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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 269-278 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphididae ; Nasonovia ribisnigri ; Lactuca sativa ; resistasnce mechanism ; DC-EPG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrical penetration graphs (EPG's) ofNasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Homoptera, Aphididae) on resistant and susceptible lettuce (Lactuca sativa, Compositae) showed a large reduction in the duration of the food uptake pattern (E2) on the resistant line. No differences in EPG's were observed before the phloem was reached. Therefore, resistance is believed to be located in the phloem vessel. Both mechanical blocking of the sieve element after puncturing and a difference in composition of the phloem sap are possible resistance factors. However, a chemical factor seems more likely because of the specificity of the resistance againstN. ribisnigri.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: methoxyphenols ; allelochemicals ; grain aphid ; Sitobion avenae ; feeding behaviour ; EPG ; O-demethylase ; detoxifying enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methoxyphenols might be important in the resistance of cereals to aphids. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings were used to determine the effect of caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids, and scopoletin on the feeding behaviour of the grain aphidSitobion avenae (F.). Aphids on wheat seedlings treated systemically with these phenols showed reduced ingestion of phloem sap and salivation into sieve elements in most cases. The earlier pathway phases of probing were prolonged. Moreover increase in number of probes as well as reduction of total time of probing was observed. In addition, no O-demethylase activity was found in homogenates of aphids fed on moderately-resistant (phenolic rich) or susceptible (phenolic poor) wheat varieties. The significance of these results for understanding the resistance of cereals to aphids is discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; rearing history ; host plants ; acceptance ranks ; probing ; phloem feeding ; electrical penetration graph ; DC-EPG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Host-plant and whitefly strain effects and their interactions on the probing and sap feeding of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have been investigated in this study using the DC-EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) technique. Whiteflies generally displayed fewer but longer probes on highly acceptable cucumber than on less acceptable tomato. Both whitefly strains, the T(omato)-strain and the C(ucumber)-strain, showed a significantly lower number of phloem phases on cucumber than on tomato. However, the duration of total phloem phases achieved by either of the whitefly strains on these two host plants was not significantly different. These data indicate that a more continuous phloem feeding has occurred on cucumber plants. Indeed, the percentage of phloem feeding time after the first sustained phloem phase (longer than 15 min) was higher on cucumber for the C-strain whiteflies. When comparing these two whitefly strains, the T-strain whiteflies probed less frequently but longer than the C-strain whiteflies did on both host plants. Also, the T-strain whiteflies displayed a longer duration of total phloem phases on tomato. An interaction between the whitefly strain and plant effects was detected on a parameter, which showed that whiteflies probed significantly longer before reaching the first phloem phase on the host plants that had been previously experienced. In conclusion, both plant species and whitefly strains affect whitefly's probing and feeding behaviour, though plant effects are much stronger.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hemiptera ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Nasonovia ; rm ; Lactuca ; resistance mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intrinsic rate of increase (rm-values), mean relative growth rates and mortality ofNasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Homoptera, Aphididae) on different lines of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were determined. Near isogenic resistant and susceptible lines, plus their ancestors, were used. Bionomics ofN. ribisnigri on the resistant lines (NrNr) with the dominantNasonovia resistance gene (Nr-gene) differed clearly from the susceptible lines (nrnr). Mortality was high, no larvae reached adulthood, and no reproduction nor honeydew production was seen on the resistant lines. Transfer of aphids to susceptible plants after a period of 2 days on the resistant lines showed no signs of intoxication of aphids. Apparently there is no feeding on the resistant lines. It is not clear whether the aphids can not reach the phloem or do not accept it on the resistant line.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 219-232 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phenacoccus manihoti ; Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; EPG ; stylet penetration ; sieve elements ; intracellular punctures ; host-plant choice ; allelochemicals ; antixenosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement alimentaire de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti) a été étudié par électrographie de pénétration (EPG, analyse en courant continu) et par microscopie optique. Cette étude a permis de confirmer le caractère typiquement phloémophage de l'alimentation de cet Homoptère, présentant une large prédominance du trajet extracellulaire des stylets, comme cela est également observé chez les pucerons. Les similitudes des tracés EPG effectués sur cochenille et sur pucerons ou aleurodes ont permis d'adopter la même typologie du signal. Les principales différences avec les pucerons concernent le nombre moins important et la durée plus longue des ponctions intracellulaires (20 s en moyenne contre 5 à 7 s chez les pucerons), l'allongement du temps d'accès au phloème et une moins grande mobilité des stylets lors de la phase de recherche du phloème. La comparaison du comportement alimentaire sur 6 plantes, parmi lesquelles deux hôtes occasionnels (Talinum et poinsettia), un hybride et trois variétés courantes de manioc (Manihot esculenta), a permis de différencier plusieurs profils de pénétration. Les ponctions intracellulaires se sont révélées plus courtes sur hôtes occasionnels, qui induisent également, malgré la variabilité observée, un allongement net de la période de localisation du phloème et donc un retard à l'ingestion. Aucune des plantes testées ne contient d'alcaloîdes, et les composés cyanés se restreignent au genreManihot, hôte naturel de la cochenille. Les flavonoîdes totaux ne permettent pas de distinguer plantes hôtes et non-hôtes, à la différence des acides phénoliques.
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behaviour of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) was analysed by the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG, DC-system) and by light microscopy. This study confirmed a typical phloem-feeding behaviour with an aphid-like predominance of extracellular pathways of stylets. Similarities of EPGs from mealybugs with those of aphids and whiteflies allowed adoption of standard pattern labelling. The main differences with aphid EPGs consisted of fewer but longer intracellular punctures (pd duration of 20 svs 5–7 s for aphids), longer times to the first phloem-ingestion period and a lower motility of stylets within the phloem searching process. Comparison of the feeding behaviour on 6 plant types, including two occasional hosts (Talinum and poinsettia), one cassava hybrid and three common cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta), allowed differentiation of penetration profiles. Intracellular punctures were shorter on occasional hosts, on which phloem finding and subsequent ingestion were markedly delayed although a great variability within plants persisted. Chemical analysis of some secondary plant substances revealed that none of the plants tested contained detectable amounts of alkaloids, and that cyanides were restricted to true hosts (cassavas andManihot hybrid). Levels of total flavonoids did not differ between hosts and non-hosts, in contrast to those of phenolic acids. Preliminary correlations with EPG paterns are discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: probing behaviour ; electrical penetration graph ; EPG ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA ; DIBOA ; cereal aphids ; Diuraphis noxia ; Russian wheat aphid ; cereals ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behaviour of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae) was electronically monitored on five cereal species (Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L., Secale cereale L. and x Triticosecale Wittmack) containing different hydroxamic acids levels and on Hordeum vulgare L., lacking these compounds, by means of a DC-System. With increasing DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) levels D. noxia showed less probing particularly before reaching the phloem phase and a lower percentage of aphids achieved sustained phloem ingestion. However, no significant correlation was found between DIMBOA levels and the total time of phloem feeding. These findings indicate that factors from the mesophyll and vascular tissues appear to be involved in the effects of resistance. The underlying mechanism, however, remains unclear. Thus, DIMBOA seems to be only part of the chemical defenses of the cereal plants that might be implicated in D. noxia resistance.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; Homoptera ; Aleyrodidae ; probing ; electrical penetration graph ; EPG ; honeydew excretion ; phloem ; feeding ; ingestion ; moulting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Probing behaviour of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) larvae was monitored using the DC electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique on the host plant cucumber. EPGs were recorded for 16 h, simultaneously with honeydew excretion using a ‘honeydew clock’. Three waveforms were distinguished: a pathway waveform (C), and two phloem waveforms, one with a high (H), and one with a low frequency (L) signal. The C waveform mainly occurred in the crawler stage of the 1st instar larvae. EPGs recorded from larvae during and after moulting indicated that the process involves stylet withdrawal; hence the stylets of each new instar need to penetrate again from the leaf surface to the phloem. All sessile stages, from L1 to pre-pupa, spent almost their entire time in waveforms H and L. These waveforms alternated more frequently in the early instars than during the later ones, in which the H waveform became predominant. The H waveform was highly correlated with honeydew excretion and thus phloem sap ingestion. The L waveform was not related to honeydew excretion but EPGs indicated that the stylet tips remain in a sieve element during both waveforms. Periods of honeydew production demonstrated a delay of 30–40 min in relation to the onset and end of H and L waveforms. This delay is presumably related to the time needed for food passing through, or emptying of, the insect's gut. From the 1st instar to the pre-pupa, the frequency of excreted honeydew droplets decreased but their size increased, causing a net increase of the excretion rate.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 345-353 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Thysanoptera ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; feeding ; electronic monitoring ; EPG ; cucumber ; chrysanthemum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant penetration by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) was analysed with the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG, DC-system). Thrips attached to a gold wire were included in an electrical circuit to record EPGs when penetrating the plant tissues with their stylets. Three basic EPG waveforms have been distinguished, correlated with stylet penetration into cells, salivation, and ingestion, respectively. The main difference with EPGs of Homoptera is the occurrence of continued separate penetrations that are not necessarily followed by ingestion. Insertion of the stylets causes strong voltage fluctuations in the EPG. We could confirm earlier evidence that penetration of cells and subsequent ingestion of (part of) the protoplast takes less than 20 seconds. Repeated short penetrations can be followed by a continuous feeding pattern during which the stylets are not withdrawn. The same sequence of waveforms is produced on other plant parts such as fruits or pollen grains. The specific waveforms are mainly caused by electromotive force (emf). The emf component was recorded with high resolution and the correlation of waveform details with activities of the cibarial muscle system is discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: lettuce ; host plant resistance ; electrical penetration graph ; stylet cutting ; Nasonovia ribisnigri ; Brevicoryne brassicae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphids ; electrical recording ; stylet penetration ; probing ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Electro pénétration gramme, EPG, est le terme suggéré pour la méthode d'enrégistrement électronique de la pénétration des aphides. L'EPG est composé de deux origines électrique: la résistance variable, et la force électromotrice (fem). La résistance variable du puceron en serie avec la résistance d'entrée de l'amplificateur produit un voltage variable du à une division du potentiel électrique. Ce potentiel est composé d'un voltage appliqué, un potentiel de demi cellules sur les surfaces des électrodes, et de la composante fem déjà nommée. La valeur de la résistance de l'amplificateur est assez critique. Une valeur élevée de cette résistance par rapport à celle du puceron, favorise la composante fem, alors qu'au contraire une faible valeur accentue la composante de la résistance variable. Bien que cette résistance variable constitue en général la principale origine de l'EPG, quelques unes des ondes composantes, ou partis de celles ci, sont au contraire dues à la fem. Un montage au courant continu délivre un signal plus détaillé qu'un montage au courant alternatif, grâce a des proprietés de filtration de fréquence moins importante. Le courant traversant le puceron est très limité et ne semble pas agir sur l'ingestion, la salivation, ou sur d'autres functions biologiques.
    Notes: Abstract Electrical penetration graph, EPG, is a term suggested for recorded wave forms during electrically stylet penetration by aphids. The EPG appears to have two components with different electrical origin; i. e., resistance and electromotive force (emf). Fluctuating aphid resistance in series with the amplifier input resistor causes a fluctuating voltage due to dividing of a DC potential in the primary circuit. This circuit potential is composed of a supplied potential and potentials from the preparation such as half cell potentials at the electrode surfaces. The emf component consists of fluctuating potentials generated within the preparation itself. The value of the amplifier input resistance is rather critical; a high value in proportion to the aphid resistance favours the emf component, and a low value emphasizes the resistance component. Although resistance fluctuation forms the largest component of the signal, some parts of EPG patterns stem from emf. The DC method provides a more detailed signal than an AC system. The current through the aphids appears very low and is not likeley to influence feeding, or other biological functions of the aphid.
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