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  • Articles  (235)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of Pt(S2COEt)2 (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 707-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; platinum ; xanthate ; square planar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystals of Pt(S2COEt)2 are orthorhombic, Pbca, with (at 20°C)a=7.799(3),b=7.368(6),c=20.588(7) Å.D cale=2.46g cm−3 forZ=4. The platinum atom resides on a crystallographic center of inversion and is bound to the four sulfur atoms of the xanthato ligand in a square planar geometry. The Pt−S distances are 2.313(6) and 2.320(7)Å with an intraligand S−Pt−S angle of 75.1(2)°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01668235
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of tetrakisdiphenylammonium hexadecachlorotetrabismuthate(III) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 841-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bismuth chloride complexes ; diphenylammonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [(C6H5)2NH2]4 +[Bi4Cl16]4− crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ witha=11.835(2),b=12.393(2),c=12.625(3)Å, α=108.37(3), β=108.69(3), γ=96.00(3)° andD c=2.135 g cm−3 forZ=1. The [Bi4Cl16]4− anion is a centrosymmetric cluster of four distorted edge-sharing BiCl6 octahedra. The ranges of the Bi−Cl bonds are 2.484(4)–2.606(3)Å for Bi−Cl(terminal), 2.691(3)–2.956(4)Å for Bi-Cl(µ2), and 2.960(3)–3.120(4)Å for Bi-Cl(µ3). The cations and anions are held in place by weak hydrogen bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01671080
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of a bulky cyclic sulfite (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclic sulfite ; pentacycloundecane-8 ; 11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the cyclic sulfite derived from the reaction of thionyl chloride withendo-8-hydroxy-exo-8-(endo-8′-hydroxypentacyclo[5.4.0.0.2,6.03,10.05,9]undec-exo-8′-yl)pentacyclo-[5.4.0.0.2,6.03,10.05,9]undecane is reported. All bond lengths and angles are consistent with the strained cage geometry. A static disorder of the terminal oxygen was found to be present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665171
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  • 4
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    Structure of the pinacol formed via sodium-promoted reductive dimerization of 12-methyleneheptacyclo-[6.6.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecan-7-one (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 417-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pinacol ; reductive dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pinacol resulting from sodium promoted reductive coupling of a methyleneheptacyclo-[6.6.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecanone possesses a conformation in which equivalent groups on the pinacol carbon are virtually perpendicular to each other. This rotation minimizes steric interactions, thus the geometries of all the fragments in the molecule are within expected values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665280
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  • 5
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    Crystal and molecular structure of 1-vinyl-3-methyl-imidazolium iodide, C6H9N2I (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 601-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; imidazolium ; vinyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes with two independent molecules in the unit cell. The two molecules arecis-trans isomers. Crystal data: orthorhombic, P212121,a=7.0417(6),b=9.5341(9),c=25.411(2) Å,Z=8. The crystal structure has been solved by automated Patterson methods and refined toR=0.024 for 1843 observed reflections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667031
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  • 6
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    Molecular structure of 3-(3-oxo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; epoxy ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of an epoxy ester is described. The structure has been solved by vector search methods and refined by least squares methods toR 1=0.0372 [I〉2σ(I)]. The structure consists of two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. These molecules are chemically the same. Crystal data: C11H12O4, triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=10.324(3),b=10.553(7),c=10.869(5)Å, α=61.77(4), β=88.64(4), γ=88.16(6)°,V=1042.7(9)Å3,Z=4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018702
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  • 7
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    Crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, Sr9(PO4)6·16H2O (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hydrated phosphate ; layer-type structure ; strontium phosphate ; strontium phosphate hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, nonastrontium hexakis(phosphate) hexadecahydrate, Sr9(PO4)6·16H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic,a=15.203(2),b=6.488(1),c=18.984(7) Å, β=98.42(2)o, space groupP2/c (No. 13),Z=2,V=1852.3 Å3,d c =2.951 Mg·m−3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques toR=0.038,R w =0.051, for 2329 reflections with I≥3σ(I). The structure can be described in terms of a layer-type arrangement parallel to (100). One layer consists of a compact assembly of columns of Sr and PO4 ions in a pseudohexagonal arrangement resembling an apatitic structure. A second layer containing all the water molecules and one PO4 ion that occupies the interstitial space may be referred to as the hydrated layer. The structure has an overall similarity to that of octacalcium phosphate and can be considered as a model for amorphous calcium phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01677098
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  • 8
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    Molecular structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ-NHtBu)]2 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 563-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; aluminum ; amide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ-NHtBu)]2 has been determined. The unit cell contains two independent molecules with only slight variation in the orientation of thetert-butyl ligands. Crystal data: Triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=9.0138(6),b=10.2944(8),c=15.791(1) Å, α=91.262(6), β=89.822(6), γ=106.141(6)°,V=1407.2(2) Å3,Z=2,R=0.039,R w=0.041.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01668416
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  • 9
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    Crystal structure of 5-(p-methoxyphenylamino)indane and AM1 calculations on N-arylamines derivatives, precursors of phenothiazine drugs (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 735-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; diphenyl amines ; AM1 calculations ; phenothiazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structural determination by X-ray crystallography of the titled N-arylamine 4a, as well as AM1 calculations on a series of derivatives (4b–c, 5a–c), are reported. The compound 4a is monoclinic P21/c with a = 7.656(3), b = 23.655(5), c = 7.686(9) Å, β = 112.59(6)°, V = 1285.2(2) Å3 and Z = 4. This structure has been used as a template for the building of some others derivatives used for AM1 calculations. The results show that the cyclization position on the aromatic rings, which can lead to two regioisomers, depends on the nature of the benzylic substituants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021860410863
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  • 10
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    Synthesis, characterization, and X-ray crystal structure of di-(2,4-imidazolidinedione-5-ethyl)disulfide, C10H14N4O4S2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 761-765 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; noncentrosymmetric ; disulfide ; imidazolidinedione ; homocystine hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Di-(2,4-imidazolidinedione-5-ethyl)disulfide or homocystine hydantoin, C10H14N4O4S2 (I), crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group P21 (No. 4) with two molecules in the unit cell with a = 7.132(1), b = 9.282(2), c = 10.770(2) Å and β = 105.68(1)°. The two imidazolidinedione rings are planar with a dihedral angle of 46.9°. The rings are joined by a diethyl disulfide bridge at chiral centers on the rings. The C-S-S-C torsion angle is −80°(−sc). The absolute stereochemistry of the chiral centers was determined to be (5S, 5′S), η = + 0.92 (11). Important bond distances include: S-S = 2.022(4); S-C (mean) = 1.809(8); and C=O (mean) = 1.224(7) Å. The compound is stabilized by a network of intermolecular carbonyl-to-amine hydrogen bonding and van der Waals cohesive forces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021816628610
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  • 11
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    Crystal structure of a macrocyclic tetraamine isocyanato zinc(II) complex (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 831-834 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic tetraamine ; isocyanato zinc(II) complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex, [Zn(L)(NCO)]Cl · 3H2O (1) (L = 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[14,4,01.18,07.12]docosane), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 10.530(3), b = 9.315(2), c = 27.188(3) Å, β = 92.58(1)°, V = 2664.1(9)Å3, and Z = 4. The zinc atom is in a distorted squarepyramidal environment with the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and one nitrogen atom of the isocyanate ligand.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021831921283
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  • 12
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of macrocyclic nickel(II) complex bridged by chromate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 867-870 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic nickel(II) complex ; chromate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel compound catena-(μ-CrO4-O,O′)[Ni(L1)Ni(L2)] 3H2O (1) (L1 = 3,5,10,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and L2 = 2,5,9,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been synthesized for the first time and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī with a = 9.623(1), b = 10.084(1), c = 12.723 (3) Å, α = 66.74(2), β = 75.20(1), γ = 72.02(1)°, V = 1066.2(3) Å3, and Z = 2. The coordination environment around the Ni(II) ions is an axially elongated octahedron with the secondary amines of the isomeric ligands and two oxygen atoms of [CrO4]2−.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022890217250
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  • 13
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    Synthesis, characterization, peripheral studies, and structural analysis of E-4-(N-methylanilino)-3-pentene-2-one, C12H15NO (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 899-903 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; ir/nmr ; β-amino-α ; β-unsaturaled ketone ; noncentrosemmtric ; enamino ketones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystallographic structural refinement of E-4-(N-methylanilino)-3-pentene-2-one (I) has been carried out by means of three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The title compound crystallizes in space group C2 (No. 5,Z = 4). The lattice constants are a = 21.543(4), b = 6.433(1), c = 8.019(2) Å, and β = 97.82(3)°. Characterizations include physical property determinations and spectrometric identifications employing IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and X-ray powder analyses. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. Selected bond distances and angles are presented and discussed as well as synthesis and peripheral studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022802619976
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  • 14
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    The structure of N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amine (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 145-147 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; benzimidazole ; antimicrobial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amine, C14H11N3Cl2, M r = 292.17, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with unit cell parameters a = 10.707(2), b = 9.615(2), c = 25.944(6) Å. The benzimidazole ring system is planar and makes a dihedral angle of 77.8(1)° with the phenyl ring. The structure is stabilized by an N–H···N hydrogen bond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022497931783
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  • 15
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    Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel polymeric praseodymium(III) complex with a new flexible double betaine (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; praseodymium(III) carboxylate complex ; double betaine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel polymeric Pr(III) complex with a new double betaine, namely [{Pr(L1)1.5(H2O)2} n ][ClOli4]3 n ·nH2O (1) (L1 = 1,4-diazoniobicyclo[2,2,2]octane-1,4-dipropionate), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray analysis. In the title complex, the Pr(III) atom is nine-coordinated by seven oxygen atoms from five L1 ligands and two aqua ligands. Each pair of adjacent praseodymium(III) atoms is linked by a pair of μ3 chelating and bridging carboxylate groups, thus forming an infinite metal···metal chain running parallel to the a direction, and such chains are cross-linked by flexible backbones of L1 ligands into a three-dimensional network with the perchlorate anions and lattice water molecules accommodated in the interstitial space. The title complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 8.085(2), b = 14.316(3), c = 29.775(6) Å, β = 103.04(3)° and Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022414109261
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  • 16
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    Crystal structures of three substituted pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecanes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 251-258 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formed via ultimate nucleophilic attack of unsaturated hydrocarbon fragments are reported. Geometries of the bis(vinyl)-, mono(vinyl), and bis(ethynyl)-substituted PCU species are unexceptional. The crystal structures are dictated by the availability of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021893001351
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  • 17
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    Molecular structure and absolute configuration of (+)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 1′R)-5-(1′-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 497-499 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tricyclodecadienone ; enaminone ; resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (+)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 1′R)-5-(1′-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one is described. Based on the known absolute configuration (R) of the α-phenylethylamine moiety the X-ray analysis revealed the absolute configuration of the title compound. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0298 for 1950 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C18H19NO, monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.7406(4), b = 9.959(2), c = 11.3123(8)Å, β = 102.969(5), V = 740.0(2)Å3, and Z = 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021733108852
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  • 18
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    Molecular structure and absolute configuration of (−)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 2′S)-5-(2′-hydroxymethylpyrrolidin-1′-yl)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 493-495 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tricyclodecadienone ; enaminone ; dynamic kinetic resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (−)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 2′S)-5-(2′-hydroxymethyl-pyrrolidin-1′-yl)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one is described. Knowing the absolute configuration of the prolinol moiety (S) the X-ray diffraction study established the absolute configuration of the title compound. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0322 for 1237 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C15H19NO2, monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.0757(4), b = 11.3473(5), c = 9.5114(7)Å, β = 104.686(6)°, V = 634.32(7)Å3, and Z = 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021781024782
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  • 19
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    The crystal structure of 5α,9α-peroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one-3β-ol acetate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 239-241 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; ergosterol peroxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ergosterol acetate, in pyridine, reacts with hydrogen peroxide and catalytic amounts of FeCl3 to afford the unusual product 5α,9α-peroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one-3β-ol acetate. The peroxide, in the title structure, is seen to bridge the C5 and C9 positions of the sterol backbone. Crystal data: C30H44O5, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 6.552(2), b = 11.048(8), c = 37.60(2), V = 2772(3)Å3, Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022486730643
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  • 20
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    The crystal structure of hexabenzoylhexaazaisowurtzitane (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 593-596 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cage compound ; hexabenzoylhexaazaisowurtzitane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of an interesting cage compound is described. Crystal data: C48H36N6O6·(CH3)2CO; monoclinic; space group: P2 1 /n; a = 14.948(3) Å, b = 15.079(3) Å, c = 19.539(4)Å, β = 93.93(3)°, V = 4394(2)Å3; and Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022452707772
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  • 21
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    Structural study of the molecular complex in crystals of brucine with pantolactone (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; brucine ; pantolactone ; molecular complex ; chiral resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have determined an X-ray crystal structure, a = 12.482(1), b = 14.349(1), c = 14.342(1) Å, orthorhombic, P212121 for a molecular complex of brucine with pantolactone. The crystal structure is composed of corrugated sheets of brucine molecules containing the guest pantolactone molecules. The conformational twist of the pyrrolidine ring in brucine may probably be important in projecting the amine N2 to provide a strong and specific binding site for a chiral complexation. The pseudo-equatorial orientation of the hydroxyl group of the pantolactone anchors itself for binding via hydrogen bonding. In the crystal packing, the pantolactone molecules form helices and the brucine molecules are attached to these helices by O=H···N hydrogen bonds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009543903373
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  • 22
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    Crystal structure of Pt(S2COEt)2 (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 711-714 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; platinum ; xanthate ; square planar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystals of Pt(S2COEt)2 are orthorhombic, Pbca, with (at 20°C)a=7.799(3),b=7.368(6),c=20.588(7) Å,D cale=2.46g cm−3 forZ=4. The platinum atom resides on a crystallographic center of inversion and is bound to the four sulfur atoms of the xanthato ligand in a square planar geometry. The Pt−S distances are 2.313(6) and 2.320(7) Å with an intraligand S−Pt−S angle of 75.1(2)°.
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    Highly stereoselective sodium borohydride promoted reduction ofendo-5-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-7,7-dimethoxynorborn-2-ene (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 657-660 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; norbornene ; stereoselective reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Racemicendo-5-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-7,7-dimethoxynorborn-2-ene was stereoselectively reduced by sodium borohydride to give only theS,S orR,R diastereomers. The crystal structure of the product displays no unusual features.
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    Structure of 2-acetoxy-1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethanone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 291-294 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of 2-acetoxy-1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethanone is reported. The steric requirements of the two adamantyl groups affect the structure in three ways—a slight elongation of the central bond, a small expansion of the angles about the central bond, and a conformation in which the C(sp2)-connected adamantyl group virtually bisects the large substituents attached to the sp3 carbon.
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    Structure of a PCU-derived pinacol formed via sodiumpromoted reductive dimerization of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione monoethylene ketal (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 517-520 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pinacol ; reductive dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pinacol resulting from sodium promoted reductive coupling of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.-03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione monoethylene ketal possesses a conformation, dictated by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, that lies midway between eclipsed and staggered. The C−C and C−O distances in the pinacol unit are, respectively, longer and shorter than usual, and all parameters are as expected.
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    Crystal and molecular structure determination, TGA-DTA, and infrared and Raman spectra of rubidium nitroprusside, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO] (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 325-330 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; rubidium nitroprusside ; IR ; Raman ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO], crystallizes in the space group P212121, witha=5.687(1),b=15.956(2),c=12.645(3) Å, andZ=4. Anions are in equivalent C1 sites (one per asymmetric unit) and are slightly distorted octahedra (C4v ideal symmetry). TGA and DTA curves and vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectra of Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO] were obtained. Results are interpreted in view of the crystal structure of the compound and the behavior of related substances.
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    Thermodynamic vs. kinetic control in the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 281-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclopentadiene ; 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone ; Diels-Alder reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene (1a) to 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (2a), when performed in methanol solvent at ambient temperature, proceeds with kinetic control to afford 1α,4α,4aβ,8aβ-tetrahydro-5,8-dioxo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-4a,8a-dicarbonitrile (7, 77% yield). However, when this cycloaddition is performed by refluxing an equimolar solution of1a and2a in benzene for 3 h, the product of thermodynamic control, i.e., 1α,4α,4aα,8aα-tetrahydro-5,8-dioxo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-6,7-dicarbonitrile (3a) is obtained in 64% yield. The structure of3a was confirmed by an analysis of the reduced intramolecular photocyclization product,9.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of (2E,4S,10R)-4-hydroxy-2-undecen-10-olide (nor-patulolide C), C11H18O3 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 305-308 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; undecen-olid ; nor-patulolide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stereogeometry and absolute configuration of the title compound has been proved by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data: monoclinic, P21,a=7.7976(2),b=7.8288(2),c=8.9791(4) Å, β=90.331(4)o, Z=2. The crystal structure has been solved by vector search methods and refined toR=0.042 for 1798 observed reflections.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of diphenylphosphinylacetic acid (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 361-364 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; carboxylic acid ; phosphine oxide ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diphenylphosphinylacetic acid crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2l/n with unit cell dimensionsa=5.6875(7),b=17.049(4),c=13.471(2) Å, β=93.36(1)° and Z=4. The molecular packing consists of hydrogen bonded chains arising from intermolecular interactions between a carboxylic acid hydroxyl group and an oxygen of an adjacent phosphine oxide moiety.
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    Tetracyclo[6.3.0.04,11.05,9]undecane-2,7-dione (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 425-428 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tetracyclo[6.3.0.04,11.05,9]undecane-2,7-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group, $$P\bar 1$$ , witha=6.7702(4),b=7.0180(4),c=9.1960(7) Å, α=92.457(6), β=96.150(6), γ=93.444(5)°, andZ=2. The structure contains a rather short intramolecular H...H contact of 2.26(4) Å.
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    Crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 741-746 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hydrated ions ; ionic hydration ; strontium arsenate ; struvites ; struvite-type structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate, SrKAsO4·8H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are tetragonal, a = 7.144(1), c = 23.613(2) Å, space group I41md (No. 109), Z = 4, V = 1205.1(1) Å3, and d c = 2.258 g cm−3. All cations and anions in this compound are completely surrounded by water molecules. Sr2+ and K+ ions are each coordinated to eight water molecules arranged in an approximately square antiprism. The [Sr(H2O)8]2+ polyhedron shares one face of four water molecules with a [K(H2O)8]+ polyhedron forming O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 polyhedra. The O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 units are linked together through a pair of edge-sharing linkages of the outer water molecules, alternating along the a-axis and b-axis. The hydrated cation polyhedra appear to define the host lattice, which accommodates the AsO 4 3- ion in the interstitial space. The environment of the AsO 4 3- ion consists of 16 water molecules; each oxygen atom is the acceptor in hydrogen bonds from four water molecules. The pair distances associated with this environment may be used in investigations of the structure of hydrated 4 n- ions in solutions. Each water molecule is coordinated to one Sr and one K, and hydrogen bonded to two O atoms of two different AsO 4 3- ions. There is no hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
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    Crystal structures of a series of 3,7-bis-(arylazo)-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 797-809 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bicyclononane ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitrile substituent ; nitro substituent ; trifluoromethyl substituent ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a series of 3,7-bis(arylazo)-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1] nonanes (1a–d) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All four compounds have the same feature, that the tetraazabicyclononane unit assumes a cage-like structure with the aryltriazene moieties lying parallel to one another so that the aryl rings are held together by π – π stacking. Crystal data: 1a C17H18N10O4, triclinic, space group P − 1, a = 9.8899(10), b = 13.0845(13), c = 16.458(2) Å, α = 94.095(2)°, β = 107.004(2)°, γ = 111.027(2)°, V = 1863.5(3) Å3 and Z = 4; 1b, C19H18F6N8, orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a = 15.3210(8), b = 10.9512(6), c = 24.5698(13) Å, V = 4122.4(4) Å3 and Z = 8; 1c C19H18N10, monoclinic, space group P21/n a = 6.3742(6), b = 13.7343(13), c = 21.542(2)Å, β = 97.738(2)°, V = 1868.8(3) Å3, and Z = 4; 1d, C19H18N10, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 18.205(2), b = 17.398(2), c = 12.784(12) Å, β = 109.480(2)°, V = 3818.0(6) Å3, and Z = 8.
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    Characterization and structural analyses of trimethoxy and triethoxybenzo[b]thiophene (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 289-295 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; methoxybenzo [b] thiophene ; estrogen receptor ; tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of two methoxybenzo [b] thiophenes have been determined by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Both 3-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene and 3-(3′,4′,5′-triethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene (hereafter referred to as I and II, respectively) crystallize in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group $$P \bar 1$$ (No. 2, C1) with two formula units per cell with a = 6.842(1) Å, b = 12.602(2) Å, c = 13.815(2) Å, α = 94.80(1)°, β = 98.27(2)°, and γ = 100.59(2)° and a = 10.600(1), b = 11.415(2), c = 12.137(2) Å, α = 94.57(1)°, β = 101.18(1)°, and γ = 110.45(1)°, respectively. The phase problems were solved by direct methods and the respective final full-matrix least-squares refinements converged to R = 0.039 and 0.068. The structures differ in the orientation of the trimethoxy and triethoxy groups of the benzoyl ligands. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. Selected bond distances, angles, and torsion angles are tabularized as well as reference to the synthesis of the title compounds and peripheral studies.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of a polymeric erbium(III)–sodium(I) coordination complex of picolinic acid N-oxide (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 413-418 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; erbium(III)–sodium(I) carboxylate complex ; picolinic acid N-oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new Er(III)–Na(I) coordination polymer of stoichiometry [NaEr2L5(H2O)6(NO3)](NO3)·3.5H2O (HL = picolinic acid N-oxide) has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystals are triclinic, PĪ with a = 9.823(2), b = 12.453(2), c = 20.643(4) Å; α = 98.49(3), (β = 101.40(3), γ = 108.69(3)°; V = 2284(1) Å3; Z = 2. Of the two independent eight-coordinate erbium(III) ions in this complex, one is surrounded by four bidentate chelating L ligands, and the other by one bidentate chelating L ligand, four aqua ligands and two anti-carboxylate oxygen atoms from two neighboring [ErL4] units. The sodium(I) ion is in a distorted octahedral environment, being coordinated by a unidentate nitrate anion, three aqua ligands and two anti-carboxylate oxygen atoms from two adjacent [ErL4] units. The complex is built from zigzag chains of syn-anti carboxylate-bridged erbium(III) moieties directed in the a direction, which are cross-linked pairwise by aqua-bridgeddimericsodium(I) units. The resulting composite polymeric chains are further connected by hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network.
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    Crystal structure and two-stage hydrolysis of dimethoxo (meso-tetra(4-methoxyphenylporphyrinato))tin(IV), Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 481-486 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tin porphyrin ; two-stage hydrolysis ; methanolate ; trans equivalent axial ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this work, we determine the crystal structure of dimethoxo(meso-tetra(4-methoxyphenylporphyrinato))tin(IV), Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 (1). Experimental results indicate that the tin atom has an octahedral geometry. The geometry around the tin center has Sn(1)–O(5) = 2.020(6), Sn(1)–O(6) = 2.003(7) Å and an average Sn(1)–N = 2.10(1) Å. The two methoxo groups are unidentately coordinated to the tin(IV) atom. Two-stage hydrolysis of Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 in CDCl3 was observed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compound (1) crystallizes in the space group P21/n with a = 14.7492(1), b = 19.2022(3), c = 16.0806(2) Å, β = 94.104(1)°, and Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel polymeric gadolinium(III)–copper(II) complex of iminodiacetic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 475-479 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; gadolinium(III)-copper(II) complex ; iminodiacetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel polymeric Gd2Cu3 complex of iminodiacetic acid (H2L1=NH{CH2COOH}2), namely, Gd2Cu3(L1)6, 1, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. In the title complex, the Gd3+ ion is nine-coordinated by six O atoms from three bidentate chelating carboxylate groups and three O atoms from three anti-anti bridging carboxylic groups of six L1 ligands; the Cu2+ ion is six-coordinated by four O and two N atoms from two chelating L1 ligands. Each pair of Gd(III) atoms is bridged by three L1 ligands, each of which also chelates with one copper(II) ion, thus forming a Gd2Cu3 cluster unit. Such cluster units are cross-linked by flexible L1 ligands into a three-dimensional coordination framework. The title complex crystallizes in the trigonal space group P-3c1 (No. 165) with a = b = 13.433(4), c = 14.770(6) Å; V = 2308(1) Å3; Dcalca = 1.859 g cm−3; Z = 2.
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    Structure of a deaza dimer of 4-methyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5(4H)-dione (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 15-18 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; dimer ; triazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/n; a = 9.0024(5), b = 5.8135(3), c = 15.2232(8) Å, β = 91.153(4)° Z = 4; and R = 0.050 based on 853 observed, unique reflections. The structure consists of two fused five-membered triazole rings, oriented relative to each other at 152°.
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    Crystal structures of two substituted biphenyl derivatives: 5,5′-di t-butyl-2-2′-biphenyldiol and 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; biphenyl ; mutual orientation ; strong H-bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 5,5′-Di t-butyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (I), C20H26O2, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 18.243(2), b = 9.947(2), c = 9.685(3) Å, and Z = 4; 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (II), C14H14O2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 9.959(2), b = 7.932(3), c = 15.392(2) Å, β = 105.43(2)°, and Z = 4. The aromatic rings are tilted by 52.7(1) and 43.8(1)° to each other in compounds (I) and (II), respectively. Strong intra- and inter-molecular H-bonds connect the molecules in the crystals.
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    Synthesis, spectroscopic studies, and crystal structure of tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) hexakisisothiocyanatoindate(III) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 317-321 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; indium complexes ; isothiocyanate complexes ; octahedral coordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of a 1:10 molar ratio between indium chloride and tetra-n-butylammonium thiocyanate in ethanol affords the complex [(n-C4H9)4N]3[In(NCS)6] (1), the structure of which has been established by X-ray diffraction. This compound crystallizes in the cubic space group Pa3¯ with eight formula units in the unit cell. The formula unit consists of three separate cationic tetra-n-butylammonium groups and an independent hexakisisothiocyanatoindium anionic group. The six near linear thiocyanate ligands coordinate octahedrally through the nitrogen atom to the indium metal center. The coordination of the n-butyl groups to the ammonium-nitrogen atom is tetrahedral. The complex has also been characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, physical properties, and X-ray powder analysis.
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    Crystal structures of a series of 3,8-di[-2-aryl-1-azenyl]-1,3,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecanes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bicycloundecane ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitro substituent ; carboalkoxy substituent ; π–π stacking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a series of 3,8-di[-2-aryl-1-azenyl]-1,3,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecanes (1–5) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In all five compounds, the tetraazabicycloundecane portion of the molecule assumes a cage-like, folded structure with the aryltriazene moieties aligned approximately parallel; the structure is held in the folded configuration by either intramolecular or intermolecular π–π stacking forces. Crystal data: 1 C19H22N10O4, monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 10.1846(7), b = 9.9556(7), c = 20.819(2) Å, β = 98.725(1)°, V = 2086.5 (3) Å3, Z = 4; 2 C23H28N8O4, triclinic, space group Pī, a = 6.7064(7), b = 12.9662(14), c = 14.054(2) Å, α = 94.796(2), β = 91.621(2), γ = 104.836(2)°, V = 1175.7(2) Å3, Z = 2; 3 C19H22N10O4, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 14.237(2), b = 13.520(2), c = 11.5805(12) Å, β = 113.514(2)°, V = 2044.0(4) Å3, Z = 4; 4 C21H22N10, monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 54.247(3), b = 11.5531(7), c = 12.9670(7) Å, β = 95.710(1)°, V = 8086.4(8) Å3, Z = 16; 5 C25H32N8 04, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 10.2908(7), b = 16.5687(12), c = 15.1662(10) Å, β = 94,188(1)°, V = 2579.0(3) Å3, Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 4,5-dibromo[2.1.1]triblattene (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 351-354 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; dibromotriblattene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of 4-bromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodec-11-ene (1) with Br2—CCl4 afforded 4,4,5-tribromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodecane (2) in 89–94% yield. Subsequent treatment of 2 with KOt-Bu-t-BuOH resulted in competitive elimination of the elements of HBr and of Br2 with concomitant formation of 4,5-dibromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodec-11-ene (3, 76%) and 1 (17%), respectively. The structure of 3 was established unequivocally via application of X-ray crystallographic methods. Crystal data for 3: monoclinic, C2/c, a = 9.895(1), b = 9.0963(7), c = 12.471(1) Å, β = 106.875(8)°, z = 4.
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    Synthesis, crystal structure, and molecular modeling (AM1) of Methyl 6-chloro-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-formyl-2-methyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; AM1 ; x-ray diffraction ; dihydropiridines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and structural characterization of Methyl 6-chloro-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-formyl-2-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate is described. The structure was refined to R1 = 0.0470 for 2665 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C15H13C12NO3, monoclinic,space group P21/c, a = 11.163(9), b = 14.484(8), c = 9.422(7) Å, V = 1512.9(19) Å3, Z = 4. The results of crystallographic and molecular modeling (AM1) were compared. The Cl atom attached to the phenyl group has two possible orientations, having 75% (sp) and 25% (ap) occupancy, respectively. The molecules in the crystal are held together by means of intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N=H...O and by C=H...O interactions.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of a tetranuclear manganese(IV) cluster [L4Mn4O6](ClO4)4·2H2O (L = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 251-254 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; manganese(IV) cluster ; adamantane-shaped complex ; tetranuclear complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A tetranuclear manganese (IV) complex, [L4Mn4O6](ClO4)4·2H2O (1), with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L) as the capping ligands, has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction; monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 21.335(6) Å, b = 11.387(3) Å, c = 21.788 (6) Å, β = 111.410 (6)°, V = 4928 (2) Å, Z = 4. Each manganese atom has a distorted octahedral environment comprised of three facially coordinated amine nitrogen atoms and three oxygen atoms, and the cation is an idealized tetrahedron. The Mn4O6 4+ cation corresponds to an adamantane skeleton.
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    Structure of a C2-symmetric bis(benzyloxy)trishomocubanone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 747-750 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; trishomocubanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of a bis(benzyloxy)trishomocubanone with molecular C2 symmetry reveals that substitution of benzyloxy groups has little effect on the trishomocubane cage.
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  • 45
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    Crystal structure of ethyl 4-methylthio-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-oxazole-5-carboxylate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,3-oxazoline-2-thione ; resonance structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound C13H13NO3S2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ (Z=2) with lattice constantsa=8.382(2),b=10.042(2),c=10.134(2) Å, α=119.35(1)°, β=101.40(1)° and γ=90.54(1)°. The interplanar angle between the least squares planes of the 1,3-oxazoline ring and the phenyl ring amounts to 90.2°, thus hindering conjugation between the benzene and heterocyclic system. The observed bond parameters of the five-membered heterocycle suggest a significant contribution from a zwitterionic dipolar limiting structure [38.7(5)%] to the description of this ring system. The particular contributions of the resonance structures were estimated by calculations using the HOSE model on the base of the observed bond lengths.
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  • 46
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    Synthesis and structure ofexo-11-cyano-endo-11-(trimethylsilyloxy)pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan-8-one (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecan-8-one ; pentacycloundecane-8,11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of an asymmetric pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan-8,11-dione derivative is reported, in which Me3SiCN has been added across one of the keto groups. The cage structure demonstrates the expected effects of this addition.
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    Structure of the product formed via Cu(I)-promoted oxidative dimerization ofexo-8-ethynylpentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05.9]undecan-endo-8-ol (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 543-547 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; diyne ; oxidative dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The structure consists of two acetyl-substituted PCU cages linked by a diyne fragment. The conformation about the linker is midway between staggered and eclipsed, and the acetyl groups are somewhat distorted due to the proximity to the bulky cage units.
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  • 48
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    Crystal structure oftrans-tetrachlorobis[2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium]cadmium(II), [Cd(H3biim)2Cl4] (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 695-699 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole ; cadmium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The reaction between cadmium(II) chloride and 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole (H2biim) in an acidic solution affords [Cd(H3biim)2Cl4] (H3biim=2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium) in 63% yield. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP1, wherea=8.072(2),b=8.100(2),c=8.593(2) Å, α=75.89(2), β=62.94(2), γ=63.29(1)°,V=446.4(2) Å3, andZ=1. The central Cd atom exhibits an octahedral geometry composed of a Cl4N2 core. The Cd-N bond distance is 2.392(2) Å. Cd−Cl distances are 2.5919(9) and 2.671(1) Å.
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    X-ray structures of two methoxybenzo[b]thiophenes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 801-806 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; methoxybenzo[b]thiophene ; estrogen receptor ; tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of two methoxybenzo[b]thiophenes have been determined by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Both 3-(4′-hydroxy-3′, 5′-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene and 3-(2′,6′-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene (hereafter referred to asI andII, respectively) crystallize in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space groupP21/n (No. 14, C 2h 5 ) with four formula units-per cell witha=6.866(1),b=28.638(2),c=11.830(2) Å, and β=105.52(1)° anda=9.328(1),b=7.977(1),c=29.650(4) Å, and β=97.87(1)°, respectively. The phase problems were solved by direct methods and the respective final full-matrix least-squares refinements converged toR=0.046 and 0.031. The structures differ in the positioning of the dimethoxy groups of the benzoyl ligands and the addition of a hydroxyl group inI. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces plus the addition of hydrogen bonding in compoundI. Selected bond distances and angles and torsion angles are tabularized.
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    Reaction of vinylmagnesium bromide with hexacyclo[10.2.1.02,11.04,9.04,14.09,13]pentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione: Transannular hemiketal formation (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 429-433 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hexacyclopentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction between vinylmagnesium bromide and the cage dione leads to attack of only one equivalent of Grignard and intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the second ketone. The product compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/a, witha=9.509(1),b=11.071(2),c=12.492(4) Å, β=104.32(2)°, andZ=4.
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    The crystal and molecular structure of 6,8,15,16b,16c,17-hexahydro-16b,16c-diphenyl-7H,16H-6a,7a,15a,16a-tetraazanaphtho[5,6]azulano[2,1,8-ij]naptho[f]azulene-7,16-dione (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 365-368 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; receptor ; clip shaped molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a clip containing molecule is described. The structure was solved by vector search methods and refined by least squares methods toR l=0.0768 [I〉2σ(I)]. Crystal data: C40H30N4O2·HCCl3, triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=9.302(2),b=12.981(2),c=15.765(2)Å, α=65.91(2)°, β=76.40(2)°, γ=80.15(1)°,V=1682.9(4)Å3, Z=2.
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    Synthesis and X-ray analysis of 1-((1S)-phenylethyl)-azetidine-(2R)-piperidinamide (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 639-642 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; chiral auxiliaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a new azetidine-2-carboxylic amide derivative is described. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares methods toR1=0.0393 for 4264 reflections (withI〉2σ(I)) The structure consists of two independent molecules which are chemically the same with slight differences in geometry. Crystal data: C17H24N2O, monoclinic, space groupP21,a=8.3782(4),b=20.0342(13),c=9.7769(8) Å, β=109.687(6)°,V=1545.1(2)Å3,Z=4.
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    Crystal structures of two 1,2-bis-(1-aryl-3-methyltriazene-3-yl-)ethanes with aryl substituents of opposite polarity (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitrile substituent ; methoxy substituent ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-bis-{1-(2-cyanophenyl)-3-methyltriazen-3-yl-}ethane (1) and 1,2-bis-{1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyltriazen-3-yl-}ethane (2) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Bis-triazene (1) exists as the “staggered” conformation in the solid state, with an anti-anti configuration around the N2–N3 bond of the triazene units, whereas 2 assumes a “gauche” conformation with the syn-syn configuration in the triazene units. Crystal data: 1 C18H18N8, triclinic, space group P −1, a = 6.108(2), b = 8.118(3), c = 9.600(4)Å, α = 101.37(7)°, β = 96.47(7)°, γ = 102.71(5)°, V = 449.1(3)Å3, Z = 2; 2 C18H24N6O2, monoclinic, space group P 21/n, a = 13.119(5), b = 7.745(2), c = 19.201(2)Å, β = 96.47(7)°, V = 1910.3(9)Å3, Z = 4.
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    Crystal structures of the hydrated disodium and paraquat salts of 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid ; 3,4,5,6-tetracarboxyacridine-1,8-disulfonate ; paraquat ; hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two hydrated salts of 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid, H2L, have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compound 1, Na2L·9 $$ - \frac{1}{2}$$ H2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 42.005(1), b = 6.838(1), c = 23.807 (1) Å, β = 122.71 (1)°, and Z = 8. Compound 2, (paraquat)L·2H2O, belongs to the triclinic space group $${P\bar 1}$$ with a = 9.940(1), b = 11.543(1), c = 14.033(1) Å, α = 105.45(1), β = 95.82(1), γ = 100.14(1)° and and Z = 2. All four carboxyl groups in the 3,4,5,6-tetracarboxyacridine-1,8-disulfonate dianion L2− are un-ionized. In 1 the distorted octahedrally coordinated sodium cations, the anions, and the lattice water molecules are joined together by hydrogen bonds to generate a three-dimensional network. In the crystal structure of 2, a host framework composed of L2− ions and water molecules accommodate the paraquat dications within two channel systems running parallel to the a and b axes.
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    Crystal structures of four dibromomethylene-functionalized cage compounds (1998)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 259-266 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; heptacyclotetradecane ; hexacyclotetradecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystal structures of four dibromomethylene-functionalized hexa- and heptacyclotetradecane cages are reported. 7-(Dibromomethylene)heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecane (3): orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 14.744(1), b = 11.237(1), c = 7.4625(7) Å Z = 4; R = 0.0531 for 504 observed reflections. 7,12-Bis(dibromomethylene)heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13-04,11 .05,9.010,14]tetradecane (4): monoclinic, I2/a, a = 11.257(1), b = 9.5844(8), c = 13.884(2) Å, β = 92.254(8)° Z = 4; R = 0.0413 for 663 observed reflections. 10,14-bis(dibromomethylene)hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9]tetradecane (6): monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.118(1), b = 15.273(4), c = 12.826(3) Å, β = 104.20(1)° Z = 4; R = 0.0384 for 1392 observed reflections. 14-(dibromomethylene)hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9]tetradecan-10-one (7): monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.2879(7), b = 15.273(1), c = 10.0565(9) Å, β = 92.271(8)° Z = 4; R = 0.0320 for 1402 observed reflections. The functional groups lead to slight shortening of bond lengths.
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    A dinuclear cyano-bridged complex based on hexacyanoferrate(III) and samarium(III) nitrate: synthesis and crystal structure (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; samarium(III) complexes ; iron(III) complexes ; cyanide-bridges ; dinuclear complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new complex, [Sm(DMF)4(H2O)4Fe(CN)6]·H2O (DMF = N, N-dimethylformamide), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal structure and thermogravimetric analyses. The complex crystallizes in the P21/n space group, with lattice parameters a = 17.583(4) Å, b = 8.870(2) Å, c = 19.845(6) Å, β = 95.98(3)°, V = 3078(1) Å3, D x = 1.679 Mg m−3, D m = 1.65(1) Mg m−3, Z = 4. The molecular structure shows that a cyano-bridged bimetallic structure is obtained. The Sm atom is coordinated by eight oxygen atoms of four water molecules and four DMF molecules and one nitrogen atom of the bridging cyanide ligand. The iron atom assumes approximately an octahedral environment surrounded by six CN ligands. The hydrate water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to one of the O atoms bound to Sm. Each terminal CN ligand of the Fe(CN) 6 3− entity is hydrogen-bonded to some O atoms of water molecules. An infrared spectrum is also reported.
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    Gold(III)-pteridine compounds: synthesis, spectral, and X-ray diffraction studies on new adducts between sodium tetrabromoaurate(III) and lumazine derivatives (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 565-570 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; complexes ; pteridine ; lumazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In aqueous hydrobromic medium, Na[AuCl4] reacts with 1,3-dimethyllumazine (1,3-dimethyl-pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, DLM) or 1,3,6,7-tetramethyllumazine (DLMD) to give three adducts with simplified formulas Na[AuBr4](DLMD), Na[AuBr4](DLM), and Na[AuBr4](DLM)2. These compounds have been characterized by means of analytical techniques, and IR and NMR spectroscopies. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies have been made on the Na[AuBr4](DLM)2 compound. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic Pbca space group, with a = 15.249(1), b = 15.238(2), c = 21.563(2) Å, Z = 8, and R = 0.053. The structure consists of planar [AuBr4]− anions and Na+ cations weakly linked to two crystallographically independent DLM molecules. The Na+ cation interacts weakly with four oxygen and one nitrogen atoms from four different pteridine molecules, its environment may be described as a very distorted square pyramid.
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    Molecular structure of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 649-651 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; aluminum ; hydride ; complex ; quinuclidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH] with hexamethyltrisiloxane, (OSiMe2)3, gives rise to the bis-quinuclidine complex AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2, which has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2 consists of a trigonal bipyramidal aluminum with axial coordination of the quinuclidine ligands. Crystal data: orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, a = 10.6895(9), b = 12.266(1), c = 12.3794(9) Å, V = 1623.2(2) Å3, and Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of a new lithium cyclohexaphosphate hydrate: Li6P6O18·10H2O (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 323-327 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclohexaphosphate ; hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of a novel hydrate of lithium cyclohexaphosphate are reported. Li6P6O18·10H2O crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a = 15.113(5), b = 12.006(2), c = 15.892(2) Å, β = 122.85(2)°, and Z = 4. The structure consists of P6O18 ring layers stacked along the c direction in between which are located the lithiumions and water molecules. Two LiO4 tetrahedra share common edges with LiO5 pseudosquare pyramids to form two independant Li3O9 units. About 50% of the water molecules have fractional occupancy rates and form fragments of molecules. A linear relationship is established between the relative cell volume V/Z and the hydration degree, n, for all the known hydrates: Li6P6O18·nH2O.
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    Synthesis and structure of a bis(ethynyl)-substituted oxahexacyclic cage ether (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 347-349 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane ; triple bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intramolecular dehydration of a cage-diol results in the title compound. This crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c; a = 8.6403(8), b = 9.5698(7), c = 14.062(1) Å β = 107.47(7)° and Z = 4.
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    A cobalt(II) complex with the N,N,O-tridentate ligand 6-amino-5-formyl-1,3-dimethyluracilato-benzoyl-hydrazone (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 283-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; complexes ; cobalt ; benzoylhydrazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of bis-(6-amino-5-formyl-1,3-dimethyluracilato benzoylhydrazone)cobalt(II) dimethylformamide solvate is described. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1¯, Z = 2 with a = 9.7368(8), b = 12.346(1), c = 17.184(1) Å, α = 78.372(6), β = 74.585(6), γ = 71.113(5)°, and V = 1869.0(3) Å3. The coordination polyhedron around the metal ion displays a slightly flattened M(NNO)2 octahedral shape. Both ligands bind in a trident fashion through the benzoylic oxygen atom, the hydrazone nitrogen atom closer to the uracil ring, and the deprotonated nitrogen atom of the amino group. The two ligands exhibit quite different conformations: one of them is almost planar, whereas the other is severely twisted.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 4,4′-bis(4-pyridylethyl)biphenyl, noncovalently hydrogen bonded two-dimensional networks (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 641-646 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hydrogen bonds ; 1H and 13C NMR ; FTIR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new pyridine containing compound, 4,4′-bis(4-pyridylethyl)biphenyl 1, was synthesized and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Two kinds of two-dimensional networks linked by hydrogen bonds were obtained with different crystal solvents: 1·2H2O, monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 8.3280(10), b = 5.5990(10), c = 24.054(4) Å, β = 98.79(2)°, V = 1108.4(3) Å3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.200 g cm−3, R1 = 0.0558; 1·CH3OH·2H2O, triclinic, space group P-1 with a = 8.3310(10), b = 12.861(2), c = 13.111(2) Å, α = 64.110(10), β = 75.000(10), γ = 83.750(10)°, V = 1220.7(3) Å3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.177 g cm−3, R1 = 0.0529. It is interesting that in the hydrate the host molecule of 1 contains an essentially flat biphenyl section, while in the methanol complex the host molecule of 1 contains a substantial twist in the center of the biphenyl section. The compounds were also characterized by NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The 1H and 13C NMR assignments for 1 were carried out by 2D NMR spectral measurements in acetonitrile-d 3.
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    X-ray crystal structures of [HB(3,4,5-Me3pz)3[2Zn, [H2B(3,4,5-Me3pz)2]Zn(μ-3,4,5-Me3pz)2Zn[H2B(3,4,5-Me3pz)2], and [H2B(pz)2]2Zn (pz = pyrazolyl ring) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 665-670 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; poly(pyrazolyl)borate ligands ; zinc(II)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [HB(3,4,5-Me3pz)3]2Zn (1) and [H2B(3,4,5-Me3pz)2]Zn(μ-3,4,5-Me3pz)2Zn[H2B(3,4,5-Me3pz)2] (2) are present in equal amounts in a crystal in the triclinic space group, P-1 with a = 11.5924(11) Å, b = 12.7799(12) Å, c = 15.7317(14) Å α = 107.905(2)° β = 96.796(2)°, γ = 105.786(2)°, and Z = 1. The structure of 1 is a trigonally distorted octahedron and is very similar to the structure of [HB(3,5-Me2pz)3]2Zn showing that the introduction of the third methyl group on the pyrazolyl ring does not impact on structure. [H2B(pz)2]2Zn (3) is orthorhombic, Pca2(1) with a = 10.1473(3) Å, b = 11.1117(2) Å, c = 14.1831(5) Å, α = β = γ = 90° and Z = 4. The zinc(II) centers in both 2 and 3 are similar and have pseudotetrahedral structures.
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    Structure and properties of cobalt(II) complex with a tetraaza macrocycle containing 2-pyridylmethyl pendant arms (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cobalt(II) complex ; tetraaza macrocycle ; 2-pyridylmethyl pendant arms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex [Co(L)]Cl2·10H2O (1) (L = 2,13,-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[14,4,01.18,07.12]docosane) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1 with a = 9.731(2) Å, b = 9.789(2) Å, c = 11.998(1) Å, α = 66.66(1)°, β = 76.95(1)°, γ = 87.99(2)°, V = 1020.4(3) Å3, and Z = 1. The crystal structure of 1 shows that the complex is centrosymmetric and the cobalt(II) ion has a slightly distorted octahedral geometry with four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and two nitrogen atoms of the pendent arms at the axial positions. Cyclic voltammetry for 1 undergoes reversible one-electron oxidation to the Co(III) and irreversible one-electron reduction to the Co(I).
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    Crystal structure of 2,3-dihydronaphto[2,3-b) [1,5] dioxepin (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 459-462 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; chemical synthesis ; 2,3-dihydronaphto[2,3-b] [1,5) dioxepin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray single crystal structure of C13H12O2 compound was determined. It crystallizes in the orthorombic space group P212121 with a = 7.8847(7), b = 9.639(1), c = 13.432(2) Å, Z = 4 and V = 1020.8(3) Å3. The final R converged to 0.037 for 1763 independent reflexions. The title compound forms layers parallel to (1 0 0) planes and the three dimensional cohesion of the crystal is assumed by Van der Waals interactions. The molecule consists of two six-membered rings (A and B) and a seven-membered ring (C). A and B rings are planar, whereas the C ring has a chair conformation
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    Effect of bamboo harvest on dynamics of nutrient pools, N mineralization, and microbial biomass in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Bamboo savanna ; N mineralization ; Nutrient pools ; Temporal variations ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of harvesting bamboo savanna on the dynamics of soil nutrient pools, N mineralization, and microbial biomass was examined. In the unharvested bamboo site NO inf3 sup- -N in soil ranged from 0.37 to 3.11 mg kg-1 soil and in the harvested site from 0.43 to 3.67 mg kg-1. NaHCO3-extractable inorganic P ranged from 0.55 to 3.58 mg kg-1 in the unharvested site and from 1.01 to 4.22 mg kg-1 in the harvested site. Over two annual cycles, the N mineralization range in the unharvested and harvested sites was 0–19.28 and 0–24.0 mg kg-1 soil month-1, respectively. The microbial C, N, and P ranges were 278–587, 28–64, and 12–26 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, with the harvested site exhibiting higher values. Bamboo harvesting depleted soil organic C by 13% and total N by 20%. Harvesting increased N mineralization, resulting in 10 kg ha-1 additional mineral N in the first 1st year and 5 kg ha-1 in the 2nd year following the harvest. Microbial biomass C, N and P increased respectively by 10, 18, and 5% as a result of bamboo harvesting.
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    Grazing and plant-canopy effects on semiarid soil microbial biomass and respiration (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Grazing ; Semiarid soils ; Shrubland ; Grassland ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The major objectives of this study were to determine the influence of grazing on the soil microbial biomass and activity in semiarid grassland and shrubland areas and to quantify the canopy effect (the differences in soil microbial biomass and activities between soils under plant canopies and soils in the open between plants). We also quantified changes in microbial biomass and activity during seasonal transition from dry to moist conditions. Chronosequences of sites withdrawn from grazing for 0, 11, and 16 years were sampled in a grassland (Bouteloua spp.) area and a shrubland (Atriplex canescens) area on and near the Sevilleta National Wildlife Reguge in central New Mexico, USA. Samples were obtained from beneath the canopies of plants (Yucca glauca in the grassland and A. canescens in the shrubland) and from open soils; they were collected three times during the spring and summer of a single growing season. Organic C, soil microbial biomass C, and basal respiration rates (collectively called the “soil C triangle”) were measured. We also calculated the microbial: organic C ratio and the metabolic quotient (ratio of respiration to microbial C) as measures of soil organic C stability and turnover. Although we had hypothesized that individual values of the soil C triangle would increase and that the ratios would decrease with time since grazing, differences in microbial parameters between sites located along the chronosequences were generally not significant. Grazing did not have a consistion effect on organic C, microbial C, and basal respiration in our chronosequences. The microbial: organic C ratio and the metabolic quotient generally increased with time since grazing on the shrubland chronosequence. The microbial: organic C ratio decreased with time since grazing and the metabolic quotient increased with time since grazing on the grassland chronosequence. The canopy effect was observed at all sites in nearly all parameters including organic C, microbial C, basal respiration, the microbial: organic C ratio, and the metabolic quotient which were predominantly higher in soils under the canopies of plants than in the open at all sites. Microbial biomass and activity did not increase during the experiment, even though the availability of moisture increased dramatically. The canopy effects were approximately equal on the shrubland and grassland sites. The microbial: organic C ratios and the metabolic quotients were generally higher in the shrubland soils than in the grassland soils.
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    A comparison of different indices for nitrogen mineralization (1995)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Soil organic matter ; Aerobic incubation ; CaCl2 extraction ; Soluble organic nitrogen ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indices of N mineralization in soils of contrasting texture, pH, and organic matter contents were compared at different dates during the growing season. The indices were derived from a 12-week aerobic incubation, determination of the amount of microbial biomass at the start of the incubation, determination of the increase in NH 4 + after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h, and extraction of total soluble N with 0.01 M CaCl2. Cumulative mineral N increased linearly with time in the course of the incubations. Rates of mineralization in soil samples taken in March 1989 and 1990 were significantly correlated with soluble organic N, while correlations between the mineralization rate and the increase in NH 4 + after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2 h were poor for sandy soils and absent for loamy soils. Correlations between NH 4 + after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h and the soil N concentration were highly significant, but no general relationship was found between the mineralization rate and the soil N concentration. Neither biomass N nor biomass C was significantly correlated with the mineralization rate or with one of the chemical indices. Among the methods tested, soluble organic N extracted with 0.01 M CaCl2 was the only method with any promise for routine measurement of the mineralization capacity of the individual sites.
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    Determination of phospholipid- and lipopolysaccharide-derived fatty acids as an estimate of microbial biomass and community structures in soils (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 115-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fatty acids ; Phospholipids ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Microbial biomass ; Gram-positive bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several soils subject to different cultivation and management practices were examined by analysis of fatty acid profiles derived from phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides, using an improved sequential method which is capable of measuring ester-linked and non-ester-linked phospholipid fatty acids (EL-PLFA, NEL-PLFA, respectively) and the hydroxy fatty acids in lipopolysaccharides. A good correlation was obtained (r〉0.90) between the soil biomass and total EL-PLFA in the soils investigated, which ranged from forest soils to a variety of agricultural soils. Elucidation of the composition of the community structure was an additional task. Eukaryotes can be differentiated from bacteria by the presence of polyunsaturated and ω-hydroxy fatty acids, both of which were much more abundant in the OF layer of the forest soil than in the remaining samples. A relatively low proportion of monomethyl branched-chain saturated fatty acids was obtained in the forest OF horizon, these being indicators for Gram-positive bacteria and actinomycetes. Various subclasses of proteobacteria produce β and mid-chain hydroxy fatty acids, which occur primarily in agricultural soils. The ratios between monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids seem to be very useful parameters of soil environmental conditions. In addition, on the basis of the differences in composition of the NEL-PLFA and hydroxy fatty acids of lipopolysaccharides, clear indications for the community structure of various soils were obtained. In the forest soils much more abundant anaerobic micro-organisms and relatively less abundant proteobacteria were present than in the other soils. In the cultivated soils, however, the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria was considerably higher. Furthermore, eukaryotes appeared to be pre-dominant in the soils once used for a manure deposit site.
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    Carbon and nitrogen relationships in the microbial biomass of soils in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Biomass C:N ratio Acidification ; Beech forest ; Soil organic C ; Total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soils from 38 German forest sites, dominated by beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were sampled to a depth of about 10 cm after careful removal of overlying organic layers. Microbial biomass N and C were measured by fumigation-extraction. The pH of the soils varied between 3.5 and 8.3, covering a wide range of cation exchange capacity, organic C, total N, and soil C:N values. Maximum biomass C and biomass N contents were 2116 μg C m-2 and 347 μg N m-2, while minimum contents were 317 and 30 μg m-2, respectively. Microbial biomass N and C were closely correlated. Large variations in microbial biomass C:N ratios were observed (between 5.4 and 17.3, mean 7.7), indicating that no simple relationship exists between these two parameters. The frequency distribution of the parameters for C and N availability to the microflora divided the soils into two subgroups (with the exception of one soil): (1) microbial: organic C〉12 mg g-1, microbial:total N〉28 mg g-1 (n=23), a group with high C and N availability, and (2) microbial:organic C≤12 mg g-1, microbial:total N≦28 mg g-1 (n=14), a group with low C and N availability. With the exception of a periodically waterlogged soil, the pH of all soils belonging to subgroup 2 was below 5.0 and the soil C:N ratios were comparatively high. Within these two subgroups no significant correlation between the microbial C:N ratio and soil pH or any other parameter measured was found. The data suggest that above a certain threshold (pH 5.0) microbial C:N values vary within a very small range over a wide range of pH values. Below this threshold, in contrast, the range of microbial C:N values becomes very large.
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    Influence of agricultural traffic and crop management on collembola and microbial biomass in arable soil (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Collembola ; Microbial biomass ; Soil compaction ; Crop rotation ; Arable soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Collembola and microbial biomass C were investigated in a field experiment with controlled agricultural traffic and crop rotation over a period of 27 months. The wheel-induced compactive efforts were applied according to management practices within the crop rotation of sugar beet, winter wheat, and winter barley. Increasing wheel traffic produced increasing soil compaction, mainly due to a reduction in surface soil porosity. Increasing soil compaction was accompanied by a decrease in microbial biomass C and the density of collembola. The influence of soil compaction on microbial biomass C was smaller than that of the standing crop. However, for collembola, especially euedaphic species, a reduction in pore space appeared to be of more importance than the effects of a standing crop. Within the crop rotation, microbial biomass C and the density of collembola increased in the order sugar beet, winter wheat, and winter barley.
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    The short-term effects of cessation of fertiliser applications, liming, and grazing on microbial biomass and activity in a reseeded upland grassland soil (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 148-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Dehydrogenase activity Urease ; Phosphatase ; Respiration ; ATP ; Grazing Fertiliser ; Lime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted to determine the influence of a short-term (2 year) cessation of fertiliser applications, liming, and sheep-grazing on microbial biomass and activity in a reseeded upland grassland soil. The cessation of fertiliser applications (N and NPK) on a limed and grazed grassland had no effect on microbial biomass measurements, enzyme activities, or respiration. Withholding fertiliser and lime from a grazed grassland resulted in significant reductions in both microbial biomass C (P〈0.05) and dehydrogenase activity (P〈0.05) by approximately 18 and 21%, respectively. The removal of fertiliser applications, liming, and grazing resulted in even greater reductions in microbial biomass C (44%, P〈0.001) and dehydrogenase activity (31%, P〈0.001), and significant reductions in microbial biomass N (P〈0.005), urease activity (P〈0.05), phosphatase activity (P〈0.001), and basal respiration (P〈0.05). The abundance of culturable bacteria and fungi and the soil ATP content were unaffected by changes in grassland managements. With the cessation of liming soil pH fell from 5.4 to 4.7, and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. A significant negative linear relationship (r 2=0.97; P〈0.01) was found between increasing soil acidity and dehydrogenase activity. Possible mechanisms influencing these changes are discussed.
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    Influence of beech litter fragmentation and glucose concentration on the microbial biomass in three different litter layers of a beechwood (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 155-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Beech litter ; Fragmentation ; Nutrient limitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In February 1993 samples of litter from three different litter layers (upper, intermediate, and lower) were taken from a beechwood growing on basalt soil. Using the substrate-induced respiration method, we investigated the influence of fragmentation and glucose concentration on the maximum initial respiratory response. Glucose concentrations ranged between 0 and 160000 μg g-1 dry weight. The initial respiratory response reached a maximum at 80000 μg glucose g-1 dry weight. The addition of higher concentrations of glucose resulted in negligible changes in respiration. Litter materials of four different size classes (intact leaves, fragmented 〈100 mm2, 〈25 mm2, and 〈5 mm2) were amended with 80000 μg glucose g-1 dry weight. Substrate-induced respiration was at a maximum in the size class 〈25 mm2. The addition of glucose to intact litter did not result in microbial growth. It is concluded that C is not the primary limiting element for the microflora in litter layers of the study site. Fragmentation of beech litter enabled the microorganisms to grow. Presumably, nutrients that limited microbial growth in intact litter were mobilized by the fragmentation procedure and enabled microorganisms to grow in fragmented litter materials.
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    Application of the selective inhibition method to determine bacterial: fungal ratios in three beechwood soils rich in carbon — Optimization of inhibitor concentrations (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Selective inhibition ; Prokaryote: eukaryote ratio Woodland soils ; Streptomycin ; Cycloheximide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial and fungal contributions to microbial respiration in three beechwood soils rich in C (two basalt soils and one limestone soil) were investigated by using streptomycin and cycloheximide to inhibit substrate-induced respiration after glucose (8000 μg g-1), N, and P addition to soil samples. The inhibitors were added as solutions (2000, 8000, and 16000 μg g-1) and the reduction in substrate-induced respiration after separate and combined inhibitor addition was measured in an automated electrolytic microrespirometer. Bacterial and fungal contributions to microbial respiration were calculated using the interval 6–10 h after inhibitor application. The microbial biomas was smaller in the two basalt soils (Oberhang and Mittelhang) than in the limestone soil (Unterhang). In the presence of both inhibitors, microbial respiration was inhibited by a maximum of 45, 45, and 25% in the two basalt soils and the limestone soil, respectively. Inhibition of microbial respiration was at a maximum at streptomycin and cycloheximide concentrations of 16000 μg g-1. The inhibitor additivity ratio approached 1.0 even at high inhibitor concentrations, indicating high inhibitor selectivity. Calculated prokaryote: eukaryote ratios indicated lower bacterial contributions to the microbial biomass in the Mettelhang (0.74) and Unterhang (0.73) than in the Oberhang (0.88) soil.
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    Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on temporal and spatial variation of mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass in a silvopastoral system (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Excreta ; Fertiliser ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen ; Silvopastoral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a field study to assess the effect of increasing the frequency of split applications of N fertiliser on the pattern of plant uptake, soil N availability, and microbial biomass C and N. Measurements were taken during the growing season in different positions relative to young trees (Prunus avium L.) in an upland silvopastoral system in its first year after establishment. At fertiliser rates of 72 and 144 kg ha-1 N applied as NH4NO3, increasing the number of split applications increased N uptake by the pasture. Mineral forms of soil N measured 2 weeks after application indicated that residual NH inf4 sup+ -N and total mineral N were also greater in this treatment on certain dates. Soil NO inf3 sup- -N was positively correlated with the soil moisture content, and nitrification reached a maximum in early May and declined rapidly thereafter except within the herbicide-treated areas around the trees where soil moisture had been conserved. Results of the study suggest that high NO inf3 sup- -N in herbicide-treated areas was probably caused by mineralisation of grass residues and low uptake by the tree rather than by preferential urine excretion by sheep sheltering beside the trees. Mean microbial biomass C and N values of 894 and 213 kg ha-1, respectively, were obtained. Microbial C was slightly increased by the higher frequency of split applications at 144 kg ha-1 N and was probably related to the greater herbage production with this treatment. Microbial N was not significantly affected by the N treatments. Both microbial biomass C and N increased during the growing season, resulting in the net immobilisation of at least 45 kg ha-1 N which was later released during the autumn.
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    Soil microbial biomass and organic matter composition in soils under cultivation (1995)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 197-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil organic matter ; Cultivation ; CPMAS 13C-NMR ; Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Alkylic carbon ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine whether there is a relationship between the composition of soil organic matter and the activity of the soil microbial biomass, the composition of the organic matter in 12 typical arable soils in Northwest Germany was investigated by wet chemical analysis and CPMAS cross polarization magic angle spinning 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The data were correlated with the microbial biomass as estimated by substrate-induced respiration. A strong correlation between the microbial biomass and alkylic C compounds was observed (r=-0.960***). Recalcitrant substances were enriched in this fraction, which were classified as humic acids according to the wet chemical procedure. The microbial decomposition of these humic acids is probably retarded, due to their chemical structure and/or physical bonding, when the soil microbial biomass activity is limited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336159
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    Extractability of labelled microbial biomass N by electro-ultrafiltration and CaCl2 extraction (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil drying ; Extractable organic N ; 15N isotope dilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory soil incubation and a pot experiment with ryegrass were carried out in order to examine the extractability of microbial biomass N by using either 10-mM CaCl2 extraction or the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method. The aim of the experiment was to test the hypothesis whether the organic N (Norg) extracted by EUF or CaCl2 from dried soil samples represents a part of the microbial biomass. For the laboratory incubation a 15N-labelled Escherichia coli suspension was mixed with the soil. For the pot experiment a suspension of 15N-labelled bacteria was applied which had previously been isolated from the soil used. Soil samples of both treatments, with and without applied bacterial suspension, were extracted by EUF and CaCl2. The extractability of applied microbial biomass was estimated from the difference in extractable Norg between the two treatments. In addition, the N isotopic composition in the upper plant matter, in the soil, and in organic and inorganic N fractions of EUF and CaCl2 extracts was analysed. Both experiments showed that the applied microbial biomass was highly accessible to mineralization and thus represented potentially mineralizable N. However, this mineralizable N was not extractable by CaCl2 or by the EUF method. It was, therefore, concluded that the organic N released on soil drying and which was thus extractable was derived from the non-biomass soil organic matter. The result suggests that both extraction methods may provide a suitable index for mineralizable N only in cases where the decomposable organic substrates are derived mainly from sources other than the living soil biota.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335960
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  • 78
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    Characteristics of microbial biomass and soil organic matter in newly reclaimed wetland rice soils (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 292-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Wetland rice soil ; Mineralizable nitrogen ; Reclamation ; Soil organic matter ; Barnyard manuring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial biomass C, N, total organic C, N and mineralizable N were measured in newly reclaimed wetland sandy loam rice soil with a very low nutrient status. Microbial biomass C increased 5.4–10.4 times due to application of barnyard manure, but decreased drastically to 24–27% during rice cultivation. Organic C and N contents also decreased during cultivation, but to a lesser extent to 59–76%. At the tillering stage of the rice plant, microbial biomass N was highly correlated with mineralizable N (r=0.986).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336097
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    Evaluation of microbial methods as potential indicators of soil quality in historical agricultural fields (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phospholipids ; Microbial biomass ; Phosphatase ; Cropping systems ; Long-term experiments Prairie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In agricultural ecosystems that have had consistent cropping histories, standard microbial methods may be used to evaluate past and present practices. Our objective was to evaluate several microbial methods that best indicate cropping histories and soil quality on long-term plots. We selected soil microbial carbon (C), phospholipid analyses, direct counts of total fungal and bacterial biomass, and soil enzymes (phosphatases) to measure direct and indirect microbial activity on the Sanborn Field and Tucker Prairie. The Sanborn Field has been under various cropping and management practices since 1888 and the Tucker Prairie is an uncultivated site. Seven different plots were chosen on the Sanborn Field and random samples were taken in the summit area on the Tucker Prairie, which represented a reference site. Soil microbial biomass C, phospholipids, and enzyme activity were reflective of the cropping and management histories observed on the Sanborn Field. Enzymatic activity was highly correlated to soil organic matter. The direct counts of fungal and bacterial biomass showed that fungal populations dominated these soils, which may be attributed to soil pH. Soil microbial biomass C and enzyme assays seemed to be better potential indicators of cropping histories than the other methods tested in the long-term plots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336098
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  • 80
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    Impact of agricultural practices on the size and activity of the microbial biomass in a long-term field experiment (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Long-term field experiment ; Fertilization ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Dehérain long-term field experiment was initiated in 1875 to study the impact of fertilization on a wheat-sugarbeet rotation. In 1987, the rotation was stopped to be replaced by continuous maize. Crop residues were soil-incorporated and the mineral fertilization was doubled in some plots. The impact of those changes on the microbial biomass and activity are presented. In spring 1987, the soil was still in a steady-state condition corresponding to the rotation. The microbial biomass was correlated with total organic C and decreased in the order farmyard manure〉mineral NPK〉unfertilized control. Microbial specific respiratory activity was higher in the unfertilized treatments. The soil biomass was closely related to soil N plant uptake. In 1989, after 2 years of maize and crop residue incorporation, the steady-state condition corresponding to the previous agricultural practices disappeared. So did the relationship between the biomass and total organic C, and the soil N plant uptake. Biomass specific respiratory activity increased because of low efficiency in the use of maize residues by microbes under N stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336100
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    Pattern of microbial indicators in forest soils along an European transect (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 362-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Aluminium toxicity ; Acid stress ; Microcalorimetry ; Microbial activity ; Stress parameter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial biomass C and activity were determined in six forest soils along a gradient in physical and chemical climate in Europe. Both parameters were measured microcalorimetrically. The upper 22 cm of the soils were sampled in undisturbed columns (24 cm deep). Measurements were made in homogenized samples of the different surface organic horizons (Ol, Of, Oh) and the mineral horizons (Ah, Aeh, Bv) down to 22 cm. On a mass basis values for both the biomass and the activity showed an exponential decrease with depth in all soils. Expressed on a volume basis these relationships varied with soil pH. in the strongly acidified soils most of the microbial biomass and activity was located in the forest floor. In less acidified soils both parameters were highest in the mineral soil. Further relationships between biomass and activity and between soil chemical properties showed significant positive correlations with exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, Ca/Al and negative correlations with Al3+. There were no significant correlations with exchangeable cations in less acidified soils. It was calculated that the microbial biomass is more affected by soil chemistry than activity. The caloric quotient (qW) is a good parameter for determining the ecophysiological state of microorganisms in acidified soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336108
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    Microbial biomass and mineralization-immobilization of nitrogen in some agricultural soils (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Available N ; Fumigation method ; N immobilization-remineralization ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM) was used to measure the microbial biomass of 17 agricultural soils from Punjab Pakistan which represented different agricultural soil series. The biomass C was used to calculate biomass N and the changes occurring in NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N content of soils were studied during the turnover of microbial biomass or added C source. Mineral N released in fumigated-incubated soils and biomass N calculated from biomass C was correlated with some N availability indexes. The soils contained 427–1240 kg C as biomass which represented 1.2%–6.9% of the total organic C in the soils studied. Calculations based on biomass C showed that the soils contained 64–186 kg N ha−1 as microbial biomass. Immobilization of NCO3 −-N was observed in different soils during the turnover of microbial biomass and any net increase in mineral N content of fumigated incubated soils was attributed entirely to NH4 +-N. Biomass N calculated from biomass C showed non-significant correlation with different N availability indexes whereas mineral N accumulated in fumigated-incubated soils showed highly significant correlations with other indexes including N uptake by plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257595
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    Continuous defoliation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) and associated changes in the composition and activity of the microbial population of an upland grassland soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 52-58 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Defoliation ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial populations ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Respiration ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Upland grassland ; Upland soil ; Pseudomonas spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A microcosm study was conducted to investigate the effect of continuous plant defoliation on the composition and activity of microbial populations in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Continuous defoliation of ryegrass and clover resulted in significant (P〈0.01) increases in soil microbial biomass, although whilst increases were measured from day 2 in soil sown with clover significant increases were only seen from day 21 in soil sown with ryegrass. These increases were paralleled, from day 10 onwards, by increases in the numbers of culturable bacteria. Numbers of Pseudomonas spp. also increased in the later stages of the study. No influence on culturable fungal populations was detected. Whilst shifts in the composition of the microbial populations were measured in response to defoliation there was little effect on microbial activity. No changes in either dehydrogenase activity or microbial respiration in the rhizosphere of ryegrass or clover were measured in response to defoliation, but both dehydrogenase activity and microbial respiration were greater in ryegrass than clover when values over the whole study were combined. Continuous defoliation resulted in significant (P〈0.001) reductions in the root dry weight of ryegrass and clover, of the order 19% and 16%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420220
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    Relationships between microbial biomass and dissipation of 2,4-D and dicamba in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 106-110 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words 2 ; 4-D ; Dicamba ; Microbial biomass ; Wetland ; Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate relationships between microbial biomass and the dissipation of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) in soil. We hypothesized that the size of the microbial biomass should be a strong predictor of the pesticide degradation capacity of a particular soil. Soils with a high microbial biomass should have relatively high levels of general microbial activity and should support a diversity of degradation pathways. In this study, we quantified the degradation of 2,4-D and dicamba in a range of soils with different concentrations of microbial biomass. The herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba were added to similar soils collected from five different land use types (home lawn, cornfield, upland hardwood forest, wetland forest, and aquifer material) and incubated for 80 days under laboratory conditions. Herbicide residue and microbial biomass (C and N) analyses were performed 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 days following herbicide application. Microbial biomass-C and -N and soil organic matter content were positively correlated with dissipation of 2,4-D and dicamba. The results suggest that there are relationships between the size of the soil microbial biomass and the herbicide degradation capacity of an ecosystem. These relationships may be useful for developing approaches for evaluating and predicting the fate of pesticides in different ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420229
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    Ergosterol and microbial biomass relationship in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Fungal biomass ; Ergosterol ; Fumigation extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ergosterol and microbial biomass C were measured in 26 arable, 16 grassland and 30 forest soils. The ergosterol content ranged from 0.75 to 12.94 μg g-1 soil. The geometric mean ergosterol content of grassland and forest soils was around 5.5 μg g-1, that of the arable soils 2.14 μg g-1. The ergosterol was significantly correlated with biomass C in the entire group of soils, but not in the subgroups of grassland and forest soils. The geometric mean of the ergosterol: microbial biomass C ratio was 6.0 mg g-1, increasing in the order grassland (5.1), arable land (5.4) and woodland (7.2). The ergosterol:microbial biomass C ratio had a strong negative relationship with the decreasing cation exchange capacity and soil pH, indicating that the fungal part of the total microbial biomass in soils increased when the buffer capacity decreased. The average ergosterol concentration calculated from literature data was 5.1 mg g-1 fungal dry weight. Assuming that fungi contain 46% C, the conversion factor from micrograms ergosterol to micrograms fungal biomass C is 90. For soil samples, neither saponification of the extract nor the more effective direct saponification during extraction seems to be really necessary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334573
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    Effects of long-term waste water irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Waste water irrigation ; Heavy metals ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of long-term waste water irrigation (up to 80 years) on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities was studied in two agricultural soils (Vertisols and Leptosols) irrigated for 25, 65 and 80 years respectively at Irrigation District 03 in the Valley of Mezquital near Mexico City. In the Vertisols, where larger amounts of water have been applied than in the Leptosols, total organic C (TOC) contents increased 2.5-fold after 80 years of irrigation. In the Leptosols, however, the degradability of the organic matter tended to increase with irrigation time. It appears that soil organic matter accumulation was not due to pollutants nor did microbial biomass:TOC ratios and qCO2 values indicate a pollutant effect. Increases in soil microbial biomass C and activities were presumably due to the larger application of organic matter. However, changes in soil microbial communities occurred, as denitrification capacities increased greatly and adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratios were reduced after long-term irrigation. These changes were supposed to be due to the addition of surfactants, especially alkylbenzene sulfonates (effect on denitrification capacity) and the addition of sodium and salts (effect on AEC) through waste water irrigation. Heavy metals contained in the sewage do not appear to be affecting soil processes yet, due to their low availability. Detrimental effects on soil microbial communities can be expected, however, from further increases in pollutant concentrations due to prolonged application of untreated waste water or an increase in mobility due to higher mineralization rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003749900188
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    Partitioning of ryegrass residue sulphur between the soil microbial biomass, other soil sulphur pools and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Plant residues ; Ryegrass ; Sulphur-35 ; Sulphur pools
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ryegrass shoot residues, labelled with 35S, were added to an S-deficient soil. The transfer of S to the microbial biomass, to the soil S pool extractable by NaHCO3 and to growing ryegrass when present was followed over 34 weeks. After 2 weeks 16% and 15% of the S residue was found in the biomass and in the extractable S pool, respectively. Where plants were grown, they became S-deficient (shoot S 〈0.2%) simultaneously with the biomass showing a marked increase in C:S ratio. This eventually reached 262 from an initial value of 59. Concurrently, the extractable S pool, which included some labile organic S, decreased to 〈0.2 μg g−1 soil. After 34 weeks 27% of the S residue was found in the growing plant, 7% in the biomass and 2% in the extractable S pool. Some mineralization of unlabelled soil organic S was observed during the period of greatest plant growth (8–14 weeks), but not in the absence of plants. A second phase of mineralization occurred between weeks 22 and 34, concurrent with a rise in mean temperature, which was unaffected by the presence of plants or by the size of the microbial biomass. This may have been due to “biochemical” mineralization of ester sulphate. The amount of unlabelled soil S involved in active cycling was estimated to be 11%–13% of the total soil S.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256910
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    Partitioning and translocation of photosynthetically fixed 14C in grazed hill pastures (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 152-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words14C pulse-labelling ; Pasture fertility ; Microbial biomass ; Carbon fluxes ; Carbon budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Information on carbon (C) flows and transformations in the rhizosphere is vital for understanding soil organic matter dynamics and modelling its turnover. We followed the translocation of photosynthetically fixed C in three hill pastures that varied in their phosphorus (P) fertility, using a 14C-CO2 pulse-labelling chamber technique. Pasture shoot, root and soil samples were taken after 4h, 7 days and 35 days chase periods to examine the fluxes of 14C in the pasture plant-root-soil system. Shoot growth over 35 days amounted to 114, 179 and 182gm–2 at the low (LF), medium (MF) and high (HF) fertility pasture sites, respectively. The standing root biomass extracted from the soil did not differ significantly between sampling periods at any one level of fertility, but was significantly different across the three levels of fertility (1367, 1763 and 2406gm–2 at the LF, MF and HF pastures, respectively). The above- and below-ground partitioning of 14C was found to vary with the length of the chase period and fertility. Although most 14C (74%, 65% and 57% in the LF, MF and HF pastures, respectively) was in the shoot biomass after 4h, significant translocation to roots (23–39%) was also detected. By day 35, about 10% more 14C was partitioned below-ground in the LF pasture compared with the HF pasture. This is consistent with the hypothesis that, at limiting fertility, pasture plants allocate proportionally more resource below-ground for the acquisition of nutrients. In the LF site, with an annual assimilated C of 7064kgha–1, 2600kg was respired, 1861kg remained above-ground in the shoot and 2451kg was translocated to roots. In the HF pasture, of the 17313kgha–1 C assimilated, 7168kg was respired, 5298 remained in the shoot and 4432kg was translocated to the roots. This study provides, for the first time, data on the fluxes and quantities of C partitioned in a grazed pasture. Such data are critical for modelling C turnover and for constructing C budgets for grazed pasture ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050296
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    Synthesis of 15N-labelled microbial biomass in soil in situ and extraction of biomass N (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 180-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Extractability ratios ; Microbial biomass ; N immobilization-remineralization ; Priming effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A Pakistani soil (Hafizabad silt loam) was incubated at 30°C with varying levels of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate and glucose (C/N ratio of 30 at each addition rate) in order to generate different insitu levels of 15N-labelled microbial biomass. At a stage when all of the applied 15N was in organic forms, as biomass and products, the soil samples were analysed for biomass N by the chloroform (CHCl3) fumigation-extraction method, which involves exposure of the soil to CHCl3 vapour for 24 h followed by extraction with 500 mM K2SO4. A correction is made for inorganic and organic N in 500 mM K2SO4 extracts of the unfumigated soil. Results obtained using this approach were compared with the amounts of immobilized 15N extracted by 500 mM K2SO4 containing different amounts of CHCl3. The extraction time varied from 0.5 to 4 h. The amount of N extracted ranged from 27 to 270 μg g−1, the minimum occurring at the lowest (67 μg g−1) and the maximum at the highest (333 μg g−1) N-addition rate. Extractability of biomass 15N ranged from 25% at the lowest N-addition rate to 65%a for the highest rate and increased consistently with an increase in the amount of 15N and glucose added. The amounts of both soil N and immobilized 15N extracted with 500 mM K2SO4 containing CHCl3 increased with an increase in extraction time and in concentration of CHCl3. The chloroform fumigation-extraction method gives low estimates for biomass N because some of the organic N in K2SO4 extracts of unfumigated soil is derived from biomass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292580
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    Modelling mineralization of plant residues on soil: effect of physical protection (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Spatial residue distribution ; Soil compaction ; C/N ratio ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mechanistic dynamic model (Verberne et al. 1990) was used to simulate mineralization of white-clover materials in a loam (25% clay) and a sandy loam soil (5% clay). I tested the model‘s ability to simulate the observed temporal patterns and to take account of altered physical protection as affected by soil compaction or spatial residue distribution. With default parameter values, the model greatly overestimated net N mineralization. The model was very sensitive to changes in the C/N ratio of the microbial biomass. Reducing this value from 8.0 to 6.0 improved the model performance. Nevertheless, initial N mineralization was appreciably overestimated. Two hypotheses may explain the discrepancies: (1) the C/N ratio of the microbial biomass is initially low (3–4) and gradually increases because of a succession from bacterial- to fungal-dominated biomass (H 1); (2) the C/N ratio of the substrates first attacked by microorganisms, i.e. water-soluble components such as sugars and free amino acids, is higher than the average value (6.0) assumed for the readily decomposable fraction (H 2). Conceptually, this fraction originally included N-containing polymers (proteins and nucleic acids), which in large part are water insoluble and probably attacked somewhat later than the monomers. Modification of the model, either by implementing a dynamic C/N ratio of the biomass and the effect of faunal grazing or by increasing the C/N ratio of the easily decomposable fraction, improved the model performance substantially. The two hypotheses need to be tested experimentally. The model adequately simulated measured effects of spatial residue distribution and soil compaction on N mineralization after adjustment or parameter values regulating physical protection of microbial biomass and metabolites. Moreover, there was a good agreement between simulated and measured microbial biomass N in the two soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050308
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    Effect of soil CO2 concentration on microbial biomass (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon dioxide ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial growth ; Soil respiration ; Glucose ; mineralization rate ; Chloroform fumigation extraction method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of increasing soil CO2 concentration was studied in six different soils. The soils were incubated in ambient air (0.05 vol.% CO2) or in air enriched with CO2 (up to 5.0 vol.% CO2). Carbon dioxide evolution, microbial biomass, growth or death rate quotients and glucose decay rate were measured at 6, 12 and 24 h of CO2 exposure. The decrease in soil respiration ranged from 7% to 78% and was followed by a decrease in microbial biomass by 10–60% in most cases. High CO2 treatments did not affect glucose decay rate but the portion of Cgluc mineralized to CO2 was lowered and a larger portion of Cgluc remained in soils. This carbon was not utilized by soil microorganisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050313
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    Rapid and sensitive determination of microbial activity in soils and in soil aggregates by dimethylsulfoxide reduction (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 349-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dimethylsulfoxide reduction ; Microbial activity determination ; Soil aggregates ; Arginine ammonification ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Based on the reduction of dimethylusulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethylsulfide (DMS) by microorganisms, a simple, rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method for the determination of microbial activity in soil samples was developed. When DMSO was added to samples, DMS appeared immediately in the gas phase, which was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. The DMS liberation rate was constant for several hours. The reaction immediately starts and its linearity indicate that neither the physiological state nor the number of organisms were changed by the assay. DMSO reduction is widespread among microorganisms; out of 144 strains tested (both fungi and bacteria) only 5 were unable to carry out this reaction. The reaction in soil samples was strongly inhibited by toluene, cyanide, azide, or by fumigation, but was considerably stimulated by glucose. These findings demonstrate that the reaction was due to the activity of microorganisms. The DMSO reduction in different soil samples was significantly correlated with arginine ammonification and heat output (r〉0.9). A good correlation was observed with the organic-matter content (r = 0.74), but not with microbial numbers, clay content, or the pH of the soil. Standard deviations of less than 10% were routinely found. Furthermore, the method is sufficiently sensitive to allow measurements of activity in very small samples (〈 0.1 g). For example, a microbial activity profile can be established for a single soil aggregate, revealing marked differences in activity on the outside and in the interior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263168
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  • 93
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    The effect of surface growth of blue-green algae and bryophytes on some microbiological, biochemical, and physical soil properties (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Blue-green algae ; Soil inoculation ; Microbial biomass ; Enzyme activities ; Soil nitrogen ; Soil aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of surface growth of inoculated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) on subsurface properties of a brown earth, silt loam soil was studied in reconstituted flooded soil columns. One blue-green algae species, Nostoc muscorum, become dominant within the first 7 days of inoculation. In light control columns (not inoculated) a bryophyte, Barbula recurvirostra, was dominant although significant growth of indigenous blue-green algae occurred. The blue-green algae counts were in the range of 1×106 g-1 dry soil in the surface layer (0–0.7 cm) in both columns. Any effect of surface phototrophic growth on soil properties was restricted to the surface layer. In inoculated columns there was a twofold increase in microbial biomass and an eightfold increase in bacterial numbers by week 13. However, bacterial numbers declined so that there was only a 2.8-fold increase by week 21. Dehydrogenase (x2.1), urease (x2.8) and phosphatase (x3.1) activities and polysaccharides (+69%) increased by week 21 as a result of the blue-green algae inoculation along with a significant improvement in soil aggregation. However, similar increases occurred in the light control columns, indicating that given appropriate conditions of light and moisture indigenous species may be ultimately as effective as introduced species in bringing about biochemical and microbiological changes to soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336233
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  • 94
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    Interactions between microclimatic variables and the soil microbial biomass (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Basal respiration ; Microbial biomass ; Soil moisture content ; Soil temperature ; Substrate-induced respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil moisture, temperature, microbial substrate-induced respiration and basal respiration were monitored in two plots in an agricultural field from April 30 to September 25, 1987, and in a further two plots from May 26 to August 27, 1988. An attempt to relate biological variables to microclimatic variables was made through the use of correlation analysis. The microbial substrate-induced and basal respiration were both strongly positively correlated with the soil moisture content, and to a lesser extent positively related to soil temperature, especially when partial correlation was used to control for variation in soil moisture. Short-term changes in substrate-induced and basal respiration were correlated with changes in soil moisture but were largely independent of soil temperature. The ratio of basal to substrate-induced respiration (indicating the respiration: biomass ratio and therefore ecosystem stability or persistence) was negatively associated with the soil moisture content and in some instances with soil temperature when partial correlation analysis (correcting for soil moisture variation) was used. This suggests that the climatic conditions which contributed to the lowest ecosystem stability were low temperature, low moisture conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336239
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  • 95
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    Effects of pentachlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the microflora of the soil in a beech wood (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 292-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microflora ; Beech wood ; Pesticides ; Pentachlorophenol ; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Every second month for 2 years a beech forest floor was treated with pentachlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichorophenoxyacetic acid each in two concentrations. The microbial biomass and its respiration activity in the three litter horizons were measured during this time and during a recovery period of 2 years after the treatment was stopped. The microbial biomass, mainly fungi, was decreased dose-responsively, as was the respiration rate. The doubling time of the fungal biomass was estimated to be about 50–100 days in the F horizon, and considering the natural decreases and recovery times observed, it is suggested, following Domsch et al. (1983), that a biomass decrease of 75%–93.75% is tolerable, a decrease of less than 75% is negligible, and a decrease of over 93.75% is critical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634104
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Development of a microbial community on cellulose buried in waterlogged soil (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cellulose decomposition ; H2 transfer ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial succession ; Community structure ; Wetland rice soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The development of a microbial community on cellulose (cellophane film and filter paper) buried in waterlogged soil was observed under a microscope. Throughout the decomposition of the cellulose, the biomass, immobilized N, ATP and gas metabolism of the microbial community were examined. As cellulose decomposition progressed, a microbial succession was recognized. This succession was divided into two stages. In the first stage, a few types of cellulolytic microorganisms predominated on the cellulose. Vigorous decomposition of the cellulose was accompanied by a rapid increase in microbial biomass, and H2 was evolved from the microbial community on the cellulose. In the second stage, the rate of cellulose decomposition was slow. The cellulose remaining was thickly covered with various types of microoganisms. The H2 produced was consumed by the microorganisms closely adhering to the remaining cellulose. In addition, non-cellular organic N accumulated on the remaining cellulose. A large part of the microorganisms seemed to be dormant in this stage. The trends in this microbial succession were similar to those found in ecosystem successions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634105
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  • 97
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    Nitrogen availability to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic sources on sandy and clayey soil surfaces in a greenhouse pot study (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N transformations ; Crop residues ; Soil texture ; Soil aggregation ; Microbial pool ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse pot study, we examined the availability of N to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic N sources. The treatments were15N-labeled clover residues, wheat residues, and fertilizer placed on a sandy clay loam and loamy sand soil surface for an 8-week period. Soil aggregates formed under each soil texture were measured after 8 weeks for each treatment. Significantly greater 15N was taken up and recovered by grain sorghum in sandy clay loam pots compared with loamy sand pots. Greater 15N recovery was consistently observed with the inorganic source than the organic sources regardless of soil texture or time. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater for sandy clay loam soil compared with the loamy sand. Microbial biomass 15N was also significantly greater in the sandy clay loam treatment compared to the loamy sand. The fertilizer treatment initially had the greatest pool of microbial biomass 15N but decreased with time. The crop residue treatments generally had less microbial biomass 15N with time. The crop residues and soil texture had a significant effect on the water-stable aggregates formed after 8 weeks of treatments. Significantly greater water-stable aggregates were formed in the sandy clay loam than the loamy sand. Approximately 20% greater water-stable aggregates were formed under the crop residue treatments compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Soil texture seemed to be one of the most important factors affecting the availability of N from organic or inorganic N sources in these soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334903
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  • 98
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    A biologically based indicator of soil quality (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop productivity ; Microbial biomass ; Cash grain ; Conventional farming ; Low-input agriculture ; NH uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil quality indices are attempts to classify soil conditions and to compare these conditions to their historical use. From this information it may be possible to determine which uses of soils are better for the long-range goals of agriculture and society. With many factors involved in the profitable production of safe foodstuffs without significant degradation of the environment and soils, an indicator that represents a broad biological perspective of quality is appropriate. Among a group of biological indicators, the ratio of crop N uptake to mineralized N as determined by microbial respiration plus net mineralized N found over a growing season is an useful indicator of soil quality. An evaluation of the 12-year-old Farming Systems Trial at the Rodale Institute Research Center indicated that soils in plots that had been conventionally managed were of lower quality than soil treated with manure or planted with legume-cash grain crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334899
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the influence of phosphate fertilizers on the microbial activity of pasture soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 284-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Basal respiration ; Long-term effect ; Metabolic quotient ; Microbial biomass ; Osmotic potential ; Pasture soil ; Phosphate fertilizers ; Substrate-induced respiration (SIR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present work was to examine the effects of phosphate fertilizers on the microbial activity of pasture soils. Various microbial characteristics were measured using soils from an existing long-term phosphate fertilizer field trial and a short-term incubation experiment. The measurements included basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, inhibition of substrate-induced respiration by streptomycin sulphate (fungal activity) and actidione (bacterial activity) and microbial biomass C. The long-term field trials was initiated during 1985 to examine the effectiveness of different sources of phosphate fertilizers (single superphosphate, North Carolina phosphate rock, partially acidulated North Carolina phosphate rock, and diammonium phosphate) on pasture yield. The incubation experiment was conducted for 8 weeks using the same soil and the sources of phosphate fertilizers used in the field trial. In the incubation experiment the fertilizer addition caused an initial decrease in basal and substrate-induced respiration but had no effect on total microbial biomass. The initial decline in basal and substrate-induced respiration with the fertilizer addition was restored within 8 weeks after incubation. In the field experiment the fertilizer addtion had no significant effect on basal respiration but increased substrate-induced respiration and microbial biomass C. The short-term and the long-term effects of phosphate fertilizer addition on the microbial characteristies of the soils are discussed in relation to its effects on pH, salt concentration, and the nutrient status of the soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334905
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of conventional tillage on biochemical properties of soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Tillage ; Soil enzymes ; Microbial biomass ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Nucleic acids ; Farming practices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Modification of soil environment by different farming practices can significantly affect crop growth. Tillage causes soil disturbance, altering the vertical distribution of soil organic matter and plant nutrient supplies in the soil surface, and it may affect the enzyme activity and microbial biomass which are responsible for transformation and cycling of organic matter and plant nutrients. In this study, the influence of three conventional tillage systems (shallow plowing, deep plowing and scarification) at different depths on the distribution and activity of enzymes, microbial biomass and nucleic acids in a cropped soil was investigated. Analysis of variance for depth and tillage showed the influence of the different tillage practices on the activity of some enzymes and on the nucleic acids. Glucosidase, galactosidase, nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activity were significantly affected by the three tillage modalities. Activity in the upper layer (0–20 cm) was higher in the plots tilled by shallow plowing and scarification than in those tilled by deep plowing. Positive relationships were observed between the soil enzymes themselves, with the exception of urease and pyrophosphatase activity. Moreover, significant correlations were found between DNA and β-galactosidase, and between RNA and β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. α-Glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase were highly correlated with biomass C determined by the fumigation-extraction method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050271
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