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  • 1
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 1257-1266 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Chloroplast microsatellite ; Simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) ; Allelic diversity ; Rice (Oryza sativa) ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Primer pairs flanking ten chloroplast microsatellite loci, originally identified in Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare, were evaluated for amplification and allelic diversity using a panel of 13 diverse cultivars of rice (O. sativa), 19 accessions of wild rice (three O. officinalis, five O. latifolia, five O. minuta, four O. australiensis, one O. brachyantha and one O. ridleyi) and eight other Gramineae species (maize, teosinte, wheat, oat, barley, pearl millet, sorghum and sugarcane). Amplified products were obtained for all samples at nine out of ten loci. Among the rice cultivars, the number of alleles per locus ranged from one to four, with monomorphic patterns observed at five loci. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) value at the other five (polymorphic) loci was 0.54 among the 13 cultivars. When wild rice and the other Gramineae species were compared based on the proportion of shared alleles, their phylogenetic relationships were in agreement with previous studies using different types of markers; however, the magnitude of the differences based on chloroplast microsatellites underestimated the genetic distance separating these divergent species and genera. A sequence-based comparison of homologous regions of the rice and maize chloroplast genomes revealed that, while a high level of microsynteny is evident, the occurrence of actively evolving microsatellite motifs in specific regions of the rice chloroplast genome appears to be mainly a species or genome-specific phenomenon. Thus the chloroplast primer pairs used in this study bracketed mutationally active microsatellite motifs in rice but degenerate, interrupted motifs or highly conserved, mutationally inert motifs in distantly related genera.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cecidomyiidae ; insect behavior ; egg-laying ; chemoreception ; MBOA ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay-guided fractionations of a dichloromethane extract of wheat epicuticular wax allowed the identification of 1-octacosanal and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) as the major components that stimulate oviposition by the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. These compounds were identified by their mass spectral fragmentation patterns and by comparison of their gas chromatographic retention times with synthetic samples. Synthetic samples of 1-octacosanal or MBOA stimulated significant oviposition when compared with solvent controls. In combination, these compounds elicited a synergistic effect on the number of eggs laid by females compared to when they were presented alone. In a choice bioassay, a mixture of synthetic 1-octacosanal and MBOA in the approximate concentrations determined to be present in one plant equivalent of crude extract stimulated the same amount of oviposition as one plant equivalent of extract. This showed that together these two compounds appear to be responsible for the major proportion of the ovipositional stimulatory activity of the wheat epicuticular wax extract. Comparison of the activity of five straight-chain primary aldehydes with chain lengths from C22 to C30 revealed a relationship between chain length and the number of eggs laid by female Hessian flies, with 1-hexacosanal and 1-heptacosanal the most active of the aldehydes tested.
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  • 3
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 61 (2000), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: adventitious shoots ; Gramineae ; immature embryos ; micropropagation ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Age of explant and six different media were evaluated with the objective of regenerating higher numbers of interspecific hybrids between sexual and apomictic Brachiaria. Immature embryos of 7–8, 9–10 and 11–12 days after pollination (DAP), from artificial hybridization between Brachiaria ruziziensis (R) as female parent, and B. brizantha (B) or B. decumbens (D) as male parent, were cultured in modified MS media (M4) – supplemented with different combinations of growth regulators and vitamins. Embryos cultured 9–12 DAP showed high percentage (85–100%) of germination for all the crosses examined. Germination and survival rates varied according to accessions within crosses. Six different media (all modified MS with different growth regulators and vitamins) were tested with the objective of inducing multiple shoots from 7 to 10 DAP embryos, from crosses between R × B. The media M1, supplemented with Kinetin (13.94 μM) and NAA (5.37 μM), and media M3, supplemented with BA (4.44 μM and IAA 2.85 μM), regenerated adventitious shoots and calli about 30–40 days after inoculation. The highest multiplication rate observed was 2.85 shoots per explant in media M1, 60–70 days after culturing. Two other media, M6, supplemented with 2,4-D (13.57 μM) and M2, with 2,4-D (9.05 μM) and BA (8.87 μM) exclusively induced the formation of calli. The described protocols proved to be efficient in regenerating healthy seedlings from immature embryos of interspecific hybrids in Brachiaria.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host suitability ; acceptance ; biological control ; new associations ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; New World ; Old World ; stemborers ; Braconidae ; larval parasitoids ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the acceptability and suitability of Old World stemborers (Chilo partellus and C. orichalcociliellus) for the development of New World parasitoids (Apanteles deplanatus and A. minator) and New World stemborers (Diatraea saccharalis and D. grandiosella) for the development of Old World parasitoids (Cotesia sesamiae, C. flavipes and C. chilonis). Results revealed that acceptance and suitability were high in old associations. In new associations, parasitoids accepted about 60% of the new association hosts. In addition, 10 out of 17 new associations were successful. Apanteles species appeared to be more physiologically host specific than Cotesia species. For example, two of four new association hosts were accepted by A. deplanatus and only one (D. saccharalis) was partially suitable for progeny development. Among the Cotesia species, Cotesia flavipes appeared to have a wider host range than the two other species. It attacked all hosts offered and successfully parasitized all but one (D. grandiosella). Diatraea saccharalis was accepted and was a suitable host for the development of all parasitoid species tested, whereas D. grandiosella was unsuitable for the development of four out of five parasitoid species tested. No clear pattern was observed as behavioral acceptance did not always agree with the pattern of physiological suitability. Implications of these findings for importation biological control of stemborers are discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture medium ; Gramineae ; heterosis ; Hordeum vulgare ; androgenic ability ; tissue culture competence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of an amino acid mixture and of plant growth regulators added to the FHG barley anther culture medium were examined using three barley cultivars (Cadette, Léger, and Igri) grown in two environments (growth cabinet and glasshouse). ‘Léger’ and ‘Igri’ were known as responsive, and ‘Cadette’ as recalcitrant to androgenesis. Our first experiment showed that the amino acid-supplemented medium was best for embryogenesis and regeneration of ‘Cadette’ and ‘Igri’ in both environments, and if ‘Léger’ in the growth cabinet. The addition of ABA and TDZ did not improve embryogenesis and plant regeneration, and PAA decreased them in the growth cabinet. The addition of the amino acid mixture in the FHG medium also reduced the percentage of albino plants in the growth cabinet, but growth regulators did not improve the percentage of albino plants, and in some cases increased it. In the growth cabinet, disregarding media, ‘Léger’ produced more embryos than ‘Cadette’ and ‘Igri’, and Léger' and ‘Igri’ produced more green plants than ‘Cadette‘. Percentages of albino plants were higher or ‘Cadette’ than for ‘Igri’ or ‘Léger’. In a second experiment, we compared seven hybrids with their parents for androgenic responsiveness. Hybrids had a higher ability to generate green plants than expected based upon the weighted average reflecting the contribution of each parent.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: 2 ; 4-D ; embryogenesis ; Ficoll ; Gramineae ; mannitol ; microspores ; TIBA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Different pretreatments were given to anthers of barley before culturing, and their effects assessed on the frequency of embryos and green doubled haploid plants produced. Mannitol pretreatment was better than cold pretreatment for some low responding cultivars. Optimal concentration of mannitol for pretreatment depended on cultivar. Low responding genotypes needed a higher concentration of mannitol than responsive ones. The addition of Ficoll to liquid medium increased the number of embryos and green plants. The influence of the growth regulators 2,4-D and TIBA was assayed using ten cultivars of barley grown in Spain. The anti-auxin TIBA gave good embryo production with some of the low responding cultivars. Two row-type cultivars always produced higher number of embryos and green plantlets than six row-type. The application of these modifications to 10 F1 hybrids with potential agronomic value, allowed the production of almost 1000 doubled haploid plants from only 3500 anthers. Up to two doubled haploid plants per flower were produced from the cross Monlon × Sonja.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Chloroplast-derived (ct-derived) sequence ; Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ; Gramineae ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for the transfer of DNA from the chloroplast to the mitochondrion has been reported in many higher plants and, in most cases, the transferred chloroplast genes do not have the ability to encode functional products as a consequence of base substitutions and/or multiple rearrangements. We reported previously that the sequence of one end of a chloroplast-derived (ct-derived) fragment of DNA that contained the rps19 and trnH genes has been maintained in most gramineous plants and that its presence seems to be correlated with gene expression in this region. In the present study, we have investigated whether or not the ct-derived sequences in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from some gramineous plants and species of Oryza are conserved, and whether or not such conservation is related to gene expression in these regions. We identified two junctions between ct-derived and mitochondrial sequences that were conserved among some gramineous plants. Around these regions, we found a ct-derived gene for tRNA and the promoter of a mitochondrial gene on the ct-derived sequences, respectively, and these regions were transcribed through the junctions. This result indicates that the junctions and/or regions that are transcribed and functional in mitochondria have been strongly conserved and maintained during their evolution. In Oryza, some junctions between ct-derived and mitochondrial sequences were conserved and other junctions were not. These variations seem to have been caused by deletions and/or rearrangements, and appear to be specific to the type of genome. In the case of Oryza, the timing of deletions and/or rearrangements of ct-derived sequences is likely to have coincided with the divergence of the various genome types.
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  • 8
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    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2695-2705 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; herbivory ; aphids ; wheat ; Gramineae ; hydroxamic acids ; Defense theory ; Carbon/Nutrient theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxamic acids (Hx) are natural products of Gramineae that are associated with cereal resistance to pests. We aimed at characterizing the induction of Hx accumulation in seedlings of wheat,Triticum aestivum, by short-term infestation of the cereal aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi. A load of 25 aphids increased significantly the Hx levels in the infested primary leaf in comparison with control levels. Lower loads did not increase Hx concentration. Aphid infestation lasting 16 hr did not elicit induction of Hx, even after a time-lag of 32 hr to allow the expression of any induced response. Forty-eight hours was the minimum duration of aphid infestation required to trigger Hx induction. The age of the infested tissue (the primary leaf) did not affect induction. Similar increases of Hx were found in unfolding, expanding, and totally expanded primary leaves. It was determined that the regime of nutrient supply (N-intensive nutritive solutions at low and high concentration) to wheat seedlings had no effect on the magnitude of the aphid-induced Hx (N-based secondary metabolites). Results obtained are discussed in the framework of general theories of plant defense allocation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast-derived trnH ; chloroplast genome ; DNA transfer ; gene expression ; Gramineae ; mitochondrial genome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We reported previously that the mitochondrial sequence that contains the chloroplast-derived trnH gene has been highly conserved in the region around one terminus of the junction between chloroplast-derived and mitochondrion-specific sequences in most of the gramineous plants analyzed [15]. The results of RT-PCR, northern hybridization, in vitro capping and ribonuclease protection experiments show that the chloroplast-derived trnH gene is transcribed from a putative promoter that is located in the mitochondrion-specific sequence. Gene expression in this region seems to be correlated with the conservation of the sequence at the junction between the chloroplast-derived fragment and the mitochondrion-specific sequence.
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  • 10
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    Plant systematics and evolution 207 (1997), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Eleusine indica ; E. multiflora ; E. coracana subsp.coracana ; E. coracana subsp.africana ; E. tristachya ; C-value ; genome size ; nuclear DNA ; nuclei isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Interest in dinitroaniline herbicide resistant biotypes ofEleusine indica, and an as yet undetermined taxon ofEleusine, necessitated a revaluation of reported nuclear genome size estimates for available species in the genus. Laser flow cytometry showed that the nuclear DNA content of six of the seven species examined had 15 to 50% less DNA than reported previously. It was also determined that roots, as contrasted to leaves, possessed a large fraction of nuclei at the 4C or 8C DNA content level, in diploid or tetraploid species, respectively (i.e. the G2/M peak). Two major reasons for the previously reported overestimation may include sampling only of root tissues where endopolyploid and normal diploid nuclei both occur and the inappropriate choice of onion nuclei as an internal standard.
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  • 11
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Asclepiadaceae ; Gramineae ; Puccinia ; Umbelliferae ; Uredinales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Puccinia erythropus, whose uredinial-telial stage occurs onMiscanthus andEularia spp. (Gramineae), was found to have a heteroecious macrocyclic life cycle with the spermogonial-aecial stage onCynanchum sublanceolatum var.obtusum (Asclepiadaceae).Puccinia miyoshiana, which forms the uredinial-telial stage onBothriochloa, Capillipedium, Eccoilopus, andSpodiopogon (Gramineae), is known to form its spermogonial-aecial stage onBuplerum spp. (Umbelliferae). By field observations and artificial inoculations,Bupleurum komarovianum was proved to serve as an additional spermgonial-aecial host of this fungus.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Aveneae ; Deschampsia ; Aristavena ; Avenella ; Taxonomy ; molecular evolution ; karyotype ; C-banding ; isozymes ; seed proteins ; cpDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have analyzed the C-banding karyotypes, electrophoretic mobility of isozymes and seed proteins, total genomic DNA hybridization and chloroplast DNA ofAristavena setacea, Deschampsia cespitosa, D. media, Avenella flexuosa andA. stricta, which had been previously considered as belonging to the genusDeschampsia Beauv. s. l., in order to determine their taxonomic relationships. The results obtained with these different approaches indicate thatAvenella diverges substantially in all characters analyzed from the other two genera. No differences in six chloroplast DNA segments analyzed were found betweenAristavena andDeschampsia, which also show a level of total genomic DNA hybridization that indicates a relatively high proportion of common sequences. The closer relationship of these two genera contrasts with their divergence in karyotype structure that suggests a possible allopolyploid origin ofDeschampsia.
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  • 13
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    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 543-551 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Temperature ; photoperiod ; hydroxamic acids ; growth ; defense ; secondary metabolites ; wheat ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature and photoperiod on accumulation of hydroxamic acids (Hx) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Hx concentrations were significantly higher at higher temperatures. No such clear trend was found for the photoperiod effect. The significant effect of temperature and photoperiod on growth rate of seedlings and the significant positive correlation between growth rate prior to analysis and levels of Hx, suggested that environmental effects on Hx accumulation were at least partially mediated through their effect on plant growth rate. After uncoupling the effect of environmental conditions from the effect of plant growth rate by statistical means the effect of temperature on Hx was no longer significant. Therefore, temperature effect was fully mediated by plant growth rate. Implications of the patterns found are discussed in issues of plant-defense general theories.
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  • 14
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: probing behaviour ; electrical penetration graph ; EPG ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA ; DIBOA ; cereal aphids ; Diuraphis noxia ; Russian wheat aphid ; cereals ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behaviour of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae) was electronically monitored on five cereal species (Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L., Secale cereale L. and x Triticosecale Wittmack) containing different hydroxamic acids levels and on Hordeum vulgare L., lacking these compounds, by means of a DC-System. With increasing DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) levels D. noxia showed less probing particularly before reaching the phloem phase and a lower percentage of aphids achieved sustained phloem ingestion. However, no significant correlation was found between DIMBOA levels and the total time of phloem feeding. These findings indicate that factors from the mesophyll and vascular tissues appear to be involved in the effects of resistance. The underlying mechanism, however, remains unclear. Thus, DIMBOA seems to be only part of the chemical defenses of the cereal plants that might be implicated in D. noxia resistance.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: learning behaviour ; green leaf volatiles ; olfactometer ; electroantennogram ; Cruciferae ; Gramineae ; Zygophyllaceae ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gregarious nymphs of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were more attracted to volatiles from mechanically damaged food plants used for rearing than to either the undamaged or damaged food plants not used as diet in Y-tube olfactometer assays. Comparative analysis of the volatile emissions from plants used for rearing and food plants not used for rearing,e.g. Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schouwia thebaica, wheat (Triticum sp., var. ‘Nyangumi’),Zygophyllum simplex, Heliotropium undulatum andTribulus terrestris was carried out by GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the volatile emissions and olfactory responses of nymphs in GC-EAD assays. Up to 33 compounds were identified in volatiles of the plants of which 9 evoked EAGs. EAG-active components included common green leaf compounds (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl-3-pentenal, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-2-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol. (Z)-3-Hexenyl butyrate and (Z)-3-hexenyl isovalerate were detected in stimulatory amounts only in the volatiles ofS. thebaica. (E, Z)-2,6-Nonadienal was detected as a component in the volatiles ofT. terrestris and was highly stimulatory. In EAG assays with seven common green leaf volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was most stimulatory while hexanal was the least. No significant differences were recorded between antennal responses of males and females to the tested compounds. These results are discussed with regard to current hypotheses on host plant recognition through detection of their airborne volatiles and the learning behaviour by nymphs ofS. gregaria.
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  • 16
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    Chromosome research 4 (1996), S. 182-184 
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Gramineae ; primedin situ DNA labelling ; telomere ; Trifolium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primedin situ DNA labelling (PRINS) labels the telomeres ofAvena, Triticum, Secale, Hordeum, Lolium, Festuca andTrifolium when primers are used that correspond to the repeat unit ofArabidopsis telomeres. There are interstitial sites labelled in aLolium x Festuca hybrid.
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  • 17
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 681-690 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum ; Gramineae ; Comparative mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several gene linkage maps have been produced for cultivated barley. We have produced a new linkage map for barley, based on a cross between Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum and Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (Hvs x Hvv), having a higher level of polymorphism than most of the previous barley crosses used for RFLP mapping. Of 133 markers mapped in the Hvs x Hvv F2 population, 69 were previously mapped on other barley maps, and 26 were mapped in rice, maize, or wheat. Two known gene clones were mapped as well as two morphological markers. The distributions of previously mapped markers were compared with their respective barley maps to align the different maps into one consensus map. The distributions of common markers among barley, wheat, rice and maize were also compared, indicating colinear linkage groups among these species.
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  • 18
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    Aerobiologia 11 (1995), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: Airborne pollen ; Allergy ; Gramineae ; Granada ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have carried out a study on the annual and daily pollen concentrations from Gramineae over four consecutive years in the atmosphere of Granada (Spain). Samples of pollen grains were collected by the volumetric method with the aid of a Burkard sporetrap. Gramineae, according both to their high sensitizing capacity and to data from allergologists, are responsible for many pollinoses diagnosed in this area. In this work, daily pollen levels from April to July are monitored and the variations identified are interpreted in relation to meteorological conditions. Results indicated that the highest airborne concentrations of Gramineae pollen were found in May and June, although the beginning and intensity of pollination have been variable during these 4 years.
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  • 19
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    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 333-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Antipodal cells ; Ultrastructural changes Functions ; Hordeum vulgare ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The antipodal cells have been the stepchildren in most investigations of the female gametophyte. In Hordeum vulgare cv. Bomi, three antipodal cells are originally developed chalazally but because of differential growth of the embryo sac they soon become laterally situated and their number increases to 35–50 cells and the shape, size and structure of the cells change in the time before as well as after fertilization. The cells persist until about 60–70 h after pollination. At that time, the embryo consists of about 12–15 cells and a cellularization of the nuclear endosperm has started peripherally. The size of nuclei, and especially nucleoli, in the antipodal cells increases tremendously in the investigated period and the amounts of organelles also change. The walls of antipodals are diversified depending on which cells they are separating, and wall invaginations are developed especially between antipodal cells and surrounding nucellar cells in the placental region. The mitochondria appear in various shapes in section view, very often as cups or dumbbells with a rim in the ends containing cristae and a thin cristae-free base. These bases are sometimes stretched out as thin parts and at last a simple parting occurs. Binary fissions of the plastids happen especially in the hours before and just after egg fertilization. ER is extraordinarily well developed in the whole period of investigation and many ribosomes are attached to the membranes. Dictyosomes form numerous vesicles, especially in the antipodals near the nucellar cells in the placental region. These ultrastructural details support the opinion that antipodal cells may play an important role in the embryo sac and are able to be responsible for the supply of nutrition for the whole gametophyte and take part in the supply of nutrition during embryo formation.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gramineae ; DNA transfer ; Organelle genomes ; Structural rearrangements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of fragments of DNA from chloroplast genomes to mitochondrial genomes is considered to be a general phenomenon in higher plants. In the present study, Southern hybridization, together with amplification by PCR and DNA sequencing techniques, was used to examine the regions homologous to chloroplast rps19 in the mitochondrial genomes of several gramineous plants. In all the mitochondrial DNAs from the gramineous plants examined, except for that from wheat, the transferred fragments of chloroplast DNA were found to be maintained and the same junctions of mitochondrion-specific and chloroplast-like sequences were found at one terminus. This finding indicates that the transfer of the chloroplast sequence occurred in the distant past during the evolution of gramineous plants. Subsequent analysis revealed that the fragments had been variously rearranged among species with respect to the other terminus. Considering the current diversity of this one particular transferred fragment of chloroplast DNA, we propose that chloroplast-derived DNA sequences that have lost their original functions tend to be rearranged during evolution in mitochondrial genomes.
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  • 21
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    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Secale ; Air-dried chromosome preparation ; heterochromatin ; silver staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Air-dried chromosomes of rye when stained with aqueous silver nitrate show differential banding patterns. In addition to staining the NOR sites, the silver nitrate stains all regions of constitutive heterochromatin, as identified by Giemsa C-banding, as well as a number of small interstitial regions. However, the heterochromatin on the B chromosome is not stained by the silver method. This is proposed as a rapid and reliable banding method.
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  • 22
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    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; cold acclimation ; freezing tolerance ; Gramineae ; leaf ; light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the identification and characterization of a new leaf-specific light-stimulated gene induced during cold acclimation of wheat. Sequence analysis revealed that the gene encodes a protein of 19 kDa with a pI of 8.8. This is a novel protein with a particular charge distribution. The C-terminal half has a high propensity to form an α-helix and contains all the acidic amino acids with a net negative charge of -7. On the other hand, the N-terminal half is rich in proline, lysine and arginine with a net positive charge of +10. These properties are commonly found in several transcription factors. The protein is also rich in alanine (21%), is hydrophilic but not boiling soluble in contrast to other alanine-rich proteins. During low temperature exposure, the corresponding mRNA accumulates rapidly in the leaf and remains at a constant level in two tolerant cultivars used. However, is a less tolerant cultivar, the mRNA level declines despite maintaining the plants at 4°C. Southern blot analysis indicates that the differential expression in the less tolerant genotype is not due to a different genomic organization or gene copy number. The mRNA was specifically localized in leaf tissues and increased several-fold during the greening at 4°C. Furthermore, this gene is not induced in callus cultures acclimated in the absence or presence of light. This suggests that the full expression of this gene is dependent on organized leaf tissue. The expression of this gene was not affected by ABA, drought, heat shock, salinity, wounding or anaerobiosis, demonstrating that it is specifically induced by low temperature. The Wcs19 mRNA is preferentially expressed in tolerant Gramineae species.
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  • 23
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Gramineae ; Tissue culture ; RFLP ; Molecular analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic stability of tissue culture regenerants of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids, cvs ‘CP721210’, ‘CP68-1067’ and ‘B43-62’) was analyzed by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Plants regenerated from calli, cell suspensions, cryopreserved cell suspensions and protoplasts were used. Total DNA isolated from 19 different sources was digested with EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, BamHI, EcoRI and PstI and probed with six known maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, coxII, atpA, atp6, atp9 and rrn18-rrn5), three random maize mitochondrial cosmid clones, two random maize chloroplast cosmid clones and a wheat Nor locus clone. Hybridization patterns indicated that the variation observed was minor and appeared only in the secondcycle regenerants. No differences were observed among the three cultivars and the regenerants from calli, suspension culture, cryopreserved suspension culture and protoplasts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its embryogenic cell suspensions, and bulk samples from all ‘CP72-1210’ regenerants pooled together were digested with EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, BamHI and SalI and probed with three recombinationally active wheat mtDNA clones, K′, K3 and X2. No variation in the mtDNA restriction patterns was observed between the ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its regenerants. However, restriction pattern variation was observed only from EcoRI digestion, and hybridization patterns of K3, K′ and X2 revealed minor variations in the mtDNA of cell suspensions when compared with the DNA of the ‘CP72-1210’ plant. Except for a qualitative variation detected by the X2 probe and minor stoichiometric variations detected by the K3 probe, sugarcane DNAs were found to be stable after plant regeneration.
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  • 24
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    Plant cell reports 12 (1992), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Secale cereale ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Polyembryony
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The progeny of polyembryonic Secale cereale L., was used to study the in vitro response of the immature embryos. The formation of embryogenic calli was very high, and this response and its distribution was statistically different to that shown by the normal regenerated plants and the original population. This behaviour seems to be related to a genetic condition which favours the presence of supernumerary embryos, in vivo as well as in vitro.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: aerobiology ; epidemiology ; Gramineae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Epidemiological and aerobiological observations (1987;1989) have been carried out for three years in order to search the existing relationship between the Gramineae's daily pollen concentration in Palermo's atmosphere and the number of hay fever cases due to such pollen. The aerobiological data were obtained with a 2000 VPPS volumetric sampler. Clinical research was performed on 555 hay fever patients treated in our ambulatory over a three-year period (1987–1989). These data, elaborated by a seven day running mean method and correlated with epidemiological data, evidenced that three of the pollen families in our territory are clinically important: Urticaceae,Parietaria prevailing among them, Gramineae and Oleaceae,Olea europaea prevailing among them. The Gramineae are the second most important allergenic pollen (32,08% of all the pollinosis) whereas, as far as its concentration in the atmosphere is concerned; it ranks third followingParietaria and Oleaceae.
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  • 26
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    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 617-619 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rice ; hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein ; Gramineae
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  • 27
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 947-955 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gramineae ; napier grass ; Somatic embryo genesis ; Variation ; Pennisetum purpureum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the extent of biochemical and molecular variation in 63 plants of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum K. Schum.) regenerated from 3- to 24-week-old embryogenic callus cultures. The calli were derived from cultured basal segments of young leaves and immature inflorescences obtained from a single fieldgrown donor plant. The entire population was analyzed for the activity of 14 isozyme systems, but no qualitative variation was found at any of the loci examined. Similarly, no restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected in the mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes in a representative sample of regenerated plants. Our results confirm earlier reports of the genetic uniformity of plants derived from somatic embryos and highlight their value both for clonal propagation and for genetic transformation.
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  • 28
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    Protoplasma 167 (1992), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; Cytokinesis ; Gramineae ; Mesophyll protoplast ; Mitosis ; Monocot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To date, oat (Avena sativa) is the only member of the Gramineae where protoplasts isolated from mesophyll are capable of divisions. A comparison of the events occurring in the first cell cycles between protoplasts isolated from differentiated tissues of grasses and dicotyledoneous plants is thus only possible using this species. The cytological analysis presented here shows that no fundamental differences exist, and that the transition from the differentiated state to a mitotically active cell parallels the events known from dicot protoplasts. Mitotic aberrations observed in oat protoplasts are similar to those known from other species, and cytokinesis is uncoupled from mitosis. Furthermore, the cell plate formation is often faulty. The high frequency of aberrations which are, separately regarded, not unusual, is a probable explanation for the early abortion of oat mesophyll protoplast-derived colonies.
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  • 29
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    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 175-185 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Deschampsia cespitosa ; Zinc tolerance ; heavy metal ; tolerant populations ; genetic basis ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of zinc tolerance were examined in eightDeschampsia cespitosa (L.)Beauv. populations from normal and zinc-contaminated soils, using solution culture methods. Zinc-tolerant populations have evolved beneath pylons, and their tolerance patterns (degree, variance, heritability) vary. Tolerance is genetically based in all of them. In contrast to the cases of other species previously reported, some within-population differences are considerable, and may be due to both heterogeneity of the soils zinc contents, various gene combinations and gene recombinations between genotypes. One control population contains many tolerant plants, an original result which is discussed.
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  • 30
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 234 (1992), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cold acclimation ; Molecular marker Antibody ; Freezing tolerance ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We isolated, and expressed in Escherichia coli, a gene (Wcs120) that is strongly induced during cold acclimation of wheat. The gene product was purified and used to produce antibodies. Immunoblotting experiments with the anti-WCS120 antibody identified several cold-induced proteins named FTMs for Freezing Tolerance Markers since they are associated with the development of freezing tolerance. This protein family was found to be coordinately regulated specifically by low temperature, highly hydrophilic, stable to boiling, and to have a pI above 6.5. The accumulation kinetics during the acclimation period indicated a positive correlation with the capacity of each genotype to develop freezing tolerance. Accumulation of the proteins was higher in the freezing-tolerant genotype than in the less tolerant one. In addition, their accumulation was more pronounced in the crown and leaf tissues compared with roots, confirming a relationship to the capacity of the different tissues to develop freezing tolerance. Analysis of different species (eight monocots and four dicots) indicated that this protein family is specific for freezing-tolerant cereals. The antibody did not cross-react with any of the non-cereal species examined. The anti-FTMs antibody represents a potential tool for breeders to select for freezing tolerance traits in the Gramineae.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: Gramineae ; phenology ; pollen fluctuation
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    Notes: Summary Gramineae pollination from a pollen monitoring station located in the eastern suburb of Perugia and meteorological correlations are reported. The data refers to the year 1989. Grass pollen peak pollination was from May to July; in this period the influence of relative humidity and of temperature on pollen concentration was very high. Phenological observations, to identify the time of maximum stamen extension in the most common genera in the area, are also reported. During the period of investigation the counts of pollen grains over four-hour periods showed a regular diurnal rhythm with peaks of concentration in the four-hour period 16.00–20.00. Aerosporological data and meteorological data related to four-hour periods were correlated following different criteria.
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  • 32
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 599-602 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sorghum vulgare ; Gramineae ; oxalate oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of an oxalate oxidase (EC 1.2.3.4) has been demonstrated in 15,000×g supernatants prepared from 10-day-old seedlings of three genotypes ofSorghum vulgare: grain sorghum hybrid (CSH-5), grain-cum-forage sorghum (PC-6) and forage sorghum (PC-1). The specific activity of the enzyme in the different tissues of seedlings was found to be present in the order leaves 〉 stems 〉 roots in PC-6 and PC-1, but this order was reversed in CSH-5. A comparison of the different properties of the leaf enzyme of these three genotypes of sorghum revealed that the enzyme has maximum activity in the acidic pH range from 4.0 to 5.0 and in the temperature range from 37°C to 40°C. The enzyme was stimulated by Cu2+ and Fe2+. The rate of H2O2 formation in the enzyme reaction was linear up to 5 min and was stoichiometrically related to oxalate consumption. The enzyme is unaffected by Na+ at physiological concentration (0.15 M). The superiority of this enzyme over moss and other plant enzymes for enzymic determination of urinary oxalate is discussed.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Gramineae ; GUS ; microprojectile bombardment ; pearl millet ; tissue culture ; transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression was visualized in whole and sectioned embryos of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet) after microprojectile bombardment with pMON 8678 DNA. Strongest GUS expression occurred in cells located in the center of GUS positive spots with decreasing intensity in surrounding cells. GUS positive cells could be seen up to 12 cell layers beneath the epidermis. Needle-like crystals of the GUS assay product were found throughout the cytoplasm of GUS positive cells. The number of GUS positive spots was correlated to the microprojectile spread pattern on the medium surface. Shorter bombardment distances (6.6 and 9.8 cm) and the standard accelerator speed gave the best results for transient expression but also caused maximum tissue damage. The speed and distance, however, had little influence on the ability of bombarded embryos to form compact callus. The developmental stage of the bombarded immature embryos was the determining factor in the formation of compact callus, from which plants were regenerated.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein ; sorghum ; Gramineae ; 3′ intron
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  • 35
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Eleusine ; DNA amount ; intra- and interspecific variation ; karyotypes ; hybridisation ; polyploidy ; domestication ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2C nuclear DNA amounts were determined in 30 collections belonging to 10 species ofEleusine. About a 2.5-fold variation in genome size is evident in the genus. The 2C DNA amount in the diploid species ranged from 2.50 pg inE. verticillata to 3.35 pg inE. intermedia. In contrast, the tetraploid species showed a range from 4.95 pg inE. africana to 6.13 pg inE. floccifolia. At intraspecific level 10 collections ofE. coracana, 6 ofE. indica, 4 ofE. africana, 2 ofE. tristachya, and 2 ofE. kigeziensis did not show any significant variation. However, 2 collections ofE. floccifolia, connected with polyploidy, displayed about 90% variation. Polyploid species showed approximately double the genome size of that of their corresponding diploids. An evolutionary increase in DNA amount is evident inE. coracana during the course of its origin and domestication fromE. africana.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Intergeneric somatic hybridization ; Gramineae ; Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ; Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) ; Forage grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) protoplasts, inactivated by iodoacetamide, and non-morphogenic Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) protoplasts, both derived from suspension cultures, were electrofused and putative somatic hybrid plants were recovered. Two different genotypic fusion combinations were carried out and several green plants were regenerated in one of them. With respect to plant habitus, leaf and inflorescence morphology, the regenerants had phenotypes intermediate between those of the parents. Southern hybridization analysis using a rice ribosomal DNA probe revealed that the regenerants contained both tall fescue- and Italian ryegrass-specific-DNA fragments. A cloned Italian ryegrass-specific interspersed DNA probe hybridized to total genomic DNA from Italian ryegrass and from the green regenerated somatic hybrid plants but not to tall fescue. Chromosome counts and zymograms of leaf esterases suggested nuclear genome instability of the somatic hybrid plants analyzed. Four mitochondrial probes and one chloroplast DNA probe were used in Southern hybridization experiments to analyze the organellar composition of the somatic hybrids obtained. The somatic hybrid plants analyzed showed tall fescue, additive or novel mtDNA patterns when hybridized with different mitochondrial gene-specific probes, while corresponding analysis using a chloroplast gene-specific probe revealed in all cases the tall fescue hybridization profile. Independently regenerated F. arundinacea (+) L. multiflorum somatic hybrid plants were successfully transferred to soil and grown to maturity, representing the first flowering intergeneric somatic hybrids recovered in Gramineae.
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  • 37
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    Aerobiologia 7 (1991), S. 100-106 
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: diurnal rhythms ; Gramineae ; pollen trends ; Urticaceae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gramineae and Urticaceae seasonal variations and diurnal rhythms for Derby in 1986, 1987 and 1988 are shown and discussed. The time of highest hourly concentration of Gramineae for Derby in June was 1900 hours. Maximum hourly counts for June of Urticaceae pollen occurred between 1400 and 1600 hours. Urticaceae has a second period of high concentration in August. Gramineae and Urticaceae pollens from 1969–1990 show no significant long term trends.
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  • 38
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    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 319-336 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Gramineae ; β-glucosidase ; null allelism ; immunoblotting ; electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maize β-glucosidase (β-d-glucoside glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.21) was extracted from coleoptiles of 15 maize genotypes (3 normals, 10 nulls, and 2 hybrids) in two fractions, the soluble and the insoluble. The enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically in the soluble fraction and also studied on zymograms after native gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was purified from a normal genotype by anion-exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. Antisera were raised in four rabbits, and the soluble and the insoluble extracts of each genotype were analyzed for a cross-reacting material by ELISA and immunoblotting. The results showed that extracts from both the normal and the null genotypes had β-glucosidase activity, and the activity measured spectrophotometrically was 2- to 10-fold higher in normals than in nulls. Zymograms of the null genotypes were devoid of distinct bands that were present in those of normals and hybrids from crosses between normals and nulls. Zymograms of both the normal and the null genotypes had a diffuse, smeared zone of activity at the cathodic end of native gels. A cross-reacting antigen was present in extracts of both genotypes when assayed by ELISA and a 60-kD polypeptide (β-glucosidase monomer) was detected by four different monospecific β-glucosidase antisera on Western blots by immunostaining. Moreover, six of seven null genotypes had a larger amount of their 60-kD polypeptide in the insoluble fraction than in the soluble fraction. These data show that both the null and the normal genotypes have similar amounts of the enzyme protein, but the enzyme occurs mostly as insoluble or poorly soluble polymers in nulls, and the monogenic inheritance reported for the null alleles of theglu locus is likely to be for a factor encoded by another locus which affects directly or indirectly the solubility of the enzyme by increasing its polymerization into large quaternary structures.
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  • 39
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    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 319-336 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Gramineae ; β-glucosidase ; null allelism ; immunoblotting ; electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maize β-glucosidase (β-d-glucoside glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.21) was extracted from coleoptiles of 15 maize genotypes (3 normals, 10 nulls, and 2 hybrids) in two fractions, the soluble and the insoluble. The enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically in the soluble fraction and also studied on zymograms after native gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was purified from a normal genotype by anion-exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. Antisera were raised in four rabbits, and the soluble and the insoluble extracts of each genotype were analyzed for a cross-reacting material by ELISA and immunoblotting. The results showed that extracts from both the normal and the null genotypes had β-glucosidase activity, and the activity measured spectrophotometrically was 2- to 10-fold higher in normals than in nulls. Zymograms of the null genotypes were devoid of distinct bands that were present in those of normals and hybrids from crosses between normals and nulls. Zymograms of both the normal and the null genotypes had a diffuse, smeared zone of activity at the cathodic end of native gels. A cross-reacting antigen was present in extracts of both genotypes when assayed by ELISA and a 60-kD polypeptide (β-glucosidase monomer) was detected by four different monospecific β-glucosidase antisera on Western blots by immunostaining. Moreover, six of seven null genotypes had a larger amount of their 60-kD polypeptide in the insoluble fraction than in the soluble fraction. These data show that both the null and the normal genotypes have similar amounts of the enzyme protein, but the enzyme occurs mostly as insoluble or poorly soluble polymers in nulls, and the monogenic inheritance reported for the null alleles of theglu locus is likely to be for a factor encoded by another locus which affects directly or indirectly the solubility of the enzyme by increasing its polymerization into large quaternary structures.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cereals ; Gramineae ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature embryos, inflorescences, and anthers of eight commercial cultivars of Triticum aestivum (wheat) formed embryogenic callus on a variety of media. Immature embryos (1.0–1.5 mm long) were found to be most suitable for embryogenic callus formation while anthers responded poorly; inflorescences gave intermediate values. Immature embryos of various cultivars showed significant differences in callus formation in response to 11 of the 12 media tested. No significant differences were observed when the embryos were cultred under similar conditions on MS medium with twice the concentration of inorganic salts, supplemented with 2,4-D, casein hydrolysate and glutamine. Furthermore, with inflorescences also no significant differences were observed. Explants on callus formation media formed two types of embryogenic calli: an off-white, compact, and nodular callus and a white compact callus. Upon successive subcultures (approximately 5 months), the nodular embryogenic callus became more prominent and was identified as ‘aged callus’. The aged callus upon further subculture, formed an off-white, soft, and friable embryogenic callus. Both the aged and friable calli maintained their embryogenic capacity over many subculture passages (to date up to 19 months). All embryogenic calli (1 month old) from the different callus-forming media, irrespective of expiant source, formed only green shoots on regeneration media that developed to maturity in the greenhouse. There were no significant differences in the response of calli derived from embryos and inflorescences cultured on the different initiation media. Also, the shoot-forming capacity of the cultivars was not significantly different. Anther-derived calli formed the least shoots. Aged and friable calli on regeneration media also formed green shoots but at lower frequencies. Plants from long-term culture have also been grown to maturity in soil.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Genetic analysis ; Pennisetum glaucum ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic analysis was conducted on the qualitative and quantitative traits of sexual progeny derived from embryogenic cultures of two inbred lines of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet). These lines included a genetically stable inbred of Tift 23 BE and a genetic marker line, derived from Tift 23BE, which bore qualitative genetic markers for a dominant purple plant trait (P) and two recessive traits, early flowering (e1) and yellow stripe (ys). Tissue culture regenerant populations (R0) and progeny populations (R1) produced from these plants by selfing showed no qualitative genetic variation when derived from the genetically stable inbred Tift 23BE. In contrast, stably inherited qualitative variation for a number of genetic markers was observed in R0, R1, and R2 progeny of the genetic marker line. In a population of 1,911 plants regenerated over a 12-month period, 0.02% of the population lost or showed reduced expression of the purple plant trait and 92% of plants were chlorophyll deficient. Plants showing reduction or loss of anthocyanin synthesis also flowered later. None of the purple plants showed any significant variation in flowering time. The incidence of chlorophyll deficiency increased with time in culture, 51 % of the progeny regenerated after 1 month were chlorophyll deficient, while 100% of the plants regnerated after 12 months were chlorophyll deficient. Qualitative variation was also observed in control populations of the genetic marker line where 1 plant in a total of 1,010 lacked purple pigmentation and a total of 6% showed chlorophyll variation in the first generation (S0). The presence of qualitative variation in controls suggests that the inherent variation present in the original explant was expressed and perpetuated in vitro. Quantitative variation was observed for a number of traits in the first sexual cycle (R1) of the marker line but did not occur in a subsequent generation, suggesting that this variation was epigenetic.
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  • 42
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Festuceae ; Dactylis glomerata ; Enzymatic markers ; phenology ; interploid exchanges ; autopolyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships between sympatric, morphologically indistinguishable diploid and tetraploid plants ofDactylis glomerata L. (Gramineae) in Galicia (Spain) were assessed using allozyme markers for 6 distinct systems. The study exploited recent introduction in Galicia and subsequent hybridization of an alien 4xDactylis subspecies possessing distinct allozymes from those of all the native plants. Opportunities for gene exchanges between the ploidies were estimated from in situ observations of flowering, examination of progenies in 2x/4x natural and experimental crosses, and enzyme analyses. Results show a high genetic similarity between the Galician diploids and tetraploids, which possess peculiar alleles in common. Although the ploidy levels usually have distinct flowering periods, interploidal crosses do occasionally occur. Gene flow is likely much more important from the diploid to the tetraploid level. A good genetic intermixing occurs between the Galician and the alien tetraploid entities which have simultaneous flowering. Autopolyploidization of the diploids followed by various rates of hybridization is proposed as one very probable origin of natural tetraploids inDactylis.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Perennial ryegrass ; Lolium perenne ; Gramineae ; Argentine stem weevil ; Listronotus bonariensis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Acremonium lolii ; endophyte ; feeding deterrent ; peramine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Peramine, a pyrrolopyrazine alkaloid produced by the fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrassAcremonium lolii, deterred the feeding of both adults and larvae of the graminacious herbivore, the Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), at 0.1 μg/g and 10 μg/g, respectively. In a no-choice test fewer stem weevil larvae fed and developed on diet containing as little as 2 μg/g peramine. The proportion of larvae which did not develop beyond the first instar was higher on diet containing peramine and appeared to be due to a higher proportion of larvae which did not feed. For larvae which fed on the peramine-containing diet, feeding scores and times to pupation were not significantly different from those of controls. A number of simple peramine analogues showed feeding-deterrent activity against adult weevils, indicating the importance of the pyrrolopyrazine ring system of peramine in determining feeding-deterrent activity.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: pollen ; Gramineae ; prevention ; phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Owing to the great pollen sensitivity of some allergic patients and without effective pollen forecasting, it is often difficult to set a preventive therapy of pollinosis. In 1987 and 1988 we compared the symptoms of 45 patients sensitive to grass pollen, daily pollen counts data recorded by a gravimetric and a volumetric sampler as well as meteorological data and observations of floral phenology. Symptoms appeared to be strictly correlated with peak periods of pollen dispersion, but we observed allergic symptoms in our patients long before atmospheric pollen was detected by the pollen traps. On the other hand, these early occurring symptoms seemed to be connected with the first Gramineae flowering.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: agroinfection ; Agrobacterium ; strains ; maize streak virus ; Gramineae ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parameters affecting the efficiency of agroinfection of maize streak virus (MSV) in maize have been determined. Monomeric units, cloned at a number of sites in the MSV genome were not infectious but multimeric units containing partial duplications were equally as infectious as complete tandem dimeric clones. Inoculation of tandem dimeric units conjugated into different strains of Agrobacterium showed that both A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes were able to transfer DNA to maize and this ability was Ti (or Ri) plasmid-specific. Nopaline strains of A. tumefaciens and both agropine and mannopine A. rhizogenes strains efficiently transferred MSV DNA to maize. A number of strains were capable of MSV DNA transfer to other members of the Gramineae, providing information which may be essential for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocotyledonous plants.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: A vena ; cytoskeleton ; Gramineae ; guard cell ; microtubule ; mitosis ; preprophase band ; stomatal complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to study developmental changes in microtubule organization attending the formation of a longitudinally oriented preprophase band, the guard mother cells ofAvena were examined using a new procedure for anti-tubulin immunocytochemistry on large epidermal segments. We found that the interphase band (IMB) of transverse cortical microtubules present in these cells following asymmetric division is replaced after subsidiary cell formation by mesh-like to radial microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm. Many of the Mts are also grouped in bundles. Gradually, this intermediate array is succeeded by longitudinal elements of the PPB. Thus, preprophase band formation is accompanied by a 90° shift in Mt orientation, with a radial arrangement serving as an intermediate stage. The micrographs are most consistent with the rearrangement of intact Mts, although changes in Mt assembly are possible as well. The role of the IMB in guard mother cells is also discussed.
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  • 47
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1629-1636 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Festuca arundinacea ; Gramineae ; tall fescue ; growth inhibition ; allelopathy ; abscisic acid ; caffeic acid ; p-coumaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth inhibitors that can be leached from excised leaves of tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea) were investigated as allelochemicals. Leachates of desiccated Rebel and Kentucky 31 grass cultivars contained three principal inhibitory compounds, abscisic acid (ABA), caffeic acid, andp-coumaric acid. After quantitative analysis, abscisic acid was determined to be the predominant inhibitor. A 10-fold increase in ABA levels in leachates occurred after one day of desiccation. The concentration of ABA was 40% greater in Kentucky 31 leachate than in Rebel. This difference was also found in subsequent analyses of leachates of grasses that had been allowed to dry up to 30 days; however, the ABA concentration was reduced by 60% from the 10-fold increased levels.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA amplification ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Somatic hybrid ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic hybrid cell lines of Pennisetum americanum + Panicum maximum, and of Pennisetum americanum + Saccharum officinarum display unique mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction patterns suggestive of mitochondrial fusion and recombination. Apparent recombinant fragments of the hybrids were recovered, cloned, and hybridized to parental and somatic hybrid mtDNAs. In each somatic hybrid, “novel” fragments were found to be present at low copy number in one or both of the parental mtDNAs, and amplified 15–30 times in the hybrids. In pearl millet-sugarcane somatic hybrid cells, the amplification does not appear to involve enhanced recombination. The presumably amplified restriction fragment of the pearl millet-Guinea grass somatic hybrids is a junction fragment of a repeat, present in low copy number in both parents, and in high copy number in the hybrids. Thus protoplast and probable mitochondrial fusion results in a marked shift in the direction of mtDNA recombination events. We conclude that amplification of parental mtDNA fragments is a common event in somatic hybrid cells of these Gramineae.
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  • 49
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    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 25-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Self-incompatibility ; Gramineae ; Two loci system ; Phalaris coerulescens ; Stigma proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protein extracts from four self-incompatible genotypes of Phalaris coerulescens were subjected to analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultra-thin isoelectric focusing. A comparison between stigma, root and leaf extracts showed that there was no significant difference in electrophoretic or isoelectric focusing patterns between the genotypes for both root and leaf proteins. However, stigma protein patterns did vary between genotypes especially within the molecular weight region of 43 000–97 000 and within the pI range 5–7. The stigma-specific changes strongly suggest a link between the self-incompatible genotype and these stigma proteins. However, because there are two loci involved, it is not yet possible to precisely assign particular proteins to each S- or Z-allele.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Fusion protein ; geminivirus ; Gramineae ; single-stranded ; DNA virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A polypeptide of approximately 11 000 daltons (11 kDa protein) encoded by an open reading frame (10.9 ORF) from the virion sense of maize streak virus (MSV) DNA has been detected among the products of in vitro translation reactions programmed with RNA from infected maize plants and also in total protein extracts from infected leaves. The 11 kDa protein has not been detected in virions and is therefore proposed to have a nonstructural role. Viral DNA with an additional in-frame translation stop codon in the 10.9 ORF was not infectious when transmitted to maize plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens “agroinfection”, suggesting that the 10.9 ORF may be essential for virus function. Computer comparison data show that equivalent ORFs in wheat dwarf virus (WDV) and digitaria streak virus (DSV) have some sequences in common with the 10.9 ORF of MSV. Further-more, the absence of similar sequences in geminiviruses which infect dicotyledonous plants suggests that the 11 kDa protein and its putative homologs in WDV and DSV have a function necessary only for those geminiviruses which infect the Gramineae. The significance of the 11 kDa protein in relation to expression of the virion sense DNA of MSV is discussed.
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  • 51
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 6-10 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Gramineae ; Cell fusion ; Wild Oryza species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell fusion was used to obtain hybrid plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and four wild Oryza species, O. officinalis, O. eichingeri, O. brachyantha, and O. perrieri, to incorporate useful traits of the latter species into rice. A total of 250 mature hybrid plants were obtained by electrofusion and nurse culture methods. The hybrid nature of these plants was confirmed by karyotypic, morphological, and isozyme analysis. The hybrids of O. sativa+O. eichingeri, O. sativa+O. officinalis and O. sativa+O. perrieri produced viable pollen and the O. sativa+O. eichingeri hybrid has produced a progeny plant. Our study demonstrates the use of cell fusion for future rice improvement.
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  • 52
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 14 (1988), S. 71-88 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Gramineae ; sugarcane ; Saccharum ; in vitro ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calli have been initiated from young leaves of in vitro grown sugarcane shoots. Histological examination has shown that the two types of calli induced (nodular and friable) originated from different regions of the explants and were cytologically different. This study has shown an obvious relation between the developmental stage of the excised tissue and the potential of plant regeneration of the in vitro initiated callus culture. Nodular calli were obtained from bases of the fast-growing young leaves while their more mature parts of the older leaves only produced friable calli. High-frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was obtained from nodular calli while friable calli rarely produced plantlets.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acremonium loliae ; Gramineae ; Lolium perenne ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le ray-grass vivace (Lolium perenne), contaminé par le champignon endophyte Acremonium loliae Latch, Christensen & Samuels, a présenté une augmentation de la resistance à de nombreux coléoptères et lépidoptères nuisibles. Cette note examine les réactions de Spodoptera eridania Cramer (Lépido., Noctuidae) alimenté sur trois lignées de ray-grass contaminées par le champignon et trois lignées ‘saines’. Après 168 h d'alimentation sur ray-grass contaminé, les chenilles presentent une très forte mortalité; la survie n'est que de 7 à 13% contre 82 à 90% pour le ray-grass sain. Le décès brutal des chenilles correspond à leur alimentation sur la base de la plante ou la concentration du champignon est la plus forte. Les chenilles consomment constamment, broutant plus des 2/3 du feuillage du ray-grass; les broutements des six séries ne différaient pas significativement. Au bout de 24 h, la nombre de chenilles passées du 3ème au 4ème stade, et l'augmentation de poids sont plus élevés pour les séries sur plante contaminée, ce qui suggère un avantage initial pour les chenilles en présence de champignon endophyte, l'analyse en poids sec a montré que l'augmentation de poids initial est réel. Entre 48 et 144 h, cependant, le nombre de 4ème stade et le poids des chenilles sont les mêmes dans les deux séries. Après 144 h, le poids des chenilles sur ray-grass contaminé diminue significativement; aucune n'était parvenue au 5ème stade, contre 11% sur ray-grass ‘sain’. Nous n'avons pas observé de signes apparents de neurotoxicité. Au lieu de cela, il ya a eu interaction avec un processus physiologique fondamental, ce qui a provoqué une forte perte de poids larvaire et la mort, indiquant l'intervention d'inhibiteurs métaboliques.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the Southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania Cramer (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), feeding on perennial ryegrasses (Lolium perenne L.) infected with an endophytic fungus (Acremonium loliae Latch, Christensen and Samuels), had a much lower survival rate (7–13%) than larvae feeding on endophyte-free ryegrasses (82–90%). Death of the larvae on endophyte-infected entries occurred rapidly between 144 h and 168 h of feeding. This corresponded with armyworms feeding on the base of the plant, where endophyte concentration is highest. Twenty-four hours after the start of the bioassay the larval mass and rate of larval development were significantly higher on endophytic entries. From 48–144 h no differences were seen, but after 144 h the mass of larvae on endophyte-infected grasses sharply declined. Observations from this bioassay further substantiate the association between A. loliae-infected ryegrass and antibiosis to several lepidopterous and coleopterous insect pests.
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  • 54
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 551-555 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Festuca pratensis Huds. ; Meadow fescue ; Gramineae ; Leaf senescence ; Mutation ; Chloroplast ; Phosphoglucoisomerase isoenzymes ; Membrane turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A spontaneous mutation arising in Festuca pratensis has the effect of stabilizing the pigmentproteolipid complexes of thylakoid membranes so that leaf tissue does not turn yellow during senescence. Inheritance of the non-yellowing character was analysed in crosses between the wild-type cultivar Rossa and a mutant line Bf 993. Electrophoretic variants of cytoplasmic phosphoglucoisomerase coded by alleles of the nuclear gene Pgi-2 were used to identify hybrids during intercrossing. About 96% of the F1 progeny were heterozygous and all were phenotypically yellowing. In the F2 generation yellow ∶ green segregated in a ratio of 2.14∶1, not significantly different from 3∶1. In the backcross between F1 and Bf 993 the ratio was 1∶1 yellow ∶ green. There was no indication of linkage to Pgi-2. Senescence of detached Bf 993 and Rossa leaves was compared with that of the F1 hybrid. The hybrid behaved in an essentially identical fashion to the wildtype parent, and in marked contrast to the mutant, in all aspects of the senescence syndrome investigated, including loss of chlorophyll, carotenoids and the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein of thylakoid membranes, and elevation of the particulate protein ∶ chlorophyll ratio in the terminal stages. It is concluded that there exists in Festuca pratensis a nuclear gene, designated Sid (senescence-induced degradation) which regulates turnover of hydrophobic components of photosynthetic membranes in ageing leaf tissue and which occurs in at least two allelic forms, y (yellow) dominant over g (green).
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  • 55
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 793-798 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cereals ; Gramineae ; Maize ; Protoplasts ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Suspension culture ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts isolated from a totipotent embryogenic cell suspension culture of Zea mays L. (cultivar ‘Dekalb XL82’) underwent sustained cell divisions when cultured in liquid as well as agarose media. Optimal colony formation (5%) occurred in a liquid medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). A soft and unorganized callus was formed when the protocolonies were transferred to agar solidified suspension maintenance medium. Compact, organized and yellow to pale green folded structures and somatic embryos were formed upon subsequent transfer of this callus to a low 2,4-D medium. Clusters of somatic embryos germinated precociously but no plants were recovered.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Gramineae ; Cell fusion ; Protoplast ; Intertribal hybrid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Somatic hybridization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa oryzicola), a close relative of barnyard millet, was attempted using electrofusion and a new culture method developed for rice protoplasts (Kyozuka et al. 1987) to incorporate some of the agronomically important characters of the latter species into rice. Selection of hybrids was based on inactivation of rice protoplasts by iodoacetamide and the inability of barnyard grass protoplasts to divide. A total of 166 calli were identified as hybrids by isozyme and chromosome analyses. Hybrid calli were highly morphogenic, and 44 shoots were obtained. Most of them, however, were abnormal, and nine grew to plantlets whose morphology was distinct from that of either parent. Our study clearly demonstrates the totipotency of protoplasts in graminaceous monocots.
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  • 57
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 408-413 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Oryza sativa ; Protoplast ; Nurse culture ; Somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Novel nurse culture methods have been developed for plant regeneration from protoplasts of rice (Oryza sativa). The nurse culture methods use the agarose-bead type culture in combination with actively growing nurse cells that are either in the liquid part of the culture or inside a culture plate insert placed in the centre of the dish. Protoplasts isolated from either primary seed calluses or suspension cultures of various callus origins, divided and formed colonies with a frequency of up to 10% depending on the protoplast source and the genotype. The presence of nurse cells was absolutely required for the induction of protoplast division. Plants were regenerated from protoplast-derived calluses of five tested cultivars with a frequency of 17%–50%. Close examination of the plant regeneration process suggested that plants are regenerated through somatic embryogenesis from protoplast-derived calluses. Over 300 protoplast-derived plants were transferred to either pots or the field and are being examined for karyotypic stability and various plant phenotypes.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Gramineae ; mitochondrial recombination ; somatic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from cell suspension cultures of two intergeneric somatic hybrids of Pennisetum americanum (pearl millet) + Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) was examined by restriction endonuclease digestion and hybridization with sorghum mtDNA cosmids. The mtDNA of one somatic hybrid was indistinguishable from that of pearl millet, while the second exhibited a combination of parental mtDNAs, suggesting mitochondrial fusion. Several novel, possibly recombinant, mtDNA restriction fragments were detected in this hybrid, which may have resulted from intergenmic recombination.
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  • 59
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 10 (1987), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: embryogenesis ; Phyllostachys viridis ; Gramineae ; micropropagation ; bamboo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf explants of Phyllostachys viridis (Young) McClure were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 9×10-6 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Numerous embryoids were observed. On transfer to Murashige and Skoog medium lacking hormones, plantlets developed within two weeks and were later successfully transferred to the field.
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  • 60
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Gramineae ; barley ; Hordeum ; Aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Schizaphis graminum ; greenbug ; alkaloid ; gramine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La teneur de gramine (N,N-dimethyl-3-aminomethyl-indole) dans différentes cultures de seigle présente des variations comprises entre 0 et 2,8 mmoles/Kg (poids frois). Les varietés dépourvues de gramine sont plus sensibles à l'attaque des pucerons. Le taux de croissance de la population des Rhopalosiphum padi a une correlation négative avec la teneur en gramine des feuilles de plantules de seigle. D'ailleurs, la gramine diminue les taux de nourrissement, de survie et de réproduction des pucerons alimentés avec des diètes artificielles contenant des concentrations du produit testé, similaire à celles trouvées pour les feuilles des plantes. Donc, on suggèrent que la gramine peut être un des facteurs responsables de la résistance des plantules de seigle contre l'attaque de Rhopalosiphum padi.
    Notes: Abstract Gramine (N,N-Dimethyl-3-aminomethylindole) content in various barley cultivars varied from 0 to 2.6 mmoles/kg fresh weight. Those cultivars which were lacking gramine were the most susceptible to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). The population growth rate of R. padi negatively correlated with gramine content in leaves of barley seedlings. In addition, gramine incorporated in artificial diets decreased survival, amount of diet ingested and reproduction of aphids at concentrations similar to those found in plant leaves. Thus, it is suggested that gramine may be one of the factors responsible for the resistance of barley seedlings to R. padi.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acremonium loliae ; endophyte ; Sphenophorus parvulus ; Curculionidae ; Lolium perenne ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études récentes ont montré que la présence d'A. loliae à l'intérieur de L. perenne augmentait sa résistance à plusieurs insectes, dont Listronotus (Hyperodes) bonariensis et quelques pyralesnous signalons ici que le même endophyte améliore aussi la résistance à Sphenophorus parvulus (Curculionidae). Des dégâts de S. parvulus ont été observés sur gazon en 1981, 1983 et 1984. Des différences marquées quant à la réaction des cultivars ont été notées; des études ultérieures ont montré que la résistance des cultivars était associée à des niveaux très élevés d'endophytes, ceux-ci étant rares ou absents des cultivars sensibles. La transmission maternelle de la résistance à S. parvulus améliorée par la présence de l'endophyte qui avait été mise en évidence peut s'expliquer par le pourcentage élevé de graines transmettant le champignon. Les cultivars ‘Pennant’, ‘Premier’, ‘Regal’ aux niveaux élevés d'endophytes présentent peu de dégâts en gazon. Les avantages dûs à la présence de l'endophyte, exprimés par une meilleure résistance aux insectes, étaient particulièrement spectaculaires lorsque l'entretien de gazon était sommaire. L'amélioration due à l'endophyte n'apparaissait pas avec les gazons bien entretenus où il n'y avait pas de dégâts d'insectes. Ceci ne réduit en rien l'intérêt de cette forme de résistance aux insectes. Des questions importantes restent à résoudre: action de l'endophyte sur l'hôte, identification et influence des toxines éventuellement impliquées, examen d'autres plantes et insectes concernés.
    Notes: Abstract Enhanced resistance in perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., to the bluegrass billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal is associated with the presence of a fungal endophyte, Acremonium loliae Latch et al. Severe billbug infestations occurred in 1981, 1983, and 1984 in two different turf evaluation field trials. Striking differences in cultivar response were observed. Subsequent investigations led to the discovery that billbugresistant ryegrass entries had very high levels of endophyte infection; whereas, susceptible entries had little or no endophyte infection. Further, the resistance was found to be maternally transmitted, and its dramatic prevalence within a maternal line was explained by the high frequency (over 95%) of seed transmission of the endophyte. This newly recognized source of plant resistance to several insect pests warrants additional study.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Biomass ; Gramineae ; Genetic variability ; Hybrid triploid napiergrass ; Pennisetum ; Plant tissue culture ; Somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five hundred and twenty-four plants of a triploid, sexually sterile hybrid napiergrass (Pennisetum americanum x P. purpureum; 3x=21) were regenerated from embryogenic callus cultures obtained from segments of young inflorescences. Replicated field trials were conducted for two consecutive years to compare the biomass yield, phenotype and cytology of tissue culture regenerants (TC) and vegetatively propagated (V) plants. In the first year total biomass yield of TC plants was significantly greater than V plants but there was no significant difference in the second year. TC plants had more tillers compared to V plants. V plants did not show any morphological variability. The TC population also exhibited a high degree of phenotypic stability (96%). There were 23 phenotypic variants in the TC population of 524, most of them being more dwarf and late-flowering. Detailed morphological analysis of the TC-variant plants suggests that they very likely arose from only a few variant cell lines. Cytological analysis indicated stability of the triploid status in randomly selected regenerants. Two of the morphological variants were hexaploids (6x=42). It is concluded that embryogenic callus cultures can provide useful alternative for the rapid propagation of hybrid napier-grass which is commonly propagated by cuttings.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cereals/grasses ; Gramineae ; Somatic hybridization ; Panicum maximum ; Pennisetum americanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts from Pennisetum americanum resistant to S-2-amino-ethyl-l-cysteine (AEC) were fused with protoplasts of Panicum maximum utilizing polyethylene glycol-dimethylsulfoxide after inactivation of the Pennisetum protoplasts with 1 mM iodoacetic acid. The iodoacetate treatment prevented division of Pennisetum protoplasts; therefore, only Panicum protoplasts and heterokaryons potentially could give rise to colonies. A second level of selection was imposed by plating 3–4-week-old colonies on AEC medium. Putative somatic hybrid calli were analyzed for alcohol dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase, and shikimate dehydrogenase isozymes. Three somatic hybrid cell lines (lines 2, 3, and 67) were identified which showed two bands of alcohol dehydrogenase activity representing homodimers of P. maximum and P. americanum as well as a novel intermediate band of activity where Panicum-Pennisetum heterodimers would be expected. Aminopeptidase and shikimate dehydrogenase were useful for identifying presumptive hybrid calli but the isozyme patterns were additive-evidence which would not preclude the selection of chimeric callus. A more complex isozyme pattern which varied among the somatic hybrids was observed for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. In the hybrid calli, the presence of DNA sequences homologous to both P. maximum and P. americanum sequences was confirmed by hybridization of a maize ribosomal DNA probe to XbaI and EcoRI restriction fragments. Growth of hybrid lines on various concentrations of AEC was either similar to the AEC-resistant parent (hybrid line 2) or intermediate between the resistant and sensitive parents (hybrid lines 3, 67).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 154 (1986), S. 251-257 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Triticum ; Leaves ; tricin derivatives ; schaftoside ; iso-orientin O-glycosides ; chemosystematics ; origin of bread wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf flavonoids have been identified in seven species ofTriticum, all of which have been considered at one time as putative parents of the cultivated tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. The major constituents are apigenin- and luteolin-based glycosylflavones, some of which contain various O-glycosidic attachments at the 6″-position. Four tricin glycosides are present in minor amount, as is free tricin. The flavonoid patterns link togetherT. searsii, T. speltoides andT. squarrosa, on the one hand, andT. monococcum, T. boeoticum, T. thaoudar andT. urartu, on the other. These results indicate that the first three taxa are more likely to be diploid ancestors to the hexaploidT. aestivum than the latter four species.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 647-658 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Perennial ryegrass ; Lolium perenne ; Gramineae ; Argentine stem weevil ; Listronotus bonariensis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Acremonium loliae ; Acremonium coenophialum ; endophyte ; bioassay ; induced resistance ; feeding deterrent ; peramine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Infection of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) by an endophytic fungus (Acremonium loliae) confers resistance against the Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis). Extracts from ryegrass clones, infected and uninfected withA. loliae, were compared in a feeding choice bioassay, and several fractions were identified which affected stem weevil feeding behavior. One stem weevil feeding deterrent, peramine C12H17N5O, has been isolated from infected ryegrass and partially characterized as a basic indole derivative. Extracts from culturedA. loliae had no effect on stem weevil feeding behavior nor was peramine detected in the fungal cultures examined. Peramine and the other active substances are hydrophilic in contrast to the lipophilic properties reported for the neurotoxic lolitrems also isolated from ryegrass infected withA. loliae and associated with causing ryegrass staggers disorder in livestock. It is suggested that ryegrass staggers and stem weevil feeding deterrency may arise by different biochemical mechanisms.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1161-1179 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melanargia galathea ; Lepidoptera ; Satyridae ; marbled white butterfly ; Gramineae ; two-dimensional paper chromatography ; flavonoids ; flavonoid fingerprints ; larval food plant specificity ; insect-plant interactions ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of two-dimensional chromatographic flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different grass species have shown that the flavonoid pattern ofMelanargia galathea is dependent on the flavonoid content of the larval diet. This confirms the dietary origin of flavonoid pigments inM. galathea. The flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different grass species differ from each other and from the larval food plants;M. galathea reared on the same grass species have identical flavonoid patterns. Differences in the butterfly and larval food plant flavonoid patterns indicate that the ingested flavonoids are metabolized byM. galathea or its gut flora before sequestration. The distinct flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different larval food plants have been defined as the flavonoid fingerprint profiles for each grass species. Similarity between theFestuca rubra flavonoid fingerprint profile and the constant flavonoid pattern characteristic of wild-capturedMelanargia suggests thatMelanargia larvae are not generalist grass feeders, but are specific toF. rubra or toF. rubra and a few closely related grass species in the wild.
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  • 67
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Wild gene pool ; factor analysis ; numerical taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Samples from 11 populations of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, from Israel, were examined for morphological variation in a “common garden” plot design. Earliness traits had the highest between population variation of all traits studied. No relationship was found between dimensions of leaves and size of seeds.—Using numerical taxonomy methods, four races were found, which correspond to the geographical and environmental range of the species in Israel. It is concluded thatH. spontaneum shows a well developed tendency toward formation of highly adaptive races rather than exhibiting clinical variation.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Dispersal ; hygroscopic movements ; trypanocarpy ; diaspore ecology ; cerrado vegetation ; Flora of Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 28 grass species from one hectare of cerrado vegetation in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, were studied with regard to the morphology and dispersal of their fruits. 13 species have dispersal units with smooth surfaces which are predominantly dispersed by big herbivorous mammals or birds which swallow them together with their food, e.g., during grazing (accidental endozoochory). On the other hand, smaller animals, including birds, also feed directly on the grains; some of them may escape trituration and digestion or may be even stored (synzoochory). 11 species are principally epizoochorous: 8 of these are ± exclusively adapted to epizoochory, adhering to the animals by scabrid awns or sharply pointed calli, while the rest behave as epizoochores and anemochores. 4 other species are predominantly anemochorous with their dispersal units bearing soft hairs, sometimes together with very small scabrid awns; in a wet state they also can adhere to animals (occasional epizoochory). Beside this, most grass fruits can behave as passive ballists, as passing animals, wind and rain may cause their dispersal units to fall to the ground (passive autochory). — Among the 28 species, 12 have dispersal units which are awned. In 7 of them the awns are spirally twisted; the base of the dispersal unit runs out into a sharply pointed callus and has harpoone-like hairs. These awns show hygroscopical movements which may lead to a drilling of the basal part of the dispersal unit into the sandy cerrado soil. This trypanocarpy is important for establishment but without function for dispersal.
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  • 69
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 119-135 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Oryza perennis ; O. rufipogon ; Wild rice ; perennial-annual continuum ; water regime ; habitat disturbance ; companion species ; life-history traits ; intra-population differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the common wild rice of AsiaO. rufipogon Griff. (=Oryza perennis Moench) were studied with regard to interrelations between life-history traits and habitat conditions. They showed a perennial-annual continuum and differed in reproductive allocation and many other traits. Perennial populations were found in deep swamps, while annual populations were in shallower, temporary swamps which were parched in the dry season. The perennial and annual types tended to be in association with other perennial and annual plants, respectively, suggesting their niche differentiation. Intermediate perennial-annual populations were in communities with a high species diversity. In one population, plants growing on the periphery of the swamp were of annual and those in deeper center were of perennial type. Another population seemed to be differentiated into an annual and an intermediate type in accordance with different degrees of habitat disturbance. The small genetic distances found between the sub-populations suggested their differentiation within a gene pool.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Brachypodium ; Cereal ; Embryo (lectins) ; Gramineae ; Lectin (chemotaxonomy) ; Oryza (lectin) ; Triticeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the occurrence of lectins in seeds from more than 100 grass species showed that all species belonging to the Triticeae tribe and the genera Brachypodium and Oryza contain lectins. All these lectins have the same sugar-binding specificity and are related to wheat-germ agglutinin, but to different degrees. Lectins from Triticeae species are immunologically indistinguishable from wheat lectin, whereas Brachypodium and rice lectins are only immunologically related to the wheat lectin. Attempts to detect lectin-deficient lines or varieties in wild and cultivated species of the three lectin-containing groups were unsuccessful. The possible use of lectins as a chemotaxonomic tool is discussed.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pollen tube growth ; Microfibrillar pectins ; Dictyosome vesicles ; Gramineae ; Secale cereale ; Pennisetum typhoideum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Numerous polysaccharide-rich particles (“P-particles”) occur in the tip region of growing grass pollen tubes, where they apparently contribute to the extending wall. In other families the corresponding bodies have been shown to originate from dictyosome activity during pollen tube growth. However, in the grasses the main synthesis precedes anthesis; the P-particles represent up to 30% of the reserves of the vegetative cell of the dormant grain, numbering over one million in the pollen grain of rye. Their membranes are incomplete. The polysaccharide content, which is initially coarsely granular but becomes microfibrillar with hydration, is readily extracted with ammonium oxalate, and is probably pectic in nature. Simple methods for isolating the particles in relatively pure populations are described. Hydrolysis yields principally galactose, arabinose, glucose, and rhamnose. Apart from proteins derived from the original bounding membranes, a protein fraction is tenaciously bound to the polysaccharide. Isolated P-particles move anodically in an electrical field, and the possibility that their movement from the grain to the tube tip during growth depends on a potential gradient, already demonstrated for lily pollen tubes, is considered.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Poaceae ; Aegilops caudata var.caudata and var.polyathera ; Ae. comosa subsp.comosa var.thessalica ; subsp.heldreichii var.biaristata ; and var.subventricosa ; Esterase and peroxidase patterns ; phylogenetic relationships
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The esterase and peroxidase patterns in five varieties ofAegilops caudata (genome type C) andAe. comosa (genome type M) were studied in order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within and between the two groups. The electrostarch gel electrophoresis technique was applied to extracts of shoot and root of 4-day-old seedlings, and the electropherograms were evaluated by gel densitometer traces. Inspite of considerable isozyme polymorphism, closer relationships in the banding patterns were found between different varieties of a single species than between varieties of the two different species. Esterase and peroxidase patterns of the twoAe. caudata varieties (caudata andpolyathera) are very similar and prove their close phylogenetic relationship. The isozyme affinities withinAe. comosa varieties are illustrated by the seriessubventricosa—biaristata—thessalica. The latter endemic variety has quite a number of characteristic bands and is relatively isolated. Altogether, the electrophoretic data agree well with morphological and cytological similarities (Zhukovsky 1928,Eig 1929,Karataglis 1973, 1975b).
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Acids, dicarboxylic ; CO2 fixation ; Eriochloa ; Gramineae ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C4-acid metabolism by isolated bundlesheath chloroplasts, mitochondria and strands of Eriochloa borumensis Hack., a phosphoennolpyruvate-carboxykinase (PEP-CK) species, was investigated. Aspartate, oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate were decarboxylated by strands with several-fold stimulation upon illumination. There was strictly light-dependent decarboxylation of OAA and malate by the chloroplasts, but the chloroplasts did not decarboxylate aspartate in light or dark. PEP was a primary product of OAA or malate decarboxylation by the chloroplasts and its formation was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea or NH4Cl. There was very little conversion of PEP to pyruvate by bundle-sheath chloroplasts, mitochondria or strands. Decarboxylation of the three C4-acids by mitochondria was light-independent. Pyruvate was the only product of mitochondrial metabolism of C4-acids, and was apparently transaminated in the cytoplasm since PEP and alanine were primarily exported out of the bundle-sheath strands. Light-dependent C4-acid decarboxylation by the chloroplasts is suggested to be through the PEP-CK, while the mitochondrial C4-acid decarboxylation may proceed through the NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) system. In vivo both aspartate and malate are considered as transport metobolites from mesophyll to bundle-sheath cells in PEP-CK species. Aspartate would be metabolized by the mitochondria to OAA. Part of the OAA may be converted to malate and decarboxylated through NAD-ME, and part may be transported to the chloroplasts for decarboxylation through PEP-CK localized in the chloroplasts. Malate transported from mesophyll cells may serve as carboxyl donor to chloroplasts through the chloroplastic NAD-malate dehydrogenase and PEP-CK. Bundle-sheath strands and chloroplasts fixed 14CO2 at high rates and exhibited C4-acid-dependent O2 evolution in the light. Studies with 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, a specific inhibitor of PEP-CK, have indicated that most (about 70%) of the OAA formed from aspartate is decarboxylated through the chloroplastic PEP-CK and the remaining (about 30%) OAA through the mitochondrial NAD-ME. Pyruvate stimulation of aspartate decarboxylation is discussed; a pyruvate-alanine shuttle and an aspartate-alanine shuttle are proposed between the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells during aspartate decarboxylation through the PEP-CK and NAD-ME system respectively.
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  • 74
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    Human ecology 5 (1977), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: crop domestication ; annuals and perennials ; Gramineae ; Leguminosae ; Neothermal climate ; Asian prehistory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract It is proposed, on the basis of evidence from geological history and paleoclimatology, that annual grasses and legumes did not appear as significant components of the vegetation of Asia until the Neothermal, some 11,000 years B.P. The new combination of environmental factors which then became operative induced a widespread physiological and genetic change from a perennial to an annual habit in ecoclimatic zones in which annual types of ancestral perennials had not earlier occurred in any number. The annual prototypes of the Asian cereals and grain legumes therefore became rather suddenly and abundantly available to primitive man in his still biological ecosystems. Once this botanical revolution had occurred throughout the isoxerothermic zones around the inner cores of Asia, progress towards what came to be called civilizations, based on increasingly economic agricultural ecosystems involving cultivation and domestication of crops, followed in a gradual step-by-step manner.
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  • 75
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 897-904 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: polyploidy ; flavonoid synthesis ; flavone C-glycosides ; aneuploids ; Gramineae ; Briza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Following a recent reidentification of the apigenin C-glycosides in diploid Briza media, the luteolin C-glycosides were reexamined and three acylated derivatives of a luteolin C-glycoside were found. In an attempt to identify the chromosome or group of chromosomes responsible for the change in flavonoid synthesis from 4′-hydroxy- in diploid plants to 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavone C-glycosides in autotetraploid plants, leaf flavonoids of artificially produced aneuploids of B. media were examined. Among these plants three different leaf flavonoid profiles were recognized: diploid, tetraploid, and a “modified” tetraploid pattern. All the aneuploids with the normal or “modified” tetraploid pattern were trisomic for one of the small acrocentric chromosomes. Induced polyploids of other Briza species were usually found to have similar flavonoid patterns in the two chromosome races. Flavonoid sulfates were found in three South American species but are absent from all the European species.
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  • 76
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    Gene 105 (1991), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Interspersed repeats ; corn ; evolution ; gene conversion) ; maize ; methylation ; teosinte ; transcribed repeats
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Acidic dehydrin ; Freezing tolerance ; Gramineae ; cDNA
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 78
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    Phytochemistry 24 (1985), S. 1471-1473 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Hordeum vulgare ; L-glutamic acid decarboxylase ; barley ; pyridoxal phosphate, γ-aminobutyric acid.
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  • 79
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    Phytochemistry 24 (1985), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Triticum aestivum ; fatty acids ; isolated chloroplasts ; lipids ; lipoxygenase ; photosynthetic electron transport. ; wheat
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 80
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    Phytochemistry 15 (1976), S. 1074-1075 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Cymbopogon citratus ; Gramineae ; cymbopogonol (D:A-friedours-4(23)-en-3β-ol). ; lemongrass ; triterpenoids
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 81
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    Phytochemistry 18 (1979), S. 671-672 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Cymbopogon flexuosus ; Gramineae ; a new sesquiterpene alcohol ; essential oil ; isointermedeol.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Cymbopogon martinii ; Gramineae ; X-ray diffraction ; dihemiacetal bis-monoterpenoid ; essential oil ; inclusion compound.
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  • 83
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    Phytochemistry 15 (1976), S. 931-935 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Zea mays ; cycloeucalenol-obtusifoliol isomerase ; plant sterol biosynthesis ; squalene-2,3-epoxide analogs. ; squalene-2,3-epoxide-cycloartenol cyclase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 84
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    Phytochemistry 15 (1976), S. 953-954 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Fusarium graminearum ; Gramineae ; Triticum aestivum ; choline ; fungi imperfecti ; glycinebetaine ; periodide assay. ; quaternary nitrogen compounds ; wheat
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  • 85
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    Phytochemistry 20 (1981), S. 379-382 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Triticum vulgare ; cold hardiness ; electrophoresis. ; esterases ; leaf ; protein ; wheat
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  • 86
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    Phytochemistry 20 (1981), S. 417-423 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: 4-desmethylsterols ; Avena sativa ; Gramineae ; fatty acids ; gibberellic acid. ; oat ; phospholipids ; stem segments ; temperature
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  • 87
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    Phytochemistry 20 (1981), S. 2327-2328 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; phytochrome ; protoplasts. ; tissue localization
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  • 88
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    Phytochemistry 19 (1980), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Heliothis zea ; Zea mays ; corn earworm ; flavone C-glycosides ; host plant resistance ; keto sugars. ; larval growth inhibitors ; maize
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  • 89
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    Phytochemistry 24 (1985), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: ADP-glucose ; Gramineae ; Q-enzyme. ; Sorghum bicolor ; starch synthesis ; α-1,4-glucan-4-glucosyltransferase
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: GC/MS and GC/SIM identification ; GC/RC ; Gramineae ; Kovats retention index. ; Zea mays ; dwarf mutants ; gibberellins ; metabolism ; normal ; tassels
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  • 91
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    Phytochemistry 19 (1980), S. 1871-1873 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Bothriochloa ; Gramineae ; essential oils ; sesquiterpenes.
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  • 92
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    Phytochemistry 26 (1987), S. 2909-2912 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Con A-Sepharose ; Gramineae ; Triticum aestivum ; glycoprotein. ; wheat ; α-D-mannosidase: aleurone layers
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  • 93
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    Phytochemistry 19 (1980), S. 1637-1642 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Saccharum officinarum ; enzyme kinetics. ; inhibition ; invertase ; sugar cane ; β-fructofuranosidase
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  • 94
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    Phytochemistry 19 (1980), S. 1665-1668 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: 1,3-benzoxazolinones ; Gramineae ; Hordeum distichum ; Metopolophium dirhodum ; Secale cereale ; T. durum ; Triticum aestivum ; aphid: 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones ; resistance factor in Gramineae.
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  • 95
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    Phytochemistry 19 (1980), S. 1669-1672 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; Gramineae ; epidermis ; field conditions ; flavone localization ; mesophyll. ; phytotron ; primary leaf development
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  • 96
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    Phytochemistry 19 (1980), S. 1846-1847 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Agropyron repens ; Gramineae ; anaerobic decomposition ; couch grass ; phenolic acids ; phenylacetic acid ; phytotoxicity. ; quack grass ; short-chain aliphatic acids
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  • 97
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    Phytochemistry 19 (1980), S. 1854-1856 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Phragmites australis ; flavone C-glycosides ; rhamnetin glycosides. ; swertiajaponin 3'-O-gentiobioside ; swertiajaponin 3'-O-glucoside
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  • 98
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    Phytochemistry 17 (1978), S. 1869-1874 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: ADP/UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase ; Gramineae ; Oryza sativa ; detached rice panicles ; liquid culture. ; rice ; starch accumulation
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  • 99
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    Phytochemistry 17 (1978), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Oryza sativa ; SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ; amino acid analysis ; glutelin ; rice
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  • 100
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    Phytochemistry 17 (1978), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Gramineae ; Phalaris arundinacea ; fluorometric scanning. ; luminescence of indole alkaloids ; reed canarygrass
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