments ; Heavy metals ; Geochemistry ; Element fluxes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The accumulation of heavy metals and trace elements has been investigated in a well laminated sequence of Holocene and late Pleistocene lake sediments composed of diatomaceous gyttja, tuff and silt and clay sediments. Varve chronology of the annually deposited gyttja yielded a continuous high-resolution time sequence and allowed the absolute age dating of the sediment. Fluxes of elements remained largely uniform from the late Pleistocene into the Holocene (12 867–2 364 VT years ago; VT: varve time, years before 1950). Higher trace element and heavy metal fluxes occur from 2 322 to 862 VT years ago and reached their maxima in the uppermost sediments (〈845 VT years ago). These increasing element fluxes correlate with increasing inputs of clastic material. The changing accumulation rates are the result of elevated soil erosion in the lake catchment caused by human settlement, deforestation and agricultural activities. Thus disturbances of the natural geochemical cycles of the Holzmaar region have occurred since the beginning of the Iron Age and especially since the beginning of the Middle Ages.
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    Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of tree-ring profiles in pine and birch from N Norway and NW Russia – a reliable record of the pollution history of the area? (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 32 (1997), S. 9-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words ICP-MS laser ablation ; Tree-ring profiles ; Heavy metals ; Pollution history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of tree rings provides a rapid and sensitive method for investigating element concentrations and fluctuations in trees along time profiles. Time profiles obtained from pine and birch trees from a strongly polluted area in northwest Russia and a slightly polluted area at the Norwegian-Russian border show that single trees behave rather individualistically in terms of heavy metal contents as observed in the yearly growth rings. The obtained profiles can not be linked to the pollution history of the area. No correlation between pollution levels of the soils and observed metal content in tree rings can be established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050188
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    Heavy metal pollution of coastal river sediments, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia: lead isotope and chemical evidence (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 118-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words River sediments ; Heavy metals ; Lead isotopes ; Geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Heavy metal and metalloid concentrations within stream-estuary sediments (〈180-μm size fraction) in north-eastern New South Wales largely represent natural background values. However, element concentrations (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) of Hunter River sediments within the heavily industrialized and urbanized Newcastle region exceed upstream background values by up to one order of magnitude. High element concentrations have been found within sediments of the Newcastle Harbour and Throsby Creek which drains into urbanized and light industry areas. Observed Pb enrichments and low 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb ratios are likely caused by atmospheric deposition of Pb additives from petrol and subsequent Pb transport by road run-off waters into the local drainage system. Sediments of the Richmond River and lower Manning, Macleay, Clarence, Brunswick and Tweed River generally display no evidence for anthropogenic heavy metal and metalloid contamination (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn). However, the rivers and their tributaries possess localized sedimentary traps with elevated heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn). Lead isotope data indicate that anthropogenic Pb provides a detectable contribution to investigated sediments. Such contributions are evident at sample sites close to sewage outlets and in the vicinity of the Pacific Highway. In addition, As concentrations of Richmond River sediments gradually increase downstream. This geochemical trend may be the result of As mobilization from numerous cattle-dip sites within the region into the drainage system and subsequent accumulation of As in downstream river and estuary sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050327
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    Status of anthropogenically induced metal pollution in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region of the Ganga Plain, India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Anthropogenic pollution ; Heavy metals ; Ganga Plain ; Monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Ganga Plain is one of the most densely populated regions and one of the largest groundwater repositories of the Earth. For several decades, the drainage basin of the Ganga Plain has been used for the disposal of domestic and industrial wastes which has adversely affected the quality of water, sediments and agricultural soils of the plain. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and organic carbon were determined in river sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region in 1994 and 1995 (pre-monsoon period of April–May). High contents (maximum values) of C-org (12.0 wt. %), Cr (3.40 wt. %), Sn (1.92 wt. %), Zn (4000 mg/kg), Pb (646 mg/kg), Cu (408 mg/kg), Ni (502 mg/kg) and Cd (9.8 mg/kg) in sediments (〈20 μm fraction); and C-org (5.9 wt. %), Cr (2.16 wt. %), Sn (1.21 wt %), Zn (975 mg/kg) and Ni (482 mg/kg) in soils (〈20 μm) in the pre-monsoon period of 1994 were found. From 1994 to 1995 the contents of Fe and Sn in sediments increase whereas those of C-org, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn decrease. Considering the analytical errors, Al, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb do not show any change in their concentrations. In soils, the contents of Cd, Fe and Sn increase whereas those of Ni decrease from 1994 to 1995. Aluminium, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn do not show any change in their concentrations from 1994 to 1995. About 90% of the contents of Cd, Cr and Sn; 50–75% of C-org, Cu and Zn; and 25% of Co, Ni and Pb in sediments are derived from the anthropogenic input in relation to the natural background values, whereas in soils this is the case for about 90% of Cr and Sn; about 75% of Cd; and about 25% of C-org, Cu, Ni and Zn. The sediments of the study area show enrichment factors of 23.6 for Cr, 14.7 for Cd, 12.2 for Sn, 3.6 for C-org, 3.2 for Zn, 2.6 for Cu and 1.6 for Ni. The soils are enriched with factors of 10.7 for Cr, 9.0 for Sn, 3.6 for Cd, 1.8 for Ni and 1.5 for Cu and Zn, respectively.
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    A study of heavy metal pollution in the Tinto-Odiel estuary in southwestern Spain using factor analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1095-1101 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Factorial analysis ; Heavy metals ; Estuarine waters ; Huelva coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The estuary of Odiel and Tinto rivers, located on the southwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, receives acidic fluvial water discharges with high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals from these rivers. In addition, a big industrial complex which efflues directly on the system is located in the same estuary. The effluents induce the presence in the estuary of high concentrations of heavy metals and phospates (nutrients). The application of factorial analysis techniques on the nutrients and heavy metal concentrations in 46 water samples taken from 32 different sampling stations located along the estuary, allows three groups of elements and compounds with a distinct origin to be determinated. So, Cu and Zn have a clear fluvial provenance, whereas PO4 and As are clearly industrial wastes and Cl, K, Ca, Li, Rb and Sr come from the sea. From the factorial analyses we can deduce the existence of two agents controlling the behavior of the analyzed elements, which are: the tidal exchange with the open sea and the fluvial supply.
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    Reservoir sediments – a witness of mining and industrial development (Malter Reservoir, eastern Erzgebirge, Germany) (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1341-1351 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words East Germany ; Erzgebirge ; Eutrophication ; Heavy metals ; Lake sediments ; Mining ; Pollution development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. The Malter Reservoir is situated about 30 km south of Dresden (eastern Germany) in a historical mining area of the eastern Erzgebirge. It was built in 1913 for the protection from floodwaters, droughts and for generating electricity. The river Rote Weißeritz is the main source of clastic input into the lake. Geochemical and sedimentological data of gravity-and piston-cores, recovered from the deepest point of the lake, document the environmental history of the drainage area since 1963. 137Cs dating gives an average sedimentation rate of ∼2.9 cm/year. Within the whole core, heavy metals are strongly enriched (parentheses refer to enrichment factors as compared with average shale): cadmium (290), silver (140), bismuth (90), antimony (25), lead (21), zinc (14), tin (13), uranium (9), tungsten (9), molybdenum (5), copper (4), thallium (3) and chromium (2). Enrichments are detectable for the whole registered time-period of 81 years. Peaks of up to 27 mg/kg silver, 37 mg/kg bismuth, 91 mg/kg cadmium, 410 mg/kg chromium, 240 mg/kg copper, 20 mg/kg molybdenum, 14000 mg/kg phosphorus, 740 mg/kg lead, 6,5 mg/kg antimony, 74 mg/kg tin, 52 mg/kg tungsten and 1900 mg/kg zinc reflect local events caused by human impact. Inputs from different pollution sources at different times are represented by highly variable elemental concentrations and ratios within the core. High pH values within the water and the sediment column, the large adsorption capacity of the fine-grained Corg.-rich sediment, and the presence of low Eh-values and sulphide ions in the sediment prevent the remobilisation of the toxic elements. Erosion of these contaminated sediments during floods, channel flows or resuspension during removal of the sediments may lead to a downstream transfer of pollutants. Contents of P and Corg., as well as diatom abundance, indicate a change from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions in the lake during ∼1940–1950. This was mainly caused by high agricultural activity in the drainage area. Reduced contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr since the reunification of East and West Germany are obviously caused by increasing environmental protection measures, such as wastewater purification and especially the closing of contaminating industries.
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    Seasonal variation of particulate heavy metals in the Lower Paraíba do Sul River, R.J., Brazil (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 297-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Particulate matter ; Heavy metals ; Tropical river ; Seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Temporal and spatial variability of particulate metal concentrations (Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe) were investigated in the lower drainage basin of the Paraíba do Sul River. The results showed that the spatial variability was not important for all the studied metals, however, temporal variations seems to be considerable. In general, two distinct behaviors were observed for particulate heavy metals: (1) metal concentration increase together with water flow (Fe and Cu) and (2) concentration decrease with increasing water flux (Zn, Cr and Mn). The Fe and Cu behavior is probably due to the strong association of these metals with surface runoff, although their sources seem to be distinct. Iron probably originates from the regional soils rich in iron oxides, and Cu is possibly associated to the large-scale use of copper fungicides in the sugar cane plantations. The opposite trend observed for Zn, Cr and Mn probably reflects the importance of the industrial and urban effluents as a secondary source of these elements for the system. Their behavior is probably associated with the dilution effect caused by the input of a suspended matter poor in these metals originated from the surface runoff during the rainy season.
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    Long-range atmospheric transport of trace metals: the need for geoscience perspectives (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 96-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Atmospheric transport ; Heavy metals ; Natural emissions ; Risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The scientific literature of the past 25 years indicates a lack of consensus over the relative significance of anthropogenic and natural sources of metals in rural and remote ecosystems, meaning areas located several hundred to several thousand kilometers from industrial point sources. Geoscience perspectives are needed to address the critical information gaps associated with this issue, particularly where information on the significance and variability of naturally occurring metals is required. Uncertainties in source apportionment need to be addressed by improving methods of fingerprinting sources of airborne particles, and establishing identities of individual particles on the basis of characteristic morphologies and chemical composition. Further research is required to obtain robust estimates of total metal emissions to the atmosphere and to the oceans in order to determine the relative contribution from anthropogenic sources. Such research must involve a systematic attempt to obtain spatially and temporally representative data on the natural release of metals at the global scale. Moreover, a clear understanding of all local natural and anthropogenic loadings to an ecosystem is required before firm conclusions can be drawn about the relative importance of long-range atmospheric transport.
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    Stable isotopes and heavy metal distribution in Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra Mussels) from western basin of Lake Erie, Canada (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 122-129 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Stable isotopes ; Heavy metals ; Zebra mussels ; Lake Erie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Dreissena polymorpha is an exotic freshwater bivalve species which was introduced into the Great Lakes system in the fall of 1985 through the release of ballast water from European freighters. Utilizing individual growth rings of the shells, the stable isotope distribution (δ18O and δ13C) was determined for the life history of selected samples which were collected from the western basin of Lake Erie. These bivalves deposit their shell in near equilibrium with the ambient water and thus reflect any annual variation of the system in the isotopic records held within their shells. Observed values for δ18O range from -6.64 to –9.46‰ with an average value of –7.69‰ PDB, while carbon values ranged from –0.80 to –4.67‰ with an average value of –1.76‰ PDB. Dreissena polymorpha shells incorporate metals into their shells during growth. Individual shell growth increments were analyzed for Pb, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu, and V concentrations. The shells show increased uptake of certain metals during periods of isotopic enrichment which correspond with warmer water temperatures. Since metals are incorporated into the shells, the organism may be useful as a biomonitor of metal pollution within aquatic environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050232
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    Heavy metal retention in secondary precipitates from a mine rock dump and underlying soil, Dalarna, Sweden (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1997), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key wordsAcid mine drainage ; Sulfide oxidation ; Goethite ; Jarosite ; Heavy metals ; Hydrated ferrous sulfates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the retention of heavy metals in secondary precipitates from a sulfidic mine rock dump and underlying podzolic soils by means of mineralogical and chemical extraction methods. The rock dump, which is at least 50 years old, consists of a 5–10-cm-thick leached zone and an underlying 110–115-cm-thick accumulation zone. Optical microscopy and electron microprobe analyses confirm that pyrrhotite weathering has proceeded much further in the leached horizon relative to the accumulation horizon. The weathering of sulfides in the leached zone has resulted in the migration of most heavy metals to the accumulation zone or underlying soils, where they are retained in more stable phases such as secondary ferric minerals, including goethite and jarosite. Some metals are temporarily retained in hydrated ferrous sulfates (e.g., melanterite, rozenite).
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    Channel processes as a factor controlling accumulation of heavy metals in river bottom sediments: consequences for pollution monitoring (Upper Silesia, Poland) (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Channel processes ; River sediments ; River pollution ; Heavy metals ; Upper Silesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  An evaluation of the influence of channel processes (erosion, accumulation, processing of channel sediments) on the dispersal of heavy metals in bottom sediments was carried out in the channels of the Sztoła and Biała Przemsza rivers in Upper Silesia, Poland. These rivers receive waters from a Zn and Pb mine. Mine waters transport a large amount of fine-grained sediments contaminated with heavy metals. The polluted material is accumulated in these stream courses and mixed with nearly homogeneous sandy sediment derived from erosion of the river banks and bed. Because these alluvia are easily set in motion, the distribution of heavy metal concentration in the channel in fraction 〈1 mm reflects differences in physical processes of sedimentation in its cross-section. The minimal values in active channel and maximal in the near-bank zone are typical for those channel sections where heavy metals, present in a solid state, are transported as a suspended load (normally the largest part of a polluted river course). In short sections heavy metals associated with the grains of a large mass which has accumulated in the active channel are transported as a bed load and the typical distribution pattern is reversed (in fractions both 〈1 mm and 〈0.063 mm). Such regularities can be disturbed in localities where strong, turbulent flow or frequent eddying occur and Mn oxides and hydrooxides and associated elements precipitate. The smallest variation in heavy metal concentration in the homogenous, fine-grained bank sediments which are trapped by plants below water level is a feature which recommends these localities as being the most suitable for monitoring of river pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050319
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    Accumulation of muds and metals in the Hudson River estuary turbidity maximum (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 214-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Hudson River ; Estuary ; Heavy metals ; Turbidity maximum ; Mud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  In the Hudson River estuary, fine mud and toxic metals are enriched in the upstream turbidity maximum. The mechanisms causing the enrichment were assessed through the analysis of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) (bottom and surface), particle size, and trace metal distributions. Bottom SSCs varied across the study area by a factor of ten, and the turbidity maximum activity was observed in between kilometers 45 and 80. The particle-size analysis defined two accumulation modes: 〈4.65 and 〉22.1 μm. The ratio of the fine-to-coarse mode increased from 1.75 to 2.75 in the turbidity maximum. The fine mud concentration (55–60%) in the turbidity maximum was found to have a high correlation (r=0.98;p〈0.005) with the concentration of 〈2-μm particles. A conceptual model was derived in order to understand the possible mechanisms by which fine mud (and specifically 〈2-μm particles) is concentrated. The two dominant size modes were analyzed for toxic metals. The upstream tributaries are major sources of metals compared to point sources at downstream locations. In the turbidity maximum, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb are significantly enriched compared to average shale metal values and ERM toxicity guidelines by 580, 42, 10, 16 and 12, 7, 2.4, 1.4 times, respectively. Decreasing metal concentrations downstream of the turbidity maximum imply that Haverstraw Bay acts as temporary storage for fine particles and enriched metals. It is demonstrated in this study that toxic metals are enriched in Haverstraw Bay due to the mud accumulation. The high levels of toxic metals in the sediments of the Hudson River estuary are a major concern because human activities (dredging and river traffic) cause resuspension of sediments and can change the mobility patterns of bioavailable contaminants.
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    Metal retention in a thin karstic soil, Christian County, Missouri (1999)
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    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 107-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Karst ; Heavy metals ; Soil contamination ; Sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The response of a Wilderness cherty loam series soil to repeated dosages of metals (as sewage sludge) using a two-step sequential extraction procedure was investigated. Variations in metal content between amended and control soils were related to organic matter, clay content, and clay mineralogy. Of the four metals investigated, Cu was found to accumulate in the top 20 cm of amended soils; Pb and Zn were present in even smaller amounts with respect to the control soils, and Cr concentrations were unaffected with respect to both depth and amendment. None of the metals indicated accumulation in deeper (〉20 cm) parts of the soil profile. Overall, results suggest that the metals remobilize in the top 20 cm, being readily uptaken by the fescue grass growing in this lot. Precipitation of insoluble forms of metal into deeper parts of the soil profile was proven unlikely based on the distribution of metal concentrations throughout the profile.
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    Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and distribution of heavy metals in contaminated sea-floor sediments of Hong Kong Harbour (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 77-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic susceptibility ; Sea-floor sediments ; Heavy metals ; Hong Kong
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted on 24 vibrocores obtained from an area located off the northeastern coast of Lantau Island in Hong Kong. High intensities of magnetic susceptibility were detected in the uppermost sections of the majority of the cores. Several magnetic parameters measured for one of the cores suggest that the variations in the magnetic characteristics over depth are mainly due to varying concentrations of the magnetic minerals. Since a strong correlation has been found between magnetic susceptibility and the heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr, an anthropogenic contamination origin is thought to be the cause. The present study shows that magnetic susceptibility is a fast, inexpensive and non-destructive method for the detection and mapping of contaminated sediments.
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    Heavy metals in Oka river sediments (Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, northern Spain): lithogenic and anthropogenic effects (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 54-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Oka River ; Spain ; Sediments ; Heavy metals ; Geochemical fractionation ; Lithogenic effects ; Anthropogenic inputs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Oka River basin is located in the Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, North Spain. In order to obtain a preliminary view of its environmental conditions, nitric acid extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co, organic matter content (L.O.I.), geochemical fractionation of heavy metals and mineralogical composition were analysed in surficial sediments (fraction 〈63 μm) collected in October 1991. Relatively high concentrations of metals occurred in a sampling site upstream, due to a local natural enrichment controlled by weathering of volcanic rocks. Geochemical fractionation confirmed the lithogenic origin of metals, which were mainly associated to the detrital phase. The significant increase of heavy metals found in some samples collected in the municipal area of Gernika suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Large amounts of metallic slags have been found mixed with the sediments upstream from this locality. Nevertheless, in view of their composition, it is unlikely that these slags constitute a significant source of heavy metals in the studied area. In a second sampling in October 1997 an apparent decreasing trend in some heavy metal levels was noted, particularly for Pb and Cu. Nowadays, enrichment factors relative to background values confirm moderate anthropogenic influence on Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni concentrations. However, heavy metal levels in the Oka river sediments are much lower than those detected in other major rivers of the Basque Country (Nervión, Urumea, Deba).
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    Impact of polluted canal water on adjacent soil and groundwater systems (2000)
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    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 945-950 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Groundwater ; Canal water ; Soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900069
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    Grain size and geochemical partitioning of heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar River – a tributary of the lower Ganga, India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (1999), S. 90-98 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Damodar River ; Heavy metals ; Grain size ; Chemical fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr in different grain-size fractions and geochemical association of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn with 〈63-μm size fraction of bed sediments of Damodar River has been studied. In general, concentrations of heavy metals tend to increase as the size fractions get finer. However at two sites, near mining areas, the coarser particles show similar or even higher heavy metal concentrations than finer ones. The higher residence time and/or presence of coarser particles from mining wastes are possibly responsible for higher metal content in the coarser size fractions. The chemical fractionation study shows that lithogenic is the major chemical phase for heavy metals. Fe and Mn are the major elements of the lithogenic lattice, constituting 34–63% and 22–59%, respectively, of total concentrations. Fe-Mn oxide and organic bound fractions are significant phases in the non-lithogenic fraction. The carbonate fraction is less significant for heavy metal scavenging in the present environment and shows the following order of abundance Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Fe. The exchangeable fraction of the Damodar sediments contains very low amounts of heavy metals suggesting poor bioavailability of metals.
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    Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissue and shell (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1216-1226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Bioaccumulation ; Heavy metals ; Oyster ; Sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Oysters and sediment have been collected from most major US Gulf of Mexico bays and estuaries each year since 1986. Selected samples of oyster soft tissue, shell and sediments were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn for this study. Concentrations varied considerably from place to place but ratios of metals remained relatively constant. Cu and Zn are greatly enriched in oyster tissues, which is related to their physiological function. Cd is enriched in oyster shell because of the easy substitution between Cd and Ca. The concentrations of Pb and Cr in oysters are significantly lower than that in sediment, suggesting a good discrimination against these metals by oysters. Metal variations are a result of both nature and human activity.
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    Geochemical fractionation of heavy metals in Chilka Lake (east coast of India)—a tropical coastal lagoon (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 26 (1995), S. 199-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Coastal lagoon ; Chilka Lake ; Sediment ; Heavy metals ; Chemical fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chilka lake, the largest coastal lagoon of Asia is one of the most dynamic ecosystems along the Indian coast. Historically the lagoon has undergone a considerable reduction in surface area due, in part, to input from natural processes but mostly due to human activities. The purpose of this investigation is to document the heavy metals' affinity for specific geochemical phases in the recently deposited sediments in the lagoon. Thirty-three samples were collected and analyzed for different geochemical phases of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn utilizing a sequential extraction scheme. In the nonlithogenous fraction, the exchangeable fraction was not geochemically significant, having 〈2% of the total metal concentration for all the elements. However, the carbonate fraction contained the following percentages of the total concentration: 〈1% Fe, 13% Mn, 6% Cu, 4% Cr, 8% Ni, 13% Pb, and 12% Zn, suggesting the detrital origin of the sediments. Reducible and organic matter-bound fractions were the significant phases in the nonlithogenous fraction, containing 9% Fe, 16% Mn, 15% Cu, 16% Cr, 16% Ni, 14% Pb, and 14% Zn in the former and 4% Fe, 3% Mn, 17% Cu, 3% Cr, 14% Ni, 15% Pb, and 14% Zn in the latter. The phenomenon has been attributed to the scavenging affinity of Fe-Mn oxides and affinity for sorption into organic matter of the lagoon sediments. The lithogenous, residual fraction generally considered as a guide for natural background values was determined to contain 87% Fe, 67% Mn, 61% Cu, 77% Cr, 61.3% Ni, 56% Pb, and 60% Zn of the total concentrations.
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    Calcareous skeletons of sea urchins as indicators of heavy metals pollution. Portman Bay, Spain (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 29 (1997), S. 78-83 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sea urchins ; Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Portman Bay presents elevated quantities of metals and heavy metals in the sediments and rocky outcrops. The calcitic skeletons of the sea urchins that live there present elevated concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn, and Pb (249, 273, 32, and 59 ppm) in comparison with control zones (beach of La Vila) where the concentrations for these elements are 5, 7, 8, and 2 ppm, respectively. Two species of sea urchins have been studied: Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula. The different compositions between the plates and the spines of their skeletons have also been studied.
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    Groundwaters of Florence (Italy): Trace element distribution and vulnerability of the aquifers (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 22 (1993), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Groundwaters ; Nitrates ; Heavy metals ; Aquifer vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Geochemical and hydrogeological research has been carried out on 109 wells in the alluvial plain of Florence, in order to evaluate conductivity and main chemistry of ground waters, the pattern of some possible pollutant chemical species (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, NO2, NO3), and the vulnerability of the aquifers. The plain is made up of Plio-Quaternary alluvial and lacustrine sediments for a maximum thickness of 600 m. Silts and clays, sometimes with lenses of sandy gravels, are dominant, while considerable deposits of sands, pebbles, and gravels occur along the course of the Arno river and its tributary streams, and represent the most important aquifer of the plain. The groundwaters analyzed belong to this aquifer or to the smaller ones, hosted in the gravel lenses. Most waters show conductivity values around 1000–1200 μS, and almost all of them have an alkaline-earth-bicarbonate chemical character; these features are consistent with the mainly calcareous lithology of the aquifers. In the western areas a higher salt content of the groundwaters is evident, probably related to the presence of industrial activities which use water desalinators. Heavy metal and NO2, NO3 analyses point out that no important pollution phenomena affect the groundwaters; all the mean values of the chemical considered species are below the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) fixed by the European Community for drinkable waters. Nevertheless, some anomalies of NO2, NO3, Fe, Mn, and Zn are present in the plain. Apart from Mn, which seems to be released by certain calcareous gravels, the other anomalies have a local influence, since they disappear even in the nearest wells. The most plausible causes can be recognized in losses of the sewage system (NO2=3–4 mg/t); use of nitrate compounds in agriculture (NO3=60–70 mg/l); oxidation of well pipes (Fe ≈ 20 mg/l; Zn ≈ 6 mg/l). As regards Cr, Cu, and Pb, all the observations are below the MAC; therefore, the median values of 〈 3, 3.9, and 1.1 μg/l, respectively, could be considered reference concentrations for groundwaters circulating in calcareous lithotypes, under undisturbed natural conditions. Finally, a map of vulnerability related to the most superficial and important aquifer has been elaborated on the basis of thickness and permeability of the covers. The map shows that the areas near the Arno river are highly vulnerable, for the minimum thickness (or lacking) of sediments covering the aquifer. On the other hand, in the case of pollution, several factors not considered in the map could significantly increase the self-purification capacity of the aquifer, such as the dilution of groundwaters caused by the feeding of the rivers, the bacteria oxidation of nitrogenous species, and the sorption capacity of clay minerals and organic matter with respect to trace metals.
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    Plant species as indicators of geochemical anomalies: Experiences onIlex aquifolium (holly) (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 25 (1995), S. 114-118 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Plants ; Heavy metals ; Biogeochemical prospecting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu, in plants growing in mineralized and sterile areas of Tuscany has been studied to verify if and to what extent metalaccumulating species represent evidence of geochemical anomalies in soils. Samples of leaves and twigs from trees were collected, and analyzed by means of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Hollies, brambles, and Holm oaks in particular were considered in the mineralized area of Bottino, and the special aptitude of hollies in concentrating Cd with respect to the other metals has been verified. Cadmium has been previously recognized as a pathfinder for zinc ore bodies; the results of this investigation appear to point out the relevance of holly as a bioindicator of geochemical zinc anomalies. Lower metal concentration characterizes the same species from other mineralized and sterile zones, with the exception of the urbanized area of Florence, where relatively higher Zn concentrations in hollies appear to be due to atmospheric pollution.
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    Mobility of heavy metals from coal fly ash (1994)
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    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 264-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Fly ash ; Sequential extraction ; Heavy metals ; Voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The mobility of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn from six different coal-fired power plant fly ashes that show a wide compositional range was examined using a sequential extraction procedure in order to assess their mobility when these wastes are ponded or landfilled. The extraction sequence was as follows: (1) water extractable, (2) cation exchangeable (CH3COONH4 at pH 7), (3) surface oxide-bound cations (CH3COONH4 at pH 5), (4) Fe oxide-bound cations (HONH3Cl), and (5) residual (HF, HCl, HNO3, 2∶1∶1). The heavy metal contents in the extraction solutions were determined by anodic (Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn) and cathodic (Ni and Co) stripping voltammetry. The results reveal differences in the total contents of the selected trace elements among the fly ash samples, which must be related to differences in coal composition and combustion technology. The extractable fraction under natural conditions ranges from 1.5 to 36.4 percent of the total element content. Cadmium, Co, Cu, and Zn show the highest extractable fraction (10.8–18.9 percent on average). Cadmium is the most easily water-extractable element, while Co, Cu, and Zn increase their mobility as the severity of the extraction increases. Cobalt, Ni, Pb, and Zn are mainly associated with the surface oxide-bound and Fe oxide-bound fractions. Nickel, Pb, and Sb have low mobility potentials (5.3–6.6 percent as extractable fraction), but Sb presents a relatively high water-extractable fraction.
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    Effects of historical mining activities on surface water and groundwater - an example from northwest Arizona (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 224-230 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Historical mining ; Groundwater pollution ; Surface-water pollution ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The focus of this research was to determine the impact of abandoned mines on surface water and groundwater in the historical mining districts of the Cerbat Mountains, Arizona. The surface water in the mining areas was found to be contaminated by various combinations and concentrations of heavy metals. Elevated arsenic, cadmium, and iron concentrations were detected in most surface-water samples, while lead, copper, and zinc contamination differed from region to region, depending on the ore mined. The groundwater was seriously polluted by arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese in the immediate vicinity of mines that processed ore on the site, such as the Tennessee Mine near Chloride. Chloride's groundwater, however, showed no evidence of contamination. Three possible explanations are discussed: immobilization of the heavy metals in the soil by chemical reactions and adsorption, dilution effects due to the rainy season in spring, or the existence of different groundwater systems.
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    Mobilization and attenuation of heavy metals within a nickel mine tailings impoundment near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 305-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sulfide oxidation ; Mine tailings ; Heavy metals ; Metal attenuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The oxidation and the subsequent dissolution of sulfide minerals within the Copper Cliff tailings area have led to the release of heavy metals such as Fe, Ni, and Co to the tailings pore water. Dissolved concentrations in excess of 10 g/l Fe and 2.2 g/l Ni have been detected within the shallow pore water of the tailings, with increasing depth these concentrations decrease to or near analytical detection limits. Geochemical modelling of the pore-water chemistry suggests that pH-buffering reactions are occurring within the shallow oxidized zones, and that secondary phases are precipitating at or near the underlying hardpan and transition zones. Mineralogical study of the tailings confirmed the presence of goethite, jarosite, gypsum, native sulfur, and a vermiculite-type clay mineral. Goethite, jarosite, and native sulfur form alteration rims and pseudo-morphs of the sulfide minerals. Interstitial cements, composed of goethite, jarosite, and gypsum, locally bind the tailings particles, forming hardpan layers. Microprobe analyses of the goethite indicate that it contains up to 0.6 weight % Ni, suggesting that the goethite is a repository for Ni. Other sinks detected for heavy metals include jarosite and a vemiculite-type clay mineral which locally contains up to 1.6 weight % Ni. To estimate the mass and distribution of heavy metals associated with the secondary phases within the shallow tailings, a series of chemical extractions was completed. The experimental design permitted four fractions of the tailings to be evaluated independently. These four fractions consisted of a water-soluble, an acid-leachable, and a reducible fraction, as well as the whole-rock total. Twenty-five percent of the total mass of heavy metals was removed in the acid-leaching experiments, and 100% of the same components were removed in the reduction experiments. The data suggest that precipitation/coprecipitation reactions are providing an effective sink for most of the heavy metals released by sulfide mineral oxidation. In light of these results, potential decommissioning strategies should be evaluated with the recognition that changing the geochemical conditions may alter the stability of the secondary phases within the shallow tailings.
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    Distribution of heavy metals in urban soils – a case study of Danang-Hoian Area (Vietnam) (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 603-610 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Soils ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic impacts ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  This work is part of a research study which is intended to study the degree of anthropogenic influences of the trace metal distribution of soils from Danang-Hoian area (Vietnam). Cu, Ni, Zn and Zr show significant effects in most of the cultivated soil categories, especially in the industrial soils. Extremely high levels of Pb (up to 742 μg/g) are observed in the industrial soil category, which shows an enrichment factor 114 as compared to rural soils. Cd shows only a relative local enrichment with the maximum level of 4.6 μg/g in urban soils. Sequential extraction was performed in selected samples to evaluate the geochemical trace metals. The result indicates that Zn and Cr are mainly found in the crystal and amorphous Fe oxide bounded forms. The contents of Cr in these fractions comprise more than 94% of total extractable Cr. In the case of Zn, 85% of total extractable Zn is in fractions FV and FVI. Cu is mainly found in the organic fraction at an average of 39.3% of total extractable content. On the other hand, heavy metal contents show an increasing tendency in the fine fraction (silt and clay).
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    Environmental geochemistry of the Gulf Creek copper mine area, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (1999), S. 61-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Acid mine drainage ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Bioavailability ; Rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Past mining and smelting of sulphide ore (pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite) at the abandoned Gulf Creek mine has resulted in a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (pH: 2.2–3.4), as well as degradation of local soil and vegetation. Physical dispersion of secondary metal-bearing minerals from abandoned ore and waste dumps into Gulf Creek and adsorption and coprecipitation of dissolved metals and metalloids in the stream bed cause elevated Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn values in stream sediments. The bioavailability of individual heavy metals to freshwater organisms changes downstream, however, selective bioaccumulation processes in algae reject readily bioavailable Zn and concentrate less bioavailable Cu. Polluted soils in the vicinity of the mine and smelter sites are subject to continuing soil erosion and either support no vegetation, or a depauperate flora with certain species showing bioaccumulation of metals and resistance to high metal contents. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas should involve covering and sealing sulphidic mine waste or removal of ore and waste dumps, installation of a physical and chemical plant or construction of a wetland environment (plus anoxic lime drains), and import of topsoil and planting of local, metal-tolerant plant species.
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    Influence of sewage sludge and heavy metals on nematodes in an arable soil (1991)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 5-9 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nematodes ; Sewage sludge ; Heavy metals ; Pratylenchus spp. ; Heterodera spp. ; Aphelenchoides spp. ; Ecumenicus spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The abundance of nematodes was investigated in agricultural plots treated in three different ways, the first with no treatment, the second with 300 m3 ha-1 a-1 raw sewage sludge and the third with 300 m3 ha-1 a-1 sewage sludge with the addition of heavy metals. The nematodes were determined down to the genus and were assigned to five feeding groups. Total nematode numbers were highest in the site treated with sewage sludge and heavy metals. The smallest total numbers were found in the control site. The plant-feeding nematode genera showed different patterns of abundance depending on the sludge treatment and heavy metal content. For the mycophagic and bacteriophagic nematodes, numbers increased with the amount of sludge, especially in the sites with a higher heavy metal content. The family Rhabditidae was the most numerous group in the sludge plus heavy metals treatment. In contrast to these findings, the omnivorous nematodes were very rare in the sludgetreated plots and were completely absent in plots treated with sludge plus heavy metals, whereas predatory nematodes were numerous only after the application of sludge alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369381
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    Simultaneous estimates of the diversity and the degradative capability of heavy-metal-affected soil bacterial communities (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Soil bacterial community ; Diversity ; Biochemical capability ; Aromatic substrates ; Cluster analysis ; Rarefaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method for simultaneous estimation of the impact of heavy metal stress on the diversity and the degradative capability of soil bacteria was developed and tested. It is based on the ability of soil bacteria to use aromatic substances as C sources. Though these characters were selected to indicate specific biochemical potential, they were sufficiently capable of differentiating the isolated strains into biochemical types. Using these characters implied that only organisms capable of growing at the expense of aromatics were tested. However, this made it possible to restrict the number of assays to 20 and to test up to 200 isolates per soil sample. In three out of five experiments, we found that heavy metal stress definitely decreased the diversity of bacteria in a flora. In two other experiments, an unchanged or even higher diversity in the metal-contaminated soils was observed. These unexpected results may have been caused by a high soil pH rendering metals unavailable or by selection of fast-growing strains in the control soil (decrease in evenness). The relative scoring of all characters in a community (also the average number of substrates used per isolate) was not a reliable indicator of changes in the degradative capability of bacterial communities. However, the ratio of the 10 lowest-scoring to the 10 highest-scoring out of the 20 characters tested was capable of indicating these changes. In all heavy-metal-affected bacterial communities so far tested, this ratio was lower than in the corresponding unaffected communities. These data suggest that some of the rare biochemical capabilities of bacterial flora were lost following contamination of soils by heavy metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336277
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    Effects of iron pollution on macroinvertebrates promoting organic matter transformation in soils of Presila Cosentina (Italy) (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 223-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Atmospheric pollution ; Heavy metals ; Microbial biomass ; Helix aspersa ; Octolasion complanatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the effect of a component (Fe3+) of a polluted atmosphere on the dynamic interactions among biotic and abiotic components of a simulated broad-leaved forest ecosystem in the district of Presila Cosentina. We reproduced, in laboratory trials, the environmental conditions and time sequences of most of the organic and inorganic parameters that affect the activities of microorganisms and of two invertebrates that inhabit broadleaved woods, Helix aspersa and Octolasion complanatum. We stressed this system by treatment with FeCl3 solution at 60 mg kg−1 to simulate environmental pollution. The results strongly suggest that heavy metal contamination, which essentially causes oxidative stress at cellular level, is detrimental to many of the parameters measured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395456
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    Long-term effects of heavy metals from composted municipal waste on some enzyme activities in a cultivated soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Municipal waste compost ; Calcareous soil ; Heavy metals ; Enzyme activities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 3-year field experiment on a calcareous Fluventic Xerochrept planted with corn (Zea mays L.) was carried out to evaluate the effects of amending the soil with high and low rates of composted municipal waste on soil enzyme activities (alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, arylsulphatase, dehydrogenase, and l-asparaginase). These enzyme activities all increased when compost was added at rates of up to 90 t ha-1, and the phosphatases continued to show a linear increase with compost rates of up to 270 t ha-1. The addition of mineral fertilizer increased enzyme activities in unamended soil, and masked the stimulating effect of compost on the amended soils. Heavy metals did not affect soil enzyme activities up to a compost addition of at least three times the amount specified by Italian law.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383978
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    Protozoan bioassays of soil amended with sewage sludge and heavy metals, using the common soil ciliate Colpoda steinii (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bioassay ; Soil protozoa ; Ciliates ; Heavy metals ; Sewage sludge ; Soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The common soil protozoan Colpoda steinii was used to study the toxicity of sulphate solutions of Ni, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The growth of C. steinii was reduced by 50% in the presence of 0.10, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.85 mg litre-1 of Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn, respectively, during 24 h of incubation at 25°C, as calculated from a regression analysis of probit-transformed data. The same growth assay was used to assess the toxicity of soil solution extracted by centrifugation from soil samples of field plots of a grass/clover ley on a sandy loam treated with sewage sludge spiked with additional Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, or Zn at concentrations either equivalent to or twice the limits for heavy metals recommended in recent EC guidelines (Commission of European Communities directive 86/278/EEC). The toxicity of these soil solutions varied with the season of the year. None of the soil solutions extracted in winter (February 1991) inhibited the growth of C. steinii. In summer (July 1991), the growth was reduced in solutions extracted from plots that were amended with sludge plus additional Zn or Ni at twice the maxima recommended by the EC. The changes in toxicity to C. steinii of the soil solutions between February and July were positively correlated with increases in heavy metal concentrations of Zn and Ni between winter and summer. These preliminary results suggest that regular protozoan bioassays may be used to monitor the biological availability of heavy metals in soils, especially when combined with other microbial assays and with chemical analyses of soil solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369305
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    Soil C balance in a long-term field experiment in relation to the size of the microbial biomass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil organic C ; Soil microbial biomass ; Crop residue decomposition ; Soil C balance ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil C balances were calculated in a field experiment started in 1956. Treatments include a fallow and soils receiving different N fertilizers or organic amendments. By assuming the absence of a priming effect, the degree of mineralization of crop residues and organic amendments was calculated. Crop residue mineralization was not affected by a more than 50% decrease in the size of the microbial biomass in soil fertilized with (NH4)2SO4, which had caused the pH of this soil to drop from 6.6 to 4.4. More C had accumulated per unit C input in peat-and sewage sludge-amended soils than in any of the other soils, suggesting that peat and sewage sludge were more resistant to microbial attack. Recalcitrance of substrate C was an adequate explanation for the low ratio of biomass C to soil C in the peat-amended soils, but not in the sewage sludge-amended soil. There was a close linear relationship (r=0.94) between the content of microbial biomass C in the soil measured in 1990 and cumulative C losses from the soil since 1956. Compared to the relationship between soil biomass C and soil organic C concentrations, the linear relationship between microbial C and cumulative C losses suggested that the significantly reduced biomass in the sewage sludge-amended soil was at least partially due to the presence of toxic substances (presumably elevated heavy metal concentrations) in this soil and was probably not affected by the somewhat low pH (5.3) in this soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335815
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    Impact of pasture contamination by copper, chromium, and arsenic timber preservative on soil microbial properties and nematodes (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Microbial biomass ; Respiration ; Enzymes ; Denitrification ; Dimethyl sulphoxide reduction ; Nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial properties and nematode abundance were measured along a gradient of increasing Cu, Cr, and As concentrations (50–1300 mg Cr kg-1) in the top 5 cm of a pasture soil contaminated by runoff of preserving liquor from an adjacent timber-treatment plant. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly (P〈0.05) lower in contaminated than uncontaminated soils. The amount of microbial biomass C as a percentage of total organic C declined significantly (r 2 value with Cr 0.726*) with increasing contamination, and the ratio of respired C to biomass C was significantly (P〈0.05) higher with contamination. Substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass P, and denitrification declined (r2 value with Cr 0.601, 0.833*, and 0.709*, respectively) with increasing contamination. Increasing contamination had no effect on prokaryote substrate-induced respiration but eukaryote: eukaryote substrate-induced respiration declined significantly (r 2 value with Cr 0.722*). Accordingly, the ratio of prokaryote substrate-induced respiration increased significantly (r 2 value with Cr 0.799*) with contamination. There was a significant (r 2 value with Cr 0.872*) hyperbolic relationship between sulphatase activity and contamination, with activity declining by approximately 80% at 〉1000 mg Cr kg-1. Increasing contamination had no effect on basal respiration, dimethyl sulphoxide reduction, and phosphatase, urease, and invertase activities. Numbers of plant-associated nematodes declined significantly (r 2 value with Cr 0.780*) with contamination. On a percentage basis, plant-feeding nematodes predominated in less contaminated soils, whereas bacterial-feeding and predatory nematodes predominated in heavily contaminated soils. The use of the fumigation—incubation procedure for measurement of microbial biomass C in heavy-metal contaminated soils is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336448
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    Impact of heavy metals on the degradative capabilities of soil bacterial communities (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 154-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Soil bacterial communities ; Aromatic substrates ; Loss of degradative capabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degradative capabilities of six heavy-metal-affected and six unaffected bacterial communities from Canadian and German soils were determined by enumerating colony-forming units on 20 specific media. Each of these contained an aromatic substrate as the sole source of C and energy. Comparisons of plate counts revealed that heavy metal stress caused a decrease in the eveness of the distribution of the 20 degradative capabilities This suggests that in heavy-metal-affected bacterial communities, relatively rare degradative capabilities, irrespective of their nature, are even rarer than in unaffected communities, while the reverse is true for more common capabilities. The results are discussed with respect to the ease with which aromatic substrates can serve as C and energy sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369419
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    Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial diversity and activity as shown by the sensitivity-resistance index, an ecologically relevant parameter (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Microbial activity ; Microbial diversity ; Sensitivity-resistance index ; Biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sensitivity-resistance index was developed, and proved to be a very sensitive biomonitor of soil pollution with heavy metals. The index was developed by a step-by-step approach. Ultimately, the bacterial soil microflora was divided into three groups, senstivive, tolerant, and resistant microflora. Zn and Cd sensitivity was defined as no growth occurring in the presence of 5 and 0.5 mg l-1 of these metals, respectively, while resistance was defined as distinct growth in the presence of 50 and 16 mg l-1, respectively. The sensitivity: resistance ratio of a referent clay soil (0.57 mg Cd kg-1 and 140 mg Zn kg-1) was 0.53, but for polluted (6 mg Cd kg-1 + 670 mg Zn kg-1) clay soil, the ratio was 0.24. For a referent (0.06 mg Cd kg-1 + 12 mg Zn kg-1) sandy soil the sensitivity: resistance ratio was 1.50 whereas polluted (2.3 mg Cd kg-1 + 252 mg Zn kg-1) sandy soil had a ratio 0.19. The ecological value of the sensitivity-resistance lies in its capacity to reflect potential deradation of aromatic compounds. It has been shown repeatedly that sensitive bacteria grow significantly better on a range of selected aromatic compounds. It has been speculated that resistance fo heavy metals may reduce the bioremediation capacity of soil towards chlorinated aromatics and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336319
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    Influence of different temperatures on metal tolerance measurements and growth response in bacterial communities from unpolluted and polluted soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil bacteria ; [3H]-Thymidine ; [14C]-Leucine ; Temperature ; Metal tolerance ; Heavy metals ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature on the growth rate and metal toxicity in soil bacterial communities extracted from unpolluted and polluted soils were investigated using the thymidine and leucine incorporation techniques. An agricultural soil, which was contaminated in the laboratory with Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni or Pb, and an uncontaminated forest soil were used. Measurements were made at 0°C and 20°C. Leucine incorporation was found to be as sensitive to heavy metals as thymidine incorporation in the short-term trial used to indicate heavy metal tolerance. Similar IC50 values (the log of the metal concentration that reduced incorporation to 50%) were also obtained at 0 and 20°C, independently of the technique used. Metal tolerance could thus be measured using both techniques at any temperature in the range 0–20°C. In the long-term experiment different temperature–growth relationships were obtained on the basis of the rate of thymidine or leucine incorporation into bacterial assemblages from unpolluted and polluted soils, as judged from the minimum temperature values. This could not be attributed to the metal addition alone since different patterns were observed when different metals were added to the soil. Thus, the minimum temperature for thymidine incorporation was similar in Cu-polluted and unpolluted soil, while in soils polluted with Cd and Zn the minimum temperature increased by 2°C, and Ni and Pb additions increased the minimum temperature by 4°C compared to the unpolluted soil. This suggested that heavy metal pollution led to bacterial communities showing different temperature characteristics to those in the corresponding unpolluted soil. Similar observations were deduced from the minimum temperatures required for leucine incorporation. Three groups of bacterial communities were distinguished according to the growth response to temperature in polluted soils, one group in Cu-polluted soil, a second group in soil polluted with Zn and Cd, and a third group in soils polluted with Ni and Pb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334897
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    Soil C balance in a long-term field experiment in relation to the size of the microbial biomass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil organic C ; Soil microbial biomass ; Crop residue decomposition ; Soil C balance ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil C balances were calculated in a field experiment started in 1956. Treatments include a fallow and soils receiving different N fertilizers or organic amendments. By assuming the absence of a priming effect, the degree of mineralization of crop residues and organic amendments was calculated. Crop residue mineralization was not affected by a more than 50% decrease in the size of the microbial biomass in soil fertilized with (NH4)2SO4, which had caused the pH of this soil to drop from 6.6 to 4.4. More C had accumulated per unit C input in peat- and sewage sludge-amended soils than in any of the other soils, suggesting that peat and sewage sludge were more resistant to microbial attack. Recalcitrance of substrate C was an adequate explanation for the low ratio of biomass C to soil C in the peat-amended soils, but not in the sewage sludge-amended soil. There was a close linear relationship (r=0.94) between the content of microbial biomass C in the soil measured in 1990 and cumulative C losses from the soil since 1956. Compared to the relationship between soil biomass C and soil organic C concentrations, the linear relationship between microbial C and cumulative C losses suggested that the significantly reduced biomass in the sewage sludge-amended soil was at least partially due to the presence of toxic substances (presumably elevated heavy metal concentrations) in this soil and was probably not affected by the somewhat low pH (5.3) in this soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335815
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    Heavy metals in Jamaican surface soils (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 18 (1996), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; arsenic ; cadmium ; copper ; lead ; soils ; neutron activation analysis ; X-ray fluorescence atomic absorption spectrophotometry ; bauxite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A regional survey of Jamaican surface soils has been conducted in which more than 200 samples were collected at a sample density of 1 per 64 km2 across the island and analysed for total concentrations of 31 elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The aim of the survey was to begin the construction of a high-precision geochemical database to provide information on elemental levels in soils for application to environmental studies, agriculture, and human and animal health. Results on the regional scale are presented for As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb. Although Jamaican surface soils are enriched in several heavy metals compared with world soil means and crustal abundances, lead is of particular importance at this stage because of its occurrence in residential areas. Except for Cu, the distribution maps of these elements are highly correlated with bauxite which in Jamaica is associated with white limestone geology and residualterra rossa soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01771287
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    Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of heavy metals over the North Sea: A literature review (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 20 (1995), S. 179-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; concentration ; deposition ; North Sea ; troposphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A literature review of the atmospheric concentration rates and dry and wet deposition fluxes of particulate Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn to the North Sea and adjacent areas is given. The results of direct measurements of dry and wet deposition fluxes are compared to indirect estimates and to modelling values. This work points out the large uncertainties in results of different studies on atmospheric input of trace elements into the North Sea. The current knowledge about the dependence of the deposition velocity upon the particle size and about the processes controlling wet deposition fluxes, and the quality and completeness of the emission data are still inadequate for describing the environmental cycle and impact of heavy metals in the North Sea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696557
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    Environmental impact of mining activity on the pollution of the Medjerda River, north-west Tunisia (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1999), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Arsenic ; Mine tailings ; River Medjerda ; Tunisia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans le district minier de Fej Hcine, situé dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie, l'oued Medjerda et son principal affluent El Melah sont pollués par les métaux lourds et l'arsenic. Les études géochimiques réalisées ont montré une nette diminution des concentrations en métaux depuis l'arrêt des activités minières, et cela bien que les sédiments des oueds contiennent encore des teneurs élevées par rapport au fond géochimique local, particulièrement en arsenic et en zinc. À la frontière tuniso-algérienne, la concentration en arsenic dans les eaux de l'oued Medjerda peut excéder 1 mg/l. Les tests de lixiviation effectués sur des échantillons de minerai, de rejets de flottation et d'amas arsénifère, montrent que les teneurs en Zn, Pb, Cu et Cd ne dépassent pas 1 mg/l dans les solutions de lixiviation, alors que celles de l'arsenic atteignent respectivement 5, 344 et 9400 mg/l. L'étude a montré que la pollution a pour origine non seulement les activités minières mais aussi les occurrences minérales présentes dans le district minier, ainsi qu'une autre source située en Algérie.
    Notes: Abstract  In the Fej Hcine mining area of north-west Tunisia, the Medjerda River and its principal tributary, El Melah, are polluted by heavy metals and arsenic. The geochemical studies undertaken have indicated pronounced falls in the concentrations of metals since the mining activities ceased, although the river sediments still contain higher levels than the local host rocks, particularly arsenic and zinc. At the Tunisia/Algeria border, arsenic concentrations in the Medjerda waters can exceed 1 mg/l. Leaching tests on samples of ore, flotation tailings and an arseniferous mass indicate that whilst Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd concentrations do not exceed 1 mg/l in the leachate solutions, arsenic levels reach 5, 344 and 9,400 mg/l respectively. The study has shown that the pollution originates not only from the mining activities but also from the mineral occurrences present in the mining district and from another source within Algeria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100640050045
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    Indoor and outdoor household dust contamination in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 20 (1998), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; lead and copper pollution ; household dust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Despite some progress in reducing the average lead level in the USA, the streets of Cincinnati, Ohio, are still contaminated by heavy metals. High levels of heavy metals will have significant unequivocal ecological impacts and pose a potential health hazard. This study evaluates the level of heavy- metal contamination in household dust and examines its relationships with the external environment. Samples of outdoor and indoor dust were collected from middle-income residential homes in the Greater Cincinnati Metropolitan District and the metal content was analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Results showed that the mean levels of lead in outdoor and indoor dusts are 650 μg g⊃-1 and 377 μg g⊃-1 and the copper levels are 253 μg g⊃-1 and 510 μg g⊃-1, respectively. The median levels are 156 μg g⊃-1 and 139 μg g⊃-1 for outdoor and indoor lead dusts and 35 μg g⊃-1 and 124 μg g⊃-1 for outdoor and indoor copper dusts. The degree of contamination may be ascribable to the age of the dwelling unit and the neighbourhood, the time when the unit was last painted, the presence of pets and the type of space heating. In addition, car exhausts seems to be a possible source of contamination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006561832381
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