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  • soil
  • Springer  (262)
  • Amsterdam, Berlin, Tokyo, Washington D.C. : IOS Press  (1)
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  • 1
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    Environmental Chemistry : Microscale Laboratory Experiments (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Air ; Chlor ; GSM-Postponed Project ; Manual ; Oxide ; Water ; bacteria ; microorganism ; pollution ; production ; soil ; toxicity
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals, by Jorge Ibanez et al., is an exceptionally useful and well organized book. After reviewing basic chemical concepts, Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals quickly progresses to more advanced and contemporary applications including ozone depletion, physiochemical and biological treatment of pollutants, and green chemistry. The chemistry of processes of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere are covered in detail and the effects of pollutants on each of these chemical processes are extensively considered, as are their effects on the biosphere. The book also has an experimental companion, Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments, which includes an array of environmental chemistry experiments that can be readily performed at the microscale level. Ideas for additional open-ended projects are provided for all experiments, and they impart a thorough introduction to environmental experimentation. I strongly recommend Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals and its experimental accompaniment, Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments. Dr. Zvi Szafran Vice President for Academic Affairs and Professor of Chemistry Southern Polytechnic State University Our Earth is a remarkable reaction vessel. It is of paramount importance that students grow in their understanding and awareness of the astounding effects that chemistry and biochemistry have on our environment…and why they are so significant to our present and future hopes as a civilization. Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments, intended to complement lessons in the companion textbook Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals, covers the chemical and biochemical processes that take place in air, water, soil, and living systems. The corresponding experiments range from the characterization of aqueous media to pollutant-treatment schemes. For increased safety, as well as for reduced costs, wastes, and environmental damage, the experiments are presented at the microscale level. Pre- and post-laboratory exercises and open-ended projects accompany each experiment, to develop problem-solving skills and initiative among students.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 238 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387494937
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49493-7
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Unknown
    The Delft Sand, Clay and Rock Cutting Model (2014)
    Amsterdam, Berlin, Tokyo, Washington D.C. : IOS Press
    Details
    Keywords: sand ; clay ; rock ; soil ; cutting
    Description / Table of Contents: Sand, clay and rock have to be excavated for a variety of purposes, such as dredging, trenching, mining (including deep sea mining), drilling, tunnel boring and many other applications. Many excavations take place on dry land, but they are also frequently required in completely saturated conditions, and the methods necessary to accomplish them consequently vary widely. This book provides an overview of cutting theories. It begins with a generic model, valid for all types of soil (sand, clay and rock), and continues with the specifics of dry sand, water-saturated sand, clay, atmospheric rock and hyperbaric rock. Small blade angles and large blade angles are discussed for each soil type, and for each case considered the equations/model for cutting forces, power and specific energy are given. With models verified by laboratory research, principally from the Delft University of Technology, and data from other recognized sources, this book will prove an invaluable reference for anybody whose work involves major excavations of any kind.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 558 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781614994541
    URL: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/isbn/978-1-61499-454-1
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition patterns of the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hylobius abietis ; oviposition strategies ; root ; soil ; egg distribution ; egg predation ; larval orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial and temporal distributions of eggs laid by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were studied by taking root and soil samples around pine stumps on a clear-cutting in central Sweden. In addition, first-instar larvae migrating in the soil were sampled using traps baited with host-odour. Eggs were found in the soil rather than in the bark of stump roots, which previously has been regarded as the usual oviposition site. Based on an oviposition experiment and additional field observations we conclude that eggs are laid in the bark of roots only when the surrounding material is likely to dry out. We suggest two explanations for why weevils oviposit mainly in the soil, although they are known to show stereotypic behaviour when inserting eggs in stump roots: (1) egg predation by other arthropods or by conspecifics is avoided, and (2) newly hatched pine weevil larvae are better than ovipositing females at locating suitable sites for larval feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003026010586
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movement behaviour of the pine weevil Hylobius abietis in relation to soil type: an arena experiment (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hylobius abietis ; movement ; habitat preference ; edge permeability ; soil ; seedling protection ; reforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), movement behaviour on different substrates was studied in an indoor arena using a video camera and digital image processing technique. We analysed individual variation in movement characteristics, i.e. turning angles, movement directions, and distance moved per unit time on the bare and level arena surface which consisted of mineral soil (sand) and/or humus sections in various spatial configurations. Pine weevils on humus did not turn back when they came to the border with the sand. However, most individuals moved faster on sand than on humus. Thus, the results suggest that interactions between substrate differences and individual movement behaviour may to some extent explain why pine weevils have been observed to feed less frequently on coniferous seedlings planted on mineral soil than on those planted on humus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003965811330
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 6 (1998), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch ; PHBV ; PHA ; plastic ; blends ; biodegradation ; soil ; compost
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV 〈 30% starch 〈 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022806222158
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradability of chitin- and chitosan-containing films in soil environment (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; chitin ; chitosan ; film ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of polyethylene-chitin (PE-chitin) and polyethylene-chitosan (PE-chitosan) films, containing 10% by weight chitin or chitosan, by pure microbial cultures and in a soil environment was studied. Three soil-inhabited organsims,Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andBeauveria bassiana were able to utilize chitin and chitosan in prepared PE-chitin and PE-chitosan films after eight weeks of incubation at 25°C in a basal medium containing no source of carbon or nitrogen. In a soil environment, the biodegradation of those films was studied and compared with a commercial biodegradable film containing 6% by the weight of corn starch. In soil placed in the lab, 73.4% of the chitosan and 84.7% of the chitin in the films were degraded, while 46.5% of the starch in the commercial film was degraded after six months of incubation. In an open field, 100% of the chitin and 100% of the chitosan in the films were degraded, but only 85% of the starch in the commercial film was degraded after six months of incubation. The weight of controls, (polyethylene films), remained mainly stable during the incubation period. Both PE-chitin and PE-chitosan films degraded at a higher rate than the commercial starch-based film in a soil environment indicating the potential use of chitin-based films for the manufacturing of biodegradable packaging materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067791
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective stresses – a clarification (1996)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 66 (1996), S. 479-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words: porous solid ; soil ; mechanics ; effective stress ; saturation ; averaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Although the phenomenon of effective stresses was known for a long time, the theoretical foundation has remained unsatisfactory until now. Due to new experimental and theoretical findings in the porous media theory, the concept of effective stresses will be reexamined. This is necessary for porous media such as concrete and rock which show at high pressure a significant deviation of the real effective stresses from those calculated with von Terzaghi’s concept due to the compressibility of the true material. A second feature of the present paper is the investigation of the effective stress “principle” in unsaturated porous media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00790180
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of mercury in soil standard reference material following microwave sample pretreatment (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: mercury ; soil ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; microwave digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several decomposition procedures and their influence on the determination of mercury by electrothermal (ET) and cold vapour (CV) atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) have been studied. Soil samples were decomposed by microwave digestion in closed and open vessels as well as by digestion under reflux according to German standard. The use of different acids (HNO3, HCl or aqua regia) was evaluated and compared in respect to their influence on the determination of mercury by ET AAS and CV AAS. The digestion solutions were analyzed by ET AAS with a palladium modifier and by CV AAS using SnCl2 or NaBH4, as reducing agents. The detection limits obtained with different procedures were also evaluated. For the soil containing 6.25 μg/g of Hg the ET AAS measurements were possible. In the case of lower concentration of mercury the CV AAS determination following the microwave digestion procedure with HCl or aqua regia is recommended. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was confirmed by the determination of total mercury in SRM 2711 Montana Soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244862
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slurry sampling for the rapid determination of cobalt, nickel and copper in soils and sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (1999)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 130 (1999), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: cobalt ; nickel ; copper ; soil ; sediment ; slurry ; electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrothermal atomic absorption procedures for the rapid determination of cobalt, nickel and copper in soil and sediment samples are presented. The samples are suspended in a hydrofluoric acid solution before being injected into the electrothermal atomizer. Prior mild heating in a microwave oven is recommended for nickel and copper determination. No modifier other than hydrofluoric acid is required. The conventional ashing step is unnecessary since the fast-heating programmes lead to well defined atomization profiles with low background levels that can be corrected using a common deuterium device. Calibration is performed directly using aqueous standards. The results obtained for six certified reference materials confirm the reliability of the procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242919
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extractive spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of nitrogen dioxide, nitrite, and nitrate (1996)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 124 (1996), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: nitrite ; nitrate ; nitrogen dioxide ; spectrophotometry ; copperized cadmium column ; N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride ; blood serum ; soil ; air ; exhaust gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen dioxide in air and nitrite and nitrate in water, soil and blood serum is described. Nitrogen dioxide in air is fixed as nitrite in a suitable trapping solution. The method is based on the diazo coupling reaction betweenp-nitroaniline andN-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamme dihydrochloride [NEDA]. The azo dye formed under aqueous conditions is extracted with isobutyl methyl ketone [IBMK]. The system obeys Beer's law over the range 0–3 μg of nitrite at 545 nm and the colour is stable for 3h. The molar absorptivity of the colour system is 5.7 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1. The relative standard deviation is 1.3% for ten determinations at 2 ug of nitrite. Nitrate is determined as nitrite after reduction on a cadmium column. Negative interferences from SO2, H2S, Cu2+ and Cr3+ and positive interference from Fe2+ and Fe3+ can be simply masked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244966
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific method for spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum in soil (1998)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 129 (1998), S. 265-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: molybdenum ; spectrophotometry ; solvent-extraction ; sodium borohydride ; thiocyanate ; surfactants ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new, simple and specific spectrophotometric method for the determination of Mo in the soil extracts is described. Mo(VI) is reduced to Mo(V) with sodium borohydride and allowed to react with SCN− ions in the presence of cationic and neutral surfactants e.g. CPC and TX-100 in the acidic aqueous solution. The molar absorptivity of the complex in both the aqueous, and toluene solutions is (2.30) × 104 1mol−1 cm−1 at absorption maximum, 460 nm. The extraction-procedure preconcentrated Mo at least 3-folds. the detection limit is 125ng Mo/g soil. The analytical variables of the method have been optimised and composition of the complex is proposed. None of the tested foreign ion interfered in the determination of Mo up to a large amount. An attempt for the removal of Fe-interference in the determination of Mo in soil extract has been described. The method has been found to be satisfactorily applicable for the determination of Mo in hot water leachates and acid digested soil solutions at lower ppm levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244750
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloud point extraction of napropamide and thiabendazole from water and soil (1994)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 113 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: micellar extraction ; fluorescence detection ; napropamide ; thiabendazole ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The micellar extraction and enrichment of napropamide and thiabendazole using Genapol X 80 is described. Combined with their quantification by fluorescence, detection limits below 0.2 μg/l with recovery rates of up to 95% were achieved. The recovery could be improved by lowering the extraction temperature and purificaton of the surfactants. This extraction method has been applied to the isolation and preconcentration of napropamide from standard soils. Experimental parameters affecting the recovery rates were examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243131
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preconcentration and voltammetric determination of the herbicide metamitron with a silica-modified carbon paste electrode (1997)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 127 (1997), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: metamitron ; pesticide ; adsorptive stripping voltammetry ; square wave voltammetry ; differential pulse voltammetry ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A carbon paste electrode incorporating silica (Si-MCPE) was fabricated to accumulate Metamitron at the electrode surface. Several electroanalytical techniques were used to explore its reductive behaviour. The results indicate that the system is irreversible and fundamentally controlled by adsorption. The adsorptive stripping response has been evaluated with respect to accumulation time, deposition potential, scan rate, pH and other variables, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) as redissolution techniques. In both cases a voltammetric peak is obtained, at −0.542 V (DPV) and −0.421 V (SWV) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 1.9). The detection limits were 3.66 × 10−1 M and 4.22 × 10−9 M for AdS-DPV and AdS-SWV, respectively. Under optimum conditions the Metamitron reduction peak gave two linear regions in the range from 4.0 × 10−9 M to 8.0 × 10−8 M by means of AdS-DPV, with a coefficient of variation of 2.19% (n = 10) for 1 × 10−8 M herbicide solution. A method was developed for determination of Metamitron in soils, with a recovery of 98.8% and a coefficient of variation of 5.26% (0.01 μg/g of soil).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242735
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of sorbed- and separate-phase chemicals (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 4 (1993), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; biodegradation ; sorption ; oil ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695116
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of210Pb in soils (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 13 (1995), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: 210Pb ; 137Cs ; soil ; model-simulation ; migration ; mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The γspectroscopic measurement of soil samples is described.210Pb data from a soil survey in western-Europe are briefly reviewed. The average210Pb flux from the atmosphere, as determined from210Pb exc soil inventories, is 90 Bq m−2a−1. A simple one-dimensional box-chain model is described. The model simulates the vertical, post depositional transport of natural and fall-out radionuclides in the soil. Simulation of measured210Pb exc ,134Cs,137Cs, and241Am soil profiles shows that mixing (bioturbation) is a very efficient transport mechanism. Lead seems to be strongly fixed to organic and clay particles. It is transported by the displacement of the organic and clay carrier substances. The mean residence time of lead, caesium, plutonium and americium in organic rich forest soils is in the order of 250–1000 years. An applicability study in investigate the use of210Pb in erosion problems showed erosion rates from 60–180 g m−2a−1 on organic rich forest and meadow sites with 10°–25° slopes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678104
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  • 16
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    Rapid elemental analysis of sediment samples by isotope source XRF (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 23 (2000), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: geochemistry ; heavy metals ; palaeolimnology ; sediment ; soil ; X-ray fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Energy dispersive isotope-source X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysers are little used in academic environmental research, in spite of being ideally suited to a number of tasks. In this paper an XRF method is tested by measuring a wide range of environmental materials of known elemental composition. Precision, accuracy and detection limits are presented. Using isotope-source X-ray fluorescence analysis, the total concentrations of Si, Ti, Ca, K, Fe, Mn, Cl, S, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Zn and Zr can be determined in soils and sediments at a rate of 〉70 samples per day. The combination of speed and accuracy makes the technique ideal for three classes of application within environmental research. First, in sediments and soils that are highly heterogeneous, reliable characterisation is more dependent upon the number of samples measured than on measurement precision or accuracy. Under these circumstances the method is sufficiently accurate to be used alone. This is also the case where there is high and wide ranging contamination of sediment or soil by Pb and Zn. Second, major elements (Si, Ti, Fe, Ca, K and S) can be measured with sufficient accuracy in sediments and soils to aid the interpretation of other sediment chemical analyses. Third, the technique is ideal for the rapid screening of sediment or soil, allowing effective targeting of samples for more time consuming or expensive analyses. The XRF method presented here offers rapid, non-destructive total elemental analysis of sediments and soils that is sufficiently accurate to be useful in environmental research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008053503694
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  • 17
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    Keratinophilic fungi isolated from soils of Mumbai, India (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 115-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: India ; keratinophilic fungi ; Mumbai ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighty-seven soil samples were collected from various areas of Mumbai and its vicinity to determine the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi. From the 55 positive samples (63.21%), a total of four genera with nine species were isolated viz. Chrysosporium indicum (28.73%),C. lobatum (2.29 %), C. sp.I (1.14%), C. sp. II (1.14%),C. tropicum (1.14%),C. zonatum (2.29%),Ctenomyces serratus (2.29%) Malbranchea aurantiaca (2.29%) and Microsporum gypseum complex (21.83%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007039014286
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  • 18
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    Field ecology of the ochratoxin A-producing Penicillium verrucosum: Survival and resource colonisation in soil (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 147 (1999), S. 67-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Grain ; mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium verrucosum ; soil ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to elucidate the survival of P. verrucosum in infested bulk soil(T1) and infested soil with waste grain (T2). The infested soil and reference soil (T3) was filled into steel cylinders, which were buried and sampled 13 times during a period from October 1994 to March 1996.The abundance of P. verrucosum and indigenous soil fungi were assessed by dilution plating on a selective and diagnostic medium (DYSG). Kernel infection was examined in T2. According to our results, P. verrucosum seems well adapted to survival in arable soil and little affected by indigenous fungi. During the first autumn and winter the grain caused a proliferation of P. verrucosum while its abundance in bulk soil was more constant except for a decrease in February 95, which is ascribed to frost/thaw alternations. In T2, P. verrucosum initially infected more than 50% of the kernels but during the first few months it was ousted by other fungi. A hypothesis regarding waste grain as the natural niche for the fungus in the field was therefore partly rejected. A gradual decrease in the abundance of P. verrucosum in soil during spring, a die-off in the dry summer and aproliferation during the second winter were found in both T1 and T2. Our results cannot provide the reason for the increase during the second winter. On an overall basis, however, they show that P. verrucosum can survive in the field, proliferate on soil organic matter and probably become an integral part of the soil ecosystem. This may constitute a risk of grain contamination when given appropriate environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007003106343
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  • 19
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    Comparison of four media for the isolation ofAspergillus flavus group fungi (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxins ; Aspergillus parasiticus ; Aspergillus tamarii ; Aspergillus nomius ; soil ; fungal populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four agar media used to isolate aflatoxin producing fungi were compared for utility in isolating fungi in theAspergillus flavus group from agricultural soils collected in 15 fields and four states in the southern United States. The four media wereAspergillus flavus andparasiticus Agar (AFPA, 14), the rose bengal agar described by Bell and Crawford (BCRB; 3), a modified rose bengal agar (M-RB), and Czapek's-Dox Agar supplemented with the antibiotics in BC-RB (CZ-RB). M-RB was the most useful for studying the population biology of this group because it permitted both identification of the greatest number ofA. flavus group strains and growth of the fewest competing fungi. M-RB supported an average of 12% moreA. flavus group colonies than the original rose bengal medium while reducing the number of mucorales colonies and the number of total fungi by 99% and 70%, respectively. M-RB was successfully employed to isolate all three aflatoxin producing species,A. flavus, A. parasiticus andA. nomius, and both the S and L strains ofA. flavus. M-RB is a defined medium without complex nitrogen and carbon sources (e.g. peptone and yeast extract) present in BC-RB. M-RB should be useful for studies on the population biology of theA. flavus group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01146521
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  • 20
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    Some results of nitrogen simulations with the model ANIMO (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Winter wheat ; nitrogen ; uptake ; simulation ; model ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of the nitrogen behavior in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat was performed using the model ANIMO. As input for the model ANIMO simulations of the hydrological conditions in the soil crop ecosystem were executed with the model SWATRE. Compared with measured data the simulation of nitrogen uptake by the crop was satisfactory. The simulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil agreed reasonably well with measured data for one of the experiments used for the analysis. The agreement was less for experiments with additional fertilizer applications in May and June.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051127
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    An evaluation of the immiscible displacement method for studying the reaction between soil and phosphate (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 423-433 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods ; phophate fertilization ; reaction rate ; soil ; variable charge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between soil and phosphate was studied using a method in which a sample of the soil solution was displaced by centrifuging moist soil with a dense, immiscible organic liquid. The soil solution floats on the organic liquid and can be removed for analysis. Phosphate concentrations in the soil solution so displaced were lower than those estimated by the null-point method using 0.01M calcium chloride. The differences were shown to be closely associated with the lower calcium concentration of the soil solution. Adsorption from solutions of monovalent phosphate salts was accompanied by accumulation of cations in the soil solution. It was argued that this occurred because the average charge conveyed to the adsorbing surfaces was less than unity. Calculated values were between 0.90 and 0.96. The remainder of the charge was balanced by release of hydroxide ions and small increases in pH were observed. The immiscible displacement method appeared to be potentially valuable for many studies of the reaction between chemicals and soil. Its main disadvantage is that the volume of solution available for analysis is small and this places limits on the sensitivity.
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    Use of15N for fertilizer N recovery and N mineralization studies in semi-arid Kenya (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 123-128 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; mineralization ; nitrogen-15 ; soil ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize and beans were grown on a ferralsol at Kiboko, Kenya, with up to 120 kg N ha−1. Within the 10 kg N ha−1 plots,15N labelled fertilizer was applied in microplots. There was no significant response in yield to fertilizer N and labelled N recovery was low, being 7.5% or less in one season and 17.7% or less in the second season. Samples of Kiboko soil at four different water contents were incubated and the rate of gross N mineralization over 7 days was calculated, utilizing15N labelling of the mineral N. Gross N mineralization increased greatly with soil moisture and a fitted relationship between gross N mineralization rate and soil water content was obtained. Using measurements of soil water content at the field site, daily values of the soil N supply by gross mineralization were calculated. On average, modelled gross soil N mineralized could supply much (〉 69%) of the N removed from the plots. It is suggested that the lack of response to fertilizer N may be explained by the coincidence of a high rate of N mineralization, and increased crop demand, caused by the onset of rain.
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    Effect of climate on the recovery in crop and soil of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 209-215 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: climate ; fertilizer recovery ; 15N fertilizer ; precipitation-evaporation quotient ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data was assembled from experiments on the fate of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (Triticum spp.) grown in different parts of the world. These data were then ranked according to the annual precipitation-evaporation quotient for each experimental location calculated from the average long-term values of precipitation and potential evaporation. Percentage recovery of15N fertilizer in crop and soil varied with location in accordance with the precipitation-evaporation quotient. In humid environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the crop than in the soil, while in dry environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the soil than in the crop. Irrespective of climatic differences between locations 20% (on average) of the15N fertilizer applied to wheat crops was unaccounted for at harvest. Most of the15N fertilizer remaining in the soil was found in the 0–30 cm layer. The most likely explanation of these differences is that wheat grown in dry environments has a greater root:shoot ratio than wheat grown in humid environments and, further, that the residue of dryland crops have higher C/N ratios. Both factors could contribute to the greater recovery of15N fertilizer in the soil in dry environments than in humid ones.
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    Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils (1996)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 53-70 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop ; emission ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nitrous oxide ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This analysis is based on published measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from fertilized and unfertilized fields. Data was selected in order to evaluate the importance of factors that regulate N2O production, including soil conditions, type of crop, nitrogen (N) fertilizer type and soil and crop management. Reported N2O losses from anhydrous ammonia and organic N fertilizers or combinations of organic and synthetic N fertilizers are higher than those for other types of N fertilizer. However, the range of management and environmental conditions represented by the data set is inadequate for use in estimating emission factors for each fertilizer type. The data are appropriate for estimating the order of magnitude of emissions. The longer the period over which measurements are made, the higher the fertilizer-induced emission. Therefore, a simple equation to relate the total annual direct N2O−N emission (E) from fertilized fields to the N fertilizer applied (F), was based on the measurements covering periods of one year: E=1+1.25×F, with E and F in kg N ha-1 yr-1. This relationship is independent of the type of fertilizer. Although the above regression equation includes considerable uncertainty, it may be appropriate for global estimates.
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    The development of a hydrological classification of UK soils and the inherent scale changes. (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: HOST ; hydrology ; soil ; pedotransfer ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although soil is of major importance in influencing river hydrology, there is often a lack of soil hydrological data available to quantify the ameliorating effects of soil on steam flow. The HOST classification (Hydrology of Soil Types) was developed using pedotransfer rules and functions to derive a set of semi-quantified soil attributes from existing soil morphological information as surrogates for the missing hydraulic data. The rules were applied to the soil horizon information and were scaled to the catchment level through the known relationships between soil horizons and soil taxonomic units and between soil taxonomic units and 1:250 000 scale soil map units. The resulting classification, however, is not scale-specific and is capable of predicting river flow indices at the catchment scale (r2 = 0.79) and of predicting the dominant pathways of water movement through individual soil profiles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009765000837
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    Applications of poultry litter and triple superphosphate fertilizer to a sandy soil: effects on soil phosphorus status and profile distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 233-242 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leaching ; phosphorus ; poultry litter ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine P loadings, added through poultry litter, sufficient to cause downward movement of P from the cultivated layer of a sandy soil, six rates of poultry litter were applied annually for four years to a site in central England. (total loading 0 – 1119 kg P ha-1). A single extra plot also received an extra 1000 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate (TSP; total loading 2119 kg P ha-1) and three other treatments received 200 – 800 kg ha-1 P as TSP only. Annual soil sampling in 30-cm increments to 1.5-m depth provided information on P build-up in the topsoil and P movement to depth. There were strong linear trends between P balance (P applied – P removed in crops) and total P, Olsen bicarbonate extractable P and water-soluble P in the topsoil. Phosphorus from TSP and poultry litter fell on the same regression lines, suggesting that both would be equally effective as fertilizer sources. We calculated that 100 kg ha-1 surplus total P would increase the Olsen extractable P content by c. 6 mg kg-1 and the water-soluble P by c. 5 mg kg-1. Thus, relatively large amounts of P would need to be applied to raise soil P status. We found some evidence of P movement into the soil layers immediately below cultivation depth. However, neither soil sampling nor soil solution extracted through Teflon water samplers showed evidence of movement into the deep subsoil (1 m) despite large P loadings.
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    A discussion of the methods for measuring the rate of reaction between soil and phosphate (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 51-61 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods ; phosphate adsorption ; phosphate fertilization ; reaction rate ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two approaches have been used in measuring the rate of reaction between soil and phosphate. In one, a large volume of solution has been mixed with a small weight of soil; in the other, the volume of phosphate solution has been limited to that needed to moisten the soil to its field moisture content. Using a small volume of solution requires special techniques to measure the concentration in solution but has the advantage that the amount of phosphate in solution is small. As a result the amount adsorbed does not increase much after the first few minutes. Mathematical functions can then be used directly to relate the change in concentration to time. Using a large volume makes measurement of concentration easy but poses mathematical problems because both the concentration in solution and the amount adsorbed change simultaneously. It is not acceptable to relate concetration (or adsorption) to time without taking this into account. Published evidence indicates that differences between soils in the rate of reaction reflect differences in the kind of adsorbing surfaces present rather than merely differences in the amount of adsorbing surface.
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    Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: A management model that makes the best use of limited information (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 305-312 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; modelling ; management ; winter wheat ; soil ; crop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model that simulates changes in mineral N in the soil and N uptake by crops has been adapted to require as little detailed information as possible so that it is useful as an aid to management. The adapted model, which was developed in the UK, was tested against data from six experiments on winter wheat in the Netherlands. It proved reasonably successful in simulating the amounts of mineral N found in the soil in early spring and the changes that resulted from applying small amounts of fertilizer N in February. It was much less successful in simulating the effects of later, larger applications of N, mainly because the mineral N measured in the soil did not seem to respond to these applications. The uptake of N by the crops and their production of dry matter were simulated very well in some cases and rather less so in others.
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    15N isotope dilution techniques to study soil nitrogen transformations and plant uptake (1995)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of15N as a tracer in soil/plant research is examined. The limitations of the so-called Ndff approach are discussed to show the need to consider not just the fate of the added label but also the path that was followed and the rate of the transformation. The development of15N isotope dilution techniques to determine gross rates of nitrogen transformation in soil is reviewed with some indications as to the further development of the approach.
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    Effect of phosphate on the sorption, desorption and plant-availability of selenium in soil (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 189-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
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    Keratinophilic fungi isolated from antarctic soil (1989)
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    Mycopathologia 106 (1989), S. 47-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: keratinophilic fungi ; soil ; antarctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study, 10 soil samples were collected aseptically from an equal number of areas of the Antarctic in the zone occupied by the 1986–1987 Italian expedition for research on keratinophilic fungi. Of particular interest was the isolation of a pathogenic fungus, Microsporum gypseum, from two sites in the base camp occupied by men and by skuas. Trichophyton terrestre was isolated from a site in which people worked and through which penguins and skuas passed. The most widespread fungal species were members of the genus Chrysosporium. Some of these species were isolated but not identified and this part of the study was still be completed. Another significant finding was the absence of fungi in one sample, while in another the widespread and abundant growth in all the seeded dishes of a single species of Chrysosporium. Other species in genera of general diffusion in many environments were also isolated : Aspergillus spp., Malbranchea sp., Mycelia sterilia spp., Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium spp. and Scopulariopsis spp.
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    Powdered elemental sulphur: oxidation rate, temperature dependence and modelling (1996)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 19-28 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; model ; oxidation rate ; particle size distribution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Finely-powdered elemental sulphur is a useful source of fertilizer S, being readily oxidizable in soil to plant-available sulphate yet possessing some slow release characteristics. Two mesh sizes were evaluated using four soils from northeast Scotland. Particle size analysis found that the 120 and 300 mesh S samples had specific surface areas of 1300 and 1940 cm2 g−1, respectively, with most of the surface area in particles of 10 – 20 µm diameter. The S oxidation rate was similar in all four soils but was greater for the 300 mesh than for the 120 mesh S: mean values of 51% and 18% were oxidized over 7 weeks at 14 °C, respectively. The time course of oxidation followed a sigmoidal pattern with a pronounced lag which was modelled using the logistic equation. Maximum specific oxidation rates were 11–28 µg S cm−2 day−2 for the 300 mesh S at 14 °C. These were significantly slower at 7 °C and the temperature response was calculated as a Q10 of 4.0. A model of seasonal S oxidation was developed using a cosine function for the annual temperature, the Arrhenius equation to relate S oxidation rate to temperature and a generalization of the logistic equation to describe the time course of S oxidation. Simulations showed that the 300 mesh S would be useful for spring S applications in east Scotland and if applied in autumn could supply S during the autumn and again in the spring. The 120 mesh S would be less effective in autumn but more resistant to winter leaching. The 120 mesh S applied to the warmer soils of southwest England would behave the same as 300 mesh S applied in east Scotland.
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    The effect of agriculture on methane oxidation in soil (1997)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 59-70 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: land use ; methane ; nitrogen fertilizer ; oxidation ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic soils are an important sink for methane (CH4) contributing up to 15% of annual global CH4 destruction. However, the sink strength is significantly affected by land management, nitrogen (N) fertilizers and acidity. We tested these effects on samples taken from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat, Park Grass permanent grassland and Broadbalk and Geescroft Wilderness experiments at Rothamsted. The rates of uptake from the atmosphere of both enhanced (10 ppmv) and ambient (2 ppmv) concentrations of CH4 were measured in laboratory incubations of soil cores under controlled conditions. The most rapid rates of uptake were measured in soil from deciduous woodland at pH 7 (measured in water); acidic (pH 4) woodland soil showed no net CH4 oxidation. While disturbance of the cores used in the experiments did not affect the rate of CH4 uptake, extended (150 years) cultivation of land for arable crops reduced uptake rate by 85% compared to that in the soil under calcareous woodland. The long-term application of ammonium- (NH4) based fertilizer, but not nitrate- (NO3) based fertilizer, completely inhibited CH4 uptake, but the application for the same period of farmyard manure that contained more N than the fertilizer had no inhibitory effect. Although the effects of agricultural practice on the oxidation of CH4 in soil are significant, the differences in oxidation rates between land use types are even greater. The likely effects of forest clearance, agricultural intensification and anthropogenic emissions of CH4 over the last 2500 years have been estimated for the United Kingdom. The calculations indicate that 54% of the current CH4 uptake by UK soils is the result of increased CH4 mixing ratio. They also indicate that land use change has decreased the potential sink strength by 62% or 37 kt CH4 g-1. In countries with much larger land areas than the UK, such as China, aerobic soil is likely to be a more significant factor in calculating net fluxes of CH4. It is important that the impacts of different agricultural managements and land use systems are understood and quantified so that the best possible estimate of CH4 sinks is calculated for comparison with sources.
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    Upscaling a simple erosion model from small areas to a large region (1998)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 143-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: upscaling ; regionalization ; soil ; erosion ; land use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Upscaling from a catchment scale to a regional scale is generally rendered difficult by the lack of relevant and precise data at the larger scale. In this case, a winter rill erosion hazard map was produced for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region using a linear regression erosion model originally designed for the catchment scale. Upscaling entailed adapting and applying the model at the county scale for all of the counties within the region. In upscaling the model, the difficulties associated with the nature of the data were dealt with in three stages: (1) the modification of the model for the county scale as a function of the nature of the data available, (2) an analysis of the influence of the spatial distribution of the data, (3) an analysis of the effect of the loss in precision of the data on the model output. Reference areas were used to verify the accuracy of the upscaling process before applying it to all of the counties in the region. In this case, the most significant limitation was the spatial coverage of the data: the basic administrative unit for which data is collected is the county, and it does not correspond to the erosion process scale which is the catchment. Defining erosion risk in terms of hazard categories rather than estimated erosion rates overcomes this difficulty to some extent. The use of reference areas provides several advantages in an upscaling procedure: these are mainly related to minimizing data collection and obtaining a reliable estimate of the accuracy of the predicted output.
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    Effect of potting mix texture on farm tree seedling survival in heavy soils (1993)
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 75-78 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: potting mix ; tree seedling ; survival ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The importance of compatibility of potting mix and soil type for increasing the survival of tree seedlings planted in heavy soils is indicated by the results of this preliminary trial.
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    Distribution of clinically important thermophilic actinomycetes in vegetable substrates and soil in north-western India (1989)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 56 (1989), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: thermophilic actmonycetes in India ; Faenia rectivirgula ; Thermoactinomyces spp. ; Saccharomonospora viridis ; hay ; compost ; bagasse ; soil ; straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Medically important thermophilic actinomycetes were isolated from 218 (64%) of 341 samples of vegetable substrates and soil examined from sites in north-western India. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (T. candidus) was the commonest species, occurring in 56% of samples, followed by Saccharomonospora viridis in 29%, Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus in 27%, Faenia rectivirgula (Micropolyspora faeni) in 21% and Thermoactinomyces sacchari in 14%. T. vulgaris and T. thalpophilus were isolated from all types of substrate examined, with T. vulgaris always more common than T. thalpophilus. Of the other thermophilic actinomycetes, F. rectivirgula was isolated predominantly from hay (44%) and S. viridis (56%) and T. sacchari (44%) from sugarcane bagasse. The largest populations of T. vulgaris and T. thalpophilus were found in paddy straw, followed by T. sacchari, S. viridis and F. rectivirgula in sugar-cane bagasse. The widespread occurrence of these clinically important thermophilic actinomycetes suggests that exposure of humans and animals to them may be frequent in north-western India. Studies are required to determine the prevalence of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) caused by thermophilic actinomycetes in the local population.
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    Biodegradation of rubber particles in soil (1996)
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    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 329-333 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; modelling ; rubber ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of rubber particles in rubber-soil mixtures at different rubber contents was monitored by the carbon dioxide production. The cumulative carbon dioxide production was modelled according to a two parameter exponential function. The model provides an excellent fit (R2〉0.98) for the observed data. The two parameters yield a reliable estimate of the half-life for the process observed, but estimation of the true half-life of rubber in soil will need more research.
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    Effect of concentration and environmental form of tetradecenyl succinic acid on its mineralization in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 377-382 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; builders ; detergents ; kinetics ; mineralization ; sewage sludge ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tetradecenyl succinic acid (TSA) is the major component of a detergent builder (C12-C14 alkenyl succinic acid), which is inherently biodegradable. 14C-TSA was dosed as a component of sewage sludge into a soil with a history of sludge amendment at final added concentrations of 1.5 and 30 mg (kg soil)-1. In addition, it was dosed to the soil in an aqueous solution to a final added concentration of 30 mg (kg soil)-1. Dose and form were found to have a pronouced effect on the mineralization kinetics. When dosed in a realistic form and concentration (i.e. 1.5 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge), TSA was mineralized at its highest rate and to its greatest extent, and the mineralization half-life was 2.4 days. When dosed at 30 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge, mineralization began immediately, and the half-life was 23 days. In contrast, when dosed at this concentration in aqueous solution, the onset of mineralization was preceded by a 13 day lag period and the mineralization half-life was 69 days. Primary biodegradation and mineralization rates of TSA were very similar. Approximately, half the radioactivity was evolved as 14CO2, while the remaining radioactivity became non-extractable, having presumably been incorporated into biomass or natural soil organic matter (humics). This study demonstrated that TSA is effectively removed from sludge-amended soils as a result of biodegradation. Furthermore, it showed the effect that dose form and concentration have on the biodegradation kinetics and the importance of dosing a chemical not only at a relevant concentration but also in the environmental form in which it enters the soil environment.
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    Introduction and PCR detection of Desulfomonile tiedjei in soil slurry microcosms (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Desulfomonile tiedjei ; soil ; PCR ; reductive dechlorination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to test the feasibility ofintroducing an anaerobic microbial reductivedechlorination activity into non sterile soil slurrymicrocosms by inoculation with the pure anaerobicbacterial strain Desulfomonile tiedjei, which iscapable of dechlorinating 3-chlorobenzoate tobenzoate. To show that the bacterium was establishedin the microcosms we followed the expression of thereductive dechlorination activity and a molecularprobe based on PCR amplification of the 16S rDNA genewas developed. However, the success of PCRamplification of the 16S rDNA gene depends on the DNAextraction and purification methodologies applied, asshown through the use of several protocols. In thisstudy we report a DNA extraction and purificationmethod which generates sufficient and very clean DNAsuitable for PCR amplification of the D. tiedjei16S rDNA gene. The threshold of detection was about5.103 bacteria per gram of soil slurry.Introduction of D. tiedjei in soil slurrymicrocosms proved successful since 3-chlorobenzoatedechlorination activity was established with thisbacterium in microcosms normally devoid of thisdechlorination capacity. Indeed, the addition of D. tiedjei to microcosms supplemented with acetateplus formate as cosubstrate, at their respectiveconcentrations of 5 and 6 mM, led to a totalbiotransformation of 2.5 mM of 3-chlorobenzoate within12 days. After complete 3-chlorobenzoatedechlorination, the 16S rDNA gene of this bacteriumwas specifically detected only in the inoculatedmicrocosms as shown by PCR amplification followed byrestriction mapping confirmation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008262426800
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    Biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol by indigenous microbial populations in Everglades soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 349-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; bioremediation ; acclimation ; Everglades ; mineralization ; nitrophenol ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Everglades in South Florida are a unique ecologicalsystem. As a result of the widespread use of pesticides andherbicides in agricultural areas upstream from these wetlands,there is a serious potential for pollution problems in theEverglades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate theability of indigenous microbial populations to degradexenobiotic organic compounds introduced by agricultural andother activities. Such biodegradation may facilitate theremediation of contaminated soils and water in the Everglades.The model compound selected in this study is 4-nitrophenol, achemical commonly used in the manufacture of pesticides. Themineralization of 4-nitrophenol at various concentrations wasstudied in soils collected from the Everglades. Atconcentrations of 10 and 100 µg/g soil, considerablemineralization occurred within a week. At a higherconcentration, i.e., 10 mg/g soil, however, no mineralizationof 4-nitrophenol occurred over a 4-month period; such a highconcentration apparently produced an inhibitory effect. Therate and extent of 4-nitrophenol mineralization was enhancedon inoculation with previously isolated nitrophenol-degradingmicroorganisms. The maximum mineralization extent measured,however, was less than 30% suggesting conversion to biomassand/or unidentified intermediate products. These resultsindicate the potential for natural mechanisms to mitigate theadverse effects of xenobiotic pollutants in a complex systemsuch as the Everglades.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008285717595
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    Land-use changes in Illinois, ASA: The influence of landscape attributes on current and historic land use (1988)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 2 (1988), S. 45-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Illinois ; geographic information system ; landscape ecology ; soil ; land use ; presettlement ; vegetation ; land-use change ; fractal dimension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Illinois Geographic Information System was used to compare the soil and landscape attributes of the State with its historic vegetation, current land use, and patterns of land-use change over the past 160 years. Patch structural characteristics among land types in four geographic zones were also compared. The assessment of patch characteristics revealed a highly modified State with most land patches controlled by human influences and relatively few by topographic and hydrologic features. Correlation and regression analyses determined the relationships of land type and abundance within each of 50 general soil associations to properties of the soil associations - typically slope, texture, organic matter, productivity index, and available waterholding capacity. The distribution of the historic vegetation of the State and its current deciduous forests and nonforested wetlands related moderately (r2 ≥ 0.44) to various landscape attributes. Urban and other highly modified land types were less closely related.
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    Soil development in the coastal dunes and its relation to climate (1991)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 6 (1991), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: soil ; dune ; climate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Freely drained soils in humid climates are marked by rather rapid leaching, acidification and, eventually, podzolisation, because of of the high permeability and low acid buffering capacity of the sands. In cooler climates podzols may develop within a few centuries, whereas in warmer or less humid climates podzols require several milennia or longer periods to form. In dry climates soils contain little organic matter. Clay and soluble soil components accumulate and soil salinity may be high due to salt spray. If drainage is poor, organic matter tends to accumulate and in cooler climates peat formation becomes prominent. Soil salinity increases with increasing aridity. Effects of climatic changes can only be predicted in qualitative terms and concern changes in the pedogenic trends and in the rates of the processes described. It is suggested to execute comparative studies of well-dated soils in different climatic zones in order to quantify these effects.
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    Availability of phosphorus and sulfur of insecticide origin by fungi (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: fungi ; organophosphate insecticides ; phosphorus mineralization ; sulfur mineralization ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen fungal species isolated from soil treated with pesticides were tested for their ability to mineralize and degrade three organophosphate insecticides currently used in Egypt (Cyolan®, Malathion® and Dursban®) in liquid media free from phosporus (P) and sulfur (S). All fungal species grew successfully on the culture media treated with the three used doses of insecticides (10, 50 and 100 ppm active ingredient) but the growth rate varied with the species, the insecticide and the doses. At 10 ppm level, insecticide degradation expressed in term of organic P mineralization (calculated as % of applied P) was the highest with all fungi tested. Organic P mineralization from pesticides was decreased by increasing the dose used to 50 and 100 ppm. The highest amount of P mineralized was observed with Cyolan® followed by Malathion® whilst P mineralization from Dursban® proceeded very slowly. Aspergillus terreus showed the greatest potential to mineralize organic P followed by A. tamarii, A. niger, Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium brevicompactum whilst the remaining fungi only moderately mineralized the organic P component of the insecticides tested. Organic sulfur mineralization by the used fungal species paralleled, to some extent, organic P mineralization. The extracellular protein content of culture filtrates in the presence of various doses of insecticides was also decreased by increasing insecticide concentrations. The extracellular protein was significantly correlated with P and S mineralization (r = 0.89** and 0.64**, respectively) whilst correlation with cell dry mass was not significant (r = 0.03 and 0.003) suggesting a direct relationship between pesticide degradation and microbial protein production. The addition of P or S to the growth media enhanced extracellular protein excretion, and increased organic P and S mineralization by the most potent species tested (A. niger, A. tamarii, A. terreus and T. harzianum). This increment was significant in most cases, especially at the higher application rates. The relationship between extracellular protein excretion and organic P and S mineralization from insecticides was highly significant with the addition of inorganic phosphorus (r = 0.96** and 0.83**, respectively) or sulfur (r = 0.85** and 0.89**, respectively) to the growth media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008310909262
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    Soil and congenital malformations (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 104-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Abnormalities ; trace metals ; soil ; geology ; geography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940361
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    Effect of snow and soil frost melting on the concentrations of suspended solids and phosphorus in two rural watersheds in Western Finland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Particles ; phosphorus ; watersheds ; snow ; frost ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrological processes are known to have a considerable effect on nutrient transport from agricultural land to watercourses. In cold temperate regions peak discharges are caused not only by storm conditions but also by melting of snow and frost. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of snow and frost melt on concentrations of phosphorus and suspended solids. The samples were taken using flowweighted automatic sampling techniques from two agricultural drainage basins. During the beginning of the snowmelt period the concentration of suspended solids was rather low by comparison with the total phosphorus concentration and the discharge. The different behaviour compared with the relationships found during storm conditions was probably caused by continuous extraction of the soil surface by low ionic concentration melt water, and to some extent by leaching from plant residues. The gradual decrease of total phosphorus concentration during the frost thawing period could be attributed to the gradually increasing proportion of the subsurface and ground water discharge in the runoff.
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    The scientific basis for the production of quality wines (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 857-860 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Wine quality ; soil ; climate ; vine culture ; enology ; malolactic fermentation ; genetic selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941762
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    Characterization of natural populations of Nitrobacter spp. using PCR/RFLP analysis of the ribosomal intergenic spacer (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter ; Nitrification ; Natural population ; soil ; freshwater ; sediments ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Intergenic spacer ; ribosomal RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA sequences from the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the ribosomal operon were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using two primers derived from 16S and 23S rRNA conserved sequences. The PCR products, cleaved by 4 base cutting restriction enzymes, were used to differentiate Nitrobacter strains. This method offered a convenient alternative to serological testing for characterization of Nitrobacter isolates and enabled a large number of strains to be genotypically characterized easily and rapidly. This method was successfully used to characterize natural populations of Nitrobacter from various soils and a lake. A diversity was demonstrated in various soils, and in a lake both in freshwater and in sediments. Strains closely related to both WL and LL were found in these eco-systems. It seems that the diversity of Nitrobacter populations was not associated with global environments but may be related to the presence of locally coexisting niches.
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    Environmental applications of immobilized microbial cells: A review (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 79-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: alginate ; bacteria ; biodegradation ; bioremediation ; κ-carrageenan ; encapsulation ; immobilization ; microorganisms ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Immobilized microbial cells have been used extensively in various industrial and scientific endeavours. However, immobilized cells have not been used widely for environmental applications. This review examines many of the scientific and technical aspects involved in using immobilized microbial cells in environmental applications, with a particular focus on cells encapsulated in biopolymer gels. Some advantages and limitations of using immobilized cells in bioreactor studies are also discussed.
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    Thermo-IR-spectroscopy study of the adsorption of terbuthylazine by soil from the Jezreel Valley (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 215-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: adsorption ; herbicide ; IR-spectroscopy ; montmorillonite ; soil ; s-triazine ; terbuthylazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption of the herbicide terbuthylazine by a soil from the Jezreel Valley was investigated by thermo-IR-spectroscopy. The adsorption took place mainly by the clay mineral montmorillonite. The adsorbed molecule was hydrogen bonded via the aniline groups to water molecules which were coordinated to the exchangeable metallic cations. When the sample was thermally treated at 115°C interlayer water was evolved, part of the herbicide decomposed and the other part became directly coordinated to the exchangeable metallic cations. The decomposition product contained a CO group.
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    Pinus radiata site quality study in the Basque Country (Spain) using nutritional and physiographical criteria (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1275-1280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; nutrient ; needle ; soil ; principal component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient status in Pinus radiata sites in the Basque Country (Spain) have been established. Current-year, 1-year-old needles, and soil samples were collected in 7 sites. Needle samples were analyzed for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Soil samples were analyzed for pH (H2O), N, P, Ca, Mg, K and aluminium (Al). The results indicate differences between sites and needles of different ages. In general, nutrient concentrations in needles are sufficient for the nutritive requirements, but some low concentrations of Mg and P found in 1-year-old needles, indicate that some trees may show signs of deficiency in the near future. In turn, N concentrations are, in many cases, higher than those usually found in this species and may originate growth disorders. These concentrations may be related to NO3 − and NH4 + deposition. Soil nutrients are sufficient for trees requirements, but the levels of K and Mg are low. Soil pH values are not very acid, and the value of the Ca/Al ratio is, in general, near 1. An arrangement of sites and physiographical and nutritional parameters based on correlation and principal component analysis is also presented.
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    Stress-strain analysis of geogrid-supported liners over subsurface cavities (1994)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 12 (1994), S. 65-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Arching ; cavity ; finite element ; geogrids ; liners ; reinforcement ; soil ; strain ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the magnitude of tensile strains imposed on landfill liners due to the formation of subsurface cavities. The study incorporated the significance of using geogrids to reduce the magnitude of strains and possibly the potential for collapse of landfill liners. Variations of key parameters included depth of overburden (D) and diameter of the cavity (B). Estimated stress distributions were compared to theoretical values obtained from a model reported in the literature. Results indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the critical area based on the mechanics of arching was above the edge of the cavity where stress concentration occurred. Incorporation of geogrid reinforcement reduced the magnitude of tensile strains. The tensile force in the geogrid was dependent upon the size of the cavity, the depth of the overburden, and the applied pressure.
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    Microbial decomposition of ferulic acid in soil (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 41-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: ferulic acid metabolism ; vanillic acid ; soil ; microorganisms ; Rhodotorula rubra ; Cephalosporium curtipes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The suppression of plant growth by different phenolic acids is well known. This work was designed to determine if ferulic acid, a known phenolic inhibitor of plant growth, accumulates in the soil and if soil microorganisms could be isolated that metabolize it. Over 99% of the extractable ferulic acid was lost from decaying hackberry leaves in 300 days. During this time the amount in the top 15 cm of soil remained fairly constant at about 30 ppm, except for the March sample which was significantly higher than the rest. Addition of ferulic acid to soil caused an increase in CO2 evolution and in numbers of a select group of microorganisms.Rhodotorula rubra andCepnalosporium curtipes, which actively metabolize ferulic acid, were isolated, but the metabolic pathways employed appear to be different from the reported one. The reported pathway for ferulic acid breakdown is ferulic acid to vanillic acid to protocatechuic acid to β-keto-adipic acid.Rhodotorula Rubra was found to convert ferulic acid to vanillic acid, but no evidence was found for utilization of the rest of the pathway.Cephalosporium curtipes appears to use a different pathway or to metabolize intermediate compounds rapidly without accumulating them, because no phenolic compounds were found during the breakdown of ferulic acid. The presence in the soil of microorganisms that metabolize ferulic acid and other phenolic acids is ecologically significant because such organisms prevent long-term accumulations of these substances, which are toxic to many other microorganisms and higher plants.
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    Release of allelochemical agents from litter, throughfall, and topsoil in plantations ofEucalyptus globulus Labill in Spain (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 147-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eucalyptus globulus ; allelopathy ; Lactuca sativa ; natural leachates ; soil ; litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Natural leachates ofEucalyptus globulus (throughfall, stemflow, and soil percolates) were collected daily during rainy spells in the vegetative period (February–July), and their effects on the germination and radicle growth ofLactuca sativa were measured. Concurrently, the effects ofL. sativa of topsoil and leachates from decaying litter were determined. The results suggest that toxic allelochemicals released byEucalyptus globulus may influence the composition and structure of the understory of the plantation and that this effect is attributable mainly to the decomposition products of decaying litter rather than to aerial leachates. The soil may neutralize or dilute allelopathic agents, at least below the top few cms.
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    Are Laboratory Bioassays for Allelopathy Suitable for Prediction of Field Responses? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2111-2118 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; laboratory bioassays ; allelochemicals ; soil ; field settings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract One concern often voiced by researchers of allelopathic interactions is that many laboratory bioassays do not adequately predict the responses observed in field situations. The questions that arise are: (1) What criteria should be implemented to design ecologically relevant bioassays? (2) What species (crops or weeds) are involved in the interaction? (3) Are we investigating allelopathy of debris/residues or interactions involving living plants? (4) Which plant indicator species are actually cohabiting with the species under investigation? and (5) What are appropriate experimental controls? It is difficult to design a bioassay that can be used to examine responses in all species. In fact, each bioassay must be designed specifically to assess species interactions after careful consideration of growth habit, biotic characteristics, and ecophysiological factors. The objective of this paper is to discuss the significance of bioassays designed to study a particular aspect of allelopathy. We conclude that through a laboratory bioassay we can not demonstrate that allelopathy is operational in natural settings. An investigator should consider allelopathy as one component in a multifaceted approach to ecology and address key questions to determine the relevance of a particular assay. Due to the complexity of field interactions and responses, one can only hope to predict and describe some of the cause-and-effect relationships observed in a field setting. An accurate assessment of these main effects will prove invaluable in directing the focus of future research emphasis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005516431969
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    Factors affecting the content of heavy metals in bulk atmospheric precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in central Bohemia, Czech Republic (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 841-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; precipitation ; throughfall ; stemflow ; soil ; metabolic activity ; trees ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Content of copper, manganese, lead, and zinc in samples of bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow has been studied in a forest area in central Bohemia. The sampling localities are situated on two types of bedrock, granite and cenomaniau sandstones. The content in bulk precipitation reflects the impact of fossil fuel emission sources and the vehicular sources of lead. The deposition rate of elements in throughfall, in comparison with that of the deposition on an open land, exhibits increased values in essential microelements (in Mn approx. 45 times, Zh-5 times, Cu and Cd-2 times), with significant seasonal fluctuations. The value of the same ratio for ecotoxic lead is 0.23. The enhanced flux of elements in throughfall is ascribed mainly to the metabolic processes of the trees. Differences in the chemical composition of throughfall and stemflow collected on stands with different kind of bedrock are ascribed to various degree of accessibility of the micronutrients and various intensity of their vegetation uptake.
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    Determining the potential distribution of vegetation, crops and agricultural productivity (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 133-161 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biome ; climate ; crop yield ; global data bases ; land cover ; potential vegetation ; simulation models ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The terrestrial biosphere component of the Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE 2.0) uses changes in land cover to compute dynamically the greenhouse gas fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere. Potential land cover for both natural ecosystems and agrosystems, are determined with the Terrestrial Vegetation Model (TVM). TVM consists of separate submodels for the water-balance, global vegetation patterns, crop distribution and potential rain fed crop yield. All these submodels are based on local climatic, hydrological and soil characteristics and appropriate global data bases for those parameters are collected or compiled. The structure of all models, data bases and linkages between them and other modules of IMAGE 2.0 are described. Although computationally demanding, the models give an adequate description of the global vegetation and agricultural patterns. The only discrepancy occurs in regions where the vegetation and agricultural distribution depends on causes other than climatic, such as additional water storage and supply, anthropogenic influence and natural disturbance. Despite this discrepancy, we conclude that TVM simulates satisfactory global vegetation characteristics and that it can be adequately integrated with other models of IMAGE 2.0.
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    Groundwater acidification at Birkenes, southern Norway: Comparing trends of chemical composition of precipitation, throughfall, soilwater and groundwater (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1861-1866 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; buffering ; groundwater ; monitoring ; precipitation ; seasalt ; soil ; soilwater ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical time trends for precipitation, throughfall, and soilwater (1986–1992), and groundwater (1980–1993) at Birkenes, southern Norway, are compared to gain insights into possible causes for the recent increase in groundwater acidification there. Precipitation and throughfall trends do not show evidence for an increase in anthropogenic acids (e.g. sulphate), but seasalt deposition (e.g. chloride) has been marginally greater in 1990–1992 than in most previous years on record. Soilwater composition partly indicates increasing acidification in recent years (pH, Al and ANC), but hardness and sulphate content are decreasing. Soilwater ANC became negative in 1989, revealing a lasting deficit in its potential to buffer acidity. Groundwater shows clear signs of intensifying acidification (pH, Al, ANC, hardness and sulphate), and this may result partly from climatic conditions (mild winters, ‘seasalt episodes’) and partly from the deterioration of an acid buffering system within the soil cover. Acidification via sulphate deposition certainly is not a direct cause. The declining hardness of soilwater suggests that the ion-exchange buffer in the soil may have ceased to function properly. The necessity for obtaining long-term time-series of water chemistry is underscored by this study.
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    Watershed base-cation cycle dynamics modeled over forest regrowth in a Central Appalachian ecosystem (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biogeochemistry ; watershed ; watershed analysis ; model ; budget ; input-output ; base cations ; dynamics ; weathering ; forest floor ; nutrient cycles ; soil ; acidification ; depletion ; ecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Watershed ecosystem analysis has been used to study aspects of nutrient cycles in many regions of the US. Here we quantify watershed input-output budgets and intrasystem cycling of the base cations Ca, K and Mg in a montane Virginia ecosystem. The intrasystem fluxes of uptake, return, canopy leaching and mineralization were simulated over the period of forest aggradation. A forest-dynamics model, based on previous models, was created to model biotically-driven fluxes at this site; biomass nutrient concentrations were parameterized with a field study. A two-year watershed mass-balance study was then conducted to estimate geologic fluxes for comparison with modeled biotic fluxes. Results show the major biotic fluxes to be much greater, highlighting the importance of considering biomass dynamics in ecosystem nutrient-cycling studies. Mineralization from forest-floor biomass compartments proved to be an increasingly important avenue for internal recycling during aggradation. Accumulation of base cations in biomass also corresponded to a production of H+ in soil at three times the H+ levels in atmospheric deposition at this location. Such high levels of base removal in soils could exceed weathering rates and may result in a depletion of bases from the soil exchange complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300418
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    Competitive adsorption phenomena adsorption phenomena of petrochemicals — benzene, toluene, and xylene in hexane in fixed-beds of sands (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 221-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: petrochemicals ; adsorption ; soil ; multi-components ; fixed-column-reactor ; experiment ; breakthrough
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Present-day massive exploration, extraction, transport, and use of petrochemicals pose a real threat of continuous or occasional accidental contamination of precious groundwater. However, the knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms involved in the transport, retention, and degradation of such chemicals once they are within the soil matrix is very limited. One of the important means of petrochemical retention in the soil is through the process of chemical adsorption onto the soil. An investigation was conducted to observe the adsorption phenomena of several components of petrochemicals (benzene, toluene, and xylene) solved in hexane utilizing the columnar continuous plug-flow configuration of a fixed bed of sands. Three types of soils were investigated for the time variation of the adsorption of the organic chemicals. The results are the indicative values of the adsoption of the principal components of petrochemicals in paacked-soil-bed subjected to tortuous seepage flow conditions of the fluids. The adsorption results are presented in the form of breakthrough curves. The paper includes the analytical methodology of UV spectroscopy which was utilized to measure the concentrations of various chemical components of the petrochemical mixture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406167
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    Solubility of heavy metals in a contaminated soil: Effects of redox potential and pH (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 543-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; solubility ; redox potential ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the mobilities of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a contaminated soil, the effects of redox potential and pH value on metal solubilities were investigated. Both redox potential and pH were found to greatly affect heavy metal solubility in the soil. Results showed that the soil suspension under continuous oxygen aeration for 21 days resulted in increases of redox potential from 290 to 440 mV and pH value from 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Soluble concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn varied with time, and were all lower than 1 mg kg−1. When the soil suspension was aerated with nitrogen, final redox potential was −140 mV and pH value of 7.1. The soluble metal concentrations were slightly higher than those aerated with oxygen. The equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted under three different pH values (3.3, 5.0, 8.0) and three redox potential (325, 0, −100 mV). Results showed that metals were sparingly soluble under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0). Metal solubilities were higher when under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), and increased drastically when pH was kept at 3.3. When solubilities were compared under same pH values, it was observed that metal solubilities increased as redox potential decreased. Generally speaking, acidic and reducing conditions were most favorable for metal solubilization, and the effect of pH was more significant than that of redox potential. It was proposed that heavy metals were mostly adsorbed onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. The pH-dependent metal adsorption reaction and the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides under reducing conditions was the mechanism controlling the release of heavy metals from soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282668
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    HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA OF WALES, GREAT BRITAIN: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH STATISTICAL DATA INTERPRETATION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478427782
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    WHOLE-CATCHMENT LIMING AT TJØNNSTROND, NORWAY: AN 11-YEAR RECORD (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200 μeq/L, ANC increased from –30 to +70 μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3 μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026442821924
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    Comparison of Point Estimation Techniques in the Spatial Analysis of Radium-226, Radium-228 and Potassium-40 in Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: estimation ; geostatistics ; interpolation ; radionuclides ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many environmental surveys require the implementation of estimation techniques to determine the spatial distribution of the variable being investigated. Traditional methods of interpolation and estimation, for example, inverse distance squared and triangulation often ignore features of the data set such as anisotropy which may have a significant impact on the quality of the estimates produced. Geostatistical techniques may offer an improved method of estimation by modelling the spatial continuity of the variable using semi-variogram analysis. The theoretical model fitted to the semi-variogram is then used in the assignation of weighting factors to the samples surrounding the location to be estimated. This paper outlines the results of a comparison between three common estimation methods, polygonal, triangulation and inverse distance squared and a geostatistical method, in the estimation of soil radionuclide activities. The geostatistical estimation method known as kriging performed best over a range of parameters used to test the performance of the methods. Kriging exhibited the best correlation between actual and estimated values, the narrowest error distribution and the lowest overall estimation error. Polygonal estimation was best at reproducing the data set distribution. Conditional bias was evident in all the methods, low values being over-estimated and high values being under-estimated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006141008027
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    A Gradient Study of 34 Elements in the Vicinity of a Copper-Nickel Smelter in the Kola Peninsula (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 71-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: copper-nickel smelter ; ICP mass spectrometry ; Kola peninsula ; pollution ; soil ; trace elements ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of 34 elements determined by ICP mass spectrometry were studied in surface soil and vegetation along a north–south gradient through the ‘Pechenganickel’ smelter complex in Kola peninsula, northern Russia. Strong influence from the smelter was evident for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, mainly associated with dry deposition of large particles. Also for As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, Bi, and Pb the smelter or associated sources appeared to be distinct contributors of contamination consisting presumably of smaller particles. Significant but less distinct effects leading to enhanced concentration levels were observed for P, S, V, Cr, Zn, and Tl. In the case of Mn, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba the concentrations in vegetation were generally lower near the source, which may be due to cation exchange with protons or heavy metal cations in the soil and subsequent leaching from the root zone. For Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Cd, La, Th, and U no particular influence from the smelter complex was observed. Some characteristic differences observed in element concentrations in different plant species and between different years of Pinus sylvestris needles are discussed. The high concentrations observed for many trace elements in the humus horizon indicates that it acts as an active biogeochemical barrier against downward transport of these elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006165031985
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    Heavy metal migration in soils and rocks at historical smelting sites (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 17 (1995), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Lead ; zinc ; mobility ; migration ; soil ; contamination ; slag
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The vertical migration of metals through soils and rocks was investigated at five historical lead smelting sites ranging in age between 220 and 1900 years. Core samples were taken through metal-contaminated soils and the underlying strata. Concentration profiles of lead and zinc are presented from which values for the distances and rates of migration have been derived. Slag-rich soil horizons contain highly elevated metal concentrations and some contamination of underlying strata has occurred at all sites. However, the amounts of lead and zinc that have migrated from soils and been retained at greater depths are comparatively low. This low metal mobility in contaminated soils is partly attributed to the elevation of soil pH by the presence of calcium and carbonate originating from slag wastes and perhaps gangue minerals. Distances and rates of vertical migration were higher at those sites with soils underlain by sandstone than at those with soils underlain by clay. For sites with the same parent material, metal mobility appears to be increased at lower soil pH. The mean migration rates for lead and zinc reach maxima of 0.75 and 0.46 cm yr−1 respectively in sandstone at Bole A where the elements have moved mean distances of 4.3 and 2.6 m respectively. There is some evidence that metal transport in the sandstone underlying Bole A and Cupola B occurs preferentially along rock fractures. The migration of lead and zinc is attenuated by subsurface clays leading to relatively low mean migration rates which range from 0.03 to 0.31 cm yr−1 with many values typical of migration solely by diffusion. However, enhanced metal migration in clays at Cupola A suggest a preferential transport mechanism possibly in cracks or biopores.
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    Probabilistic prediction of exposures to arsenic contaminated residential soil (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 17 (1995), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; exposure ; soil ; children ; Monte Carlo ; probabilistic ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Probabilistic modelling using Monte Carlo simulation has been proposed as a more scientifically valid method of estimating soil contaminant exposures than conservative deterministic methods currently used by regulatory agencies. A retrospective application of probabilistic modelling to an exposure scenario involving arsenic-contaminated residential soil near the former ASARCO smelter near Tacoma, Washington is presented. The population of interest is children, aged 2–6 years, living within one-half mile (0.3 km) of the smelter site. Models that predict urinary arsenic levels based on unintentional soil ingestion and inhalation exposure pathways are used. Distributions of exposure variables are based on site-specific data and previous exposure studies. Simulated urinary arsenic levels are compared with data from two biomonitoring studies performed during the late 1980s. Arsenic distributions produced by simulation and biomonitoring are significantly different, and likely contributors to this difference are discussed. However the probabilistic model provides closer estimations of urinary arsenic levels than conservative deterministic models similar to those used by regulatory agencies, and provides useful information regarding parameter uncertainty. Soil ingestion rate was a driving variable in the probabilistic models. Further quantification of soil ingestion rates is warranted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00661328
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    Estimation of the Soil Respiration Using the Constant Pressure Volumetric Respirometer and the Flow-Through Respirometer UNI-RES10 (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 583-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biological activity of soil ; constantpressure volumetric respirometer ; flow-through respirometer ; respirometry methods ; soil ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Among commonly employed methods of fast estimation of the soil biological activity a method of the oxygen consumption determination is used. The main goal of this research was an estimation of a soil respiratory metabolism using the constant pressure volumetric respirometer and also using the flow-through respirometer UNI-RES10.Soil respiration measurements were done using both types of respirometers in temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C, keeping up the constant humidity. The investigated soil was a soil humus belonged to organic soils from the Dziekanów Leśny field. The soil respiration was also measured for 8 plant communities in Sudeten Mountains with various respiration intensity.After the experiments it was stated that both measuring instruments could be used for the soil metabolism evaluation. Readouts obtained from the UNI-RES10 respirometer are smaller then readouts when using the constant pressure volumetric respirometer. The flow-through respirometers have to be calibrated to obtain results comparable with these from volumetric ones. The volumetric and flow-through respirometry methods are useful for the comparative analysis of metabolism levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006335812073
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    Assessing the risk of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura using indicator geostatistics (1997)
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    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; threshold ; geostatistics ; indicators ; kriging ; risk ; Swiss Jura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The probability that the concentrations of toxic substances in soil or other medium exceed tolerablemaxima at any unsampled place can be estimated by indicator geostatistics. The method is developed and used to estimate and map the risk of contamination by cadmium, copper and lead in the topsoil of a 14.5 km 2 region in the Swiss Jura. It combines both direct measurements of metal concentrations and thecalibration of a geological map, and it shows that the risk of toxicity is least on Argovian rocks. Two approaches are proposed to divide a region into safe' and 'hazardous' zones on the basis of probability maps. The first declares as contaminated all places where the risk of contamination exceeds a given threshold. The second approach first evaluates the financial costs that might result from a wrongdeclaration, after which the site is allocated to a class so as to minimize that cost. The risk of exposure for humans and animals is generally greater for contaminated agricultural land than for forest soil, and so land use is taken into account in both procedures.
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    Toxicity of Nickel to the Earthworm and the Applicability of the Neutral Red Retention Assay (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: earthworm ; nickel ; soil ; toxicology ; eisenia veneta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects of nickel on survival, growth, and reproduction of Eisenia veneta were investigated following 4 weeks of exposure to a nickel-chloride spiked loamy sand soil. The ability of a simple earthworm biomarker, the lysosomal membrane stability of coelomocytes, to reflect nickel exposure was also studied. Nickel caused a significant toxic effect on E.veneta at soil concentrations above 85 mg Ni/kg. Reproduction (cocoon production) was the most sensitive parameter being reduced at soil concentrations above 85 mg Ni/kg (EC10 = 85 mg Ni/kg). Survival of adults was only reduced at concentrations above 245 mg Ni/kg, while adult and cocoon wet weight were not affected by soil nickel concentrations up to 700 mg Ni/kg. The lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral-red retention time, was reduced at soil nickel concentrations similar to those that reduced reproduction, and demonstrated a dose-response relationship. The neutral-red retention time showed large individual variation for the earthworms within each exposure concentration. It was concluded that the lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral red retention time, has a potential role in risk assessment, but care should be taken conducting this test.
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    Fluorescence spectroscopy of polynuclear aromatic compounds in environmental monitoring (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of fluorescence 5 (1995), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Environmental analysis ; fluorescence spectroscopy ; laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) nuclear aromatic compounds (PAC) ; mineral oils ; humic substances ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAC) in the environment and experimental techniques suitable for the detection of PAC in environmental compartments are briefly reviewed. The specific requirements for on-site andin situ environmental analysis are outlined. Particular emphasis is given to fluorescence spectroscopic techniques for the investigation of humic acid- and soil-containing samples. Some examples of studies in the literature on Shpol'skii and jet spectroscopy and on laser-induced fluorescence (OF) measurements of PAC and mineral oils are highlighted. Contaminants in the environment are usually encountered as multicomponent mixtures in very complex matrices. Total fluorescence analysis in combination with the chemometrical technique of rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA) was employed for the evaluation of a six-component PAC mixture in toluene. It was shown that even in the presence of strong spectral overlap the qualitative identification of all compounds and the reliable quantification of five substances was possible. Results are presented from our stationary and time-resolved fluorescence investigations of the interactions between pyrene and humic acid in water. The Stern-Volmer analysis showed a significant effect of pH on the static quenching efficiency which can be explained by the pH-dependent macromolecular structure of humic acids. Preliminary results from studies of the deactivation of triplet PAC and quenching of delayed fluorescence by humic acid are reported. LIF measurements of mineral oils directly from soil surfaces and of a model oil in a soil column were performed with a fiber-optic coupled multichannel spectrometer. The fluorescence intensity/ concentration relationships were established for a crude and a fuel oil; the corresponding lower limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be 0.025 and 0.125% m/m (mass/mass percentages). These detection limits are compared with realistic oil contaminations of soils. In a soil column designed to mimic fixed-bed bioreactors the distributions of fluorescence signal intensities from a perylene-doped model oil before and after water flooding were determined. These results fromin situ measurements can provide a quantitative basis for the modelling of temporal and spatial contaminants' distributions in reactor design.
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    Materials forPythium flora of Japan VIII Two species ofPythium:P. pyrilobum andP. oligandrum (1994)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 35 (1994), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: bentgrass ; Japan ; Pythium pyrilobum ; Pythium oligandrum ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species ofPythium (P. pyrilobum, P. oligandrum) having spherical sporangia with complex subglobose elements were isolated from the crown of creeping bentgrass [Agrostis palustris (cv. Penncross)] and from vegetable field soil, respectively. They are reported for the first time in Japan.
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    Analysis model to simulate the cracked pipe buried in soil (1998)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 14 (1998), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: fracture mechanics ; finite element ; simulation ; pipeline ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the use of the finite element method to simulate crack propagation in a pipeline in the presence of soil backfill. Since typical values for soil modulus are known, a spring element can be used to simulate the effects of backfilled soil on crack propagation. This consists of the relationship between the soil property and the stiffness of the spring element, and the effect of backfill depth on the crack propagation in the pipes. By equating crack driving force,G, in the presence of soil, to the dynamic fracture toughness of the pipeline material, a theoretical predictive capability is obtained for the first time for the gas transmission and distribution pipelines. Numerical calculations have also been carried out for the cracked pipe with backfill and without backfill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02487749
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    Magnetic Characteristics of Different Soil Types from Bulgaria (1999)
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 43 (1999), S. 303-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: soil ; magnetic susceptibility ; magnetic viscosity ; pedogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic studies of different soil types can provide valuable information about palaeoenvironmental conditions at the time they were formed. Results of investigations of rock-magnetism of genetically different soil types, which developed over varying time intervals (Meadow Chernozem - formed during the last 6000 years BP; Leached Cinnamonic soil - formed since the 3rd-2nd century BC and Pellic Vertisoil - the oldest, formed since the Late Pliocene) are presented. The soil profiles of the Leached Cinnamonic and Pellic Vertisoil are characterized by lower values of magnetic susceptibility, as compared to that of the parent materials. It is shown that using percentage frequency-dependent susceptibility (Xfd%) and viscous remanent magnetization (VRM), pedogenic alteration could be detected even in such circumstances. The variations of the parameters measured along the depth of the studied Meadow Chernozem soil profile are characterized by gradual smooth magnetic enhancement, pointing to the absence of secondary redistribution of pedogenic magnetites. In contrast to this case, the two other profiles (Leached Cinnamonic and Pellic Vertisoil) show magnetically enhanced lower (illuvial) horizons due to processes of acid destruction and re-precipitation of the original pedogenic ferromagnetic minerals down the profiles. These specific magnetic properties are of particular importance in using susceptibility variations as a palaeoclimatic proxy record.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023398728538
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    Determining the spatial scale of variation in soil radon concentration (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 27 (1995), S. 893-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: components of variance ; geology ; nested survey ; radon gas ; solid-state nuclear track detection ; soil ; spatial scale of variation ; variogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Increasing concern about possible links between emissions of radon and certain types of malignant disease has led to local and regional surveys to measure radon concentrations in the soil and in dwellings. The spatial scale at which radon varies is largely unknown, and so efficient sampling schemes and methods of mapping cannot be selected. To determine the spatial scale of radon variation in the English Midlands we measured radon in the soil using solid-state nuclear track detection in three areas of different geological complexity. In two of them we used an unbalanced multistage sampling scheme with seven stages of nesting: the Hereford survey covered distances from 10 m to 7.5 km, and the Buxton survey distances from 1 m to 3.75 km. The results from the nested surveys suggested that geology exerts a strong control on the variation. Finally radon was measured every 20 m along a 2-km long transect which crossed several lithologies close to Nottingham. The soil radon values changed in an erratic way along the transect. The sample variogram of radon has a substantial nugget variance, suggesting that much of the variation occurred for distances less than the sampling interval. The structure at the longer scale seems to be controlled by the underlying geology. These results have implications for designing further surveys and for selecting a method of mapping. Stratification based on lithology might be the only feasible solution to sampling, estimating and mapping radon concentrations over large areas. Where the locally erratic component of variation is large, estimation by kriging, for example, would confer little additional benefit compared with that by classification.
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    Effects of NAPL Contaminants on the Permeability of a Soil‐Bentonite Slurry Wall Material (2000)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 38 (2000), S. 43-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: NAPL ; hydraulic conductivity ; permeability ; slurry walls ; soil ; bentonite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Soil‐bentonite slurry walls are designed to inhibit the subsurface movement of contaminants from hazardous waste sites. Although it is generally accepted that high concentrations of organic compounds will adversely affect soil‐bentonite slurry walls and clay liners, previous research investigating the effects of NAPLs on the conductivity of clay wall materials has been inconclusive. In this study the effects of various organics (benzene, aniline, trichloroethylene, ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride) on the effective conductivity of a typical soil‐bentonite slurry wall material were studied under two effective stress conditions, 200 and 52 kPa. The hydraulic conductivity for the soil‐bentonite material permeated with water averaged 1.52×10-8 cm s-1. Compared to water, there was little change in conductivity when the sample was permeated with a solution containing a NAPL compound at its solubility limit, except for aniline. However, there was a one to two order of magnitude decrease in conductivity when the sample was permeated with a pure NAPL for all NAPLs tested. When the soil‐bentonite material was permeated with a water/NAPL/water/NAPL sequence, the conductivity decreased one to two orders of magnitude when a NAPL was introduced following water; however, when water was reintroduced after the NAPL, the conductivity increased to the initial hydraulic conductivity. The conductivity again decreased one to two orders of magnitude when the NAPL was reintroduced. This trend occurred for all NAPLs tested, and the fluid properties of the NAPL compounds alone did not account for the decrease in conductivity compared to water.
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    Diffusive Transport of Volatile Pollutants in Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid Contaminated Soil: A Fractal Model (1998)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 125-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: NAPL ; multiphase ; fractal ; soil ; diffusion ; transport ; heterogeneous porous medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile organic chemicals from nonaqueous phase liquids trapped in soil spread quickly both into the atmosphere and the groundwater system, resulting in long-lasting pollution of the environment. The extent and speed of spread is strongly influenced by the heterogeneities present in the soil, which interact with the various mechanisms of transport in a complex manner. A semi-analytical model is presented to investigate the effect of soil-heterogeneities on the spreading of pollutants from a nonaqueous phase liquid trapped in a soil. Based on field evidence, soil heterogeneities are modeled as a self-similar fractal process, and diffusive transport of organic chemicals in such a substrate is studied. Various mechanisms of, and resistance to, transport of these contaminants are considered, and it is illustrated how each of these are altered by the presence of heterogeneities. More specifically, it is shown that, while the transport processes at early time are governed by volatilization and dissolution and are quite unaffected by the heterogeneities, the transport processes at late time are strongly dependent on the heterogeneities of the soil and its sorption characteristics. In addition, how failure to recognize these heterogeneities in the soil may result in unsuccessful design of appropriate remediation techniques is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006554303400
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    Rice hull and caryopsis discoloration diseases (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: environmental sites ; Nigeria ; rice hull discoloration disease ; soil ; soil water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In West Africa, discoloration of the rice hull is influenced by water availability and soil properties. These two critical environmental factors were examined in controlled pot experiments in contrasting environments. Coarse upland soils and free-draining soil-water regimes increased hull discoloration disease severity, while lowland soils and water saturation minimized disease severity. However, with all soils tested, the humid, high-rainfall environment of S.E. Nigeria was found to increase hull discoloration in comparison to the drier West Nigerian environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010842
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    The variability of nitrifying activity in field soils (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: moisture ; nitrification ; nitrifiers ; pH ; soil ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pH on the activity of nitrifying organisms was examined in pasture soils ranging in pH from 4.9 to 7.3, using a short-term nitrification assay (SNA). The optimum pH for nitrifier activity (pHopt) was generally close to the soil pH, suggesting that the indigenous nitrifier populations adjusted to the prevailing soil pH. A consequence was that the SNA at the soil pH (SNApH) bore a near 1:1 relationship with the SNA at the pHopt (SNAopt) over a wide range of SNA values. The effect of soil moisture tension on the SNA was less pronounced than that of pH, but an optimum occurred around pF 3.4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012823
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    Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: Tropical versus temperate forests (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 46 (1999), S. 45-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: N15 ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; plants ; stable isotopes ; soil ; temperate forest ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrogen in most tropical forests is relatively more available than N in most temperate forests, and even that it may function as an excess nutrient in many tropical forests. If this is correct, tropical forests should have more open N cycles than temperate forests, with both inputs and outputs of N large relative to N cycling within systems. Consequent differences in both the magnitude and the pathways of N loss imply that tropical forests should in general be more 15N enriched than are most temperate forests. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of tree leaves and soils from a variety of tropical and temperate forests. Foliar δ15N values from tropical forests averaged 6.5‰ higher than from temperate forests. Within the tropics, ecosystems with relatively low N availability (montane forests, forests on sandy soils) were significantly more depleted in 15N than other tropical forests. The average δ15N values for tropical forest soils, either for surface or for depth samples, were almost 8‰ higher than temperate forest soils. These results provide another line of evidence that N is relatively abundant in many tropical forest ecosystems.
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    Biotrophic mycoparasitism byVerticillium biguttatum onRhizoctonia solani (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; mycoparasite ; potato black scurf ; Rhizoctonia solani ; sclerotia ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Verticillium biguttatum cannot utilise cellulose or nitrate-nitrogen and it requires biotin for growth, yet it grew and sporulated abundantly onRhizoctonia solani on cellulose, obtaining at least organic carbon, nitrogen and biotin fromR. solani. Videomicroscopy of inter-hyphal interactions on films of water agar showed thatV. biguttatum behaved as a biotrophic mycoparasite. From germinating spores, it penetrated the hyphae ofR. solani and formed haustorium-like branches without killing the host cells, and the haustoria supported an external mycelial network of the mycoparasite. Later the mycoparasite sporulated, and the infected host cells died. On cellulosic substrataV. biguttatum did not reduce the growth ofR. solani, and often enhanced the rate of cellulose degradation. However,V. biguttatum drastically reduced the production of sclerotia byR. solani, often completely suppressing sclerotium production when the mycoparasite infected only a localized region of the host colony. This is ascribed to the creation of a nutrient sink by the parasite, consistent with biotrophy. On plates of cellulose agar the suppression of sclerotia was not confined to parasitized colonies but extended to adjacent colonies ofR. solani that had successfully anastomosed with the parasitized colony. There was no effect on adjacent vegetatively incompatible colonies, where attempted anastomoses caused cytoplasmic death. In comparable experiments the necrotrophic mycoparasiteGliocladium roseum had no long-distance effect on sclerotium production byR. solani. Suppression of sclerotium production may explain the reported success ofV. biguttatum in biocontrol of black scurf of potato in experimental field conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876247
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    Production of nitrous oxide in artificially flooded and drained soils (1997)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 5 (1997), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: denitrification ; draining ; flooding ; nitrification ; nitrous oxide ; soil ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Production of nitrous oxide (N2O) was studied in one peaty and one sandy soil undergoing wetting and drying cycles. The background concentration of N2O in the soil was compared with the N2O produced during 4 hours of incubation with and without addition of acetylene. The concentration of N2O in the soil under flooded conditions was relatively stable, and net consumption of N2O was observed as often as net production. The reference area and drained soils showed somewhat different patterns compared to the flooded soils, which was probably an effect of intermediate soil water conditions. During flooding, the nitrous oxide made up less than 1% of total denitrification on 50% and 54% of the sampling occasions for the peaty and the sandy soil, respectively, and N2O/(N2O+N2)-ratios exceeded 0.2 on only 6% and 3% of the sampling occasions. Under drained conditions and in the reference areas, the ratios showed a more even frequency distribution. Grouping the nitrous oxide production data for different seasons and field conditions, we found few seasonal trends. At the sandy site, mean production of N2O was larger during the winter months. There were weak correlations between N2O production and floodwater nitrate concentration, and between N2O production and soil temperature. N2O production in the reference area varied between consumption and 4.6 kg N ha−1 month−1 and in flooded and drained soil between consumption and 2.6 kg N ha−1 month−1.
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    Ecological classification of Nigerian mangroves using soil nutrient gradient analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 8 (2000), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: ecological groups ; gradient analysis ; mangrove ; Nigeria ; nutrient gradients ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Direct gradient analysis was used to relate the structure of mangrove communities to soil nutrient gradients. The predominant cations in the alluvial soils were magnesium and calcium, the values ranging from 8.6±0.9 to 24.6±2.0 me per 100 g. Organic carbon was high in the soils, ranging from 3.5% to 10.4%. All soil nutrients varied seasonally, in response to wet and dry periods of the climate. Correlation of species with soil nutrients indicated the nutrient status of the soils to be best defined in terms of calcium for the A stratum (species 〉 3 m tall), calcium/postassium for the B stratum (species 1–3 m tall) and magnesium for the C stratum (species 〈 1 m tall). Ecological group classification shows that Avicennia africanaand Nypa fruticansoccurred almost exclusively at the highest calcium values of 20.8 and 17.6 me per 100 g, respectively. Acrostichum aureumand Sesuvium portulacastrumare insensitive to the magnesium gradient. The analysis revealed an overlapping range of occurrences for most of the species although with varying ecological optima along the gradient.
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    The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Details are presented of a simple mathematical framework that allows 15N tracer experiments to be interpreted in terms of the main processes of the soil/plant nitrogen cycle. The calculations, all of which can be performed on a scientific calculator, yield the rates of gross mineralization and nitrification and the crop nitrogen uptake occurring as ammonium and nitrate. Two procedures are presented. One requires paired experiments with labelled ammonium and unlabelled nitrate as one treatment, and unlabelled ammonium and labelled nitrate as the other. The second procedure requires only the labelled ammonium, unlabelled nitrate treatment. Example calculations are presented using actual experimental data. The interpretative procedure uses the fact that the rate of isotopic dilution in an ammonium pool labelled with 15N is a function of the rate at which unlabelled ammonium is introduced into the pool via mineralization. Similarly, the rate of isotope dilution in an 15N labelled nitrate pool is a function of the rate at which unlabelled nitrate is introduced into the pool via nitrification.
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    The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments (1991)
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    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; 15N ; plant ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pulse dilution 15N technique was used in the field to determine the effect of the ammonium to nitrate ratio in a fertilizer application on the uptake of ammonium and nitrate by ryegrass and on gross rates of mineralization and nitrification. Two experiments were performed, corresponding approximately to the first and second cuts of grass. Where no substantial recent immobilization of inorganic nitrogen had occurred, mineralization was insensitive to the form of nitrogen applied, ranging from 2.1–2.6 kg N ha-1 d-1. The immobilization of ammonium increased as the proportion of ammonium in the application increased. In the second experiment there was evidence that high rates of immobilization in the first experiment were associated with high rates of mineralization in the second. The implication was that some nitrogen immobilized in the first experiment was re-mineralized during the second. Whether this was nitrogen taken up, stored in roots and released following defoliation was not clear. Nitrification rates in this soil were low (0.1–0.63 kg N ha-1 d-1), and as a result, varying the ratio of ammonium to nitrate applied markedly altered the relative uptake of ammonium and nitrate. In the first experiment, where temperatures were low, preferential uptake of ammonium occurred, but where 〉90% of the uptake was as ammonium, a reduction in yield and nitrogen uptake was observed. In the second experiment, where temperatures and growth rates were higher, the proportion of ammonium to nitrate taken up had no effect on yield or nitrogen uptake.
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    Stability of rifampicin resistance as a marker for root colonization studies of Pseudomonas putida in the field (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: PGPR ; plant growth promotion ; potato ; Pseudomonas ; marker stability ; rhizobacteria ; rifampicin resistance ; root colonization ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stability of rifampicin resistance in plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida strain WCS358 was studied in potato rhizosphere in the field. Three out of seven rifampicin-resistant mutants of strain WCS358 were selected in this study. Their specific growth rate, competitive growth in liquid medium and colonization of potato roots in non-sterile soil, was comparable to that of their parental strain. These rifampicin-resistant mutants were used to treat potato seed tubers, which were thereafter sown in the field. To test the stability of the rifampicin resistance in the field, about 1200 fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates obtained from underground plant parts at 82, 95, 109 and 130 days after seeding, were tested for rifampicin resistance and for agglutination with an antiserum specific for strain WCS358. Ail fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates that showed a positive agglutination reaction with the antiserum, were also rifampicin-resistant. Twelve agglutination-positive isolates, selected at random, were all identified as strain WCS358 from patterns of lipopolysaccharides after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, rifampicin resistance seems to be a stable marker in the mutants of strain WCS358 tested, also under field conditions. It is concluded that rifampicin resistance can be used as a reliable marker for ecological studies on rhizosphere pseudomonads.
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    A new automated technique for measuring respiration in soil samples (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: automated ; carbon dioxide ; gas chromatography ; respiration ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An automated 36 place valve to provide continuous soil respiration measurements was constructed. The valve is fully computer controlled and can sample and purge the soil atmosphere as frequently as every 75 minutes. The concentrations, automatically measured by the valve, are essentially identical to those measured manually by gas chromatography in the concentration range of 0.1 to 1% CO2, and are kept in this range by adjusting the mass of soil and the sampling frequency. Data are transferred automatically to a computer spreadsheet program for data handling and plotting on either a rate or cumulative basis. The system has proved reliable over many thousands of analyses and has made detailed analysis of microbial activity on a continuous basis possible.
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    Factors toxic to beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings in acid soils (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminium ; beech ; biomass ; Fagus sylvatica L. ; H ; pH ; nutrient ; podzol ; regeneration ; roots ; seedlings ; soil ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of highly and moderately acid soils on total biomass, biomass partitioning, fine root characteristics and nutritional status of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) were studied in a growth chamber experiment. In Haplic Arenosols seedlings grew slowly but equally well without damage symptoms in a highly acid and a moderately acid soil horizon. The moderately acid Ah+Bw-horizon of a Eutric Cambisol was favourable to seedling growth. The fine root development was reduced in the highly acid A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol and in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol, the latter of which also caused increased mortality. Seedling growth in the B2-horizon of the Haplic Podzol was vigorous, in spite of a higher level of extractable Al and lower base saturation as compared with the Ah+E-horizon. These results are interpreted in relation to soil acidity, soil Al and nutritional status of the seedlings. We conclude that neither Al-toxicity nor nutrient deficiency cause the damage symptoms observed in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol and the fine root reduction in the A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol. The damage symptoms of the PZhA treatment seems to be more the result of H-toxicity or H-related factors other than nutrient shortage or Al-toxicity. Other pH-related toxic factors are discussed.
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    The in vitro screening of 118 Trichoderma isolates for antagonism to Rhizoctonia solani and an evaluation of different environmental sites of Trichoderma as sources of aggressive strains (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggressive strains ; composted pine bark ; environment ; in vitro ; Rhizoctonia ; soil ; sources ; seedling nursery ; Trichoderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trichoderma isolates were collected from different sources and screened for their in vitro parasitism of Rhizoctonia solani. They were grouped according to the different sources and each group compared statistically. 74% of the total isolates collected were regarded as antagonistic to R. solani in vitro. Isolates associated with pine bark source were very aggressive. The most aggressive strains were isolated from soil samples collected under the Speedling® trays of a commercial seedling nursery.
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    The effect of phytase on the availability of P from myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) for maize roots (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; maize ; myo-inositol ; phosphorus ; phytase ; phytin ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adding phytase to the root medium of maize plants on the P-availability of added myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytin) has been studied in pot experiments. When 40 mM phytin-P in nutrient solution was incubated in quartz-sand for 15 days in the absence of plants, 80% of it could be recovered from the solution as soluble organic P. Maize plants growing on this mixture assimilated P from phytin at rates comparable to those from inorganic phosphate (Pi). At a lower addition rate (2 mM phytin-P) only 10% was recovered in the soil solution, and plant growth was severely limited by P. At this low phytin level, the addition of phytase (10 enzyme units per kg sand) increased the plants' dry weight yield by 32%. The relative increases of the Pi concentration in the solution and of the amount of P in the plants were even higher, indicating that the observed growth stimulation was due to an increased rate of phytin hydrolysis. The enzyme-induced growth stimulation was also observed with plants growing in pots filled with soil low in P, when phytin was added. However, on three different soils the addition rates of phytin and phytase necessary for obtaining a significant phytase effect were both about 10 times higher than those required in quartzsand. It is concluded that the P-availability from organic sources can be limited by the rate of their hydrolytic cleavage.
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    Factors toxic to beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings in acid soils (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminium ; beech ; biomass ; Fagus sylvatica L. ; H ; pH ; nutrient ; podzol ; regeneration ; roots ; seedlings ; soil ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of highly and moderately acid soils on total biomass, biomass partitioning, fine root characteristics and nutritional status of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) were studied in a growth chamber experiment. In Haplic Arenosols seedlings grew slowly but equally well without damage symptoms in a highly acid and a moderately acid soil horizon. The moderately acid Ah+Bw-horizon of a Eutric Cambisol was favourable to seedling growth. The fine root development was reduced in the highly acid A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol and in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol, the latter of which also caused increased mortality. Seedling growth in the B2-horizon of the Haplic Podzol was vigorous, in spite of a higher level of extractable Al and lower base saturation as compared with the Ah+E-horizon. These results are interpreted in relation to soil acidity, soil Al and nutritional status of the seedlings. We conclude that neither Al-toxicity nor nutrient deficiency cause the damage symptoms observed in the Ah+E-horizon of a Haplic Podzol and the fine root reduction in the A+Bw-horizon of a Dystric Cambisol. The damage symptoms of the PZhA treatment seems to be more the result of H-toxicity or H-related factors other than nutrient shortage or Al-toxicity. Other pH-related toxic factors are discussed.
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    The effect of grass maturing and root decay on N2O production in soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: denitrification ; N2O flux ; organic matter ; root ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N2O flux from the surface of grass-covered pots was only significant following grass maturing. Removal of the above-ground plant material resulted in an immediate and long-lasting increase in N2O production in the soil. The results suggest that easily available organic matter from the roots stimulates the denitrification when the plants are damaged. Grass cutting might therefore result in a marked nitrogen loss through denitrification. The quantitative effect was equal in soil with and without succinate added. The size of the anaerobic zone around the roots is therefore sufficient to allow for denitrification activity mediated by increased organic matter availability because of plant cutting.
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    Nutrient inflow and root proliferation during the exploitation of a temporally and spatially discrete source of nitrogen in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; localised nutrient ; mineralisation ; 15N ; nitrate ; organic residue ; proliferation ; roots ; soil ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain nutrients mineralised from organic matter in the soil, plants have to respond to its heterogeneous distribution. We measured the timing of nitrogen uptake by wheat from a localised, 15N labelled organic residue in soil, as well as the timing of changes in root length density. We calculated the rates of N uptake per unit root length (inflows) for roots growing through the residue and for the whole root system. A stimulated local inflow appeared to be the main mechanism of exploitation of the residue N during the first five days of exploitation. 8% of the N that the plants would ultimately obtain from the residue was captured in this period. Roots then proliferated in the residue. This, together with a rapidly declining N inflow, contributed to the capture, over the next seven days, of 63% of the N that the plants derived from the residue. After that time, massive root proliferation occurred in the residue, but relatively little further N was captured.
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    The production of volatile organic compounds during nitrogen transformations in soils (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 181 (1996), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen transformations ; soil ; volatile organic compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The volatile organic compounds produced during a sequence of soil incubations under controlled conditions, with either added NH4 +-N or NO3 --N, were collected and identified. The nature and relative amounts of the volatile organic compounds produced by the microorganisms in the soils were remarkably reproducible and consistent.
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Recording, processing and analysis of grass root images from a rhizotron (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth dynamics ; image processing ; Phalaris arundinacea ; soil ; video
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To develop and test a system for computer-assisted image analysis, repeated video recordings of reed canary-grass roots (Phalaris arundinacea L.) were made in an 18-window rhizotron. The images were digitized and processed using a Unix computer and the Khoros software development environment. Two image sizes, 126×95 mm and 61×46 mm, both comprising 650 × 490 pixels, were compared. Among image processing techniques used were median filtering, segmentation and skeletonization. Root area and length in both the topsoil and subsoil were estimated using the two image sizes. The resolution (image size) strongly affected the calculated root lengths. The results were compared with root length measurements obtained manually. Statistically significant differences in root length and area in the topsoil were detected between the sampling dates using the computer-assisted methods. Possible sources of error and methods for reducing them are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257531
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  • 95
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    Variation, co-ordination and compensation in root systems in relation to soil variability (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 187 (1996), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compensation ; growth ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; nutrient ; roots ; soil ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In soil, the distributions of nutrients, water, pores, and microbes vary in time and space. These, in turn, contribute to the variations in root form and function that we see when we grow plants in soil and other non-uniform media. This paper addresses three questions about the consequences of non-uniform distributions of nutrients: how do roots respond to variations in nutrient distribution?; how specific are such responses?; to what extent can we predict them? Roots vary both physiologically and structurally in response to nutrient distributions. The first type of response is primarily a stimulation of nutrient uptake rate per unit of root; the second, a stimulation of root growth where and when the nutrient is most readily available. The first tends to be nutrient-specific and its magnitude related to the extent of the non-uniformity in nutrient availability. The second is less-specific in the sense that the magnitude of the response, when there is one, varies little from one nutrient to another. This leads to apparently exaggerated compensatory capacity, especially for ions that are relatively mobile in soil, such as NO3 -. Because the physiological and molecular mechanisms of these responses are largely unknown, we cannot say how they are co-ordinated within individual plants. Nor can we predict a plant's responses precisely. What we can do is generate statistical descriptions of them by comparing data collected in many experiments for many species. This produces general rules that summarise what happens, but which probably cannot be applied a priori to specific cases. H Lambers Section editor
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011657
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  • 96
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    Effect of soil type and plant species on the fluorescent pseudomonads nitrate dissimilating community (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flax ; nitrate dissimilation ; Pseudomonas ; rhizosphere ; soil ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nitrogen dissimilative abilities among 618 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads was studied. These strains were isolated from two uncultivated soils (C and D; collected at Châteaurenard and Dijon, France, respectively) and from rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissue of two plant species (flax and tomato) cultivated on these two soils. According to their ability to dissimilate nitrogen, the isolates have been distributed into three metabolic types: non-dissimilators, NO2 - accumulators and denitrifiers. While the three metabolic types were recovered in all the compartments of soil D experiments, only two (non-dissimilators and denitrifiers) were recovered in all the compartments of soil C experiments. Even under the contrasting conditions of the two soil types, both plants were able to select the nitrate dissimilating community among the total community of fluorescent Pseudomonas, but the mode of this selection seems to be dependent on both plant and soil type. The soil type appears to be unable to significantly modulate the strong selective effect of tomato. Indeed, similar dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios were found in the root tissue of this plant species cultivated in both soils. In contrast, the different dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios observed in flax roots between soils C and D suggest that the selective effect of flax was modulated by the soil type. Taxonomic identifications showed that the 618 isolates were distributed among three species (P. chlororaphis, P. fluorescens, P. putida) plus an intermediate type between P. fluorescens and P. putida. However, no clear relationship between the distribution of the metabolic types (functional diversity) and the distribution of bacterial species has been found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004694510322
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of synthetic sheep urine on N and P in two pastures in the Scottish uplands (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 93-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grassland ; N ; P ; sheep urine ; soil ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic sheep urine additions (59 g N m−2) were made to pastures on two soils, at Fasset, a semi-natural grassland, and Strathfinella, an improved pasture. Urine was applied to microplots in May and the soil, grass and soil solution analyzed 1, 2, 4, 5, 12 and 23 weeks after the addition. At Fasset, the grass was scorched by urine and the standing biomass decreased compared to the control, increasing only after 5 weeks. The absence of scorching at the Strathfinella site was attributed to a greater biomass of root mat to buffer the roots from exposure to NH3and a greater rainfall immediately following treatment. Scorching reduced the uptake of N and it was not clear if the greater contents of NH4 + and the increases in soil pH at Fasset compared with Strathfinella were the causes or symptoms of the scorch effect. Amounts of extractable organic N (DON) were similar in both soils and increased during the first 4 weeks and then decreased. Urine addition both increased and decreased DON at different times, but the overall mean values were unchanged. Urine application changed the distribution of P in the two soils, increasing the soil solution P at Fasset by 80 mg P m−2 and raising the P content of herbage at Strathfinella by 600 mg P m−2. In the soil solution, dissolved forms of molybdate reactive P, organic P and condensed P fractions were all increased by the urine addition. After 23 weeks, condensed P made the greatest contribution to soil solution P in both soils indicating that this fraction was the least available for plant uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004785808259
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of ryegrass (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: adsorption ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; biodegradation ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; rhizosphere ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be degraded in the rhizosphere but may also interact with vegetation by accumulation in plant tissues or adsorption on root surface. Previous studies have shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi contribute to the establishment and maintenance of plants in a PAH contaminated soil. We investigated the fate of PAH in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere including biodegradation, uptake and adsorption. Experiments were conducted with ryegrass inoculated or not with Glomus mosseae P2 (BEG 69) and cultivated in pots filled with soil spiked with 5 g kg−1 of anthracene or with 1 g kg−1 of a mixture of 8 PAH in a growth chamber. PAH were extracted from root surfaces, root and shoot tissue and rhizosphere soil and were analysed by GC-MS. In both experiments, 0.006 – 0.11‰ of the initial extractable PAH concentration were adsorbed to roots, 0.003 – 0.16‰ were found in root tissue, 0.001‰ in shoot tissue and 36 – 66% were dissipated, suggesting that the major part of PAH dissipation in rhizosphere soil was due to biodegradation or biotransformation. With mycorrhizal plants, anthracene and PAH were less adsorbed to roots and shoot tissue concentrations were lower than with non mycorrhizal plants, which could contribute to explain the beneficial effect of AM fungi on plant survival in PAH contaminated soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026587418611
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil O2 and CO2 effects on root respiration of cacti (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ferocactus acanthodes ; gas exchange ; Opuntia ficus-indica ; respiration ; root ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Through use of a recently developed technique that can measure CO2 exchange by individual attached roots, the influences of soil O2 and CO2 concentrations on root respiration were determined for two species of shallow-rooted cacti that typically occur in porous, well-drained soils. Although soil O2 concentrations in the rooting zone in the field were indistinguishable from that in the ambient air (21% by volume), the CO2 concentrations 10 cm below the soil surface averaged 540 μLL−1 for the barrel cactusFerocactus acanthodes under dry conditions and 2400 μLL−1 under wet conditions in a loamy sand. For the widely cultivated platyopuntiaOpuntia ficus-indica in a sandy clay loam, the CO2 concentration at 10 cm averaged 1080 μLL−1 under dry conditions and 4170 μLL−1 under wet conditions. For both species, the respiration rate in the laboratory was zero at 0% O2 and increased to its maximum value at 5% O2 for rain roots (roots induced by watering) and 16% O2 for established roots. Established roots ofO. ficus-indica were slightly more tolerant of elevated CO2 than were those ofF. acanthodes, 5000 μLL−1 inhibiting respiration by 35% and 46%, respectively. For both species, root respiration was reduced to zero at 20,000 μLL−1 (2%) CO2. In contrast to the reversible effects of 0% O2, inhibition by 2% CO2 was irreversible and led to the death of cortical cells in established roots in 6 h. Although the restriction of various cacti and other CAM plants to porous soils has generally been attributed to their requirement for high O2 concentrations, the present results indicate that susceptibility of root respiration to elevated soil CO2 concentrations may be more important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377076
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological responses of lupin roots to soil compaction (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compaction ; lupin ; roots ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139953
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