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  • temperature  (698)
  • phosphorus  (681)
  • Springer  (1,372)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on the duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of sciomyzid flies, predators of the snail Lymnaea truncatula (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350381
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for hatching the eggs of the aphid Schizaphis graminum (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphids ; greenbug ; Schizaphis graminum ; mating ; oviposition ; eggs ; sterilization ; hatching ; temperature ; photoperiod ; moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache und effektive Methode beschrieben, die Eier von Schizaphis graminum auf Filterpapier zu sammeln, sie nachfolgend zu sterilisieren und unter verschiedenen Temperatur- und Photoperiodebedingungen bis zum Schlüpfen zu inkubieren. Hierbei wurden folgende Resulate erzielt: (a) Inkubation der Eier in vollkommener Dunkelheit bei 16°C führte zu einem Schlupferfolg von 19% nach einer Entwicklungszeit von im Mittel 81 Tagen; (b) Kühlung der Eier bei 6°C während 40 Tagen (vom 10. Tag nach der Eiablage an) erhöhte die Schlupfrate unter ansonsten gleichen Bedingungen auf 45% und reduzierte die Entwicklungszeit auf 71 Tage; (c) durch einen Licht/Dunkel-Rhythmus, dem die Eier nach der 40-tägigen Kühlung ausgesetzt wurden, konnte eine weitere Steigerung der Schlupfrate und eine Verkürzung der Entwicklungszeit erreicht werden.
    Notes: Abstract Techniques are described for the collection of fertile eggs of Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) on filter paper, and for the subsequent sterilization and incubation of the eggs under various temperature and photoperiodic conditions. 19% of the eggs incubated continuously at 16°C in complete darkness hatched in 81 days after deposition. 45% of the eggs chilled at 6°C for 40 days (starting 10 days after deposition) hatched in 71 days if the postchilling incubation at 16°C was completed in darkness. The results indicate a further enhancement in the percentage egg hatch and a reduction in developmental time when the eggs were subjected to a light-dark regime during the post-chilling incubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186158
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of temperature and seed water content on the induction of imaginal polymorphism in Callosobruchus maculatus (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bruchidae ; adult polymorphism ; temperature ; hygrometric factors ; reproductive quiescence ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) est un Coléoptère Bruchidae tropical qui se développe aux dépens des graines de Vigna unguiculata. Les adultes présentent un polymorphisme; il y a en effet deux formes, la forme voilière et la forme non voilière, distinctes par des critères morphologiques, physiologiques et comportementaux. L'évolution des populations de C. maculatus a été suivie pendant toute la saison sèche et le début de la saison des pluies dans la région de Niamey au Niger (13° LN) à l'intérieur d'un grenier traditionnel. Pendant toute la saison sèche, 6 à 7 générations de C. maculatus de la forme non voilière se succèdent à l'intérieur du grenier. Les adultes de la forme voilière, très actifs, apparaissent surtout au cours de la saison des pluies lorsque la teneur en eau de l'atmosphère et la teneur en eau des graines augmentent. Les études expérimentales réalisées au laboratoire montrent que le polymorphisme imaginal est induit au cours du développement post-embryonnaire et dépend des conditions climatiques dans lesquelles celui-ci a lieu. Le taux d'adultes de la forme voilière est élevé lorsque les larves se développent dans des graines à forte teneur en eau (14 ou 15%). Lorsque la teneur en eau des graines est faible (6 à 7%), il n'y a émergence que d'adultes de la forme non voilière. Lorsque la teneur en eau des graines est comprise entre 12 et 13%, le taux d'adultes de la forme voilière s'accroit et varie avec la durée de la thermophase. A basse température il y a toujours émergence d'adultes de la forme non voilière, quelle que soit la teneur en eau des graines. L'influence de ces deux facteurs abiotiques sur l'induction du polymorphisme imaginal joue probablement un rôle important dans les mécanismes adaptatifs permettant le maintien de cette espèce en zone tropicale.
    Notes: Abstract Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is a tropical insect (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) that develops in Vigna unguiculata (Walp) seeds. In this beetle, there are two distinct adult forms that differ in their morphology, physiology and behaviour, the flight form and the flightless form. The development of C. maculatus is analyzed in a traditional store in Niger. During the dry season, 6 to 7 generations of the flightless form develop in the store. When the atmospheric water content increases during the rainy season, adults of the flight form appear and escape from the store. Experimental studies have shown that the adult polymorphism is induced during post-embryonic development and depends on prevailing abiotic factors during this period. The proportion of flight from adults is high when larvae develop in moist seeds (14–15% of water content). Under dry conditions (6–7% of water content) only flightless adult forms emerge from the seeds. Temperatures during development also influence adult polymorphism. In thermoperiodic conditions with 12–13% seed water content, the proportion of flight from adults increases with increasing duration of the thermophase. However, at low temperatures, a high proportion of flightless adult forms emerge, regardless of seed water content. The adaptive importance of these two abiotic factors on polymorphism induction is examined in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187966
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the presence of olive fruit on ovarian maturation in the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae, under laboratory conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tephritidae ; Dacus oleae ; olive fruit fly ; ovarian maturation ; olive fruit ; diapause ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La maturation ovarienne des femelles adultes agées de 7, 22–23 et 28 jours de D. oleae ayant accompli leur développement embryonnaire, larvaire et nymphal en LD 12:12, 19±1°C et maintenues en LD 16:8, 26±1°C, sans accès à des olives, est inhibée. Dans les mêmes conditions, mais avec accès permanent à des olives, 54% des femelles ont des ovocytes mûrs à 7 jours, 87% à 22–23 jours et 100% à 28 jours. Avec des femelles ayant accès à des domes de paraffine, les pourcentages d'individus ayant des ovocytes mûrs sont intermédiaires entre ceux des deux situations précédentes. Dans les conditions cidessus défavorables à la maturation ovarienne, 50% des femelles de 28 jours ont des ovocytes mûrs si elles sont en présence d'olives durant leur première semaine de vie imaginale et 91% si elles sont en présence la 4éme semaine. Les pourcentages respectifs concernant les femelles pourvues de dômes de paraffine sont encore intermédiaires entre ceux des femelles avec olives et ceux de femelles privées de tout substrat. La présence d'olives a aussi un effet fortement positif sur la maturation ovarienne de femelles ayant accompli leur développement pre-imaginal et maintenues aussi à l'etat adulte en conditions LD 16:8, 26±1°C, favorisant la maturation ovarienne. L'accès à des dômes de paraffine a, là encore, un effet intermédiaire. On conclut par conséquent que la non maturation ovarienne des femelles de D. oleae qui est causée par une photopériode à jour court pendant la vie pre-imaginale accompagné par une photopériode à jour long et une augmentation de la température pendant la vie imaginale persiste au moins jusqu'à la fin de la quatrième semaine de la vie imaginale en absence d'olives, mais ne se produit pas si on met les femelles adultes en présence d'olives.
    Notes: Abstract Ovarian maturation was prevented in 7-, 22-, 23- and 28-day-old females of Dacus oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae), developed in the pre-imaginal stages at LD 12:12, 19±1°C and kept as adults at LD 16:8, 26±1°C without access to olive fruits. In females of the above ages having continuous access to olive fruits and held under the same photoperiod and temperature conditions, 54, 87 and 100%, respectively, had mature oocytes. When the females had access to domes of paraffin wax, the percentages of females with mature oocytes were intermediate between those with and those without access to olive fruits. Under the above photoperiod and temperature conditions unfavorable for maturation, 50% of 4-week-old females had mature oocytes if exposed for one week to olive fruits during their first week and 91% if exposed during their 4th week of adult life. The respective percentages with wax domes in the cages were again intermediate between those with olives and those without olives or wax domes. The presence of olive fruits had also a strong positive effect on the ovarian maturation of females which developed from egg through the adult stage at LD 16:8, 26±1°C, a condition favoring ovarian maturation. Access to wax domes had again an intermediate effect on maturation. It is concluded therefore that the lack of ovarian maturation of D. oleae females which is observed under a short photophase during the pre-imaginal stages if followed by a long photophase and an increase of temperature during the adult stage, continues at least till the end of the 4th week of adult life in the absence of olive fruits but is averted when such fruits are offered to the adult flies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352577
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature-dependent development of Zeiraphera canadensis and simulation of its phenology (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: temperature ; development ; simulation ; phenology ; budmoth ; Zeiraphera canadensis ; Tortricidae ; degree-days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La diapause des oeufs de Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura et Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a été complétée après 15 semaines d'élevage à 0,5°C. A ce stade de leur développement, une température supérieure à 30°C leur est létale. Les relations entre la température et le développement des larves sur l'épinette blanche, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, et des pupes ont été observées au laboratoire. Les temps de développement les plus courts ont été observés à 28°C. Les larves sont tolérantes à la chaleur et se développent à 32 C, une température qui est létale aux pupes. II y a peu de variabilité des taux de développement de tous les stades immatures. Ceci explique le haut degré de synchronie observé au sein de populations de cet insecte. Un modèle simulant la phénologie a été mis au point et calibré pour prédire la fréquence des divers stades du cycle vital sous des conditions de terrain. La processus de calibration a révélé que la température dans le microhabitat des oeufs est très semblable à celle de l'air, mais que les larves, retrouvées sous l'enveloppe des bourgeons, sont exposées à des températures pouvant excéder celle-ci de plusieurs degrés. Pour des fins de planification du synchronisme entre le développement de l'insecte et des programmes de suivi et de lutte, le nombre de degré-jours nécessaires pour atteindre 10% d'éclosion des oeufs ou 75% d'émergence des adultes ont été estimés à partir d'une température seuil de 4,4°C.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause requirements of eggs of Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura and Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are satisfied by 15 weeks of storage at 0.5°C. Temperatures above 30°C are lethal for this life stage. Temperature-dependent development of larvae fed on white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and of pupae was observed under laboratory conditions. The shortest development times were observed at 28°C. Larvae are tolerant to heat, and developed at 32°C, a lethal temperature for pupae. There was little variation of development rates in all stages of the life cycle, explaining the high degree of phenological synchrony reported in populations of this species. A phenological model was developed and calibrated to simulate the relative abundance of the various immature stages under field conditions. The calibration process suggested that temperature in the microhabitat of eggs may be very close to air temperature, but that temperatures under bud caps where larvae are feeding may rise several degrees above air temperature. For the purposes of planning the timing of survey and control practices, degree-day requirements for 10% egg hatch and 75% adult emergence were estimated based on a 4.4°C threshold temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365402
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of repeated manure and fertilizer phosphorus additions on soil phosphorus dynamics under a soybean-wheat rotation (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphorus dynamics ; Olsen ; phosphorus ; Soil phosphorus fractions ; Manure ; Soybean-wheat rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Soil P availability and efficiency of applied P may be improved through an understanding of soil P dynamics in relation to management practices in a cropping system. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate changes in plant-available (Olsen) P and in different inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (P0) fractions in soil as related to repeated additions of manure and fertilizer P under a soybean-wheat rotation. A field experiment on a Typic Haplustert was conducted from 1992 to 1995 wherein the annual treatments included four rates of fertilizer P (0, 11, 22 and 44 kg ha–1 applied to both soybean and wheat) in the absence and presence of 16 t ha–1 of manure (applied to soybean only). With regular application of fertilizer P to each crop the level of Olsen P increased significantly and linearly through the years in both manured and unmanured plots. The mean P balance required to raise Olsen P by 1 mg kg–1 was 17.9 kg ha–1 of fertilizer P in unmanured plots and 5.6 kg ha–1 of manure plus fertilizer P in manured plots. The relative sizes of labile [NaHCO3-extractable Pi (NaHCO3-Pi) and NaHCO3-extractable P0 (NaHCO3-P0)], moderately labile [NaOH-extractable Pi (NaOH-Pi) and NaOH-extractable P0 (NaOH-P0)] and stable [HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) and H2SO4/H2O2-extractable P (resisual-P)] P pools were in a 1 : 2.9 : 7.6 ratio. Application of fertilizer P and manure significantly increased NaHCO3-Pi and -P0 and NaOH-Pi, and -P0 fractions and also total P. However, HCl-P and residual-P were not affected. The changes in NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi and NaOH-P0 fractions were significantly correlated with the apparent P balance and were thought to represent biologically dynamic soil P and act as major sources and sinks of plant-available P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050477
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoelastic contact problem of two rotating bodies with frictional heat generation in annular region (1998)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 68 (1998), S. 128-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; temperature ; contact pressure ; punch indentation ; thermoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary An axisymmetric contact problem with frictional heating is considered in which a parabolic annular punch is pressed into a plane surface and rotates about its axis of symmetry at constant speed. The problem is formulated in terms of one governing equation with unknown pressure. This equation is solved numerically. The change of the geometry of the contact region and pressure has been investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190050150
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of time-dependent speed on frictional heat generation and wear in transient axisymmetrical contact of sliding (1997)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 67 (1997), S. 331-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; wear ; contact pressure ; temperature ; brake system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A transient contact problem with frictional heating and wear for two nonuniform sliding half-spaces is considered. One of the two half-spaces is assumed to be slightly curved to give a Hertzian initial pressure distribution: the other is a rigid nonconductor. Under the assumption that the contact pressure distribution could be described by Hertz formulas during all the process of interaction, the problem is formulated in terms of one integral equation of Volterra type with unknown radius of contact area. A numerical solution of this equation is obtained using a piecewise-constant presentation of an unknown function. The influence of operating parameters on the contact temperature and the radius of the contact area is studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190050121
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of P/Al ratio in phosphorus-doped aluminium oxide thin films by XRF, RBS and FTIR (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: aluminium oxide ; phosphorus ; XRF ; RBS ; FTIR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus-doped aluminium oxide thin films were deposited in a flow-type ALE reactor from AlCl3, H2O and from either P2O5 or trimethyl-phosphate. Structural information of the films was obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) was used to quantitatively determine the composition of the films. The P/Al intensity ratios calculated from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results were in a linear relation with the P/Al concentration ratios calculated from RBS results. For comparison, the intensity ratios of the phosphorus peak (P=O) at about 1250 cm−1 and the aluminium peak (Al-O) at about 950 cm−1 were determined from the IR absorption spectra. The calibration of FTIR peak intensities was done by plotting the intensity ratios of phosphorus and aluminium peaks against the P/Al concentration ratios measured by RBS. FTIR gave also a linear calibration curve with RBS but the method is less suitable for routine analysis of P/Al ratio than XRF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244850
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine in high-purity aluminium (1990)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 101 (1990), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: aluminium analysis ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; chlorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multi-step procedures for the determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine are described and tested against established methods and on reference materials. Phosphorus is separated as hydrogen phosphide, extracted as phosphomolybdic acid, reduced to molydenum blue and measured photometrically (detection limit 0.05 μg/g). Sulfur is separated after reduction as hydrogen sulfide or by means of pyrohydrolysis and measured by ICP-OES (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). Chloride can be measured by ion chromatography after pyrohydrolytic separation (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). The determination of sulfur was also successfully tested on copper and steel samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244179
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    Extraction inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) determination of traces of phosphorus in tungsten (1989)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 99 (1989), S. 399-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: phosphorus ; tungsten ; preconcentration ; ICP-OES
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method for the separation and preconcentration of traces of phosphorus from tungsten was developed. Solid phase extraction of the phosphovanadomolybdate complex performed on a micro-column was applied. Phosphorus was determined by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) excitation. A limit of detection of 0.4 μg/g P with respect to the solid phase is obtained. By directly coupling the extraction/elution step to the ICP instrument a detection limit of 0.06 μg/g P in W was achieved. Besides, the complexity of spectral evaluation in ICP-OES determinations of traces in spectralline-rich matrices is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244696
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  • 112
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    Elemental analysis of organic phosphorus compounds X. Schöniger-flask method for phosphorus (1986)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 88 (1986), S. 245-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: Schöniger-flask method ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By use of a fused-silica hook for holding the sample packet in a Schöniger combustion flask, even difficultly combustible phosphorus compounds can be completely decomposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196617
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  • 113
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    The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by plasma spectrometry (1992)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 109 (1992), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: phosphonate base scale inhibitor ; brine ; direct current plasma ; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by direct current plasma (DCP) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described. The first method is based on a direct nebulization of the brine samples and plasma using the phosphorus line at 213.618 nm. The second method involves extraction of phosphorus as phospho-antimonyl molybdate complex into methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK) phase and analysis of the extract for molybdenum using the Mo 313.260 nm line. Comparison between the proposed methods and an established recommended method [1] shows excellent agreement between the results in addition to the sensitivity and ease of automation provided by AES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242475
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  • 114
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    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678089
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    An expanded weighted-averaging model for inferring past total phosphorus concentrations from diatom assemblages in eutrophic British Columbia (Canada) lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 14 (1995), S. 49-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; eutrophication ; lake management ; paleolimnology ; British Columbia ; lakes ; phosphorus ; training sets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen lakes were added to a published training set of 46 British Columbia (BC) lakes in order to expand the original range of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the relationship between diatom assemblages and environmental variables. Specific conductivity and [TP] each explained significant (P≤0.05) directions of variance in the distribution of the diatoms. The relationship between diatom assemblages and [TP] was sufficiently strong to warrant the development of a weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration model that can be used to infer past trophic status from fossil diatom assemblages. The relationship between observed and inferred [TP] was not improved by the addition of more eutrophic lakes, however the [TP] range and the number of taxa used in the transfer function are now superior to the original model. Diatom species assemblages changed very little in lakes with TP concentrations greater than 85 µg 1−1, so we document the development of a model containing lakes with TP≤85 µg 1−1. The updated model uses 59 training lakes and covers a range of species optima from 6 to 41.9 µg 1−1 TP, and a total of 150 diatom taxa. The updated inference model provided a more realistic reconstruction of the anthropogenic history of a highly eutrophic BC lake. The model can now be used to infer past nutrient conditions in other BC lakes in order to assess changes in trophic status.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00682593
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    Assessment of freshwater diatoms as quantitative indicators of past climatic change in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 13 (1995), S. 21-49 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; temperature ; climatic change ; paleoclimate proxies ; canonical correspondence analysis ; weighted-averaging ; Yukon ; Northwest Territories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We identified, enumerated, and interpreted the diatom assemblages preserved in the surface sediments of 59 lakes located between Whitehorse in the Yukon and Tuktoyaktuk in the Northwest Territories (Canada). The lakes are distributed along a latitudinal gradient that includes several ecoclimatic zones. It also spans large gradients in limnological variables. Thus, the study lakes are ideal for environmental calibration of modern diatom assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis, with forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests, showed that maximum lake depth and summer surface-water temperature were the two environmental variables that accounted for most of the variance in the diatom data. The concentrations of sodium and calcium were also important explanatory variables. Using weighted-averaging regression and calibration techniques, we developed a predictive statistical model to infer lake surface-water temperature, and we evaluated the feasibility of using diatoms as paleoclimate proxies. This model may be used to derive paleotemperature inferences from fossil diatom assemblages at appropriate sites in the western Canadian Arctic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678109
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    Variability of diatom-inferred phosphorus profiles in a small lake basin and its implications for histories of lake eutrophication (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 20 (1998), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; spatial variability ; canonical correspondence analysis ; lake eutrophication ; transfer functions ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Diatom analyses were undertaken of sediment cores covering a range of water depths in a small eutrophic lake (Lough Augher, Co. Tyrone, N. Ireland). The significance of between-core variability in diatom relative frequency stratigraphy was assessed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) where the ordination axes were constrained to external environmental variables (sediment depth, core location coordinates, water depth, effective fetch, distance-from-shore and distance-from-inflow). After the removal of the effect of sediment age by partialling it out, the resultant first two axes from the partial-CCA were significantly correlated with water depth and distance-from-shore, indicating non-uniform diatom stratigraphies across the lake. Despite this variability, all cores show the same succession of species and, therefore, record the eutrophication of the lake. Diatom-inferred total phosphorus (DI-TP) was inferred for six cores using weighted averaging regression and calibration. Apart from considerable differences of DI-TP in surficial sediment samples, there was good between-core repeatability of DI-TP profiles. These data support the use of DI-TP for establishing background nutrient concentrations for lakes, and associated implications for lake restoration schemes using single cores. Comparisons of DI-TP profiles and total diatom accumulation rate data for the individual cores indicate that diatom production peaked prior to the maximum TP concentrations in the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007923813511
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    Stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) signatures of sedimented organic matter as indicators of historic lake trophic state (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 205-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: carbon isotopes ; diatoms ; lake management ; nitrogen isotopes ; phosphorus ; radium-226 ; sediments ; trophic state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We explored the use of carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in sedimented organic matter (OM) as proxy indicators of trophic state change in Florida lakes. Stable isotope data from four 210Pb-dated sediment cores were compared stratigraphically with established proxies for historical trophic state (diatom-inferred limnetic total phosphorus, sediment C/N ratio) and indicators of cultural disturbance (sediment total P and 226Ra activity). Diatom-based limnetic total P inferences indicate a transition from oligo-mesotrophy to meso-eutrophy in Clear Lake, and from eutrophy to hypereutrophy in Lakes Parker, Hollingsworth and Griffin. In cores from all four lakes, the carbon isotopic signature of accumulated OM generally tracks trophic state inferences and cultural impact assessments based on other variables. Oldest sediments in the records yield lower diatom-inferred total limnetic P concentrations and display relatively low δ13C values. In the Clear, Hollingsworth and Parker records, diatom-inferred nutrient concentrations increase after ca. AD 1900, and are associated stratigraphically with higher δ13C values in sediment OM. In the Lake Griffin core, both proxies display slight increases before ~1900, but highest values occur over the last ~100 years. As Lakes Clear, Hollingsworth and Parker became increasingly nutrient-enriched over the past century, the δ15N of sedimented organic matter decreased. This reflects, in part, the increasing relative contribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria to sedimented organic matter as primary productivity increased in these waterbodies. The Lake Griffin core displays a narrow range of both δ13C and δ15N values. Despite the complexity of carbon and nitrogen cycles in lakes, stratigraphic agreement between diatom-inferred changes in limnetic total P and the stable isotope signatures of sedimented OM suggests that δ13C and δ15N reflect shifts in historic lake trophic state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008078222806
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    Calibration of diatoms along a nutrient gradient in Florida Everglades Water Conservation Area-2A, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 413-437 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; Everglades ; phosphorus ; wetland ; calibration ; multivariate ; Florida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between diatom taxa preserved in surface soils and environmental variables at 31 sites in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) of the Florida Everglades was explored using multivariate analyses. Surface soils were collected along a phosphorus (P) gradient and analyzed for diatoms, total P, % nitrogen (N), %carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and biogenic silica (BSi). Phosphorus varied from 315-1781 μg g-1, and was not found to be correlated with the other geochemical variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine which environmental variables correlated most closely with the distributions in diatom taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection, constrained and partial CCA, and Monte Carlo permutation tests of significance show the most significant changes in diatom assemblages along the P gradient (p 〈 0.01), with additional species differences correlated with soil C, N, Ca, and BSi. Weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration models of diatom assemblages to P and BSi were developed. The diatom-based inference model for soil [P] had a high apparent r2 (0.86) with RMSEboot = 218 μg g-1. Indicator diatom species identified by assessing species WA optima and WA tolerance to [P], such as Nitzschia amphibia and N. palea for high [P] (~1300-1400 μ g-1) and Achnanthes minutissima var. scotica and Mastogloia smithii for low [P] (~400-600 μg g-1), may be useful as monitoring tools for eutrophication in WCA-2A as well as other areas of the Everglades. Diatom assemblages analyzed by cluster analysis were related to location within WCA-2A, and dominant taxa within clusters are discussed in relation to the geochemical variables measured as well as hydrology and pH. Diversity of diatom assemblages and a ‘Disturbance Index’ based on diatom data are discussed in relation to the historically P-limited Everglades ecosystem. Diatom assemblages should be very useful for reconstructions of [P] through time in the Florida Everglades, provided diatoms are well preserved in soil cores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008049224045
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    Diatom transfer-functions for quantifying past air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration from lakes in northern Sweden (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 109-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; climate change ; temperature ; pH ; transfer functions ; lake sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) in surface sediments of lakes and summer air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration (TOC) were explored along a steep climatic gradient in northern Sweden to provide a tool to infer past climate conditions from sediment cores. The study sites are in an area with low human impact and range from boreal forest to alpine tundra. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) constrained to mean July air temperature and pH clearly showed that diatom community composition was different between lakes situated in conifer-, mountain birch- and alpine-vegetation zones. As a consequence, diatoms and multivariate ordination methods can be used to infer past changes in treeline position and dominant forest type. Quantitative inference models were developed to estimate mean July air temperature, pH and TOC from sedimentary diatom assemblages using weighted averaging (WA) and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Relationships between diatoms and mean July air temperature were independent of lake-water pH, TOC, alkalinity and maximum depth. The results demonstrated that diatoms in lake sediments can provide useful and independent quantitative information for estimating past changes in mean July air temperature (R2 jack = 0.62, RMSEP = 0.86 °C; R2 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) based on jack-knifing), pH (R2 jack = 0.61, RMSEP = 0.30) and TOC (R2 jack = 0.49, RMSEP = 1.33 mg l-1). The paper focuses mainly on the relationship between diatom community composition and mean July air temperature, but the relationships to pH and TOC are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008128014721
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    Sedimentation patterns of diatoms in Lake Holzmaar, Germany - (on the transfer of climate signals to biogenic silica oxygen isotope proxies) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 21 (1999), S. 437-448 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; temperature ; sediment traps ; seasonal succession ; resuspension ; Lake Holzmaar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal sedimentation pattern of diatom valves in Lake Holzmaar was investigated during 1995 by deploying sediment traps at three different lake depths. According to the sedimentation pattern, the major reproduction zone of diatoms was restricted to the upper 6 m of the water body. The population growth started late in April and blooms of Cyclotella cf. comensis Grun., which dominates the plankton diatoms, and Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton were collected in traps during June and September, and July, respectively. During summer, the seasonal sedimentation pattern of each taxon, as collected in the upper traps, was reflected in the concentrations in the lowest trap. However, in May and from September onwards, the community composition in the lowest trap and augmented trapping rates suggest both sediment focusing and resuspension of bottom sediments. The temperature signals as recorded by δ18O values of diatom valves should, therefore, reflect integrated temperatures between 0 and 6 m depth. However, temperatures during summer and autumn are expected to be accentuated in the sedimentary record since the isotopic signal is weighted by both the number and the weight-mass of the valves. During summer, the transfer of these signals by the sedimenting diatoms retains the information pattern recorded, while in spring and autumn/winter additional influxes caused by resuspension may somewhat alter those temperature informations. The proxy signals finally stored in the sediments, may, therefore, not precisely represent the successive temperatures currently recorded during 1995 within mid-lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008022532458
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    The environmental history of a mountain lake (Lago Paione Superiore, Central Alps, Italy) for the last c. 100 years: a multidisciplinary, palaeolimnological study (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 15 (1996), S. 245-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: palaeolimnology ; acidification ; diatoms ; chrysophytes ; pigments ; chironomids ; temperature ; Alps ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake. Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter. Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213044
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    Modern and historic accumulation rates of phosphorus in Lake Okeechobee, Florida (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 20 (1998), S. 31-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: phosphorus ; Lake Okeechobee ; lead-210 dating ; eutrophication ; phosphorus loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus accumulation rates in depositional zone sediments of Lake Okeechobee were determined in 11 mud-zone cores and two peat-zone cores dated by 210Pb. Although difficulties were encountered in interpreting 210Pb data from some sites, reliable dating of sediments from the mud zone of this shallow lake is possible. Sediment accumulation rates in this zone have increased during the present century by an average of about twofold, and accumulation of organic sediments in the lake during pre-settlement times apparently was much slower than during the past century. Concentrations of all forms of sedimentary P but especially nonapatite inorganic-P and organic-P also have increased since pre-settlement times and especially since about 1940. Annual P accumulation rates in the lake's sediments have increased about fourfold during the 1900s, with most of the increase occurring in the past 40–50 years. The recent accumulation rate of sedimentary P (past ~ 10 years) agrees within a factor of 1.5 with the net retention of P in the lake calculated from published input-output mass balances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007939714301
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    Effect of incubation temperature on zearalenone production by strains of Fusarium crookwellense (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 116 (1991), S. 81-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium crookwellense ; temperature ; zearalenone ; a-zearalenol ; nivalenol ; mycotoxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After 6 weeks incubation on rice 2 strains of Fusarium crookwellense produced more zearalenone (6060–5010 mg/kg dry wt of culture) at ambient temperature (16–29°C) in daylight than at ambient temperature (18–23 °C) in darkness or at controlled temperatures of 11 °C, 20 °C or 25 °C in darkness. Yields at 25 °C were low. Incubation at 11 °C during the second 3 weeks incubation increased yields only when preliminary incubation had been at 25 °C. After 6 weeks incubation at controlled temperatures in darkness, 4 strains produced most zearalenone at 20 °C (2460-21 360 mg/kg), 1 strain at 11 °C (6570 mg/kg). Yields at a temperature oscillating daily from 10–20 °C were less than at 15 °C. One of the 5 strains produced appreciable amounts of a-zearalenol (1645 mg/kg at 20°C) and 2 of nivalenol (340 and 499 mg/kg at 20 °C).
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    Effect of environmental conditions and inoculum density on infection of guava fruits by Colletotrichum glososporioides (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 137 (1997), S. 165-172 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Anthracnose ; guava ; Colletotrichum glososporioides ; temperature ; free moisture ; inoculum density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of environmental factors (temperature and humidity), inoculum density on infection by Colletotrichum glososporioides and development of anthracnose lesions were determined on uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits. The optical temperature for severe infection was 30 °C, whereas the disease incidence was less at 20 and 35 °C. Inoculated guavas that received 1–60 h of continuous free moisture developed lesions, but the disease was minimal (0–7%) after 1–6 h free moisture. Infection rates of uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits receiving 60 h of free moisture were 34, 70 and 100%, respectively. Disease incidence increased as inoculum density increased from 101 to 106 conidia/ml. In field conditions, the development of anthracnose lesions was greater on punctured guavas than on uninjured or sand-injured ones, in both rainy and winter seasons. In general, the number of lesions was highest in sand-injured fruits, followed by punctured and uninjured fruits. In rainy season the number of lesions on injured and uninjured fruits was greater than similarly treated guavas in winter.
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    Effect of temperature on antagonistic and biocontrol potential of shape Trichoderma sp. on Sclerotium rolfsii (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 139 (1997), S. 151-155 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Antagonism ; biocontrol ; ginger ; postharvest rot ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; Trichoderma ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne and postharvest plant pathogen. Use of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. has been earlier reported by us to successfully control this pathogen under postharvest conditions. In the present paper we report on the effects of temperature on the growth and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. on S. rolfsii. Experimental results indicated that S. rolfsii and Trichoderma sp. have different temperature optima for growth: 30–35 °C for the pathogen and 25–30 °C for the antagonist. In dual culture, Trichoderma overgrew S. rolfsii at 25 °C and 30 °C, but at 35 °C and 37 °C, S. rolfsii overgrew the colony of Trichoderma. Trichoderma produced higher concentration of fungitoxic metabolites in broth culture at higher temperatures. In bioassays using ginger slices and whole rhizomes, it has been demonstrated that Trichoderma is not very effective in suppressing S. rolfsii at temperatures above 30 °C. In light of these results, possible mechanisms of biocontrol of S. rolfsii as a postharvest pathogen has been discussed. Storage temperature has been suggested as a critical factor in biocontrol of S. rolfsii.
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    Fungi associated with post-harvest rot of black plum (Vitex doniana) in Nigeria (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 136 (1996), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fungi ; post-harvest rot ; relative humidity ; temperature ; Vitex doniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungi associated with rot of Vitex doniana fruits (blackplum) were isolated and identified. Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Candida spp. Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum F. oxysporum and Mucor mucedo were the primary rot causing fungi in contrast to Cladosporium herbarum and Mucor circinelloides which were just present as secondary colonizers. The rot fungi penetrated mainly through wounds and bruises on the surface of fruits. Mature green fruits were less susceptible to infection than half ripe and fully ripened red fruits. Optimum rot by pathogenic isolates occurred at 25–30 °C and relative humidity 72.5–100%. The results of investigation of influence of storage temperatures and relative humidity on the quality of uninoculated healthy fruits are presented and discussed.
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    Environment factors influence in vitro interspecific interactions between A. ochraceus and other maize spoilage fungi, growth and ochratoxin production (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 43-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: interspecific interactions ; ochratoxin ; Aspergillus ochraceus ; spoilage fungi ; water relations ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water availability (water activity,aw; 0.995–0.90) and temperature (18–30 °) on in vitro interactions between an ochratoxin producing strain of Aspergillus ochraceus and six other spoilage fungi was assessed in dual culture experiments on a maize meal-based agar medium. Inprimary resource capture of nutrient substrate, A. ochraceus was dominant against many of the interacting species, being able to overgrow and replace A. candidus, and sometimes A. flavus and the Eurotium spp. regardless of aw or temperature. However, with freely available water (0.995 aw) A. alternata and A. niger were dominant, with mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and A. flavus at 25–30 °C. In the driest conditions tested (0.90 aw) there was also mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and the two Eurotium spp. Overall, under allconditions tested the Index of Dominance for A. ochraceus was much higher than for other competing species combined suggesting that A. ochraceus wasa good competitive colonist able to replace a numberof other species. However, the growth rate ofA. ochraceus was modified and decreased by the interaction with competitors. Interaction between A. ochraceus and species such as A. alternata (18°C/0.995) and Eurotium spp. (0.995–0.95 and 25–30 °C) resulted in a significant stimulation of ochratoxin production. Theresults are discussed in relation to the effect that environmental factors have on the possible competitiveness of A. ochraceus in the maizegrain ecosystem and the role of ochratoxin in nicheexclusion of competitors.
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    Urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide transformations in Costa Rican soils (1987)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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    Fertilizer regime and changes in the phosphate and potash status of a silty marine clay soil during 25 years (1980)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil fertility ; phosphorus ; potassium ; green manure ; crop rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the soil phosphorus and potassium status on three farming systems in the Northeast Polder during 25 years are related to the fertilizer regime over this period. The changes in the nutrient status of the soil are reflected in fertilizer policy. High rates of phosphate dressings markedly increased the phosphate status of the soil and built up a reserve of phosphate. In contrast, the potassium status decreased by about half, because only potatoes in the rotation were dressed with potassium. Methods of fertilization are discussed and suggestions are made with regard to possible improvements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073181
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    The variation of element contents in triticale during vegetative growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: triticale ; contents of nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; stage of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Schwankungen in den Konzentration von N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As und Hg in Triticale unter Feldbedingungen untersucht. Von der Bestockung bis zur Vollreife wurden alle 10 Tage von je 0.5 m2 pro Parzelle Pflanzenproben genommen. In allgemeinen haben die Konzentrationen von Frühjar bis zur Ernte abgenommen. Der elementengehalt in Triticale war demjenigen der übrigen Getreidearten verschieden, aber der Trend der Änderungen war ähnlich.
    Notes: Abstract The variation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As and Hg concentrations was studied under field conditions in triticale. The samples were collected every 10 days from tillering to full ripening stage using plant material from 0.5 m2 per plot. The concentrations generally decreased from early growth to harvest. The elemental concentrations in triticale differed from the other cereals, but the variation's trend was similar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064828
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    Evaluation and model of temperature and rainfall effects on response to N sources applied to grassland in spring (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066448
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    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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    Africa — how much fertilizer needed: Case study of Sierra Leone (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; organic matter ; fallow ; forecasting ; fertilizer requirement ; Sierra Leone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplied by an ‘average’ African soil cleared from bush fallow, assuming no losses, were approximated. Values ranged from 23 to 120 Kg N ha−1, 1.8 to 12 Kg P ha−1, 47 to 187 Kg K ha−1, depending on type of fallow, length of fallow, drainage and extent of depletion of native supplies. Additional amounts of 4 to 5 Kg N ha−1, 4 to 6 Kg P ha−1 and 14 to 20 Kg K ha−1 are obtained from the ash. Using crop nutrient removal data and approximate efficiencies of native and fertilizer N, P and K, fertilizer requirements at the reconnaissance level were estimated for selected target yields. For newly cleared uplands at cropping/fallow ratio of 2:7, N fertilizer requirements for cassava (30 t ha−1), maize (4 t ha−1), and sweet potato (16 t ha−1), were 138, 98, 42 kg ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice (4 t ha−1) required 55 kg N ha−1. Corresponding P fertilizer requirements for cassava, maize, sweet potato, upland rice (1.5 t ha−1) and ground-nut (1 t ha−1) were 190, 80, 30, 30 and 16 kg P ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice required 83 kg P ha−1. Substantial residual values of applied P are to be expected. Cassava required 60 kg ha−1 of K on newly cleared land. In soils of lowered nutrient status higher N, P, and K fertilizer requirements were indicated for all crops. Land use data from Sierra Leone were used to illustrate how the total quantities of N, P and K fertilizers in a country in the forest zone of Africa can be approximated. Fertilizer needs in Sierra Leone were in decreasing order P 〉 N ≫ K. N, P and K requirements were estimated to be 10,000 t, 20,000 t and 4,000 t respectively. The nutrient balance sheet method described in this paper is a useful tool to estimate the order of magnitude of fertilizer requirement at selected target yields for countries in Africa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050271
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    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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    Phosphorus management of a rice-wheat cropping system (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055398
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    Hydrology of the Peel-Harvey estuary catchment (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 127-133 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hydrology ; water balance ; phosphorus ; Streamflow ; Peel-Harvey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the land types, hydrologic characteristics and processes, and the major modification of these, in relation to mechanisms and magnitude of phosphorus losses to drains and riverine systems which discharge to the Peel-Harvey estuary. About 75% of the coastal plain part of the catchment is cleared of native vegetation and used for dryland, dairy and beef grazing. There are small areas devoted to irrigated pasture and commercial horticulture. Seventy-five percent of the soils of the catchment are sandy surfaced with a poor capacity to retain phosphorus. Though the area is flat, catchment water yields are high because of a large winter rainfall excess and low soil storage capacity. Drainage schemes have been constructed in much of the catchment to remove excess water quickly. This was required initially to allow agricultural expansion and is now important for protecting a growing infrastructure which serves the most populous region of Western Australia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747583
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    Phosphorus and mycorrhizal interaction on uptake of P and trace elements by maize (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 19-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: VAM fungi ; phosphorus ; molybdenum ; interaction ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) when applied to soils can result in marked increases in plant growth and P uptake. Application of molybdenum can also result in a synergistic interaction with phosphorus, with reslutant increases in plant dry matter production. The current investigation was designed to evaluate P X Mo X VAM interactions on yield and P uptake of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using soils from Missouri and Jamaica (West Indies) which were very low in available soil P. Corn was grown in pots amended with P and VAM, with and without Mo. Colonizing Jamaican soil amended with P withGlomus etunicatum increased shoot dry matter weights significantly. Greatest P uptake occured in treatments receiving the highest application of P and mycorrhizal inoculation. There was a significant difference between the two soils with respect to treatment effects on micronutrient accumulation of the test crop. The decreases in Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo concentration of corn leaves between control and the treated pots, is attributed to dry matter dilution effect. The results indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation increased the dry matter significantly in Jamaican soil amended with P, however not in Missouri soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054731
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    Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by using sewage and animal wastes (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal slurries and manures ; applications to soils ; carbon- ; nitrogen- ; phosphorus ; contamination ; crop production ; dissemination ; hazardous organics ; heavy metals ; inputs ; macro- and micronutrients ; pathogens ; sewage sludges ; survival- ; transfer- ; transport and adsorption rates in soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European Community is producing annually about 300 × 106 tons of sewage sludges as well as about 150, 950,160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20–25% of the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM−1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and 1446 mg kg−1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5 mg kg−1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the arable land of Germany may derive from 76,19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8 and 0.1 kg ha−1 a−1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen-and phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as on transport mechanisms and surival times of disseminated pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling) is made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750669
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    Results and experiences from fertilization experiments in The Netherlands (1991)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 107-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Liming ; phosphorus ; heathland ; copper ; fertilization ; forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest fertilization in the Netherlands has played an important role in the phase of afforestation of former heathlands. Research started in the early fifties, but results were not applied in practical forestry. A review is presented on forest fertilization in practice, and on the main results of the activities of De Dorschkamp on NPK fertilization, liming and micronutrients application. Attention is paid to problems which have developed during the past ten years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048613
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    Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulphur ; nutrient balances ; surface waters ; North Sea ; Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; hypertrophication ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, their relationship to each other (DIN/DIP) as predisposing (nutrient) factors, as well as prevailing weather as a triggering factor all work together to induce the primary production and hence the eutrophication (hypertrophication) process in surface waters. Sulfate likewise is a decisive predisposing factor influencing the eutrophication process by reducing N availability but increasing P availability and thus acting towards an N limitation of the primary production. This is one of the reasons why marine (coastal) waters and estuaries often exhibit N limitation with respect to primary production, while freshwater ecosystems often tend to exhibit P limitation. Within the N and P balance of agriculture of some countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, FRG, UK and Sweden for N, resp. Netherlands, FRG and GDR for P) more the level than the efficiency of the N and P applications indicates the extent of the nutrient surplus. Despite 59–73% N utilization in plant production, the rate of 13–23% for agriculture as a whole equals to the 12–21% efficiency of N use in animal production. The varying N surplus in agriculture in the separate countries of 124 to 465 kg N ha−1 a−1 is determined almost exclusively by the level of the N application and not by its efficiency. The situation is similar for P: In spite of P utilization in plant production of 59–76%, P utilization in total agriculture is only 11–38%, or comparable to the P efficiency within animal production of 10–34%. The differing P excess balance of 55 to 88 kg P2O5 ha−1 a−1 is influenced by the level of the P application. The N and P efficacy of total agriculture hence is determined almost completely by that of animal production, since 83–95% (N basis) and 76–94% (P basis) of the total plant production (on top of the nationally varying levels of N and P use via imported feeds) are fed to animals — with the low N and P utilization cited above. Agriculture's share of the N and P emissions into surface water of several countries/regions in Western Europe (FRG, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway) ranges from 37 to 82% resp. 27 to 38%. Its share in the flus into the North Sea catchment basin will be about 60% for N and 25% for P related only to the anthropogenic material carried by the rivers. Agriculture's share in the atmospheric N emissions into the North and Baltic Seas can be estimated at about 65% or 55%, resp. while the remaining approx. 35% or 45%, resp. are traceable primarily to anthropogenic burning processes. For agriculture the priority lies in limiting N emissions into surface water caused by leaching, erosion and NH3 emissions, and reducing P emissions mainly through soil conservation (protection against erosion) and water protection. As regards N this means a demand for comprehensive protection of groundwater and atmosphere differentiated according to the potential for losses or the risk of losses on a site, also outside the protection zones. As regards P only those areas can be included in the demand for reduction of emissions that are actually threatened by erosion or surface runoff. Plenty of short-term and long-term measures are available to agriculture to reduce N and P emissions. Especially the long-range measures (such as creating nutrient balances on farms and fields, the integration of animal and plant production, maintaining maximum livestock densities according to the ability of areas to absorb nutrients, altered feeding programs in animal nutrition, changes in livestock keeping (slurry→deep litter), increasing the internal and external recycling of N and P) are capable of bringing about a satisfactory degree of success within the next 20 to 30 years.
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    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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    Future directions for agricultural phosphorus research (1995)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 167-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; workshop ; environment ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A workshop was held in 1990 in Muscle Shoals, Alabama to discuss current and future research on phosphorus in agriculture. Twenty four presentations were given in areas ranging from basic to applied research. For five of the research areas presented at the workshop, this paper presents a literature review, a review of presentations at the workshop, and a discussion of future research ideas.
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    Coordinated phosphorus research within a network of six European institutions (1995)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; European network ; maintenance fertilization ; fixation capacity ; comparison of methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After three years of a research network project on mineral phosphorus fertilization including five experimental fields located in Europe the first results are discussed. Crop response was very significant to TSP application in the alluvial calcareous polder soil of Netherlands, and in the brown silty acid soil of Scotland, both having a low level of P availability and a high fixation capacity. In the alluvial sandy loam on chalk in England, a response was observed to the first fertilization level equal to the previous crop export of phosphorus. In the brown sandy-silty soil on sand in Germany the highest rate of TSP led to a response in the third year. No effect on the final yields was observed in the brown silt loam of Belgium characterised by a textural B horizon with a high P fixation capacity. The critical values for phosphorus fertilization are discussed as the amount of P needed to maintain a target value of soil phosphorus. Concerning the supply of the different soils, no balance was reached in the Dutch and Scottish soils, a steady state was reached in the English soil with the return of the previous crop removal and the critical value for P was lower than the return of the previous crop export in the German and Belgian soils. According to the eight methods of P determination compared in the network, the P contents in the plow layer were raised in the soils of Netherlands, England and Scotland. They remained at the same level or fluctuated depending on the soil testing methods in Germany and in Belgium. High correlations exist between the different methods used in routine analysis, except for the calcium cloride and calcium acetate lactate method. Annual fluctuations in the soil P were detected at different depths depending on analytical methods and need further research.
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    Plant biomass and fruit yield induction by Ti(IV) in P-stressed pepper crops (1995)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; titanium ; fertilizer efficiency ; plant nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the titanium effect on P nutrition, a greenhouse experiment withCapsicum annuum L., cv. Bunejo plants growing under differential P fertilization was conducted. All the plants were grown under identical conditions and they only differred in the P fertilization and in Ti supply. Plant biomass production of the Ti-untreated plants was affected by the diminution of the P-feed, but the plants growing under the lowest P supply did not showed any deficiency symptom during the crop cycle. All the Ti-treated plots showed a significative increase of the plant biomass against their corresponding untreated references. The biomass enhancement was mainly caused by the increase of the fruit yield with an absolute enhancement of 62% in the plants growing under the lowest P feed, and of 45% in the plants with a complete P support.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747692
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    Phosphate enrichment in the sandy loam soils of West-Flanders, Belgium (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; saturation ; inventory ; leaching ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The last three decades, pig breeding has evolved towards a specialised, large scaled, land independent bio-industry in the province of West-Flanders. Subsequently, in certain regions, very high amounts of liquid pig manure are produced each year. This pig slurry is used as a fertilizer at a rate which very often exceeds normal agricultural practices. Because of the nonequilibrium between the phosphorus crop requirements and the P-inputs, phosphates accumulate in the soil. However, the phosphate sorption capacity of a soil is limited. Once the sorption capacity is exceeded, phosphates will start leaching through the soil profile. Since, during winter, in these areas, the groundwater table is situated at a depth of less than 1.0 m, phosphate breakthrough might take place. In the sandy loam soil region (± 1000 km2) of the province, an inventory of the P status of the soil was made. The region was sampled according to a regular grid with 2 km intervals. At random, some sample points were only 500 m apart. This resulted in a total of 296 samplings. In view of fertilizer recommendations, lactate extractable P of the plough layer (0-30 cm) was determined. A maximum value of 101 mg P 100 g−1 of air dry soil, a minimum value of 6 mg P 100 g−1 and a median value of 31 mg P 100 g−1 were found, indicating that for half of the spots monitored, the P status of the soil is high to very high. An oxalate extraction was done to investigate the phosphate saturation of the soil profile (0-90 cm). Based on a critical phosphate saturation degree of 30%, more than half of the soil profiles are phosphate saturated. Phosphate leaching at a rate higher than 0.1 mg ortho-P 1−1 at a depth of 90 cm can be expected. Therefore, a restriction of the P fertilization should be highly recommended. The geostatistical processing of the data using block kriging resulted in a spatial continuous estimate of the phosphate saturation degree. A good agreement was found between the pig density and the phosphate saturation degree of the soil profile.
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    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748551
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    Estimating nutrient surplus and nutrient use efficiency from farm characteristics (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 221-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recovery ; modelling ; nitrogen ; nutrient efficiency ; nutrient surplus ; phosphorus ; Poland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research on nutrient losses from agricultural systems should try to relate these losses to farm characteristics. This was done for private farms in two districts in Poland. Using data from a farm survey, nutrient surpluses and Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE, defined as the ratio of outgoing and incoming nutrients) were calculated for nitrogen and phosphorus. Both nutrient surplus and NUE are relatively high. A model was developed to estimate surpluses and NUE from farm characteristics like location, farm size, fertilizer application level, animal density, grass production and sugar beet or potato area. The results of the model are satisfying for nutrient surplus (R2=0.9) and nitrogen NUE (R2=0.4). Estimation of phosphorus NUE was not satisfactory. High surpluses are associated with high fertilizer applications, high animal density and high grass production while an increasing share of sugar beets leads to lower surpluses. A high nitrogen NUE is associated with low fertilizer applications, low animal density and little grass production, and with a high sugar beet area share. Results suggest that, with exception of sugar beet, fertilizer recovery in Poland is very low. Sugar beet, however, combines high fertilizer applications with low surpluses and high NUE. The outcome of the model can be used in the design of environmental policies. The paper ends with some remarks on the type of measures that can be taken, and the effects these will have on private farms in Poland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748593
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    Influence of co-granulated nutrients and granule size on plant responses to elemental sulfur in compound fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulfur ; granule size ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; S oxidation ; sulfur fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of granule size and nutrients in granulated compound fertilizers fortified with finely divided elemental sulfur (So) on the rate of So oxidation. In one experiment, So was banded together with or apart from triple superphosphate (TSP) while in two others, So was granulated with nutrient and inert carriers. A fourth experiment examined response to S in an So-fortified TSP from a range of granule sizes. Response and, in some cases, So recovery (using 35S labels) by test crops (maize, wheat, upland rice) was measured. In all experiments, P mixed with So increased plant growth and S recovery above treatments in which P and So were physically separated. There was however, no effect of distance of separation on S recovery. In one experiment, N as urea and N and P as diammonium phosphate (DAP) were also found to enhance response to So although to a lesser degree than P alone. These observations were attributed to a nutritional requirement of So-oxidizing microorganisms for P and N. Granulation of So with carriers also influenced oxidation rate, as inferred from the fertilizer S recovery. For a given So concentration, the effect was inversely proportional to the mean diameter of granules. It is shown that this relationship can be explained if one assumes that So particles in granules collapse into a fixed number of aggregates per granule irrespective of granule size when the soluble nutrient carrier dissolves and diffuses away from the point of application.
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    Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance and soil nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice system. III. Phosphorus (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiments ; phosphorus ; rice ; nutrient balance ; phosphorus uptake ; fertilizer P response ; soil testing ; ion-exchange resin ; phosphorus supplying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data from long-term experiments at 11 sites in Asia with a wide range of nutrient input treatments and yield levels were used to quantify crop P requirements of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the P balance in intensive, irrigated rice systems. Uptake of 1.8–4.2 kg P was required to produce one ton of grain yield. Physiological P use efficiency varied between 220 to 900 kg grain kg P-1. Without added P, there was a net loss of 7 to 8 kg P ha-1 per crop; with added P there was a net gain of 4 to 5 kg P ha-1 per crop. Phosphorus adsorption kinetics on mixed-bed ion-exchange resin capsules provided an integrative measure of soil P status, P diffusion, and acid-induced P solubilization. The resin capsule was a sensitive tool to characterize buildup or depletion of soil P as a result of different P balances. Both Olsen-P and the resin capsule were suitable methods to predict P uptake of tropical lowland rice. It is hypothesized that both methods measure a similar soil P pool which is soluble under alkaline, aerobic conditions but transformed into acid-soluble P froms as a result of submergence and reduction. Present recommendations for P fertilizer use on rice of 20–25 kg P ha-1 are adequate to maintain yields of 5–6 t ha-1, but sustaining higher yields of 7–8 t ha-1 will require farm-specific management strategies based on knowledge of the long-term P balance and soil P-supplying capacity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704311
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    Phosphorus supplying capacity of heavily fertilized soils II. Dry matter yield of successive crops and phosphorus uptake at different temperatures (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: heavily fertilized soils ; P supplying capacity ; P uptake ; residual P ; soil test methods ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine heavily fertilized soils were collected from southern and central Norway. A greenhouse experiment in the phytotron was conducted to evaluate the P supplying capacities of these soils at different temperatures (9, 12 and 18 °C). The crops were grown in succession and the sequence was oat, rye grass (cut twice), oat, rape and oat. Effect of temperature on dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake was more marked up to the fourth crop but the effect varied among crops. The DM yields of oat and rape increased with increasing temperature but the opposite was the case with rye grass. The yield differences among soils at 12 °C were highly significant (p 〈 0.01) in contrast to 9 and 18 °C. The amount of P taken up by plants in these soils was highest at 18. °C. The P supplying capacity was highest in the soils with higher content of organic P. Generally, the soils of very fine and coarse texture classes failed to supply enough P to crops to avoid P deficiency in the successive crops. Soil P test (P-NH4-lactate) values in most of the soils increased with increasing temperatures. The highest temperature effect was seen in the Særheim sand soil. Soil P test extractants P-AL, Bray-1 and Colwell-P were used to determine P in the soil after each harvest and the soil P test values were compared with P uptake by crops. Only the P-AL extractant was significantly correlated to cumulative P removal (CPR) by plants in most of the soils. Regression equation was calculated for each soil. The value of removed P per harvest (RPH) varied from 10.33 to 20.87 mg P kg−1 soil. Phosphorus drawdown slope was determined for each soil and the number of consecutive harvests necessary to reduce the P-AL value to a normal level (110 mg P kg−1 soil) was calculated. The drawdown slope varied widely (1.257–2.801) and this reflected the P buffer capacity and the number of crops required to lower the soil test P value to a normal level. The highest drawdown slope was found in the soils with higher P supplying capacities. The Bray-1 extractant was significantly correlated in the soils with higher buffer capacity but the Colwell-P method did not show significant correlation in any of the soils.
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    Characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products and their evaluation as sources of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium poly-phosphate ; diammonium orthophosphate ; fertilizer reaction ; gram ; Indian soils ; phosphorus ; P uptake ; single superphosphate ; triple superphosphate ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies on the characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products were carried out by reacting three-soils occurring in a toposequence in the plateau region of Bihar (India) with saturated solutions of diammonium orthophosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for 1 hour and 24 hours. The reaction products (precipitates) formed in the solutions after 120 days of incubation were isolated and identified through X-ray diffraction technique. Results indicate the formation of Brushite [CaHPO4 · 2H2O, Strengite (FePO4 · 2H2O), Variscite (AIPO4 · 2H2O) and Fe4(P2O7)3 as major soil-fertilizer P reaction products in these soils with ortho-and polyphosphates as source of phosphorus. Pot cultures were used to evaluate the relative efficiency of reaction products (Struvite, Brushite, Variscite and Strengite), orthophosphates (DAP and SSP) and polyphosphate (APP) as sources of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.) in a typical acid soil. Results indicate significant response of gram to different sources and level of added P. The dry weight and P uptake at 0, 6 and 12 mg P kg-1 soil were 0.406, 0.519 and 0.609 (g pot-1); and 0.289, 0.428 and 0.575 (mg P pot-1), respectively. Among the sources , struvite proved to be superior or equally effective as APP, DAP or SSP as sources of P for gram. Uptake of P also varied significantly with different P sources and levels of P application. Strengite was least effective in enhancing yield and P uptake by the crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210225
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    Comparison of resin beads and resin membranes for extracting soil phosphate (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: aerobic incubation ; cation-anion-exchange resin ; phosphorus ; resin beads ; resin membranes ; suspension incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six Portuguese soils of varying P sorption capacity were incubated aerobically at 30° C without and with added P in order to give 0.1.mg P L−1 in the soil solution. Two methods of measuring extractable P were compared: (i) mixed-bed cation-anion-resin beads in bags and (ii) a simpler method with anion-resin membrane only. The bag method extracted about twice and 1.5 times as much as the strip method, respectively, without and with added P. The relationships were much closer after one extraction for 2 hours (r = 0.982, p 〈 0.01) instead of the cumulative extraction of 24 hours (r = 0.635,p 〉 0.05.). P recovery after incubation was inversely related to some soil properties as organic matter, buffer capacity, selective dissolution Al forms (Alox and Ald) and P sorption. It is suggested that the simpler resin membrane method is more adequate to assess P for many studies of P reaction with soil. A simpler incubation method was tried, consisting of incubation as a soil suspension in water at a high temperature (50° C). The results suggested that this method gave similar results to aerobic incubation, with the advantage that there was no need to measure the required and final water contents of incubated soil.
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    Effects of temperature on nutrient release from slow-release fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; leaching ; nitrogen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; release pattern ; slow-release fertilizers ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of temperature on the release of N, P, and K from slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The study was conducted in micro-lysimeters filled with moist peat medium. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 12°C slightly increased N release from three different slow-release N (SRN) carriers with different particle sizes and coating thicknesses. At 21°C the rate of release was significantly different than the other two temperatures. Urea formaldehyde (UF), sulphur coated urea (SCU) and coated calcium nitrate (CCN), incubated in sphagnum moss peat, released between 3 and 20% of the applied N in six weeks. For eight synthetic and organic NPK carriers, the release pattern was similar to UF and SCU. However, the leaching losses of N from the NPK fertilizers were up to twenty times more than for the SRN products. Except for Osmocote® and Duna, which released 30–40% of the applied N as mineral-N within six weeks, all other slow-release and slowly mineralized NPK carriers acted like readily water-soluble compound NPK. Temperature did not affect the nutrient release from NPK fertilizers.
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    Leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from rural areas to surface waters in the Netherlands (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 321-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nutrient modelling ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; schematization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In context of preparing the Fourth National Policy Document on Water Management in the Netherlands effects of different scenarios of fertilizer management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching from rural areas into Dutch surface waters were analyzed. The manuscript offers insight into the model instrument that is used to simulate the different scenarios. Main parts of the modelinstrument are: a procedure to schematize the Netherlands in horizontal areal units, field scale mechanistic models for water and nutrient behaviour in the soil and an empirical model for fertilizer additions.
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    Changes in fertilizer and manurial practices during 1960–1990: implications for N and P inputs to the Ythan catchment, N.E. Scotland (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agriculture ; catchment ; fertilizer ; historical ; manure ; nitrate ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A suggested increase in the growth of macrophytic algae within the Ythan estuary (N.E. Scotland) over recent years has been linked to the increased amounts of nitrogen in the form of NO3–N entering the estuary from the river. The increased NO3 concentration in the river has been associated with recent changes in farming practices in this predominantly agricultural catchment. Terrestrially derived phosphorus is also considered to contribute increasingly to eutrophication of fresh waters. Historical agricultural census data together with appropriate surveys of fertilizer practice were used to calculate the total quantities of fertilizer and manure derived N and P applied annually over the wholeYthan catchment during the period 1960 – 1990. While the total agricultural land area has remained similar, significant changes in cropping practice have occurred. In particular, a greater proportion of land is given to autumn sown crops while the area of grassland has declined. These changes in farming practice are associated with differences in both the total amounts and timing of fertilizer applied. The use of inorganic N in the catchment has trebled since 1960 and is currently approximately 6400 tonnes (104 kg N/ha). The use of P has decreased by more than a quarter to 1274 tonnes (21 kg P/ha) over a similar time period. There has been no obvious change in total quantity of N and P derived from animal manures, estimated to be 44 and 11 kg per ha, respectively, when averaged over the area of agricultural land. Cattle and sheep numbers have remained relatively constant and together account for approximately 80% of the manure N and 70% of the manure P produced annually. However, poultry have declined by 70% since 1960 while pig numbers have increased six-fold. The average annual application rate of manure derived N over the whole catchment (44 kg/ha) is considerably below that proposed at the farm scale in the EC Nitrate Directive (210–170 kg/ha). However, on a local scale difficulties may arise for large manure producing concerns such as dairy or pig units.
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    Controlling soil water content in fertiliser dissolution experiments (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser formulation ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; relative humidity ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus lost in runoff from agricultural land leads to the enrichment of surface waters and contributes to algal blooms. Fertilisers are one source of this P. To compare the water available P of different fertiliser formulations in the laboratory it is necessary to control environmental conditions, temperature, relative humidity and soil water content, prior to simulating rainfall. Two chambers were designed in which relative humidity and soil water content were controlled using salt solutions. An initial design comprising a sealed chamber with three layers of soil samples over a salt bath was found to be inferior to a single layer design. The changes in water content of soil samples were used to test the single layer chamber in a constant temperature environment (15 °C) using a saturated KCl solution (90% relative humidity). Based on the final soil water content of the samples, the spatial variation within the chamber was within tolerable limits. The single layer chamber was used for a simulation experiment comparing the water available P of two commercial fertilisers. Using a saturated resorcinol solution (95% relative humidity) soil samples were equilibrated at 15 °C for 21 days, fertiliser added, and the water available P measured up to 600 h after fertiliser application. The results indicate that the amount of water available P was related to the fertiliser compound and exponentially related to the time since fertiliser application. It was concluded that the single layer chamber is suitable for controlling relative humidity and soil water content in trials such as these where the water available P of fertilisers are being compared.
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    Transfers of phosphorus within three dairy farming systems receiving varying inputs in feeds and fertilizers (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 63-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: dairy systems ; feeds ; fertilizers ; phosphorus ; P surplus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inputs of phosphorus (P) above requirements for production on dairy farms lead to surplus P with increased risk of P transfer in land run-off to surface waters causing eutrophication. The impact of reducing surplus P inputs in purchased feeds and fertilizers on milk and forage production was investigated in a comparison of three dairy farm systems on chalkland soils in southern England over a 3-year period. In accordance with current commercial practice, no attempt was made to regulate P inputs in system 1, which accumulated an average annual surplus of 23 kg P ha-1. Progressive reductions in purchased feed and/or fertilizer inputs into systems 2 and 3 decreased surplus P to 17 and 3 kg ha-1, respectively, without apparently limiting either milk or herbage dry matter production. The estimated reduction in faecal P output from system 3 cows fed a low P diet compared to system 1 cows fed a high P diet was 26%. Milk P concentrations significantly (P 〈0.001) increased in systems 2 and 3 which included maize in the diet. Output of P in milk and meat products, as a proportion of the total dietary P inputs, increased from 28% in system 1 to 36% in system 3. Surplus P was greatest in continuous maize fields receiving both dairy manure and starter P fertilizer. Withholding P fertilizer in system 3 did not reduce P offtake in cut herbage on soils of moderate P fertility. Total annual losses of P in storm run-off and leaching were no greater than annual inputs of P from the atmosphere (0.5 kg ha-1). The results indicate there is scope to reduce surplus P on commercial dairy farms without sacrificing production targets at least in the short term. Purchased feeds are the largest of the P inputs on intensive dairy farms, yet these are rarely quantified on commercial holdings.
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    Applications of poultry litter and triple superphosphate fertilizer to a sandy soil: effects on soil phosphorus status and profile distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leaching ; phosphorus ; poultry litter ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine P loadings, added through poultry litter, sufficient to cause downward movement of P from the cultivated layer of a sandy soil, six rates of poultry litter were applied annually for four years to a site in central England. (total loading 0 – 1119 kg P ha-1). A single extra plot also received an extra 1000 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate (TSP; total loading 2119 kg P ha-1) and three other treatments received 200 – 800 kg ha-1 P as TSP only. Annual soil sampling in 30-cm increments to 1.5-m depth provided information on P build-up in the topsoil and P movement to depth. There were strong linear trends between P balance (P applied – P removed in crops) and total P, Olsen bicarbonate extractable P and water-soluble P in the topsoil. Phosphorus from TSP and poultry litter fell on the same regression lines, suggesting that both would be equally effective as fertilizer sources. We calculated that 100 kg ha-1 surplus total P would increase the Olsen extractable P content by c. 6 mg kg-1 and the water-soluble P by c. 5 mg kg-1. Thus, relatively large amounts of P would need to be applied to raise soil P status. We found some evidence of P movement into the soil layers immediately below cultivation depth. However, neither soil sampling nor soil solution extracted through Teflon water samplers showed evidence of movement into the deep subsoil (1 m) despite large P loadings.
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    Inorganic phosphorus and manure effects on bahiagrass production on a Spodosol (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bahiagrass ; manure ; pasture fertilization ; phosphorus ; phosphorus cycling ; Spodosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pasture fertilization recommendations have traditionally been based upon clipping studies. Inclusion of P from manure, not originally considered when P recommendations were developed for pastures, may minimize the need for P fertilization without reducing bahiagrass production or P uptake. The objective of this research was to determine if manure contributes greatly to the P crop nutrient requirement. A 2-year field study utilized a factorial arrangement of 0 and 6.9 Mg air-dried manure ha-1 with 0, 17, 34, 51, and 68 kg inorganic P ha-1 from triple superphosphate to evaluate bahiagrass yield, root distribution, and P uptake response on a Myakka fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquod). Because air-dried manure was used in the field study, a greenhouse study was employed to confirm that there were no differences in bahiagrass yield or P uptake from either air-dried or fresh cattle (Bos spp.) manure sources. There were no manure or manure by P interaction effects on yield or P uptake of bahiagrass indicating that manure source did not effect grass production in the greenhouse. In the field study, bahiagrass roots were distributed into the Bh horizon, and the Bh horizon had at least four times more Mehlich-1 extractable P than that of the Ap horizon. This horizon was most likely acting as a main source for P-uptake by the grass. This observation was further confirmed by no yield response to levels of inorganic P application in 1989. A linear-response-and-plateau (R2=0.196) relationship with a critical point of 15.4 kg P ha-1 was found in 1990. Bahiagrass yield and P uptake were not dependent on P fertilization, either from manure or inorganic P, due to the availability of P from the Bh horizon.
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    Effect of P fertilizer on alleviating chloride toxicity in wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
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    Tracking phosphorus patterns in mango (Mangifera indica L) and possible relations to floral induction (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bark ; floral induction ; leaves ; mango ; phosphorus ; shoots ; stems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus concentration was tracked in four types of mango shoots. The mean phosphorus concentration was highest in laterals existing on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season, followed by young flush arising in July, laterals existing on shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and having further extension of growth. A higher percentage of floral induction was noted in the laterals on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season. The study clearly showed the association of availability of phosphorus with floral induction.
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    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Yield and yield components as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
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    A conceptual model for initial and residual responses to phosphorus fertilizers (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is formulated to describe the amount of effective phosphorus in soil. For a source that is immediately fully effective only three parameters are required — the amount of effective phosphorus initially present, the proportion of phosphorus remaining effective after each year, and a parameter which determines the lower limit for the amount of effective phosphorus. An extension of the model to sources that release their phosphorus slowly requires one further parameter — the fraction of such phosphorus released each year. The effective phosphorus in soil is then related to yield using the Mitscherlich equation. The model gave a good description of the growth response ofStylosanthes humilis to superphosphate and calcined Christmas Island C-grade phosphate (CCICP) over three years on a red earth at Katherine, N.T. Furthermore, it enabled a quantitative assessment to be made of the residual value of the CCICP that was not achieved in an earlier analysis of the data.
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    Contribution of ammonia volatilization to total nitrogen loss after applications of urea to wetland rice fields (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 193-202 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N balance ; nitrification ; denitrification ; NH3 loss ; flooded soils ; windspeed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of NH3 volatilization to the total N loss after the application of urea to flooded rice fields was evaluated in a series of experiments at two locations in the Philippines. Urea was applied in three ways: A. Broadcast and surface incorporated before transplanting (BI treatments), or B. Broadcast into the floodwater 14–21 days after transplanting (AT treatments), or C. Broadcast into the floodwater 5–7 days before panicle initiation (PI treatments). Total N loss was determined by using15N balance methods on microplots within fields where NH3 loss was measured concurrently by a direct, nondisturbing technique. The total15N losses in the AT studies at the completion of the NH3 loss measurements at Muñoz and Los Baños accounted for 45 and 60% of the15N applied, respectively. Ammonia volatilization accounted for all of the15N lost in the Muñoz study but only 45% of that lost at Los Baños. In comparison with the AT studies, lower N losses (18–26% of N applied) were obtained in the BI treatments. At Los Baños, NH3 loss again accounted for about half of this N loss. In the PI study at Muñoz, NH3 loss and total N loss accounted for 11 and 13% of the N applied, respectively. Thus, NH3 volatilization appeared to be the only important loss mechanism at Muñoz. In contrast, loss by an alternative mechanism, most probably involving nitrification-denitrification, was of equal importance to NH3 volatilization at Los Baños. Differences in windspeeds, temperatures, and soil properties at the two sites may account for the variation in the relative importance of the two N loss mechanisms.
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    Fertilizer and liming value of lime-treated sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 313-328 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizers ; lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil to determine the liming and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer value of an undigested, lime-treated sewage sludge. The results are presented in terms of calculated combinations of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer required to obtain the same lucerne yield (or soil pH or extractable phosphorus level) as achieved with 5 or 10 t ha−1 of dried sludge. The sludge was a good source of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. The sludge phosphorus was 49% as effective as the fertilizer phosphorus in raising extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. The calcium carbonate of the sludge raised soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime, probably because of finer particle size in the former. It was not possible to achieve the yield obtained with 25 t ha−1 of sludge with combinations of agricultural lime, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high rates of application. This was attributed to the effects of the sludge on improving soil physical properties.
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    Comparisons of the fertilizing and liming properties of lime-treated sewage sludge with its incinerated ash (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 187-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ryecorn ; ryegrass ; sewage sludge ; sewage ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to compare the fertilizing and liming properties of dried lime-treated sewage sludge with its incineration product (ash). One experiment used a mixture of ryecorn and ryegrass on a relatively fertile soil and the other lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil. The first harvest of the ryecorn-ryegrass experiment showed small but significant linear responses in dry matter yield to both ash and sludge. Ash applications did not affect foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, or uptakes, but sludge applications increased these significantly. Sludge also increased the concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu and Zn but ash only increased the concentrations of S and Mg. At the second harvest (ryegrass) 5 t ha−1 of sludge increased dry matter yield and foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations whereas ash had no effect. Levels of phosphorus extracted from the soil were increased by both amendments but the sludge was much more effective than the ash. Both ash and sludge raised soil pH. In the lucerne experiment comparisons between sludge and ash were calculated from response surfaces fitted to the data which showed marked increased in soil pH and dry matter yield. Sludge markedly increased extractable phosphorus whereas ash had no effect. The sludge was 22% as effective as ash in raising soil pH to 6.5. The amounts of ash required to obtain the same yield as 10 t ha−1 of sludge were 5.78, 12.78 and 6.39 t ha−1 respectively for three successive harvests. These results and those for foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were also ascribed to the much greater availability of the sludge phosphorus than the ash phosphorus, and the presence of nitrogen in the sludge but not in the ash.
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    Fertilization of tropical rice: A case study on Bangkok plain (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 97-112 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant analysis ; nutritional status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study consisted of a survey on the nutritional status of rice plants in relation to nutrient application and yield in 70 farmers' fields in four provinces of Bangkok plain during the 1977 wet season. In addition a series of fertilizer experiments were carried out on rice experimental stations in the same provinces to study yield response to N and P fertilization and to develop a fertilizer recommendation system based on plant analysis. The average grain yield in the survey was 3.2 t ha−1 and the early (high yielding varieties), medium (local) and late maturity (local) types yielded 3.3, 2.8 and 3.0 t ha−1, respectively. The average amount of fertilizers applied to these maturity types were 33, 15 and 7 kg N ha−1 and 15, 8 and 6 kg P ha−1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated only a slight correlation between yield and any level of fertilizer application. On experimental stations yields over 6 t ha−1 were obtained with applications of N over 100 kg ha−1 and P over 22 kg ha−1. Evaluation of nutritional status of plants based on plant analysis showed that in all provinces there were strong and widespread nutrient deficiences primarily of N and secondarily of P, and possibly of some other nutrients. Fertilizer application based on plant analysis gave high yield responses. It was concluded that the major constraints of yield on Bangkok plain are too low fertilizer application especially of N, and unbalanced fertilization of N and P.
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    Mathematical algorithm for effective phosphorus determination in a rice based cropping system (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 57-61 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value ; rice based ; sources of P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model similar to the one suggested by Probert [3] is used to calculate effective phosphorus in two rice crops followed by green gram. The effective phosphorus values are then related to dry matter yield, grain yield and phosphorus uptake in the three crops using linear and Mitscherlich equations.
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    Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release zinc fertilizers (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; fertilizer ; Peel-Harvey estuary ; algal blooms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
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    Phosphorus retention and release from sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; release ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to manage phosphorus (P) losses from soils to waterbodies, knowledge of the mechanisms through which P is retained or released from the soil is essential. Sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (Western Australia) were subjected to a range of environmental and management factors in the laboratory and field in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that affect the magnitude of P losses. Sandy soils accumulated P, despite having little sorption capacity, and this accumulation could be monitored by measuring an acid-extractable fraction. The potential, short-term P loss could be estimated by determination of water-soluble soil solution P prior to winter rains. An annual cycle of the change in arbitrarily defined soil-P pools is discussed in relation to environmental and management factors. Laboratory experiments indicated that P rundown and potential annual P loss in the absence of P fertilizers could be estimated using bicarbonate extractable P. Phosphorus losses were decreased by the application of fertilizers with a low content of water-soluble P. The low ability of sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey coastal catchment to retain P, when compared to other Western Australian soils, is because of low contents of clay minerals and iron and aluminium hydrous oxides.
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    Carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics of organic nitrogen fertilizers in a soil-less incubation system (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 97-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Carbon ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic fertilizer ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The C and N mineralization characteristics of two organic N fertilizers were determined in a soil-less incubation system at three temperature regimes. Protox (derived from activated sewage sludge) initially degraded more rapidly by microbial action compared with dried blood. However, dried blood released more CO2-C and inorganic N towards the end of the incubation periods. The rate of microbial degradation increased with temperature. Mineralization characteristics of protein-based N sources are discussed in relation to organic N nutrition of vegetable crops.
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    The effect of level of nitrogen nutrition upon mineral content and removal in grasses and wheat (1990)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
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    Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on unshaded Amazon cocoa in Nigeria (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
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    Environmental factors and cultural measures affecting the nitrate content in spinach (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 191-292 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: spinach ; NO3-content ; ionic balance ; plant age ; season of growth ; soil moisture ; soil pH ; Mo-spraying ; light intensity ; temperature ; K-dressing ; P-dressing ; varietal differences ; N-dressing ; plant-available N ; N-form ; NO3: NH4-ratio ; nitrification ; inhibitors ; type of N-carrier ; time of application of N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Environmental factors and cultural measures affecting the NO3-content in spinach were studied indoors, in water-, sand- and soil-culture experiments. In the field, the influences of variations in N-fertilizing practices and in spinach varieties were also tested. High NO3-contents in spinach were found with low light intensities, with low soil-moisture contents, and with high temperatures. NO3-contents increased with increasing K-dressing (less so with KCl than with K2SO4), but decreased with increasing soil pH. In pot experiments, positive results were obtained with sulphur-coated urea, with farmyard manure and with pigmanure slurry. Application of Mo as a spray onto spinach leaves, and variations in P-dressings and in soil P-status were found not to affect the NO3-content in spinach. In pot experiments, NO3-contents decreased with progressing plant age (in autumn less so than in spring). Within spinach plants, NO3-contents were highest in petioles and older leaves. Varietal differences in NO3-contents were observed in a pot- and a field experiment. In pot- and field experiments, partial or complete replacement of NO3-N by NH4-N in general caused the NO3-content in spinach to decrease. However, such a replacement was shown not always to result in lower NO3-contents. Additional factors involved are e.g. the use and effectiveness of nitrification inhibitors, the soil type and the amount of available N. The amount of N added and, in the field, the amount of N available in the soil before sowing, strongly affected the NO3-content in spinach. Under field conditions, nitrogen appeared to be taken up from the top 60 cm of the soil profile. The effects of variations in timing of nitrogen applications were absent in a pot experiment and not consistent in field experiments.
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    Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils in warm climates (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 159-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrous oxide ; tropical soils ; agriculture ; N availability ; temperature ; soil water content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract N2O emission rates seem to be higher from soils in warm climates than from soils in temperate climates. Warm and moist conditions promote microbial processes that generate N2O. Clearance of tropical forests enhances N2O formation, but emission measurements from other agricultural operations in the tropics are few. Limiting fertilizer application to recommended rates applied at appropriate times and avoiding fallow land wherever practical serves to limit N2O emissions. More specific advice for agriculture in warm climates requires further studies.
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    The interpretation of Olsen extractable P values in relation to recommendations for the fertilizer requirements of crops (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Soil testing ; phosphorus ; relative yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment, with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as the test crop, was conducted on twenty-one soils ranging in Olsen's extractable phosphorus from 1.8 to 15.5µg Pg−1 soil. The experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The soils were nonsaline with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.6. A critical level of 2.55µg Pg−1 soil was predicted by Cate and Nelson's (1971) statistical procedure. Because of a wide range in relative yields, this value did not accurately predict response to applied P. An approach to compute minimum response to applied fertilizer, which is likely to be obtained at a particular Olsen P level, has been presented. It involves calculation of lower 60 percent confidence limits for relative yield and fitting loge-linear regression to the transformed data. The regression was tested on a published data set and was found to hold well.
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    Two post thinning fertilizer trials inPinus radiata in New South Wales, Australia (1992)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 259-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; timber increment ; fertilization ; Pinus radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two trials inPinus radiata growing on different sites in N.S.W. allowed consideration of fertilizer applications after 2nd or 3rd thinning. The trials included factorial applications of N and P at a single thinning intensity plus a further treatment which allowed assessment of different thinning intensities. The most significant growth responses were obtained by application of N and P in combination. The largest response (additional productivity compared with the unfertilized control) occurred 4 years after application and after 7 years there was no additional absolute response for either of the two sites. The largest fertilizer response was 70 m3 ha−1 over 7 years on one site and 36 m3 ha−1 on the other, indicating differences in absolute responses between sites. It was concluded that in planning treatments the most responsive sites near the end of the rotation should be selected to maximise economic returns. Foliage analyses indicated differences between sites at the commencement of the study. It was concluded that either a single year of foliage analyses at study commencement is of value, or sampling every year of the study should be used to analyse responses, but a single year of analysis during or at the end of the study would not be of value.
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    Effect of phosphate on the sorption, desorption and plant-availability of selenium in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750246
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    The value of poultry manure for wetland rice grown in rotation with wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer value ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; poultry manure ; urea ; wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poultry manure applied alone or in combination with urea at different N levels was evaluated as a N source for wetland rice grown in a Fatehpur loamy sand soil. Residual effects were studied on wheat which followed rice every year during the three cropping cycles. In the first year, poultry manure did not perform better than urea but by the third year, when applied in quantities sufficient to supply 120 and 180 kg N ha−1, it produced significantly more rice grain yield than the same rates of N as urea. Poultry manure sustained the grain yield of rice during the three years while the yield decreased with urea. Apparent N recovery by rice decreased from 45 to 28% during 1987 to 1989 in the case of urea, but it remained almost the same (35, 33 and 37%) for poultry manure. Thus, urea N values of poultry manure calculated from yield or N uptake data following two different approaches averaged 80, 112 and 127% in 1987, 1988 and 1989, respectively. Poultry manure and urea applied in 1:1 ratio on N basis produced yields in between the yields from the two sources applied alone. After three cycles of rice-wheat rotation, the organic matter in the soil increased with the amount of manure applied to a plot. Olsen available P increased in soils amended with poultry manure. A residual effect of poultry manure applied to rice to supply 120 or 180 kg N ha−1 was observed in the wheat which followed rice and it was equivalent to 40 kg N ha−1 plus some P applied directly to wheat.
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    Balanced pasture fertilization in the Basque Country: I. Phosphorus and potassium budgets on dairy farms (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: pasture fertilization ; phosphorus ; potassium ; nutrient budget ; nutrient efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dairy farming is the main agricultural activity of the Basque Country. A dairy farm is characterized as a system with soils and crops, forage, cattle and manure as main components, and in such a system, nutrient cycling is very important to maintain soil fertility and optimize forage production. To quantify nutrient transfers in the cycle, a simple system was developed and has been applied to seventeen farms to examine its ability to achieve a balanced P and K fertilization. These farms have provided data on inputs (fertilizer, feeds, concentrates), pasture and manure management, and outputs (milk production), and soil samples have been taken from farm pastures. Phosphorus and K in excreta and uneaten pasture is used with a relatively high efficiency as suggested by the relatively high efficiency of P and K utilization by the pasture that usually ranges from 70 to 90%. Concentrate feeding (3000 kg cow−1 yr−1) represents one of the main P and K inputs in Basque Country dairy farms, averaging 26 and 66 kg ha−1, respectively. Besides, release of K in the soil through slow liberation from non-exchangeable sites was estimated as 30 kg ha−1. Thus, a high efficiency in excreta recycling would diminish substantially P and K mineral fertilizer needs. Farm nutrient budgets appear to be a convenient tool for determining nutrient shortages and surpluses at farm level, and thus they are considered as a first step to support a better management of maintenance fertilization of permanent pastures.
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    Effects of temperature and solar radiation interactions on the survival of quiescent conidia of the entomopathogenic hyphomycetePaecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 135 (1996), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Entomopathogenic hyphomycete ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ; inoculum persistence ; solar radiation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The detrimental effect of solar radiation on the survival of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungusPaecilomyces fumoroseus was studied by monitoring germinability and ability to form colonies (CFU) of conidia irradiated at two temperatures, 25 and 35 °C, harmless to shaded conidia. There was no apparent effect when spores were exposed to a high level of artificial radiation (0.66 W m−2 UVB). However, at a lower level of irradiance (0.33 W m−2), effects of radiation occurred more quickly at 35 °C than at 25 °C. Under natural solar radiation, the rate of decrease in germinability or viability was doubled at 35 °C as compared to 25 °C, indicating an interaction between temperature and radiation effects under natural conditions. This interaction was not detected in indoor experiments, indicating that the spectral distribution of UV radiation has to be taken in account as well as its irradiance when studying its effects.
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    The dependence of transport properties ofin situ rocks on pore fluid composition and temperature (1996)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 17 (1996), S. 289-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Effective properties ; pore fluids ; cracked rock ; permeability ; stress ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluids saturating cracked rocks within the crust can vary widely in composition and physical properties, which depend greatly on pressure and temperature. External non-hydrostatic stress applied to a cracked medium may result in a significant change of crack volume (and hence, for the undrained regime, pore-fluid pressure) due to the processes of crack closure (opening), and thus lead to a drastic change of the overall physical parameters of a rock. The purpose of the study is to estimate theoretically, using the effective-medium theory, the macroscopic seismic and transport parameters (such as permeability) of cracked rocks (granites) saturated with hydrocarbon gases, oils, brines and water. Variations of crack geometry and fluid parameters in the closed system (at constant fluid mass) under uniaxial compression are considered as well. The results show that composition of a saturating fluid as well as fluid temperature greatly influence the effective permeability and shear velocities of a rock mass, while thermal conductivity is not so sensitive to variations of fluid parameters.
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    Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales), a fungal pathogen of the mosquito Aedes australis (1986)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 96 (1986), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mosquito pathogen ; growth ; sporulation ; temperature ; pH ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The New Zealand strain of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium under varying regimes of growth conditions. The isolate exhibited good tolerances to temperature (4–35 °C), pH (3–10) and salinity (0–7% NaCl). Optimal vegetative growth and sporulation were recorded between a temperature range of 20–30° C, pH of 5–6 and a salinity level of 0–2% NaCl. The North American isolate of the fungus showed similar tolerances, while the European isolate was less tolerant.
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    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
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    Zinc and phosphorus interaction in a wheat-maize cropping system (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: zinc ; phosphorus ; interactions ; limed ; unlimed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the interaction effect of Zn and P in a wheat-maize cropping system, a field experiment was conducted at the H.P. Agricultural University Research Station, Palampur (India). Zinc was applied as ZnSO4·7H2O at the rate of 0, 20 and 40 kg per ha and P as superphosphate at the rate of 0, 60 and 120 kg per ha. The direct Zn-P interaction effect was investigated on wheat (S—308) and its residual effect on maize (early composite). Added Zn did not increase the grain and straw yield of wheat when P was not applied, but when P was applied, 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly. Contrary to this, in maize, only 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly when P was not applied, but when P was applied, even 40 kg per ha Zn increased the grain and straw yield of maize. The grain and straw yield of wheat and maize were higher under limed than under unlimed conditions. The concentration of Zn increased with the application of Zn and decreased with the application of P. The concentration of Zn was comparatively higher in grain than in straw of wheat and maize. The P concentration in wheat and maize plants decreased with the increasing levels of applied Zn. The concentrations of Zn were lower under limed than under unlimed condition, whereas the reverse was true for P concentrations. The respective absorption of Zn and P in wheat was 9.7 and 7.3 per cent upto tillering, 47.9 and 49.4 per cent between tillering and flowering, and 42.3 and 43.3 per cent between flowering and maturity. The corresponding absorption of Zn and P in maize was 11.7 and 9.4, 59.9 and 52.1, and 29.3 and 38.5 per cent before booting stage, between booting and tasseling stage and between tasseling and maturity stage, respectively. At maturity, about 53.1 and 13.0 per cent of the Zn and P taken up were retained by wheat straw and 46.9 and 87.0 per cent by wheat grain. The respective values for Zn and P in maize straw and grain were 66.8 and 30.3 and 33.2 and 69.7 per cent. When more Zn was applied, less Zn was translocated to grains; when more P was added, more Zn was translocated to grains. The effects of P and Zn on P distribution at maturity were opposite to that of Zn distribution.
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
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    Powdered elemental sulphur: oxidation rate, temperature dependence and modelling (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; model ; oxidation rate ; particle size distribution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Finely-powdered elemental sulphur is a useful source of fertilizer S, being readily oxidizable in soil to plant-available sulphate yet possessing some slow release characteristics. Two mesh sizes were evaluated using four soils from northeast Scotland. Particle size analysis found that the 120 and 300 mesh S samples had specific surface areas of 1300 and 1940 cm2 g−1, respectively, with most of the surface area in particles of 10 – 20 µm diameter. The S oxidation rate was similar in all four soils but was greater for the 300 mesh than for the 120 mesh S: mean values of 51% and 18% were oxidized over 7 weeks at 14 °C, respectively. The time course of oxidation followed a sigmoidal pattern with a pronounced lag which was modelled using the logistic equation. Maximum specific oxidation rates were 11–28 µg S cm−2 day−2 for the 300 mesh S at 14 °C. These were significantly slower at 7 °C and the temperature response was calculated as a Q10 of 4.0. A model of seasonal S oxidation was developed using a cosine function for the annual temperature, the Arrhenius equation to relate S oxidation rate to temperature and a generalization of the logistic equation to describe the time course of S oxidation. Simulations showed that the 300 mesh S would be useful for spring S applications in east Scotland and if applied in autumn could supply S during the autumn and again in the spring. The 120 mesh S would be less effective in autumn but more resistant to winter leaching. The 120 mesh S applied to the warmer soils of southwest England would behave the same as 300 mesh S applied in east Scotland.
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    Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture (1984)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
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    The effect of ionic strength on soil P reactions is negligible (1995)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cation activity ; phosphorus ; potassium chloride ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The electrolyte concentration of the soil solution affects the availability of some nutrients in the soil, especially of P, but it is not know at what salt concentration the reactions start to be significantly affected and their magnitude. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of rates of potassium chloride (KCl) on some soil parameters that determine supplying of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Al in an unlimed acid soil. Increasing rates of KCl (from zero up to 2000 mg K kg−1) were applied to soil samples fertilized with 360 mg P kg−1. Solution (Cli) and exchangeable (Csi) forms of P, Ca, Mg, K, and Al were determined in the treated soil samples after 30-days of incubation; cation activity in solution and their selectivity coefficients were then calculated. Addition of KCl at rates equal to or above 500 mg K kg−1 caused a large relative increase on P in the soil solution (Pli) but a small and insignificant increase on the absolute value of Pli. All forms of soil K increased with increases on K applied, and buffer power for K varied according to the range of soil K. At all KCl rates, K displaced Ca, Mg, and Al from the solid phase to the soil solution, but had no effect on the extractable values. The relative preference of cations for the adsorption sites increased with increase on cation valency, and only those selectivity coefficients involving K were affected by K applied.
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    Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rooting density ; root biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient competition between interplanted species is investigated using mechanistic modelling. Though tree and crop plant roots may occupy the same soil volume, nutrient competition is seen to be dependent on soil supply mechanisms. Model simulations illustrate the effects of nutrient diffusion rate, mobility/soil interaction, root diameter, soil moisture content, and rooting density on nutrient concentration gradients governing uptake adjacent to plant roots. These factors, unique for each nutrient and soil, combine to determine the potential for competition in agroforestry plantings. Nutrient competition is most likely for the more mobile nutrients and mechanistic modelling can be used to select tree and crop species with superior rooting and physiological characteristics for interplantings to better manage below-ground competition.
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    Diapause Induction and Termination in Eggs of the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite Panonychus Ulmi in Northern Greece (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 669-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Panonychus ulmi ; dipause eggs ; overwintering ; dipause termination ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In apple orchards in northern Greece, females of Panonychus ulmi Koch were found to lay diapause eggs from late August to the beginning of October. The course of diapause termination in the field was determined by transferring diapause eggs during winter and early spring from apple orchards with the varieties ‘Starkinson’ and ‘Firiki’ to short days (LD 8:16) (1992–1996), and long days (LD 16:8) (1994–1995), both at 20 °C. Percentages of diapause termination were very low to zero from October to the beginning of January, then progressively increased throughout January and February. Diapause termination in 50% of the eggs occurred in the first half of February in lowland mite populations irrespective of the year and location from which the eggs originated, and about one month earlier in a population originating from an altitude of 300 m. For each sampling date throughout the winter, the mean number of days required for 50% egg hatch at 20 °C (T50%) was similar under either a long (LD 16:8) or a short (LD 8:16) photoperiod. Diapause eggs collected in October 1995 from two orchards and maintained at 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C for various periods were subsequently transferred to 20 °C and LD 8:16, where TP50% was determined. It was shown that temperature, duration of maintenance at the different temperatures and the orchard from which the eggs originated had a significant effect on T50% and therefore on diapause development. Additionally, in our strains diapause intensity was much weaker than in strains from more northern latitudes and was terminated even without any cold exposure. The variation in diapause intensity in different strains of P. ulmi may have an adaptive significance for this widespread species.
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    Effect of temperature on polaronic and bipolaronic structures of the adiabatic Holstein model (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 85 (1996), S. 471-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Electron-phonon interaction ; temperature ; polaron ; Holstein model ; bifurcation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is proved that the polaronic and bipolaronic structures found in the adiabatic Holstein model at large electron-phonon coupling by Aubry, Abramovici, and Raimbault survive under connection of the electrons to a low-temperature heat bath, uniformly in the size of the system. Bounds are computed for one-dimensional nearest neighbor chains, and some sample solutions are continued numerically.
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    Biogeochemistry of Late Paleozoic North American brachiopods and secular variation of seawater composition (1989)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1989), S. 159-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Brachiopod biogeochemistry ; diagenesis ; secular isotopic variations ; carbon isotopes ; oxygen isotopes ; Sr/Ca ; temperature ; Recent ; Late Paleozoic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sr/Ca ratios in modern brachiopod shells reflect variations in ambient seawater, whereas their Na contents show no relationship with water depth or habitat. Their Mn and Fe contents are controlled, in part, by leaching of these elements from oxide coatings or the low input/sedimentation rate of detrital material into depositional areas such as Quatsino Sound. For most Carboniferous brachiopods from North America, the Mn and Fe contents are similar to those recorded by their Recent counterparts. The high Mn and Fe contents in the brachiopods from shales suggest several possibilities for these levels. One possibility is the leaching of Mn and Fe from oxide coatings/matrix which was not completely removed in the cleaning process, or the high levels in part reflect unusual depositional conditions (some degree of anoxia) for the local shaly environments. The Sr/Ca ratio of brachiopods and, by inference, complementary seawater, did not vary significantly during the Carboniferous. The Sr/Ca minimum observed in brachiopods of Mississippian age coincides with a dip in the 87Sr/86Sr curve and correlates with the Hercynian orogeny. This is attributed to the cycling of seawater through mid-ocean ridge basalts, and postulated exchange reactions account for variation in the composition of seawater-Ca. The unidirectional trend of heavier δ13C values from the Devonian to the Permian is intricately coupled with the evolution of the terrestrial biomass. In addition to expansion of terrestrial plants, burial of reduced carbon in the form of coal (organic matter) contributed to the observed shift. The start of the Permo-Pennsylvanian glaciation is marked by a negative excursion of the secular carbon trend, which is linked to weathering of reduced carbon and its return to the oceanic reservoir with its oxidized carbon. The oxygen isotope values reflect the unidirectional trend towards higher values of the carbon data with decreasing geologic age. Negative excursions of the trend may be related to extensive weathering of terrestrial and submarine rocks, whereas positive excursions may be related to hydrothermal alteration of submarine rocks and dehydration of oceanic crust during times of active sea-floor spreading. Oxygen-calculated water temperatures of unaltered brachiopod material are unrealistically high for all of the Devonian, and the Chesterian-Meramecian, Desmoinesian-Missourian, and Artinskian Epochs. During these times maximum water temperatures of 42° to 56°C are well above the thermal threshold of protein denaturation. This process, which is lethal to most higher organisms, demands an adjustment in oxygen of -2.5%. for samples older than Missourian, and of -1.250%. for samples spanning the Missourian-Artinskian interval. With these adjustments and salinity considerations made prior to calculations, water temperatures become reasonable for the Late Paleozoic epeiric, tropical seas of North America.
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    Nutrient flows and land use change in a rural catchment: a modelling approach (2000)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: BOD5 ; catchment ; empirical model ; land use change ; land use scenarios ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; runoff ; SO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due largely to unprecedented land-use changes in the Porijõgi River catchment (southern Estonia) losses of nutrients and organic matter have decreased significantly. During the period 1987–1997 abandoned lands increased from 1.7 to 10.5% and arable lands decreased from 41.8 to 23.9%. At the same time, the runoff of total-N, total-P, SO4 and organic matter (after BOD5) decreased from 25.9 to 5.1, 0.32 to 0.13, 78 to 48, and 7.4 to 3.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The most significant decreases occurred in agricultural subcatchments while the changes were insignificant in the forested upper course catchment. A simple empirical model which incorporates land-use pattern, fertilization intensity, soil parameters and water discharge accurately described the variations of total-N and total-P runoff in both the whole catchment and its agricultural subcatchments (R 2 varies from 0.95–0.99 for N to 0.49–0.93 for P). In small agricultural subcatchments the rate of fertilization is found the most important factor for nitrogen runoff, whereas in larger mosaic watersheds land use pattern plays the main role. Seven alternative scenarios compiled on the base of the empirical model allow to forecast potential nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment. This information can be used in further landscape and regional planning of the whole region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008181811552
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  • 198
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    Macroclimate, microclimate and dune formation along the West European coast (1991)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 6 (1991), S. 15-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Climate ; microclimate ; energy balance ; dunes ; dune formation ; wind ; temperature ; precipitation ; evaporation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extremely important to the climate in any region are the radiation balance and the exchange processes of heat, water vapour and momentum. Most climatological parameters (e.g. temperature, humidity, wind speed, cloudiness and precipitation) are the direct or indirect result of the radiation balance and these exchange processes. The weather of the West European coast from Tarifa (Spain) to Skagen (Denmark) is especially suitable for the formation of dunes. Often a wind is blowing, varying widely in force and direction. The conditions are optimal for the formation of high and wide dune complexes, given a large supply of sand by the sea. The annual precipitation surplus is considerable for most of this coast. This favours the establishment of vegetation, and thereby it enhances dune formation. The short distance to the land-sea border causes strong gradients in several climatological parameters. These gradients lead to mesoscale effects, such as land-sea breezes and coastal fronts. The varying vegetation cover and the presence of slopes in all directions induce a strongly varying microclimate. However, this microclimate is not unique to the coastal dunes. Unique is the interaction with the wide range of ambient weather, which is inherent to the coast. It is not possible to be conclusive about the effects of climatic change on coastal dunes because climate models are not yet able to predict the changes adequately and because these models supply information on the expected mean climate, but not on the actual weather.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157741
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  • 199
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    Distribution and fluxes as macrodetritus of phosphorus in red mangroves, Sepetiba Bay, Brazil (1998)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: mangrove ; phosphorus ; distribution ; dynamics ; exportation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and dynamics of phosphorus have been studied in the mangroves of Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Leaf fall contributes 3.0 kg P ha=1yr=1to the sediment. The total above ground biomass of the R. mangle stand was about 65.3 t ha=1, the P accumulation was 3.9 kg P ha=1where 63% of the total P-biomass was accumulated in the leaves. The biomass of below ground roots was about 8.2 tha=1 and accumulated 16% of total P-biomass. Sediment contained 452 kg P ha=1 where P combined with calcium (P-Ca) was the main fraction (260 kg ha=1). The annual flux of P as litter fall was small (〈 1%) compared to total P in the sediment reservoir. The annual export of P by macrodetritus corresponds to 0.05% of the total sediment reservoir.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009950708155
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  • 200
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    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000806
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