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  • 1
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    Composition and carbon dynamics of forests in northeastern North America in a future, warmer world (2009)
    NRC Research Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © NRC Research Press, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of NRC Research Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39 (2009): 213-230, doi:10.1139/X08-185.
    Description: Increasing temperatures, precipitation extremes, and other anthropogenic influences (pollutant deposition, increasing carbon dioxide) will influence future forest composition and productivity in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. This synthesis of empirical and modeling studies includes tree DNA evidence suggesting tree migrations since the last glaciation were much slower, at least under postglacial conditions, than is needed to keep up with current and future climate warming. Exceedances of US and Canadian ozone air quality standards are apparent and offset CO2-induced gains in biomass and predispose trees to other stresses. The deposition of nitrogen and sulfate in the northeastern United States changes forest nutrient availability and retention, reduces reproductive success and frost hardiness, causes physical damage to leaf surfaces, and alters performance of forest pests and diseases. These interacting stresses may increase future tree declines and ecosystem disturbances during transition to a warmer climate. Recent modeling work predicts warmer climates will increase suitable habitat (not necessarily actual distribution) for most tree species in the northeastern United States. Species whose habitat is declining in the northeastern United States currently occur in Canadian forests and may expand northward with warming. Paleoecological studies suggest local factors may interact with, even overwhelm, climatic effects, causing lags and thresholds leading to sudden large shifts in vegetation.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by the Northeastern States Research Cooperative. J.E. Mohan and data from Harvard Forest were supported by Long-term Ecological Research funding through the National Science Foundation (DEB-0620443 to J. Melillo), and by National Institute for Climate Change Research funding through the Department of Energy (DE-FC02-06ER64157).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Gis-derived integrated moisture index to predict forest composition and productivity of Ohio forests (U.S.A.) (1997)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 12 (1997), S. 331-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: landscape ecology ; site index ; topography ; Ohio ; oak-hickory forests ; integrated moisture index ; GIS ; spatial distribution ; forest composition ; DEM ; resolution ; scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A geographic information system (GIS) approach was used in conjunction with forest-plot data to develop an integrated moisture index (IMI), which was then used to predict forest productivity (site index) and species composition for forests in Ohio. In this region, typical of eastern hardwoods across the Midwest and southern Appalachians, topographic aspect and position (rather than elevation) change drastically at the fine scale and strongly influence many ecological functions. Elevational contours, soil series mapping units, and plot locations were digitized for the Vinton Furnace Experimental Forest in southeastern Ohio and gridded to 7.5-m cells for GIS modeling. Several landscape features (a slope-aspect shading index, cumulative flow of water downslope, curvature of the landscape, and water-holding capacity of the soil) were used to create the IMI, which was then statistically analyzed with site-index values and composition data for plots. On the basis of IMI values for forest land harvested in the past 30 years, we estimated oak site index and the percentage composition of two major species groups in the region: oak (Quercus spp.), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) plus black cherry (Prunus serotina). The derived statistical relationships were then applied in the GIS to create maps of site index and composition, and verified with independent data. The maps show the oaks will dominate on dry, ridge top positions (i.e., low site index), while the yellow poplar and black cherry will predominate on mesic sites. Digital elevation models with coarser resolution (1:24K, 1:100K, 1:250K) also were tested in the same manner. We had generally good success for 1:24K, moderate success for 1:100K, but no success for 1:250K data. This simple and portable approach has the advantage of using readily available GIS information which is time-invariant and requires no fieldwork. The IMI can be used to better manage forest resources where moisture is limiting and to predict how the resource will change under various forms of ecosystem management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007989813501
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land-use changes in Illinois, ASA: The influence of landscape attributes on current and historic land use (1988)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 2 (1988), S. 45-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Illinois ; geographic information system ; landscape ecology ; soil ; land use ; presettlement ; vegetation ; land-use change ; fractal dimension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Illinois Geographic Information System was used to compare the soil and landscape attributes of the State with its historic vegetation, current land use, and patterns of land-use change over the past 160 years. Patch structural characteristics among land types in four geographic zones were also compared. The assessment of patch characteristics revealed a highly modified State with most land patches controlled by human influences and relatively few by topographic and hydrologic features. Correlation and regression analyses determined the relationships of land type and abundance within each of 50 general soil associations to properties of the soil associations - typically slope, texture, organic matter, productivity index, and available waterholding capacity. The distribution of the historic vegetation of the State and its current deciduous forests and nonforested wetlands related moderately (r2 ≥ 0.44) to various landscape attributes. Urban and other highly modified land types were less closely related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138907
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications of satellite remote sensing to forested ecosystems (1989)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 3 (1989), S. 131-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: satellite ; remote sensing ; forest ecosystems ; GIS ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since the launch of the first civilian earth-observing satellite in 1972, satellite remote sensing has provided increasingly sophisticated information on the structure and function of forested ecosystems. Forest classification and mapping, common uses of satellite data, have improved over the years as a result of more discriminating sensors, better classification algorithms, and the use of geographic information systems to incorporate additional spatially referenced data such as topography. Land-use change, including conversion of forests for urban or agricultural development, can now be detected and rates of change calculated by superimposing satellite images taken at different dates. Landscape ecological questions regarding landscape pattern and the variables controlling observed patterns can be addressed using satellite imagery as can forestry and ecological questions regarding spatial variations in physiological characteristics, productivity, successional patterns, forest structure, and forest decline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00131175
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional forest cover estimation via remote sensing: the calibration center concept (1994)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 9 (1994), S. 159-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: geographic information system ; Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ; Smoky Mountains ; Illinois ; forest ; remote sensing ; Landsat TM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for combining Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery, and other biogeographic data to estimate forest cover over large regions is applied and evaluated at two locations. In this method, TM data are used to classify a small area (calibration center) into forest/nonforest; the resulting forest cover map is then used in combination with AVHRR spectral data from the same area to develop an empirical relationship between percent forest cover and AVHRR pixel spectral signature; the resultant regression relationship between AVHRR band values and percent forest cover is then used to extrapolate forest cover for several hundred kilometers beyond the original TM calibration center. In the present study, the method was tested over two large regions in the eastern United States: areas centered on Illinois and on the Smoky Mountains on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. Estimates of percent forest cover for counties, after aggregating AVHRR pixel estimates within each county, were compared with independent ground-based estimates. County estimates were aggregated to derive estimates for states and regions. For the Illinois region, the overall correlation between county cover estimates was 0.89. Even better correlations (up to r = 0.96) resulted for the counties close to one another, in the same ecoregion, or in the same major land resource region as the calibration center. For the Smokies region, the correlations were significant but lower due to large influences of pine forests (suppressed spectral reflectance) in counties outside the hardwood-dominated calibration center. The method carries potential for estimating forest cover across the globe. It has special advantages in allowing the assessment of forest cover in highly fragmented landscapes, where individual AVHRR pixels (1 km2) are forested to varying degrees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134745
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processes and lands for sequestering carbon in the tropical forest landscape (1992)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 64 (1992), S. 139-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Balancing the C budget in the tropics has been hindered by the assumption that those forests not undergoing deforestation are in C steady state with respect to their C pools and thus with the atmosphere. The long history of human activity in tropical forests suggests otherwise. In this paper we discuss the forest compartments into which C can be stored, what the likely rates of storage are and for how long, and over which areas of the tropical landscape these processes occur. Results of our analysis suggest that tropical forests have the potential to sequester up to 2.5 Pg C yr−1 from the atmosphere if human pressure could be completely removed. Addition of agroecosystems and degraded lands could increase this estimate markedly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477099
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and income (2000)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 4 (2000), S. 105-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: Chicago ; Illinois ; urban ecosystems ; landscape ecology ; socioeconomic ; household density ; household income ; Landsat Thematic Mapper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Urban forests and herbaceous open space play a vital role in the environmental and aesthetic “health” of cities, yet they are rarely identified in land-use inventories of urban areas. To provide information on urban forests and other vegetative land cover in Illinois cities, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data from June 27, 1988, were classified for the Chicago metropolitan region (9,717 km2). Ten land-cover classes were identified, including two types of forestland (occupying 5.8% of the total area), residential land with trees (14.6%) or without trees (7.8%), cropland (37.5%), two types of grassland (7.7%), urban with impervious surfaces (23.1%), water (1.6%), and miscellaneous vegetation (2.1%). Correlation analyses indicated that household income and household density are strongly related to land covers in the region, particularly those with tree cover and urbanized land. Population changes for 1980–1985 and 1985–2010 (projected) show a pattern of increasing density in the urbanized zone concurrent with continued urban sprawl, primarily into current cropland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011307327314
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Landscape patterns of understory composition and richness across a moisture and nitrogen mineralization gradient in Ohio (U.S.A.) Quercus forests (1999)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 144 (1999), S. 177-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Gradient analysis ; Moisture index ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Species richness ; Understory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study quantified relationships of understory vascular plant species composition and richness along environmental gradients over a broad spatial scale in second-growth oak forests in eastern North America. Species frequencies were recorded in 108 25 × 25 m plots in four study sites extending over 70 km in southern Ohio, U.S.A.. The plots were stratified into three long-term soil moisture classes with a GIS-derived integrated moisture index (IMI). In addition to the IMI, the environmental data matrix included eight soil and three overstory variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that variations in understory species composition were most strongly related to topographic variations in predicted moisture (IMI), N mineralization rate, nitrification rate, and soil pH. In addition, floristic variation at the regional scale was correlated with variations in soil texture, nitrification, pH, and PO4 −, resulting from differences in the soil parent material complexes among sites. Species richness averaged 65 species/plot, and increased with moisture and fertility. Stepwise regression indicated that richness was positively correlated with N mineralization rate and nitrification rate, and inversely correlated with tree basal area. Greater richness on fertile plots was the largely the result of increasing forb richness. Forb richness per quadrat (2 m2) was most strongly and positively related to N mineralization rate. Conversely, richness of understory individuals of tree species was greatest on xeric, less-fertile plots. Our results describe general, broad-scale species-environment relationships that occurred at both the topographic scale (long-term moisture status and fertility) and the regional scale (geomorphological differences among the sites). Strong species richness-N mineralization correlations indicate an important link between below-ground processes and above-ground biodiversity. Because N availability was a strong correlate to vegetation patterns at a broad-scale, our results suggest that the increasing rates of atmospheric N deposition in the region could have a major impact on understory vegetation dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009804020976
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  • 9
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    Composition and carbon dynamics of forests in northeastern North America in a future, warmer worldThis article is one of a selection of papers from NE Forests 2100: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Forests of the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada. (2009)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-01
    Description: Increasing temperatures, precipitation extremes, and other anthropogenic influences (pollutant deposition, increasing carbon dioxide) will influence future forest composition and productivity in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. This synthesis of empirical and modeling studies includes tree DNA evidence suggesting tree migrations since the last glaciation were much slower, at least under postglacial conditions, than is needed to keep up with current and future climate warming. Exceedances of US and Canadian ozone air quality standards are apparent and offset CO2-induced gains in biomass and predispose trees to other stresses. The deposition of nitrogen and sulfate in the northeastern United States changes forest nutrient availability and retention, reduces reproductive success and frost hardiness, causes physical damage to leaf surfaces, and alters performance of forest pests and diseases. These interacting stresses may increase future tree declines and ecosystem disturbances during transition to a warmer climate. Recent modeling work predicts warmer climates will increase suitable habitat (not necessarily actual distribution) for most tree species in the northeastern United States. Species whose habitat is declining in the northeastern United States currently occur in Canadian forests and may expand northward with warming. Paleoecological studies suggest local factors may interact with, even overwhelm, climatic effects, causing lags and thresholds leading to sudden large shifts in vegetation.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    Agroforestry landscapes and global change: landscape ecology tools for management and conservation (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-04
    Print ISSN: 0167-4366
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9680
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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