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  • Articles  (3,011)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (856)
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  • Articles  (3,011)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotransformation of aromatic aldehydes bySaccharomyces cerevisiae: Investigation of reaction rates (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: l-Phenylacetyl carbinol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Benzaldehyde ; Biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of production ofl-phenylacetyl carbinol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in reaction mixtures containing benzaldehyde with sucrose or pyruvate as cosubstrate was investigated in short 1 h incubations. The effect of yeast dose rate, sucrose and benzaldehyde concentration and pH on the rate of reaction was determined. Maximum biotransformation rates were obtained with concentrations of benzaldehyde, sucrose and yeast of 6 g, 40 g and 60 g/l, respectively. Negligible biotransformation rates were observed at a concentration of 8 g/l benzaldehyde. The reaction had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Rates of bioconversion of benzaldehyde and selected substituted aromatic aldehydes using both sucrose and sodium pyruvate as cosubstrate were compared. The rate of aromatic alcohol production was much higher when sucrose was used rather than pyruvate.o-Tolualdehyde and 1-chlorobenzaldehyde were poor substrates for aromatic carbinol formation although the latter produced significant aromatic alcohol in sucrose-containing media. Yields of 2.74 and 3.80 g/l phenylacetyl carbinol were produced from sucrose and pyruvate, respectively, in a 1 h reaction period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569693
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High solids fermentation of hydrolysates of wheat starch B in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ethanol fermentation ; Wheat starch ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; immobilization ; Continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor ; Biocatalyst bioreactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple and efficient method of conversion of wheat starch B to ethanol was investigated. Employing a two-stage enzymatic saccharification process, 95% of the wheat starch was converted to fermentable sugars in 40 h. From 140 g/l total sugars in the feed solution, 63.6 g/l ethanol was produced continuously with a residence time of 3.3 h in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor by immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages and the application of this bioreactor to continuous alcoholic fermentation of industrial substrates are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569698
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Einfluß von Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber auf die Enzymaktivität beiSaccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02024695
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Einflüsse purinreicher Ernährung auf Gewichtsentwicklung, Kataboliten im Blutplasma und den Harnsäuretransport von Erythrozyten — eine Modellstudie an Hunden (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021669
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partitioning of fat and protein in energy retention of growing animals (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617802
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient intake and protein metabolism: responses to feeding (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617817
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convergence across industrialised countries (1890–1989): new results using time series methods (1999)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810050042
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vitis vinifera ; Empoasca vitis ; leafhopper ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; growth ; yield ; fruit quality ; starch ; carbohydrate reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines,Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopperload on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper-loads up to 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382000
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition plant preference and offspring performance in the comma butterfly: correlations and conflicts (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194743
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bean and wheat α-amylase inhibitors on α-amylase activity and growth of stored product insect pests (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382258
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and phenotypic variation for flight ability in the cactophilicDrosophila species,D. aldrichi andD. buzzatii (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dispersal ; flight duration ; cactophilic ; Drosophila ; age effects ; body size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The flight ability ofDrosophila aldrichi (Patterson & Crow) andD. buzzatii (Patterson & Wheeler) using tethered flights, was measured with respect to age-related changes, genetic variation and adult body size variation induced by rearing at different larval densities.Drosophila buzzatii flew for much longer thanD. aldrichi, especially females, but age-related changes in flight duration were significant only forD. aldrichi. Effects of body size on flight ability were significant inD. buzzatii, but not inD. aldrichi. InD. buzzatii, there was a significant genotype-environment interaction (larval density × line) for flight duration, with short and average flight duration isofemale lines showing longer flights, but a long flight duration line shorter flights as body size decreased (i.e., as larval density increased). Heritability estimates for flight duration were similar in the two species, but flight duration showed no significant genetic correlations with developmental time, body size or wing dimensions (except for one wing dimension inD. buzzatii). Although not significantly different between the species, heritabilities for life-history traits (adult size and developmental time) showed contrasting patterns — with higher heritability for body size (body weight and thorax length) inD. buzzatii, and higher for developmental time inD. aldrichi. In agreement with limited previous field evidence,D. buzzatii is better adapted for colonization than isD. aldrichi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382308
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre-exposure affects the olfactory response of Drosophila melanogaster to menthol (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Olfactory response ; Drosophila ; menthol ; bioassay ; trap assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A modification of the trap assay (Woodard et al., 1989) was used to evaluate the response of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) to food media containing menthol. Dose-response curves for flies to mentholic foods were produced for flies that had been pre-exposed to menthol, during development and adult life, and flies that had not been exposed to menthol before the assay. Mentholic food media were less attractive to Drosophila than plain food medium. Rearing flies on a medium containing menthol reduced their aversion to some concentrations of menthol. The rearing effect was not simply due to lowered general activity levels resulting from developing in a medium containing menthol. There was a threshold concentration of menthol in the rearing medium below which we found no induced behavioural change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003509802181
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide vestigial mutualistic benefits to ants when living as social parasites inside Myrmica ant nests? (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: butterfly ; Formicidae ; food ; growth ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmicaworkers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly - but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003950318095
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, multiple allelochemicals and larval age on the performance of a specialist caterpillar (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186292
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental effects on cytoplasmic incompatibility and bacterial load in Wolbachia-infected Drosophila simulans (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Drosophila ; cytoplasmic incompatibility ; Wolbachia ; temperature ; antibiotics ; density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of high temperatures, antibiotics, nutrition and larval density on cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by a Wolbachia infection were investigated in Drosophila simulans. Exposure of larvae from an infected stock to moderate doses of tetracycline led to complete incompatibility when treated females were crossed to infected males; the same doses only caused a partial restoration of compatibility when treated males were crossed to uninfected females. In crosses with treated females, there was a strong correlation between dose effects on hatch rates and infection levels in embryos produced by these females. Ageing and rearing males at a high temperature led to increased compatibility. However, exposing infected females to a high temperature did not influence their compatibility with infected males. Male temperature effects depended on conditions experienced at the larval stage but not the pupal stage. Exposure to 25 °C reduced the density of Wolbachia in embryos compared with a 19 °C treatment. Low levels of nutrition led to increased compatibility, but no effect of larval crowding was detected. These findings show the ways environmental factors can influence the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility and suggest that environmental effects may be mediated by bacterial density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003043814761
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the ecdysteroid agonists RH 5849 an RH 5992, alone and in combination with a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecdysteroid agonists ; juvenile hormone analogue ; Spodoptera exigua ; growth ; moulting ; metamorphosis ; imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological activity assays with RH 5849 and RH 5992 indicated that both compounds affected growth and development of last-instar larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a dose-dependent manner. Within the first 24 h after treatment by continuously offering leaves dipped in a water solution of ≥50 mg/l RH 5849 and ≥0.5 mg/l RH 5992, symptoms of a prematurely induced larval moult and head capsule apolysis were visible. Intoxicated larvae died shortly afterwards, showing signs of unsuccessful ecdysis. LC50-values of RH 5849 and RH 5992 for fifth-instarS. exigua larvae were 110 and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. Pyriproxyfen alone affected the larval stage and disturbed normal metamorphosis. One supernumerary larval instar occurred occasionally. LC50-value for pyriproxyfen was 1.7 mg/l. Larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, continued to grow until they attained a size and weight about 2–3 times that of the controls. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary moults. Concerning thein vivo imaginal wing disc growth and development, only in larvae treated with 10 and 50 mg/l RH 5849 or 0.5 mg/l RH 5992, tracheole migration was observed earlier than in the controls. When applying 300 mg/l RH 5849 or 3–7 mg/l RH 5992, the discs remained small and no signs of tracheole migration were observed. In larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, tracheole migration was not prematurely induced and a pupal cuticle was produced in the discs of larvae, undergoing a supernumerary moult. No clear signs of evagination were observed.
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    Effects of natural and synthetic neuroactive substances on the growth and feeding of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343467
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    The folliculostatins of two dipteran insect species, their relation to matrix proteins and prospects for practical applications (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383011
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    Influence of larval dietary supply on the food consumption, food utilization efficiency, growth and development of the lacewingChrysoperla carnea (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysoperla carnea ; food consumption ; growth ; development ; efficiency of food utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were fed either an optimal or a suboptimal number of eggs of the mothAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller) in the first and/or second larval instar, or in all three larval instars. Parameters for the duration, growth, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) of each instar were established for seven different dietary regimes. Larvae that had a suboptimal food supply in the first instar had a significantly longer developmental time, gained significantly less weight, and had a slightly lower ECI in that instar larvae. Suboptimally-fed second less, but remained only slightly longer in that instar and had a similar ECI to optimally-fed second instar larvae. The developmental time of suboptimally-fed third instar larvae was similar to that of optimally-fed larvae of that stage. Whereas the growth of the former was significantly less than that of larvae optimally fed in that instar, the ECI of the former was significantly higher. Despite the relatively smaller size of larvae fed suboptimally in the first and/or second instar, when such larvae were subsequently supplied with an overabundance of prey eggs, they consumed approximately the same number of eggs during the remainder of their larval life as did larvae whose food supply had not been restricted previously. When larvae were allowed to consume different numbers of eggs in their third instar, their gain in weight and therefore the weights attained by the resulting adults (based on the weights of 3-day-old cocoons) had a highly significant positive correlation with the number of eggs consumed in this instar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382710
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    Gravimetricvs. respirometric determination of metabolic efficiency in caterpillars ofPieris brassicae (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 135-142 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nutrition ; utilization ; efficiency ; growth ; metabolism ; energy ; respirometry ; Pieris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadiumPieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant,Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving plant food.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386518
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    Conserving genetic variability of a wild insect population under laboratory conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 233-239 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: inbreeding ; colonization ; isofemale line ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. melanogaster (Meigen) a été utilisé pour tester la capacité des lignées isofemelles à conserver la variabilité génétique d'une population naturelle. Deux types d'expériences ont été réalisées. L'une a consisté à déterminer la variabilité génétique de 3 locus enzymatiques pour 32 lignées isofemelles à la première et à la 23ème génération d'élevage au laboratoire. L'autre a consisté à tester la capacité des larves à éliminer un parasitoïde par le processus d'encapsulation après 8 années d'élevage au laboratoire. D'une façon générale, certaines lignées isofemelles perdent de la variabilité durant les 23 générations de l'étude. Mais la fréquence globale des allèles reste inchangée si l'on considère l'ensemble des 32 lignées. Le seul allèle rare observé a également été conservé. Les modifications des fréquences allèliques à chacun des locus ont lieu de façon indépendante les unes des autres. La variabilité génétique d'un caractère biologique, la capacité des larves à encapsuler le parasitoïde, a également varié, mais elle a pu être restaurée à un niveau proche de la population initiale en rassemblant plusieurs individus de chacune des lignées.
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was used to test the power of isofemale lines in preserving genetic variability. We performed experiments in two ways. One series consisted of measuring the genetic variability for three enzymatic loci in 32 isofemale lines, in the first and 23rd generations of culture. In the second series, we tested the capacity of the larvae to eliminate a parasitoid by encapsulation after eight years of laboratory breeding. In general, individual isofemale lines appeared to change during the 23 generations of the study, but the global frequency of these alleles among the 32 isofemale lines stayed relatively unchanged. The only rare allele observed was also conserved. Changes in allozyme frequencies at any one locus were independent of those at other loci. Genetic variation of a biological trait, the capacity of the larvae to encapsulate a parasitoid, also changed, but it could be restored to a level close to that of the starting population by mass hybridizing together individuals of each line.
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    Azadirachtin inhibits secretion of trypsin in midgut of Manduca sexta caterpillars: reduced growth due to impaired protein digestion (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 47-54 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Azadirachtin ; Manduca sexta ; growth ; feeding efficiency ; nitrogen utilisation ; proteinase ; trypsin ; allelochemicals ; antifeedant ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When given by injection to tobacco hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta, the allelochemical azadirachtin inhibits growth without reducing food intake. The growth reducing effect of azadirachtin is therefore in this case independent of the compound's well-known antifeedant effect. The cause of this reduced rate of growth is an increase in the costs associated with growth. These increased costs are largely a consequence of a decrease in the efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen. This is associated with a drastic reduction in the activity of midgut trypsin. Azadirachtin has no effect on the activity of trypsin in vitro. Thus azadirachtin directly or indirectly inhibits the production of trypsin by the enzyme-secreting cells of the midgut wall; it is suggested that this is the cause of the increased costs and reduced rate of growth. The interesting parallel between this plant defence strategy and that of direct inhibition of herbivore proteinases by allelochemical proteinase inhibitors is discussed.
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    Antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone and its analogs against larvae of Pieris brassicae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162857
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    Behavioural induction in Drosophila: timing and specificity (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 159-171 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Drosophila ; induction ; habituation ; associative learning ; T-maze olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments reported in this paper investigate the properties of a change in the responsiveness of adult Drosophila melanogaster induced by exposure to different rearing media. This effect has previously been described as habituation or associative learning. Exposure to food medium containing 0.08% menthol induced a positive response to menthol odour in a T-maze olfactometer. A brief (one hour) exposure to mentholic food just before testing was sufficient to induce a change in responsiveness. The effect did not persist through periods of more than an hour of separation from mentholic medium. Effects induced by exposure to a single compound were not specific to that compound alone. Menthol-reared flies (MRFs) differed from plain reared flies (PRFs) in their responsiveness to the odours of benzaldehyde and ethyl acetate, as well as menthol, and exposure to ethyl acetate induced a change in response to menthol odour. That there was an induced positive response to menthol in MRFs suggests that conventional habituation is insufficient to explain the induced change in responsiveness, but the generalised nature of this behavioural induction in MRFs is hard to explain in terms of associative learning. The mechanism underlying the induction remains elusive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003998715018
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    Host Preference Among Populations of Drosophila mojavensis (Diptera: Drosophilidae) that Use Different Host Cacti (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 691-712 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cactus ; Drosophila ; geographic variation ; host preference behavior ; Sonoran Desert ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have suggested that all populations of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis prefer pitaya agria cactus, Stenocereus gummosus, over all other potential hosts for feeding and breeding, including populations that inhabit areas where no agria grows. We sampled five geographically isolated populations of D. mojavensis from nature to assess host choice within and between populations. Host choice tests were performed in a laboratory “olfactometer” by allowing adult D. mojavensis to choose between plumes of synthetic volatile cocktails of two widespread host cacti. Overall, each population showed significant preference for agria volatiles with one exception: a mainland Sonora population that uses organ pipe cactus in nature exhibited preference for organ pipe volatiles, suggesting a possible shift in host preference. The degree of preference for agria volatiles was greatest in a population from southern California that use California barrel cactus as a host. Since southern Californian populations of D. mojavensis are thought to be derived from those in Baja California, preference for agria volatiles is considered a retained ancestral trait. Three populations from Baja California and mainland Mexico that use agria in the wild expressed lower, but similar preferences for agria volatiles. Because populations of D. mojavensis are ancestral to those in mainland Mexico, Arizona, and California, the shift from agria to alternate hosts has not been accompanied by strong changes in host preference behavior.
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    Responses of a generalist and a specialist parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) to Drosophilid larval kairomones (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 615-624 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Leptopilina ; Drosophila ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid ; generalist ; specialist ; foraging behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Foraging parasitoids are thought to need more specific information than generalists on the presence, identity, availability, and suitability of their insect host species. In the present paper, we compare responses to host kairomones by two phylogenetically related parasitoid species that attack Drosophilidae and that differ in the width of their host range. As predicted, the behavioral response of the parasitoids to host kairomones reflected their difference in host range. The response of the specialist parasitoid Leptopilina boulardiwas restricted to contact kairomones from its natural hosts and one closely related species. In contrast, the generalist parasitoid Leptopilina heterotomaresponded to contact kairomones of a variety of Drosophilidae species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048127
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    Lack of Evolutionary Divergence in Courtship Songs of Drosophila pseudoobscura Subspecies (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 255-262 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: courtship song ; wingbeat ; sexual isolation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007744416116
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    Interactions of the Males and Females of Three Sympatric Drosophila virilis-Group Species, D. montana, D. littoralis, and D. lummei, (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Intra- and Interspecific Courtships in the Wild and in the Laboratory (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 399-417 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: courtship behavior ; songs ; sexual isolation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four species of the Drosophila virilis group, D. montana, D. littoralis, D. lummei, and D. ezoana, occur sympatrically in several locations in northern Europe. Courtship interactions between the flies of the three first-mentioned species were observed at malt baits in Kemi, northern Finland, to find out how the flies of different species recognize conspecific individuals and how interspecific courtships differ from intraspecific ones in the wild. Intraspecific courtships (including females of different reproductive stages) and interspecific courtships were also videotaped and analyzed in laboratory. In the wild the males courted both conspecific and allospecific females, even though the species varied in how much the males were attracted to females of different species. Interspecific courtships usually broke off when the male touched the female or when the male and/or the female vibrated his/her wings, producing acoustic cues. In the laboratory males courted conspecific females irrespective of the reproductive stage of the female, even though the courtships directed toward immature and fertilized females usually included only orienting and touching (no licking and singing). D. littoralis, and very rarely D. montana and D. lummei, males courted also allospecific females. In the few interspecific courtships between these three species, where the male proceeded to singing, females responded to male singing by vibrating their wings. This ended the courtship. It is suggested that both the chemical cues affecting female attractivity and the acoustic signals of males and females, which are produced by wing vibration, function in maintaining sexual isolation between these three species.
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    Copulatory Courtship in Drosophila birchii and D. serrata, Species Recognition and Sexual Selection (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 361-373 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; copulatory courtship ; mate choice ; cryptic female choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two endemic Australian Drosophila species, D. birchii and D. serrata, have a copulatory courtship, i.e., the males court the female mainly during copulation. In the present study we found the males of both species to mount their prospective mating partners selectively, exhibiting both sex and species recognition. The males began to sing after mounting the female, and they often exhibited also postcopulatory displays typical to copulatory courtship. D. birchii and D. serrata females discriminated against males which did not sing during mounting/copulation, which suggests that the females utilize cryptic female choice. Our findings raise the question of how widespread a phenomenon cryptic female choice is in Drosophila species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007710218609
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    Unrewarding experiences and their effect on foraging in the parasitic waspLeptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 465-481 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host selection ; experience ; learning ; extinction ; reinforcement ; parasitoids ; Drosophila ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host-foraging behavior of female entomophagous parasitoids is commonly modified by positive associative learning. Typically, a rewarding experience (e.g., successful oviposition in a host) increases a female's foraging effort in a host microhabitat of the type associated with that experience. Less well understood are the effects of unrewarding experiences (i.e., unsuccessful foraging). The influence of unrewarding experience on microhabitat choice and residence time within a microhabitat was examined for the eucoilid parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma, in laboratory and greenhouse assays. As determined previously, females which oviposited successfully in either of two microhabitat types (fermenting apple or decaying mushroom) strongly preferred to forage subsequently on that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the formerly rewarding microhabitat caused females to reverse their preference in favor of a novel microhabitat type. The effect, though striking, was transient: within 1–2 h, the original learned preference was nearly fully restored. Similar effects of unrewarding experiences were observed with respect to the length of time spent foraging in a microhabitat. As determined previously, oviposition experience in a particular microhabitat type increased the time spent foraging in a patch of that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the patch caused the time a wasp spent in the next unoccupied patch of that type to decrease to almost nothing. In addition, there was a tendency for an unrewarding experience on a formerly rewarding microhabitat type to extend the time spent in a patch of a novel type. The function of the observed effects of unrewarding experiences is discussed.
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    Effects of early adult experience on host selection in insects: Some experimental and theoretical results (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host preference ; habitat selection ; experience ; learning ; Drosophila ; host races ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with Drosophila melanogasterrevealed that when flies encounter a particular food type soon after emergence, the probability of their subsequently being attracted to such a resource is increased. In this experiment, the length of time flies experienced their postemergence environments was under the control of the flies themselves. The experiment thus realistically mimicked one form of experiential effect that may be important in nature. A theoretical model is developed which shows that enhanced adult preferences for the types of resources fed on as larvae can substantially increase the degree of host-based genetic subdivision within a polyphagous population.
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    A Comparison of Female Postcopulatory Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila biarmipes (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 10 (1997), S. 761-770 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; females ; sex appeal ; sexual receptivity ; fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The postcopulatory behavior of Drosophila biarmipes and Drosophila melanogaster females was analyzed and compared. Females from both species were shown to undergo a series of behavioral changes following mating, including significant reductions in both sexual attractiveness and receptivity. However, while both attractiveness and receptivity returned to “virgin-like” levels within a few days in D. melanogaster, D. biarmipes females, which regained their sexual attractiveness within a few days, remained unreceptive to copulation for at least 2 weeks. With respect to fecundity, D. melanogaster females produced more offspring when given opportunities to remate, while D. biarmipes females did not benefit from remating opportunities. These observations suggest that D. biarmipes females may have the ability to store sperm and produce offspring from a single mating over longer periods of time than other drosophilids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIR.0000010411.79386.22
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    Drosophila do not skew offspring sex ratio as predicted by trivers and willard (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 231-239 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sex ratio ; life history ; optimality model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on both previously published literature and results reported here, it appears thatDrosophila melanogaster meet the explicit assumptions of the Trivers and Willard offspring sex allocation model. However, contrary to the model's predictions, offspring sex ratio was not significantly affected when we manipulated factors that influence offspring quality. We suggest that contrary to implicit predictions of offspring sex ratio models,Drosophila may lack the genetic plasticity to readily alter sex ratio.
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    Size-related sexual selection and yeast diet inDrosophila buzzatii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 329-338 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; size-related sexual selection ; yeast diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Size-related sexual selection (SRSS) was examined on four traits (thorax and wing length and head and face width) inDrosophila buzzatii, by scoring male copulatory status in two mass-mating experiments. Using axenic females, experiment 1 was carried out with axenic males, and experiment 2 with yeast-supplemented males. While there was no indication of SRSS in experiment 1, such selection was substantial in yeast-supplemented males, which transmitted yeasts to mating females. Multivariate analyses of selection indicated that face width is the measured trait on which directional SRSS essentially acted in yeast-supplemented males, resulting in indirect selection on body size. Because this selection was affected by yeast diet in males, its possible interaction with the yeast transmission from males to females during the courtship is discussed.
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    Female wing spreading as acceptance signal in theDrosophila virilis group of species (1996)
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    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 505-516 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: courtship ; female behavior ; signals ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of manyDrosophila species spread apart their wings prior to copulation. In the present study we found female wing spreading to provoke male copulation attempts inDrosophila virilis-group species, helping the males to attempt copulation when the female is ready to mate. The males of most species, however, rarely responded to female wing spreading by copulation attempt without licking the female genitalia before and/or after female wing spreading bout. Blocking the female genitalia (D. virilis, D. novamexicana) reduces males' tendency to attempt copulation after female wing spreading. In these, and most other species of the group, female wing spreading seems to be an efficient signal only when combined with stimuli from female genitalia.
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    Egg-laying experience and acceptance of parasitized hosts by the parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 331-342 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; superparasitism ; learning ; motivation ; egg load ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of egg-laying experience on the response of females of the eucoilid parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma, to parasitized and unparasitizedDrosophila melanogaster host larvae was examined under more controlled conditions than those used in past studies. In laboratory assays, we precisely manipulated both the number of eggs laid by females and the kind of larvae (parasitized versus unparasitized) in which the eggs were laid. We found that the tendency to avoid laying eggs in parasitized hosts depended markedly on whether or not eggs had been laid previously, but depended little on whether those eggs had been laid in parasitized or unparasitized hosts. The observed effect of general egg-laying experience on avoidance of parasitized hosts may reflect responses to either changes in the wasp's internal state (perhaps, changes in egg load) or changes in the wasp's neural representation of the external environment (such as those presumed to occur during learning). In light of these results, we offer a tentative reinterpretation of several earlier studies.
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    Natural selection in the laboratory for a change in resistance byDrosophila melanogaster to the parasitoid waspAsobara tabida (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 477-491 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; behavior ; polymorphism ; parasitoid wasp ; host defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The selection response of the polymorphic hostD. melanogaster (Meigen) to the braconid waspA. tabida (Nees) is addressed. Cages of flies with and without wasps were initiated with a population ofD. melanogaster that exhibited variation both in larval foraging behavior and in encapsulation ability. Encapsulation ability was measured as the proportion of parasitized larvae that produce a hardened capsule which encapsulates the wasp egg and ultimately kills the wasp larva. We determined whether the host population changed its encapsulation ability and/or its foraging behavior in response to the wasp. Both species were collected from a local orchard whereA. tabida is the only wasp known to parasitizeD. melanogaster larvae. The naturally occurring genetic polymorphism for rover and sitter larval foraging behavior inD. melanogaster is also found in this field population.A. tabida's vibrotactic search behavior enables it to detect rover more frequently than sitter larvae. Rover larvae move significantly more while feeding than do sitter larvae. In this field population, rover larvae also show higher encapsulation abilities than do sitter larvae. Six cage populations, three without wasps and three with wasps, each containing an equal mixture of rover and sitter flies, were established in the laboratory and maintained for 19 fly generations. Selection pressure in the laboratory was similar to that found in the field population from which the flies and wasps were derived. We found that larvae from cages with wasps developed a significantly higher frequency of encapsulation than those reared without wasps. We were, however, unable to detect a change in larval movement (rover or sitter behavior) in larvae from cages subject to selection from wasps compared to larvae from cages containing no wasps. This may have resulted from a balance between two selective forces, selection against rovers by the wasps' use of vibrotaxis, and selection for rovers resulting from their increased encapsulation abilities
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    Courtship success and multivariate analysis of sexual selection on morphometric traits inDrosophila buzzatii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 219-229 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sexual selection gradients ; courtship success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using wild-reared flies, we examined sexual selection on five phenotypic traits (thorax length, wing length, wing width, head width, and face width) inDrosophila buzzatii, by scoring copulatory status in nine mass mating cages. Only male face width was identified as a direct target of sexual selection in an analysis of selection gradient, while indirect selection was present on all other studied traits, as expected from their correlations with face width. In contrast to males, there was no indication of selection in females. Nor was there evidence of assortative mating. The suggested direct selection on face width seems to take place during licking behavior of the courtship and might be related to courtship feeding. This study suggests that courtship success gives rise to indirect selection on body size.
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    Identification of a fungal triacetylfusarinine C siderophore transport gene (TAF1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a member of the major facilitator superfamily (1999)
    Springer
    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 301-306 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: iron ; siderophores ; transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Transport proteins of microorganisms may either belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily or to the major facilitator (MFS)-superfamily. MFS transporters are single-polypeptide membrane transporters that transport small molecules via uniport, symport or antiport mechanisms in response to a chemiosmotic gradient. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a non-siderophore producer, various bacterial and fungal siderophores can be utilized as an iron source. From yeast genome sequencing data six genes of the unknown major facilitator (UMF) family were known of which YEL065w Sce was recently identified as a transporter for the bacterial siderophore ferrioxamine B (Sit1p). The present investigation shows that another UMF gene, YHL047c Sce, encodes a transporter for the fungal siderophore triacetylfusarinine C. The gene YHL047c Sce (designated TAF1) was disrupted using the kanMX disruption module in a fet3 background (strain DEY 1394 Δfet3), possessing a defect in the high affinity ferrous iron transport. Growth promotion assays and transport experiments with 55Fe-labelled triacetylfusarinine C showed a complete loss of iron utilization and uptake in the disrupted strain, indicating that TAF1 is the gene for the fungal triacetylfusarinine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and possibly in other siderophore producing fungi.
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    A gene of the major facilitator superfamily encodes a transporter for enterobactin (Enb1p) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2000)
    Springer
    BioMetals 13 (2000), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: major facilitator superfamily ; iron transport ; siderophores ; enterobactin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract While in fungi iron transport via hydroxamate siderophores has been amply proven, iron transport via enterobactin is largely unknown. Enterobactin is a catecholate-type siderophore produced by several enterobacterial genera grown in severe iron deprivation. By using the KanMX disruption module in vector pUG6 in a fet3Δ background of Saccharomyces cerevisiae we were able to disrupt the gene YOL158c Sce of the major facilitator super family (MFS) which has been previously described as a gene encoding a membrane transporter of unknown function. Contrary to the parental strain, the disruptant was unable to utilize ferric enterobactin in growth promotion tests and in transport assays using 55Fe-enterobactin. All other siderophore transport properties remained unaffected. The results are evidence that in S. cerevisiae the YOL158c Sce gene of the major facilitator super family, now designated ENB1, encodes a transporter protein (Enb1p), which specifically recognizes and transports enterobactin.
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    Manganese accumulation in yeast cells (1989)
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    BioMetals 2 (1989), S. 6-10 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Manganese ; Electron spin resonance ; Superoxide dismutase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Manganese accumulation was studied by room-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy inSaccharomyces cerevisiae grown in the presence of increasing amounts of MnSO4. Mn2+ retention was nearly linear in intact cells for fractions related to both low-molecular-mass and macromolecular complexes (‘free’ and ‘bound’ Mn2+, respectively). A deviation from linearity was observed in cell extracts between the control value and 0.1 mM Mn2+, indicating more efficient accumulation at low Mn2+ concentrations. The difference in slopes between the two straight lines describing Mn2+ retention at concentrations lower and higher than 0.1 mM, respectively, was quite large for the free Mn2+ fraction. Furthermore it was unaffected by subsequent dialyses of the extracts, showing stable retention in the form of low-molecular-mass complexes. In contrast, the slope of the line describing retention of ‘bound’ Mn2+ at concentrations higher than 0.1 mM became less steep after subsequent dialyses of the cell extracts. This result indicates that the macromolecule-bound Mn2+ was essentially associated with particulate structures. In contrast to Cu2+, Mn2+ had no effect on the major enzyme activities involved in oxygen metabolism except for a slight increase of cyanide-resistant Mn-superoxide dismutase activity, due to dialyzable Mn2+ complexes.
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    Calcium-binding proteins and development (1998)
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    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 359-372 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: calcium ; EGF-domains ; cadherins ; integrins ; calmodulin ; cytoskeleton ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The known roles for calcium-binding proteins in developmental signaling pathways are reviewed. Current information on the calcium-binding characteristics of three classes of cell-surface developmental signaling proteins (EGF-domain proteins, cadherins and integrins) is presented together with an overview of the intra-cellular pathways downstream of these surface receptors. The developmental roles delineated to date for the universal intracellular calcium sensor, calmodulin, and its targets, and for calcium-binding regulators of the cytoskeleton are also reviewed.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
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    Adaptation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to high copper concentrations (1994)
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    BioMetals 7 (1994), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: catalase ; copper resistance ; pH-dependent growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been adapted to increasing concentrations of copper at two different pH values. The growth curve at pH 5.5 is characterized by a time generation increasing with the amount of added copper. A significant decrease of cell volume as compared with the control is also observed. At pH 3 the cells grow faster than at pH 5.5 and resist higher copper concentrations (3.8 against 1.2 mm). Experimental evidence indicates that, after copper treatment, the metal is not bound to the cell wall, but is localized intracellularly. A significant precipitation of copper salts in the medium was observed only at pH 5.5. Increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in copper-treated cells and which persisted after 20 subsequent inocula in a medium without added metal. On the contrary, catalase activity was not stimulated by copper treatment and, hence, not correlated with SOD levels. The mechanism of copper resistance, therefore, probably involves a persistent induction of SOD, but not of catalase, and it is strongly pH-dependent.
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    Electron paramagnetic resonance studies and effects of vanadium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1996)
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    BioMetals 9 (1996), S. 91-97 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: EPR ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; uptake ; vanadate ; vanadyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Vanadium uptake by whole cells and isolated cell walls of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. When orthovanadate was added to wild-type S. cerevisiae cells growing in rich medium, growth was inhibited as a function of the VO4 3- concentration and the growth was completely arrested at a concentration of 20 mM of VO4 3- in YEPD. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to obtain structural and dynamic information about the cell-associated paramagnetic vanadyl ion. The presence of EPR signals indicated that vanadate was reduced by whole cells to the vanadyl ion. On the contrary, no EPR signals were detected after interaction of vanadate with isolated cell walls. A ‘mobile’ and an ‘immobile’ species associated in cells with small chelates and with macromolecular sites, respectively, were identified. The value of rotational correlation time τ r indicated the relative motional freedom at the macromolecular site. A strongly ‘immobilized’ vanadyl species bound to polar sites mainly through coulombic attractions was detected after interaction of VO2+ ions with isolated cell walls.
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    Expression of metallothionein genes during the post-embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster (1995)
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    BioMetals 8 (1995), S. 339-351 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: metallothionein ; development ; metal induction ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of the two Drosophila melanogaster metallothionein genes, Mtn and Mto, has been analyzed by in situ hybridization during post-embryonic development. Mtn and Mto transcripts were detected exclusively in the digestive tract of larvae, pupae and adults reared on standard medium. Mtn and Mto expression domains overlap, but each gene is also expressed at unique sites. Mtn mRNA levels are approximately 10 and 20 times higher than those of Mto in larvae and adults, respectively. Copper and cadmium ions strongly induce Mtn and Mto mRNA accumulation in the midgut. Zinc is a weaker inducer, acting only at high concentrations. Mtn gene expression is induced by these three metals in Malpighian tubules, while Mto gene expression in this organ is induced only by zinc. Iron is a poor inducer of metallothionein mRNA accumulation. Functions of MTN and MTO proteins in metal homeostasis and detoxification are considered.
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    The influence of OH groups on the growth of rhodium on alumina: a model study (2000)
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    Catalysis letters 68 (2000), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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    Effects of Courtship Song in Interspecific Crosses Among the Species of the Drosophila auraria Complex (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 383-398 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship song ; behavior ; female choice ; sexual isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behavior and the effects of courtship song in inter- and intraspecific crosses were studied in the four sympatric species of the Drosophila auraria complex: D. auraria, D. biauraria, D. subauraria, and D. triauraria. Orientation, tapping, and vibration (the repertoires of male courtship) were observed in both inter- and intraspecific crosses, suggesting that signals from heterospecific females were enough to elicit such male behaviors. The crossability tests with wingless or winged heterospecific males (tests for wing effects) revealed that winged heterospecific males copulated less than wingless ones in all four species but not all the pairwise cases. Since the crossability tests with aristaless females (deaf) or normal females showed essentially the same results as the tests for wing effects, we concluded that the sound produced by wing vibration plays an important role and that the wing movement itself is less important. These findings suggest that courtship songs are of great importance in mate discrimination and the sexual isolation between the species of this complex.
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    Parasitization of embedded and nonembeddedDrosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) pupae by the parasitoidPachycrepoideus vindemniae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 129-131 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; parasitoid wasp ; behavior ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    The effects of acclimation and rearing conditions on the response of tropical and temperate populations ofDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans to a temperature gradient (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: temperature preference ; Drosophila ; acclimation ; compensation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of rearing and acclimation on the response of adultDrosophila to temperature were investigated in a gradient.D. melanogaster flies preferred a higher mean temperature and were distributed over a wider range of temperatures thanD. simulans flies. Acclimating adults at different temperatures for a week did not influence the response of either species. Adults reared at 28°C as immatures had a lower mean preference than those reared at cooler temperatures, suggesting that flies compensated for the effects of rearing conditions. Adults from tropical and temperate populations ofD. melanogaster andD. simulans did not differ in the mean temperature they preferred in a gradient, suggesting little genetic divergence for this trait within species. The species differences and environmental responses may be related to changes in optimal physiological conditions for the flies.
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    Sensorimotor transformation from light reception to phototactic behavior inDrosophila larvae (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 553-567 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: review ; Drosophila ; larva ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine theDrosophila melanogaster larval response to light. We survey the morphology of the larval visual and motor systems in relation to larval locomotory behavior and phototaxis. In addition, this paper proposes a model of sensorimotor transformation and examines the reversal in taxis occurring at theD. melanogaster larval wnadering stage.
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    Growth and long-run stability (1987)
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 9 (1987), S. 219-237 
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    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 34A34 ; 34D99 ; 90A16 ; Nonlinear differential equations ; stability ; growth ; economic dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the implications of persistent growth upon the stability properties of dynamic models. Besides the traditional concept of asymptotic stability, new stability criteria-strong/weak absolute, strong/weak relative, strong/weak logarithmic stability-are introduced, and global stability conditions for satisfying these criteria are stated for general first-order autonomous differential equations. The conflict between rapidity of growth and the degree of stability is demonstrated. Economic applications of the stability theorems are illustrated within the growth models of Harrod and Solow.
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    Inhibition ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae division by 5-trifluoro-methyl-6-azauracil (1984)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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    Occurrence, distribution and nature of neuropeptide Y in the rat pancreas (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1554-1557 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; neuropeptide Y ; radioimmunoassay ; rat pancreas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant quantities of a newly discovered peptide, neuropeptide Y, were found in the rat pancreas, where they were localized to nerves in the exocrine parenchyma and around arterial and ductal structures. Although unaffected by surgical parasympathectomy, the periarterial and periductal nerves were abolished by chemical sympathectomy, suggesting that NPY is partially costored with sympathetic transmitters in nerve fibers.
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    An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain ofChlorella (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1621-1621 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chlorella ; cadmium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of 14 strains from fiveChlorella species is rather insensitive towards cadmium. One strain (211-1a) ofC. saccharophila, however, was found to have a sensitivity towards this toxic heavy metal about 100 times higher than that of the other strains ofC. saccharophila.
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    Protective effect of vitamins against trichothecene toxicity towardsSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 886-888 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; trichothecenes ; mycotoxins ; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several trichothecene mycotoxins were shown to inhibit the growth ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. This effect was most pronounced with the macrocyclic trichothecenes, especially verrucarin A. Much less growth inhibition was observed with T-2 toxin. Verrucarol, diacetoxyscirpenol, acetyl T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol and neosolaniol were inactive at a concentration of 75 μg of toxin per disc. Incubation ofS. cerevisiae with verrucarin A together with vitamins resulted in a decrease in toxicity. Pyridoxine-HCl, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine-HCl and α-tocopheryl acetate were amongst the most potent of the vitamins tested which reversed growth inhibition, overcoming the inhibitory potential of the toxins.
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    Occurrence of thiaminase II inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 888-890 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thiaminase ; thiamine ; thiamine antagonist ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was found that cell-free extracts ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae contain thiaminase II which hydrolyzes thiamine and thiamine analogs. The possible involvement of this enzyme and thiamine-synthesizing enzymes in thiamine production from thiamine antagonists is discussed.
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    Translational control of endogenous and recoded nuclear genes in yeast mitochondria: Regulation and membrane targeting (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1130-1135 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondria ; mRNA-specific translational activation ; synthetic genes ; gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial gene expression in yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depends on translational activation of individual mRNAs by distinct proteins encoded in the nucleus. These nuclearly coded mRNA-specific translational activators are bound to the inner membrane and function to mediate the interaction between mRNAs and mitochondrial ribosomes. This complex system, found to date only in organelles, appears to be an adaptation for targeting the synthesis of mitochondrially coded integral membrane proteins to the membrane. In addition, mRNA-specific translational activation is a rate-limiting step used to modulate expression of at least one mitochondrial gene in response to environmental conditions. Direct study of mitochondrial gene regulation and the targeting of mitochondrially coded proteins in vivo will now be possible using synthetic genes inserted into mtDNA that encode soluble reporter/passenger proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952112
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    Growth and the average duration of larval life in the southern hemisphere lamprey,Geotria australis Gray (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1170-1173 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lampreys ; Geotria australis ; ammocoetes ; larval life ; growth ; metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (〈100 mm) and weight (〈1.2 g).
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    Can we predict the mating pattern ofDrosophila females from the sperm length distribution in males? (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 111-114 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; repeat matings ; polyandrous pattern diversity ; sperm length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to test the validity of the prediction of the mating pattern of females from the sperm length distribution in males, three species ofDrosophila were analysed. Males in the three species are equally polygynous but females differ in the level of polyandry. A ‘low recurrence polyandry’ is observed in the sperm dimorphic speciesD. affinis while a ‘high recurrence polyandry’ is observed in the sperm monomorphic speciesD. latifasciaeformis andD. littoralis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis proposed previously that sperm dimorphism in males can only be maintained by a selective alternative in females (i.e. facultative female polygamy), whereas a stricter mating system (e.g., ‘obligatory’ polyandry) should only result in sperm monomorphism irrespective of the absolute value of sperm length.
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    Potentiation of antifungal activity of sesquiterpene dialdehydes againstCandida albicans and two other fungi (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1162-1164 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Polygodial ; warburganal ; antifungal activity ; Candida albicans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pityrosporum ovale ; enhancing effect ; antioxidants ; vitamin C ; BHA ; anethole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antifungal activity of two drimane sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial (1) and warburganal (2), alone and in combination with several other substances, was examined against three fungi,Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae andPityrosporum ovale employing a broth dilution method. Anethole significantly synergized the activity of the two sesquiterpenoids againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae however, it had only an, additive effect againstP. ovale. By contrast, two antioxidants, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), noticeably enhanced the activity of the sesquiterpenoids againstP. ovale, but had no, effect againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae.
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    Sexual isolation betweenDrosophila melanogaster females andD. simulans males. Male mating propensities versus success in hybridization (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 596-598 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; hybridization ; male vigour ; male mating speed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation has been found in males of aD. simulans population for their eagerness to hybridize withD. melanogaster females. In a search for traits involved in this hybridization, males ofD. simulans were tested for mating speed and sexual vigour. Between-male differences were detected in both sexual traits, but no relationship was noticed between them, nor with the frequency of hybridization. Thus male mating propensities appear to be unrelated to the breakdown of sexual isolation between these sibling species.
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    Actin-, myosin- and ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1033-1041 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ubiquitin ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; cytoskeleton ; mutants ; endocytosis ; actin ; myosin ; calmodulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endocytosis is a general term that is used to describe the internalization of external and plasma membrane molecules into the cell interior. In fact, several different mechanisms exist for the internalization step of this process. In this review we emphasize the work on the actin-dependent pathways, in particular in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, because several components of the molecular machinery are identified. In this yeast, the analysis of endocytosis in various mutants reveals a requirement for actin, calmodulin, a type I myosin, as well as a number of other proteins that affect actin dynamics. Some of these proteins have homology to proteins in animal cells that are believed to be involved in endocytosis. In addition, the demonstration that ubiquitination of some cell surface molecules is required for their efficient internalization is described. We compare the actin, myosin and ubiquitin requirements for endocytosis with recent results found studying these processes usingDictyostelium discoideum and animal cells.
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    The accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila: structural, reproductive, and evolutionary aspects (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 503-510 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; accessory gland ; reproduction ; sexual behavior ; sperm displacement ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent results from biochemical and molecular genetic studies of the accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila are reviewed. The most prominent feature is the species-specific variability. However, the analysis of the sex peptide inD. melanogaster shows that there is a strong homology in the molecular structure to the closely related sibling species, and that divergence increases with increasing phylogenetic distance. For this reason the sex peptide, after being transferred to the female genital tract during copulation, reduces receptivity and increases oviposition only in virgin females belonging to the same species group and subgroup. Even though studies were hitherto limited to a small number of the secretory components, it is evident that the accessory gland proteins play a key role in reproductive success of the fruit fly by changing female sexual behavior, supporting sperm transfer, storage and displacement. Thus, genes encoding the accessory gland proteins are apparently under strong evolutionary selection.
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    Rapid development and a long life: an association expected under a stress theory of aging (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 643-646 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Aging ; development time ; stress ; energy cost ; oxidative stress ; Drosophila ; homeostasis ; life span
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Life span and development time are considered in the context of the abiotic stresses to which free-living organisms are normally exposed. Under these circumstances, long life span depends upon metabolically efficient stress-resistance genes, which tend to be heterozygous. Similarly, rapid development time tends to be a feature of heterozygous stress-resistant individuals. Therefore, individuals who have high inherited stress resistance should develop fastest and live longest; in addition, they should show high homeostasis in the face of the energy costs of stress. In this way, the stress theory of aging can incorporate the developmental stage, based upon oxidative stress as an important major direct challenge.
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    Mitochondrial distribution and inheritance (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1111-1116 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; mitochondrial inheritance ; cytoskeleton ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; membrane proteins ; organelle movement ; mitochondrial morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mechanisms mediating the inheritance of mitochondria are poorly understood, but recent studies with the yeastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae andSchizosaccharomyces pombe have begun to identify components that facilitate this essential process. These components have been identified through the analysis of conditional yeast mutants that display aberrant mitochondrial distribution at restrictive conditions. The analysis of these mutants has uncovered several novel proteins that are localized either to cytoskeletal structures or to the mitochondria themselves. Many mitochondrial inheritance mutants also show altered mitochondrial morphology and defects in maintenance of the mitochondrial genome. Although some inheritance components and mechanisms appear to function specifically in certain types of cells, other conserved proteins are likely to mediate mitochondrial behavior in all eukaryotic cells.
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    Molecular genetics of the peptidyl transferase center and the unusual Var1 protein in yeast mitochondrial ribosomes (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1148-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial ribosomes ; peptidyl transferase ; Varl ribosomal protein ; gene relocation ; posttranscriptional rRNA modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria posses their own ribosomes responsible for the synthesis of a small number of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome. In yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the two ribosomal RNAs and a single ribosomal protein, Varl, are products of mitochondrial genes, and the remaining approximately 80 ribosomal proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The mitochondrial translation system is dispensable in yeast, providing an excellent experimental model for the molecular genetic analysis of the fundamental properties of ribosomes in general as well as adaptations required for the specialized role of ribosomes in mitochondria. Recent studies of the peptidyl transferase center, one of the most highly conserved functional centers of the ribosome, and the Varl protein, an unusual yet essential protein in the small ribosomal subunit, have provided new insight into conserved and divergent features of the mitochondrial ribosome.
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    Synthesis of a ubiquitously present new HSP60 family protein is enhanced by heat shock only in the Malpighian tubules ofDrosophila (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 751-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chaperonin ; Drosophila ; groEL ; heat shock ; heat shock proteins ; HSP60 ; Malpighian tubules ; TCP-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A homologue of the chaperonin protein of the HSP60 family has not been shown so far inDrosophila. Using an antibody specific to HSP60 family protein in Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, we showed that a 64-kDa polypeptide, homologous to the HSP60, is constitutively present in all tissues ofDrosophila melanogaster throughout the life cycle from the freshly laid egg to all embryonic, larval and adult stages. A 64-kDa polypeptide reacting with the same antibody in Western blots is present in all species ofDrosophila examined. Using Western blotting in conjunction with35S-methionine labeling of newly synthesized proteins and immuno-precipitation of the labeled proteins with HSP60-specific antibody, it was shown that synthesis of the 64-kDa homologue of HSP60 is appreciably increased by heat shock only in the Malpighian tubules, which are already known to lack the common HSPs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923984
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    The nutritional ecology of larvae of Alsophila pometaria and Anisota senatoria feeding on early- and late-season oak foliage (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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    Utilization and tolerance of ethanol, acetic acid and acetaldehyde vapour by Asobara persimilis, a parasitoid of Drosophila (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Drosophila ; parasitoid ; habitat toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la tolérance et l'utilisation de vapeurs d'éthanol, d'acide acétique et d'acétaldéhyde par Asobara persimilis (Hym. Braconidae), parasitoïde de Drosophila récemment découvert en Australie. Aux faibles concentrations, il n'y a pas d'utilisation significative d'éthanol et d'acide (respectivement moins de 1,5% et 0,1%), cependant la longévité des mâles et des femelles ont augmenté avec les concentrations d'acide acétique de 1,0 et 1,5%. Toutes ces substances sont toxiques à plus forte concentrations, bien qu'il y ait un dimorphisme sexuel et que les femelles survivent significativement plus longtemps que les mâles. La tolérance des braconides est inférieure à celle de leurs hôtes, les Drosophiles cosmopolites et endémiques à l'Australie. Ceci peut faire que ces parasites limitent l'exploitation de leurs hôtes aux habitats avec une faible concentration de produits de fermentation.
    Notes: Abstract The tolerance and utilization of ethanol, acetic acid and acetaldehyde vapour was investigated in Asobara persimilis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Drosophila. No significant utilization of ethanol or acetaldehyde occurred at low concentrations (〈 1.5% and 0.1% respectively), however both female and male longevity was increased at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5% acetic acid. All substances were toxic at higher concentrations, but there was sexual dimorphism in that females survived significantly longer than males.
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    Acyrthosiphon pisum performance in response to the sugar and amino acid composition of artificial diets, and its relation to lucerne varietal resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Medicago sativa ; resistance ; amino acids ; sucrose ; phloem sap ; artificial diet ; ingestion ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur des milieux holidiques se différenciant par leur concentration en acides aminés ou en saccharose ou par leur spectre en acides aminés et copiant la sève de deux variétés de luzerne (sensible et résistante) nous avons étudié différents paramètres biologiques d'un biotype d'Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à ce puceron. Que ce soit pour le reproduction et la survie des adultes ou pour la croissance et le développment larvaire, nous montrons l'influence spécifique de la concentration en saccharose et en acides aminés ainsi que celle du spectre en acides aminés des régimes artificiels. Ces différences de performances de A. pisum peuvent en partie être expliquées par les différences d'ingestion. Néanmoins pour des rapport saccharose/acides aminés identiques et pour des niveaux d'ingestion égaux, il existe selon les milieux de grandes différences de taux de reproduction et donc d'efficacités métaboliques. Les milieux copiant la sève de variétés sensible et résistante permettent jusqu'à présent d'expliquer une partie des observations faites sur végétal, mais démontrent que l'ignorance de certains facteurs phagostimulants présents dans la plante empêche une interprétation complète des effets observés.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of resistance of two lucerne cultivars (susceptible ‘Resistador’ and resistant ‘Lahontan’ clones) to a French biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, several biological parameters of this aphid were investigated on sap-copied holidic diets differing either by their amino acid or sucrose concentrations or by the relative proportions of some amino acids. We recorded the quantitative influence of nutrient levels and amino acid profiles on adult survival and reproduction, as well as on larval growth and development. The differences in A. pisum performances on artificial diets may partly by explained by variable ingestion rates, but also by differences in metabolic efficiency of the ingested nutrients, which greatly depends on amino acid composition. Although holidic diet experiments partially confirm the biological assays of resistance on plants, they also point out a lack in our understanding of the factors present in the sap which are involved in phagostimulation in vivo, thus preventing a complete interpretation of observed resistance.
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    Interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with gold: toxicity and accumulation (1999)
    Springer
    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: accumulation ; gold ; proton efflux ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effects of ionic gold on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as determined by long-term (growth in gold-containing media) and short-term interactions (H+ efflux activity). An increasing gold concentration inhibited growth and at 〈0.2 mM Au, growth was not observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed no differences in ultrastructure but fine electron dense particles were observed in unstained preparations from gold-containing medium. After glucose addition (to 10mM) to starved suspensions of S. cerevisiae, glucose-dependent reduction of external pH occurred as the cells extruded protons. In the presence of increasing gold concentrations, the lag time before proton extrusion did not change but the rate and duration decreased significantly with a marked influence on proton efflux rate being observed at ≤ 10 μM. Extension of preincubation time of yeast cells in gold-containing medium resulted in a decreasing proton efflux rate and colloidal phase formation in the cell suspensions, the time between gold addition and the beginning of colloidal phase formation depending on the gold concentration used. Both Ca and Mg enhanced the inhibitory effect of gold on the yeast cells with Ca showing a stronger inhibitory effect than Mg.
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    Assessment of Hg2+ toxicity to a N2-fixing cyanobacterium in long- and short-term experiments (1992)
    Springer
    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Hg2+ toxicity ; cyanobacterium ; Nostoc calcicola ; growth ; photopigments ; nucleic acids ; photosynthesis ; membrane integrity ; nutrient uptake ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicological responses of the filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Bréb. towards Hg2+ were studied to enumerate the decisive lethal events. In low-dose, long-term experiments (0.05–0.25 μm Hg2+, 10 days), photoautotrophic growth was severely inhibited with concurrent loss of photosynthetic pigments (phycocyanin〉chlorophyll α〉carotenoids) and nucleic acids. The termination of growth after a day 4 exposure to 0.25 μm Hg2+ has been attributed to the complete inhibition ofin vivo photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium (O2 evolution〉14CO2 incorporation). The elevated Hg2+ concentrations irreversibly damaged the cell membrance as observed under light microscopy, and as indicated by the leakage of intracellular electrolytes and phycocyanin. In high-dose, short-term experiments (0.5–20.0 μm Hg2+, up to 6 h), thein vivo activities of selected enzymes (glutamine synthetase 〉 nitrate reductase 〉 nitrogenase) were less inhibited by Hg2+ than the uptake of nutrient ions (NH 4 + 〉NO 3 − 〉PO 4 3− ).
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    Effects of diet on growth, fecundity and duration of tethered flight of Nezara viridula (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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    Competition between larvae of Ips typographus (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; bark beetle ; Scolytidae ; intra-specific larval competition ; growth ; simulation model ; breeding pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konkurrenz zwischen Larven des Borkenkäfers Ips typographus L. in Rundhölzern von Picea abies Karsten wurde im Laboratorium studiert. Um die Annahme zu testen, dass die Mortalität bei Borkenkäferlarven hauptsächlich von Futterkonkurrenz stammt, wurden die Parameter dieses Vorgangs geschätzt, die Zahl der Überlebenden vorausgesagt und verglichen mit der tatsächlichen Zahl Überlebender in jedem Rundholz. Die erforderlichen Voraussagen wurden mit dem Simulationsmodell von De Jong & Saarenmaa (1985) gemacht. In diesem Modell wird angenommen, dass die Larven Futter aufnehmen, in dem sie sich in der zweidimensionalen Rindenschicht bewegen und dass sie sterben oder sich vorzeitig in untergewichtige Käfer verwandeln, wenn sie in ein Gebiet gelangen, dessen Futter erschöpft ist. Es wurde geschlossen, dass der wichtigste Aspekt der Larvenbewegung im Hinblick aufs Überleben das gegenseitige Ausweichen ist. Die Muster der Larvengänge, wie sie aus einem Muttergang aufgrund gegenseitigen Ausweichens entstehen, wurden berechnet; sie stimmten sehr gut überein mit den beobachteten Mustern. Das Wachstum und das Überleben wurden in separaten Versuchen untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass vorzeitiger Entwicklungsabschluss als Folge von Nahrungsknappheit eintritt. Das Überleben hängt davon ab, ob die Larve genug Futter zum Verpuppen erhalten hat. Dass die Larve eine bestimmte Grösse erreicht (Wachstum), war proportional zur Bewegung über eine bestimmte Distanz in der Rindenschicht. Unter den Versuchsbedingungen nahm das potentielle Trockengewicht der Puppen um 0,08 mg zu mit jedem mm Larvengang. Die minimale zur Verpuppung erforderliche Futtermenge war 20 mm Ganglänge, was proportional zu 1,6 mg Puppentrockengewicht ist. Aus diesen Resultaten wird geschlossen, dass Futterkonkurrenz die hauptsächliche Mortalitätsursache unter Larven von I. typographus in Rundhölzern im Laboratorium ist. Zudem wurde das Simulationsmodell erfolgreich überprüft; deshalb scheint es, dass Futterkonkurrenz entsprechend der vorigen Hypothese erfolgt. Die Annahme scheint vertretbar, dass dieser letzte Schluss auch für I. typographus unter natürlicheren Bedingungen zutrifft.
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to provide parameters for a simulation model for Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). This model illustrates larval competition and predicts brood survival in bolts. Brood survival depended upon larvae attaining a weight of at least 1.6 mg dry weight. The pattern of larval foraging in a bolt is hypothesized to be regulated by mutual avoidance among larvae. An analytical solution is presented for the construction of the pattern of larval paths originating from a single maternal gallery.
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    Quantification of the impact of the hoverfly, Metasyrphus corollae on the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, in winter wheat: laboratory rates of kill (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Syrphidae ; Metasyrphus corollae ; cereal aphid ; Sitobion avenae ; quantification ; field populations ; biomass ; voracity ; growth ; development ; kill rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de mortalité de S. avenae provoqué par les larves de M. corollae a été mesuré au laboratoire pour évaluer l'impact de ce prédateur sur les populations de ce puceron dans la nature. L'évolution du poids des larves et de la biomasse de pucerons tués a été suivie tous les jours dans des conditions de température et humidité constantes. Un taux moyen de mortalité a été déterminé pour chaque stade larvaire du prédateur, il a servi à déduire les niveaux de mortalité quotidienne dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of kill of cereal aphids by larvae of Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was measured in the laboratory with the aim of assessing the impact of this predator on field populations of cereal aphids. Daily measurements were taken of changes in both the larval weight and the biomass of aphids killed by M. corollae in conditions of constant temperature and humidity. A mean relative kill rate was defined and calculated for each larval instar of the predator from which estimates of field daily rates of kill can be made.
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    Egg-laying strategy under natural conditions of Leptopilina boulardi, a hymenopteran parasitoid of Drosophila spp (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; field egg laying strategy ; functional response ; switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le concept de réponse optimale d'un parasite vis-à-vis de l'hôte le plus favorable pour son développement demeure surtout théorique et n'a pu être vérifié que dans les conditions de laboratoire. Nous avons montré que Drosophila melanogaster s'avère être, par rapport à D. simulans, l'hôte le plus favorable pour le développement du cynipide parasite Leptopilina boulardi. Une étude sur le terrain a démontré que ce parasite présente une réponse fonctionnelle densité dépendante vis-à-vis de D. melanogaster et non vis-à-vis de D. simulans, avec un effet de bascule. D'autre part, il s'avère que ce parasite exploite beaucoup mieux son hôte, en évitant le superparasitisme, ceci étant démontré au laboratoire et dans la nature. Enfin, il apparaît qu'il est capable d'allonger sa période de ponte lorsque cet hôte est rare, ce qui ne se produit pas avec D. simulans.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis of optimal host species selection predicts that when a parasitoid has the choice between two host species, it will choose the species thay gives the best survival chances for its progeny. We confirmed this hypothesis by laboratory experiments with Leptopilina boulardi Barb. et al., a cynipid parasitoid which prefers Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (the host species most suitable for parasitoid survival) above D. simulans Sturt. As far as fitness parameters are concerned, the fertility of L. boulardi is higher with D. melanogaster; the egg laying can be spread out over a long period when this host is relatively scarce. This does not occur with D. simulans in which parasitic oviposition stops soon when this host is not abundant. Investigations of this foraging strategy were done under more complex natural conditions. We found that L. boulardi has a type III functional response with D. melanogaster only; furthermore, it seems that a switching effect may exist with this host. Parasitoid females appear to distribute their eggs more regularly on D. melanogaster, thus avoiding superparasitism. This seems to be independent of the relative frequency of this host. However, superparasitism of D. simulans did occur more frequently when this host was scarce.
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    L'élevage de deux coccinelles Harmonia axyridis et Semiadalia undecimnotata à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella tués aux rayons ultraviolets (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Semiadalia undecimnotata ; Aphids ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Pyralidae ; Anagasta kuehniella ; growth ; reproduction ; breeding ; natural prey ; unnatural prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.
    Notes: Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.
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    Male mating activity and genetic aspects in imaginal diapause of Drosophila triauraria (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: imaginal diapause ; male mating activity ; genetics ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles de D. triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Dipt. Drosophilidae) sont connues pour présenter une diapause reproductrice aux photophases courtes. Les mâles eux aussi ont révélé une activité sexuelle réduite aux photophases courtes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont entrés comme les femelles en diapause reproductive. Les photophases critiques pour l'induction de la diapause des mâles et des femelles n'ont pas présenté de différences. Les diapause des mâles et des femelles s'achèvent même sous courtes photophases, mais la diapause mâle était quelque peu plus faible que la diapause femelle. La photophase critique et le taux de diapause ont varié en fonction de l'origine géographique dans l'espèce actuelle. Lors de croisements entre lignées diapausantes et non-diapausantes, la photophase critique et la durée de la diapause ont été héritées quantitativement. A partir de ces expériences et d'expériences précédentes de croisements (Kimura, 1983), quelques modèles de méchnisme d'induction de la diapause de cette espèce sont proposés.
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae) of which females were known to enter reproductive diapause at short daylengths, males also showed reduced mating activity at short daylengths, i.e., males as well as females entered reproductive diapause. The critical daylength for diapause induction did not differ between females and males. Both male and female diapause ended even under short daylengths, but the male diapause was somewhat weaker than the female diapause. The critical daylength and the diapause rate varied geographically in this species. In the cross between diapausing and non-diapausing strains, the critical daylength and the diapause duration inherited in a quantitative manner. On the basis of the present and previous crossing experiments, some models are proposed on the mechanism of diapause induction of this species.
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    Ecology of black beetle Heteronychus arator. Influence of plant species on larval consumption, utilization and growth (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 29 (1981), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteronychus arator ; Scarabaeidae ; larvae ; consumption ; utilization ; growth ; feeding ; roots ; Paspalum dilatatum ; Lolium perenne ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Futteraufnahme, die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum von Drittstadiumlarven von H. arator beim Fressen von Wurzeln von Paspalum dilatatum, Raygras (Lolium perenne) und Weissklee (Trifolium repens) wurden gravimetrisch gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Futterverzehrindex auf Gräsern war 0.65 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.18 auf Weissklee. Die relative Wachstumsrate auf Paspalum und Raygras was 0.158 und 0.124 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.043 auf Weissklee, was den geringen Verzehr an Weisskleewurzel widerspiegelt. Die Verwertung der gefressenen Wurzel war 22%, 18% und 24% für Paspalum, Ryagras und Weissklee. Das Fehlen gesicherter Unterschiede in der Futterverwertung der drei Pflanzenarten deutet darauf hin, dass die geringe Wachstumsrate auf Weissklee bloss durch geringe Futteraufnahme verursacht ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Weisskleewurzel Frasinhibitoren für H. arator vorhanden sind. Die erhaltenen Schätzungen für Futteraufnahme durch Scarabaeiden sind die besten Daten für wurzelfressende Arten und liefern eine Basis, um den Einfluss der Weidepflanzen auf H. arator Populationen zu verstehen.
    Notes: Abstract The consumotion, utilization and growth of third-instar larvae of black beetle, Heteronychus arator (F.) feeding on roots of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. Consumption was greater on the grasses than on white clover when assessed by gravimetric methods. Larvae had a higher growth rate on the grasses. Utilization of the roots of the three species was similar indicating that poor growth on white clover is the result of low consumption probably induced by the presence of feeding deterrents in the roots.
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    Resistance in the wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya and Hordeum bogdani to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Avena macrostachya ; Hordeum bogdani ; resistance ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; growth ; excretion ; amino acids ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumè Lors d'examens systématiques antérieurs, Avena macrostachya (Bal. ex Coss. & Dur.) et Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) ont présenté une résistance élevée au puceron Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Lorsqu'ils avaient un choix comprenant de l'avoine et de l'orge cultivés, les pucerons ailés ont atterri en nombres moins importants sur les espèces sauvages. Les résultats étaient cependant variables dans le complexe avoine. La production de nymphes et le poids des adultes étaient plus élevés sur espèces cultivées, ainsi que la durée du développement était plus longue sur les espèces sauvages. A partir du troisième stade, l'excrétion de miellat a été significativement plus faible sur les espèces résistantes. En général, le miellat y contenait moins de 1% d'acides aminés bien que sur H. vulgare il en contînt 3,5%. Les pourcentages d'acides aminés libres du miellat étaient semblables sur toutes les plantes (5,2–7,6%), à l'exception de H. vulgare sur lequel les pucerons excrétaient 22% des taux ingérés. Les acides aminés excrétés en fortes quantités sur les différentes plantes, comprenaient l'asparagine, l'acide γ-aminobutyrique, l'acide glutamique et la glycine. Des coupes de tissus n'ont révélé aucun obstacle mécanique clair à la pénétration des stylets. Les possibilités d'utiliser ces espèces sauvages comme source de résistance aux pucerons dans la sélection de l'avoine et de l'orge ont été examinées.
    Notes: Abstract In previous screening tests the two wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya (Bal., ex Coss. et Dur.) and Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) demonstrated a high degree of resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In a choice situation using wild and cultivated oats and barley, alate aphids settled in lower numbers on the wild species. The results were, however, variable in the Avena combination. Nymph production was significantly higher, development time shorter and adult weight higher on the cultivated varieties. From the third instar and onwards the excretion of honeydew was significantly lower on the resistant plants. In general the honeydew contained less than 1% free amino acids although excreta from H. vulgare contained 3.5%. The percentage of free amino acids found in the honeydew was similar for all plant species (5.2–7.6%) except for H. vulgare, on which the aphids excreted 22% of the amounts ingested. Amino acids excreted in high proportions on all plants included asparagine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. Tissue sectioning did not reveal any obvious mechanical barriers to stylet penetration. The potential use of these wild species as sources for aphid resistance breeding in oats and barley is considered.
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    Effects of potassium levels over the range occurring in host plants on the growth of an insect herbivore (Manduca sexta) (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Consumption ; food utilization efficiencies ; growth ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; Nicotiana tabacum ; potassium ; tobacco hornworm ; water regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Third instar tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta L.: Sphingidae) on low dietary potassium had a lower relative growth rate than individuals on diets with potassium concentrations reflecting those in host-plants, due to decreased consumption rate, lower efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI and ECD), and a prolonged growth/feeding phase. Furthermore, these larvae, when placed on a diet with a moderate potassium concentration through the fourth stadium, ended up being smaller due to lower ECI and less biomass gained, and had a prolonged growth phase, which suggest an irreversible cost of the previous low potassium diet. Third instar hornworms on high potassium diets had lower ECI and ECD, and they had a prolonged growth phase. These individuals, when placed on a moderate potassium diet in the fourth stadium, gained less biomass, than those previously offered hostplant-like-potassium diets. Body potassium concentrations (% dw) at the end of the third stadium were similar among treatment groups. With increasing potassium concentrations in the diet, utilization efficiencies of potassium decreased and potassium concentrations in the frass increased. Correspondingly, water content (% fw) of the newly-molted fourth instar larvae declined with increasing potassium, indicating a passive loss of water during potassium excretion. Low and high dietary potassium reduced survivorship of third instar larvae; fourth instar caterpillars previously fed the low potassium diet also had poor survivorship. We conclude that, within the normal range of potassium concentrations in the hostplants, caterpillar performance is largely unaffected by potassium concentration, but that potassium-poor and potassium-rich diets, such as those hornworms may sometimes experience, can reduce growth and survivorship.
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    Continuous production of fructose syrup and ethanol from hydrolysed Jerusalem artichoke juice (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Jerusalem artichoke ; High-fructose syrup ; Ethanol ; Immobilized yeast cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The results from this study showed that Jerusalem artichoke juice can be used for the production of very enriched fructose syrup by selective conversion of glucose to ethanol in a continuous process using immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36859. The product contained up to 99% of the total carbohydrates as fructose compared to 76% in the feed. Using Jerusalem artichoke juice supplemented with some glucose a product was obtained with 7.5% w/v ethanol which made ethanol recovery economically favourable. It was found that some fructose was consumed in these continuous processes; the glucose/fructose conversion rate ratio was regulated by the glucose concentration in the product stream.
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    Analytical differentiation of wine fermentations using pure and mixed yeast cultures (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; Aroma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three fermentations of Pedro Ximénez grapes, collected in three degrees of ripeness, were carried out by inoculation with three types of inoculum: pure cultures ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae races and ofTorulaspora delbrueckii, indigenous yeasts, and mixed cultures of indigenous yeasts enriched with the pure cultures. By means of variance analysis 21 compounds were determined whose final concentrations in the wines significantly depended on the musts, the inocula or both. Eleven products that depended significantly on the inocula were subjected to a discriminant analysis in which most of the pure cultures gathered in a discriminant space area different from that occupied by the indigenous yeasts. The centroids corresponding to most of the mixed cultures were shifted to the central area of the discriminant space, moved away from their corresponding pure cultures and approached the indigenous yeasts. The results show a high similarity between the fermentations carried out with mixed cultures with the addedS. cerevisiae races and those fermentations carried out with the indigenous yeasts, with regard to those compounds which were significantly dependent on the inocula.
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    Extracellular localization of cathepsin D in ossifying cartilage (1973)
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cathepsin D ; Extracellular ; Ossification ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la cathepsine D extracellulaire d'origine principalement ostéoblastique a été démontrée par immunohistochimie dans le cartilage en voide de calcification de cultures d'os des membres d'embryons de poulet. L'intérêt de ce fait pour l'ossification est discuté.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde mit einer immunohistochemischen Methode gezeigt, daß extrazelluläres Kathepsin D, welches hauptsächlich aus Osteoblasten gewonnen wurde, Knorpel von kultivierten Knochen von Kükenembryonen mineralisiert. Die Bedeutung dieser Feststellung für den Mechanismus der Knochenbildung wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular cathepsin D derived mainly from osteoblasts has been demonstrated immunohistochemically in ossifying cartilage of cultured embryonic chick limb bones. The relevance of this observation to the mechanism of ossification is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013744
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    Control of the G1-G0 transition and G0 protein synthesis by cyclic AMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell cycle ; Cyclic AMP ; G0 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When the cyr1-1 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which require cyclic AMP (cAMP) for growth, were starved for cAMP, cell division was arrested at the G1 state of the mitotic cell cycle and the cells entered the resting state (G0) also observed in wild-type cells transferred to sulfur-free medium. The level of cAMP in wild-type cells decreased rapidly when the cells were starved for sulfur and subsequently increased following its addition. The cyr1-1 cells starved for cAMP preferentially synthesized nine G0 proteins. The synthesis of these G0 proteins in the sulfur-starved cells was repressed by the addition of cAMP. The RAS2 val19 or bcy1 cells, which produced an elevated level of cAMP or cAMP-independent protein kinase, did not synthesize the G0 proteins under the sulfur-starved condition. The results suggest that cAMP plays a role in the transition between the proliferating state and G0 state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368059
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  • 86
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    The OGD1 gene, affecting 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae, is closely linked to HIS5 on chromosome IX (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; rad52-mediated chromosome loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ogd1 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity; they cannot grow on glycerol and produce an increased amount of organic acids during growth on glucose as substrate. Using gamma ray-induced rad52-mediated chromosome loss the ogd1 mutation can be assigned to chromosome IX. Tetrad analysis of crosses between ogd1 and other markers on chromosome IX revealed that the OGD1 gene maps on the left arm of this chromosome 1.9 cM from his5.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313254
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    Cloning and sequencing of URA10, a second gene encoding orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Nucleotide sequence-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (5PRPP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRTase) catalyses the transformation of orotate to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA5 gene is known to encode this enzyme activity. In this paper we present the cloning and sequencing of a yeast gene, named URA10, encoding a second OPRTase enzyme. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between URA5 and URA10 genes shows more than 75% similarity. These sequences have also been compared to those of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina, Sordaria macrospora and Dictyostelium discoideum. Remarkable similarities in the primary structure of these proteins have been found. Gene disruption experiments revealed that URA10 gene expression is responsible for the leaky phenotype of a ura5 mutant. Assays of OPRTase activity in extracts from ura5 and ura10 mutants indicate that the URA10 product contributes only 20% of the total activity found in wild type cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312853
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  • 88
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    High frequency FLP-independent homologous DNA recombination of 2 μ plasmid in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Site specific recombination ; 2 μ DNA plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work is to identify and quantitate in vivo 2 μ plasmid FLP-independent recombination in yeast, using a nonselective assay system for rapid detection of phenotypic expression of the recombination events. A tester plasmid was constructed such that in vivo recombination between 2 μ direct repeat sequences produces the resolution of the plasmid into two circular DNA molecules. This recombinational event is detected as a phenotypic shift from red to white colonies, due to the mitotic loss of the plasmid portion containing the yeast ADE8 gene in a recipient ade1 ade2 ade8 genetic background. In the absence of the 2 μ FLP recombinase and/or its target DNA sequence, recombination is not abolished but rather continues at a high frequency of about 17%. This suggests that the FLP-independent events are mediated by the chromosomally-encoded general homologous recombination system. We therefore conclude that the totality of 2 μ DNA recombination events occurring in FLP+ cells is the contribution of both FLP-mediated and FLP-independent events.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376739
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  • 89
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    Molecular cloning of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding argininosuccinate lyase (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene bank of Sau3A partially restricted Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA in YEp13 was used to transform an arg4 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One colony was recovered which contained the YEp13 plasmid bearing a large insert complementing the argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) mutation. As shown by restriction mapping and subcloning experiments, the DNA sequence required for complementation is localized on a 2 kb BamHI-BamHI fragment. The plasmid complemented several S. cerevisiae arg4 mutants of independent origin and a S. pombe arg7 mutant lacking ASL. Low but significant ASL activities were detected in crude extracts of these transformants. No complementation of the E. coli argH mutant was observed. Southern blot hybridizations showed that the insert originates from the S. pombe genome. No cross-hybridization was found between this sequence and S. cerevisiae DNA. It can be concluded that the cloned DNA fragment bears the S. pombe ARG7 gene coding for ASL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419996
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    Inheritance of chromosome length polymorphisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome length polymorphisms ; FIGE ; OFAGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains generally have similar chromosomal band patterns as revealed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, individual bands often move slightly differently from one strain to the other. Surveying strains from our stock collection, we found that nearly all the bands of a certain pair of strains differed in their mobility. Some of these chromosome length polymorphisms segregated in a 2:2 ratio, indicating that they resulted from single structural alterations (i.e. additions or deletions). One of these was mapped on the right arm of chromosome 1. Others did not segrate in a simple 2:2 ratio. That is, there were progenies which had bands not present in either parent. We suggest that these new bands are the products of recombination between homologous chromosomes having two or more structural alterations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00521262
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  • 91
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    Comparison of Tetrahymena ARS sequence function in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ARS ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Tetrahymena thermophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated several Tetrahymena thermophila chromosomal DNA fragments which function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in the heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe selection systems. The Tetrahymena ARS sequences were first isolated in S. cerevisiae and were derived from non-ribosomal micro- and macronuclear DNA. Sequence analysis of the ARS elements identified either perfect or close matches with the 11 by S. cerevisiae ARS core consensus sequence. Subcloning studies of two Tetrahymena ARS elements defined functional regions ranging in size from 50 to 300 bp. Testing of the ARS elements in S. pombe revealed that most of the T. thermophila inserts confer ARS function in both yeasts, at least in the sense of promoting a high transformation frequency to plasmids which contain them. However, the actual sequences responsible for ARS activity were not always identical in the two yeasts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376742
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    Construction and characterization of a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that completely lacks all genomic CYH2 sequences (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; CYH2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed that has one copy of the ribosomal protein gene CYH2 completely deleted and replaced with the TRP1 gene using the method of Rothstein (1983). There are only small differences in growth rate and no detectable difference in steady state level of CYH2 mRNA between the diploid that is heterozygous for the CYH2 deletion and the parent diploid with two normal copies of this gene. This suggests that the diploid must partially compensate for the loss of one CYH2 gene. Tetrad dissection shows that haploid spores lacking the CYH2 gene cannot germinate. The lethality of this deletion can be rescued by a CYH2 cDNA on a low copy vector. Haploids which lack the genomic copy of the CYH2 gene, but contain a plasmid copy of the CYH2 cDNA are able to grow normally. These CYH2 deleted yeast haploids should be useful to analyze mutationally altered CYH2 genes and genes homologous to CYH2 from other organisms without interference from a genomic copy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419989
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    The glucose- and ethanol-dependent regulation of PDC1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled by two distinct promoter regions (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 337-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Gene regulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDCI promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 870 by promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene that includes the carbon source dependent regulatory regions was investigated using 5′ and 3′ promoter deletions. The results indicate that glucose and ethanol regulation of PDC1 transcription are independently controlled by distinct cis-acting regions. The consensus sequence AAATCGATA may play a role in this regulation, while the sequence (ATCA)AACCT may be important in transcription initiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419991
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    Isolation and properties of yeast mutants affected in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutants ; Farnesyl diphosphate synthetase ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two yeast mutant strains auxotrophic for ergosterol and blocked in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1) were isolated. Genetic analysis has shown that these mutant strains carry additional mutations in the ergosterol pathway besides erg20-1 and erg20-2 which affect FPP synthetase. The novel feature of these mutants is their ability to excrete prenyl alcohols (farnesol and geraniol). As geraniol is toxic for yeast cells, the above leaky mutations in FPP synthetase have to be associated with others in the sterol pathway, in order to slow down geraniol synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321113
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    Heterologous gene expression of the glyphosate resistance marker and its application in yeast transformation (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vector ; Glyphosate resistance ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The E. coli aroA gene was inserted between yeast promoter and terminator sequences in different shuttle expression plasmids and found to confer enhanced EPSP synthase activity as well as resistance to glyphosate toxicity. Subsequently, a transformation system using these newly constructed vectors in yeast was characterized. The efficiency of the glyphosate resistance marker for transformation and selection with plasmid pHR6/20-1 in S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 was found to be relatively high when compared with selection for LEU2 prototrophy. The fate of the recombinant plasmid pHR6/20-1 in the transformants, the preservation of the aroA E. coli DNA fragment in yeast, mitotic stability, EPSP synthase activity, and growth on glyphosate-containing medium have been investigated. As this plasmid also allows direct selection for glyphosate resistant transformants on rich media, the glyphosate resistance marker was used for transforming both S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 and brewer's yeast strains S. cerevisiae var. “uvarum” BHS5 and BHS2. In all cases, the vector pHR6/20-1 was maintained as an autonomously replicating plasmid. The resistance marker is, therefore, suitable for transforming genetically unlabeled S. cerevisiae laboratory, wild, and industrial yeast strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435454
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    Expression of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene in A. niger, A. nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 531-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucose oxidase ; Aspergillus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the cloning of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene and its use to elevate glucose oxidase productivity in A. niger by increasing the gene dosage. In addition, the gene has been introduced into A. nidulans where it provides the novel capacity to produce glucose oxidase. A plasmid, in which DNA encoding the mature form of glucose oxidase was preceded by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal, effected high-level production of extracellular glucose oxidase in this yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327024
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    Sequence analysis of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe coding for argininosuccinate lyase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the ARG7 gene, coding for argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) has been determined. It consists of an open reading frame of 461 codons. The deduced protein has a molecular weight of 51 200 Da. The gene is devoid of introns which is confirmed by the fact that it is expressed in Escherichia coli after spontaneous insertion of a bacterial sequence probably bearing a prokaryotic promoter. A perfect “TATA” box is found at-72 and the major transcription initiation site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located at-11 as shown by primer extension experiments. Comparison of the S. pombe lyase with related proteins from other organisms reveals an important degree of conservation except in the carboxyterminal part of the polypeptide. Additionally, a deletion removing 66 amino acids of the carboxy terminus yields an enzyme exhibiting some biological activity. A unique 1500 b transcript was found in S. cerevisiae when the intact gene was present, but the deleted version of the gene gave rise to at least three transcripts of 1800, 2800 and 3900 b.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355051
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    A hot-spot for transposition of various Ty elements on chromosome V in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome V ; Ty elements ; tRNA genes ; Transposition hot-spots ; Yeast polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ty4 is a novel transposable element in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is present in only a few copies in the genome (Stucka et al. 1989). In strain C836 one of the three copies (Ty4-90) is contained in cosmid clone c90, where it resides on chromosome V. Analysis of this region reveals a “hot-spot” of transposition: in addition to Ty4-90, the locus contains a complete Ty3 element and seven singular delta, sigma and tau elements. Three tRNA genes (for His, Lys, and Ile) are located in this region, and these are closely associated with one or the other of the elements, a phenomenon commonly observed in yeast. A comparison of c90 with corresponding regions from other strains shows that the locus is highly polymorphic and that this polymorphism is explicitly associated with Ty transposition and recombination events.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422110
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    Regulation of the pyrimidine salvage pathway by the FUR1 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 333-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyrimidine salvage pathway ; Semi-dominant mutants ; FUR1 ; Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein encoded by the FUR1 gene is absolutely required for the expression of uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activity. The occurrence of semi-dominant mutations for 5-fluorouracil-(5FU)-resistance at this locus led us to clone and sequence the semi-dominant fur 1–5 allele. A single point mutation, resulting in the substitution of arginine 134 for serine, is responsible for this mutant phenotype. The fur 1–5 allele is transcribed and expressed at the same level as the wild-type allele. But, in contrast with the wild-type, the UPR Tase activity of the fur 1–5 mutant strain is stimulated in vitro by UTP and does not, therefore, correspond to a loss of feedback of UPR Tase activity. We found that uracil, as a free base, induces a significative increase in transcription and UPR Tase activity in a wild-type strain as well as in uracil-overproducing mutants which principally explains the high efficiency of the pyrimidine salvage pathway in S. cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309592
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  • 100
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    High frequency recombination and the expression of genes cloned on chimeric yeast plasmids: Identification of a fragment of 2-μm circle essential for transformation (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 17-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have carried out experiments aimed at explaining the observed variations in transformation frequencies when Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces carlbergensis are transformed with chimeric plasmids that contain one of 4 possible EcoRI fragments of the yeast 2-μm circle. These plasmids fall into 2 classes when used to transform 2 different yeast his3 auxotrophs, one (strain LL20) harbours indigenous 2-μm circle, and the other (strain YF233) is devoid of this plasmid. Hybrid plasmids containing either the 2.4 mega-dalton (mD) R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF88) or the l.4 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF177) of 2-μm circle transform either of the two hosts at a high frequency (50,000 colonies per Mg in LL20 and 10,000 colonies per μg in YF233). Hybrid plasmids containing the 1.5 mD R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF87) or the 2.5 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF178) of the 2-μm circle transform LL20 at a reduced frequency (6,000–16,000 colonies per μg) and YF233 at extremely low frequencies (1–5 colonies per μg). All plasmids retrieved from strain YF233 that had been transformed with pYF88 or pYF177 were identical to the original transforming plasmid. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF87 and pYF178, approximately half had acquired an extra copy of the 2-μm circle. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF88 and pYF177, an average of only approximately 13% had acquired an extra copy of 2-μm circle. Taken together, these observations indicate that the transformation of yeast by a plasmid lacking the ability to replicate (pYF87 and pYF1780) occurs by the recombinational acquisition of 1 copy of the host 2-μm circle, which serves to supply the incoming plasmid with missing essential sequences. A comparison of 2-μm circle DNA fragments carried by pYF88 and pYF177 indicates that the region of 2-μm circle required for high frequency transformation is a 1.2 mD segment that is common to the 2.4 mD R-form and 1.4 ml) L-form EcoRI fragments. This region extends from the EcoRI cut site adjacent to the PstI site, through to the end of the inverted repeat. However, the inverted repeat sequence alone is not sufficient to bestow high frequency transformation of yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445690
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