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  • Photosynthesis
  • Springer  (1,225)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Einflüsse purinreicher Ernährung auf Gewichtsentwicklung, Kataboliten im Blutplasma und den Harnsäuretransport von Erythrozyten — eine Modellstudie an Hunden (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021669
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partitioning of fat and protein in energy retention of growing animals (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617802
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient intake and protein metabolism: responses to feeding (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617817
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convergence across industrialised countries (1890–1989): new results using time series methods (1999)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810050042
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vitis vinifera ; Empoasca vitis ; leafhopper ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; growth ; yield ; fruit quality ; starch ; carbohydrate reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines,Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopperload on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper-loads up to 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382000
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition plant preference and offspring performance in the comma butterfly: correlations and conflicts (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194743
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bean and wheat α-amylase inhibitors on α-amylase activity and growth of stored product insect pests (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382258
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide vestigial mutualistic benefits to ants when living as social parasites inside Myrmica ant nests? (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: butterfly ; Formicidae ; food ; growth ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmicaworkers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly - but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003950318095
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, multiple allelochemicals and larval age on the performance of a specialist caterpillar (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186292
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the ecdysteroid agonists RH 5849 an RH 5992, alone and in combination with a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecdysteroid agonists ; juvenile hormone analogue ; Spodoptera exigua ; growth ; moulting ; metamorphosis ; imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological activity assays with RH 5849 and RH 5992 indicated that both compounds affected growth and development of last-instar larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a dose-dependent manner. Within the first 24 h after treatment by continuously offering leaves dipped in a water solution of ≥50 mg/l RH 5849 and ≥0.5 mg/l RH 5992, symptoms of a prematurely induced larval moult and head capsule apolysis were visible. Intoxicated larvae died shortly afterwards, showing signs of unsuccessful ecdysis. LC50-values of RH 5849 and RH 5992 for fifth-instarS. exigua larvae were 110 and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. Pyriproxyfen alone affected the larval stage and disturbed normal metamorphosis. One supernumerary larval instar occurred occasionally. LC50-value for pyriproxyfen was 1.7 mg/l. Larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, continued to grow until they attained a size and weight about 2–3 times that of the controls. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary moults. Concerning thein vivo imaginal wing disc growth and development, only in larvae treated with 10 and 50 mg/l RH 5849 or 0.5 mg/l RH 5992, tracheole migration was observed earlier than in the controls. When applying 300 mg/l RH 5849 or 3–7 mg/l RH 5992, the discs remained small and no signs of tracheole migration were observed. In larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, tracheole migration was not prematurely induced and a pupal cuticle was produced in the discs of larvae, undergoing a supernumerary moult. No clear signs of evagination were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383546
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of natural and synthetic neuroactive substances on the growth and feeding of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343467
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The folliculostatins of two dipteran insect species, their relation to matrix proteins and prospects for practical applications (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383011
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of larval dietary supply on the food consumption, food utilization efficiency, growth and development of the lacewingChrysoperla carnea (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysoperla carnea ; food consumption ; growth ; development ; efficiency of food utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were fed either an optimal or a suboptimal number of eggs of the mothAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller) in the first and/or second larval instar, or in all three larval instars. Parameters for the duration, growth, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) of each instar were established for seven different dietary regimes. Larvae that had a suboptimal food supply in the first instar had a significantly longer developmental time, gained significantly less weight, and had a slightly lower ECI in that instar larvae. Suboptimally-fed second less, but remained only slightly longer in that instar and had a similar ECI to optimally-fed second instar larvae. The developmental time of suboptimally-fed third instar larvae was similar to that of optimally-fed larvae of that stage. Whereas the growth of the former was significantly less than that of larvae optimally fed in that instar, the ECI of the former was significantly higher. Despite the relatively smaller size of larvae fed suboptimally in the first and/or second instar, when such larvae were subsequently supplied with an overabundance of prey eggs, they consumed approximately the same number of eggs during the remainder of their larval life as did larvae whose food supply had not been restricted previously. When larvae were allowed to consume different numbers of eggs in their third instar, their gain in weight and therefore the weights attained by the resulting adults (based on the weights of 3-day-old cocoons) had a highly significant positive correlation with the number of eggs consumed in this instar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382710
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gravimetricvs. respirometric determination of metabolic efficiency in caterpillars ofPieris brassicae (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nutrition ; utilization ; efficiency ; growth ; metabolism ; energy ; respirometry ; Pieris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadiumPieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant,Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving plant food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386518
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azadirachtin inhibits secretion of trypsin in midgut of Manduca sexta caterpillars: reduced growth due to impaired protein digestion (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Azadirachtin ; Manduca sexta ; growth ; feeding efficiency ; nitrogen utilisation ; proteinase ; trypsin ; allelochemicals ; antifeedant ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When given by injection to tobacco hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta, the allelochemical azadirachtin inhibits growth without reducing food intake. The growth reducing effect of azadirachtin is therefore in this case independent of the compound's well-known antifeedant effect. The cause of this reduced rate of growth is an increase in the costs associated with growth. These increased costs are largely a consequence of a decrease in the efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen. This is associated with a drastic reduction in the activity of midgut trypsin. Azadirachtin has no effect on the activity of trypsin in vitro. Thus azadirachtin directly or indirectly inhibits the production of trypsin by the enzyme-secreting cells of the midgut wall; it is suggested that this is the cause of the increased costs and reduced rate of growth. The interesting parallel between this plant defence strategy and that of direct inhibition of herbivore proteinases by allelochemical proteinase inhibitors is discussed.
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    Antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone and its analogs against larvae of Pieris brassicae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
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    The role of manganese in photosynthetic water oxidation (1991)
    Springer
    BioMetals 4 (1991), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; Water oxidation ; Plastoquinone ; Manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The process of photosynthetic water oxidation to dioxygen under proton release takes place via a sequence of four univalent redox steps in a manganese-containing unit. In this mini-review the current state of knowledge is briefly described with special emphasis on the following topics: (a) the nature of the catalytic site, (b) the structure of the redox chemistry of the manganese-containing active site, (c) the ligand structure and the entry of substrate water into the redox cycle, and (d) problems of the stoichiometry of proton release coupled with individual redox steps and the possible role of other cofactors (Cl−, Ca2+).
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    The influence of OH groups on the growth of rhodium on alumina: a model study (2000)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 68 (2000), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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    Light energy conversion with pheophytina monolayer at the SnO2 optically transparent electrode (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 223-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; pheophytina ; photoelectrochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The photoelectrochemical, absorption and fluorescence properties of pheophytin a mono- and multilayers, deposited on optically transparent tin oxide electrodes and quartz slides were investigated. Spectra of photocurrents coincided with the absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigment in monolayers at the SnO2/solution interfaces. The anodic and cathodic photocurrents were measured at various electrode potentials. Effects of pH, electrode potentials, and concentration of redox reagents on the conversion of solar energy in monolayers on optically transparent electrodes are discussed. The absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics, and fluorescence lifetime measurements of pheophytina in monolayers and thin films are also discussed in view of the aggregation properties of the photosynthetic pigment. The thermodynamics of adsorption of large amphiphilic compounds at the interface between two immiscible liquids is considered. The adsorption behavior of pheophytin a dissolved in different solvents is investigated. The thermodynamic parameters of pheophytin a adsorption at octane/water and benzene/water interfaces were determined.
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    Growth and long-run stability (1987)
    Springer
    Acta applicandae mathematicae 9 (1987), S. 219-237 
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    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 34A34 ; 34D99 ; 90A16 ; Nonlinear differential equations ; stability ; growth ; economic dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the implications of persistent growth upon the stability properties of dynamic models. Besides the traditional concept of asymptotic stability, new stability criteria-strong/weak absolute, strong/weak relative, strong/weak logarithmic stability-are introduced, and global stability conditions for satisfying these criteria are stated for general first-order autonomous differential equations. The conflict between rapidity of growth and the degree of stability is demonstrated. Economic applications of the stability theorems are illustrated within the growth models of Harrod and Solow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047540
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    An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain ofChlorella (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1621-1621 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chlorella ; cadmium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of 14 strains from fiveChlorella species is rather insensitive towards cadmium. One strain (211-1a) ofC. saccharophila, however, was found to have a sensitivity towards this toxic heavy metal about 100 times higher than that of the other strains ofC. saccharophila.
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    Growth and the average duration of larval life in the southern hemisphere lamprey,Geotria australis Gray (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1170-1173 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lampreys ; Geotria australis ; ammocoetes ; larval life ; growth ; metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (〈100 mm) and weight (〈1.2 g).
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    The nutritional ecology of larvae of Alsophila pometaria and Anisota senatoria feeding on early- and late-season oak foliage (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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    Acyrthosiphon pisum performance in response to the sugar and amino acid composition of artificial diets, and its relation to lucerne varietal resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Medicago sativa ; resistance ; amino acids ; sucrose ; phloem sap ; artificial diet ; ingestion ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur des milieux holidiques se différenciant par leur concentration en acides aminés ou en saccharose ou par leur spectre en acides aminés et copiant la sève de deux variétés de luzerne (sensible et résistante) nous avons étudié différents paramètres biologiques d'un biotype d'Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à ce puceron. Que ce soit pour le reproduction et la survie des adultes ou pour la croissance et le développment larvaire, nous montrons l'influence spécifique de la concentration en saccharose et en acides aminés ainsi que celle du spectre en acides aminés des régimes artificiels. Ces différences de performances de A. pisum peuvent en partie être expliquées par les différences d'ingestion. Néanmoins pour des rapport saccharose/acides aminés identiques et pour des niveaux d'ingestion égaux, il existe selon les milieux de grandes différences de taux de reproduction et donc d'efficacités métaboliques. Les milieux copiant la sève de variétés sensible et résistante permettent jusqu'à présent d'expliquer une partie des observations faites sur végétal, mais démontrent que l'ignorance de certains facteurs phagostimulants présents dans la plante empêche une interprétation complète des effets observés.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of resistance of two lucerne cultivars (susceptible ‘Resistador’ and resistant ‘Lahontan’ clones) to a French biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, several biological parameters of this aphid were investigated on sap-copied holidic diets differing either by their amino acid or sucrose concentrations or by the relative proportions of some amino acids. We recorded the quantitative influence of nutrient levels and amino acid profiles on adult survival and reproduction, as well as on larval growth and development. The differences in A. pisum performances on artificial diets may partly by explained by variable ingestion rates, but also by differences in metabolic efficiency of the ingested nutrients, which greatly depends on amino acid composition. Although holidic diet experiments partially confirm the biological assays of resistance on plants, they also point out a lack in our understanding of the factors present in the sap which are involved in phagostimulation in vivo, thus preventing a complete interpretation of observed resistance.
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    Assessment of Hg2+ toxicity to a N2-fixing cyanobacterium in long- and short-term experiments (1992)
    Springer
    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Hg2+ toxicity ; cyanobacterium ; Nostoc calcicola ; growth ; photopigments ; nucleic acids ; photosynthesis ; membrane integrity ; nutrient uptake ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicological responses of the filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Bréb. towards Hg2+ were studied to enumerate the decisive lethal events. In low-dose, long-term experiments (0.05–0.25 μm Hg2+, 10 days), photoautotrophic growth was severely inhibited with concurrent loss of photosynthetic pigments (phycocyanin〉chlorophyll α〉carotenoids) and nucleic acids. The termination of growth after a day 4 exposure to 0.25 μm Hg2+ has been attributed to the complete inhibition ofin vivo photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium (O2 evolution〉14CO2 incorporation). The elevated Hg2+ concentrations irreversibly damaged the cell membrance as observed under light microscopy, and as indicated by the leakage of intracellular electrolytes and phycocyanin. In high-dose, short-term experiments (0.5–20.0 μm Hg2+, up to 6 h), thein vivo activities of selected enzymes (glutamine synthetase 〉 nitrate reductase 〉 nitrogenase) were less inhibited by Hg2+ than the uptake of nutrient ions (NH 4 + 〉NO 3 − 〉PO 4 3− ).
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    Effects of diet on growth, fecundity and duration of tethered flight of Nezara viridula (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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    Competition between larvae of Ips typographus (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 121-133 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; bark beetle ; Scolytidae ; intra-specific larval competition ; growth ; simulation model ; breeding pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konkurrenz zwischen Larven des Borkenkäfers Ips typographus L. in Rundhölzern von Picea abies Karsten wurde im Laboratorium studiert. Um die Annahme zu testen, dass die Mortalität bei Borkenkäferlarven hauptsächlich von Futterkonkurrenz stammt, wurden die Parameter dieses Vorgangs geschätzt, die Zahl der Überlebenden vorausgesagt und verglichen mit der tatsächlichen Zahl Überlebender in jedem Rundholz. Die erforderlichen Voraussagen wurden mit dem Simulationsmodell von De Jong & Saarenmaa (1985) gemacht. In diesem Modell wird angenommen, dass die Larven Futter aufnehmen, in dem sie sich in der zweidimensionalen Rindenschicht bewegen und dass sie sterben oder sich vorzeitig in untergewichtige Käfer verwandeln, wenn sie in ein Gebiet gelangen, dessen Futter erschöpft ist. Es wurde geschlossen, dass der wichtigste Aspekt der Larvenbewegung im Hinblick aufs Überleben das gegenseitige Ausweichen ist. Die Muster der Larvengänge, wie sie aus einem Muttergang aufgrund gegenseitigen Ausweichens entstehen, wurden berechnet; sie stimmten sehr gut überein mit den beobachteten Mustern. Das Wachstum und das Überleben wurden in separaten Versuchen untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass vorzeitiger Entwicklungsabschluss als Folge von Nahrungsknappheit eintritt. Das Überleben hängt davon ab, ob die Larve genug Futter zum Verpuppen erhalten hat. Dass die Larve eine bestimmte Grösse erreicht (Wachstum), war proportional zur Bewegung über eine bestimmte Distanz in der Rindenschicht. Unter den Versuchsbedingungen nahm das potentielle Trockengewicht der Puppen um 0,08 mg zu mit jedem mm Larvengang. Die minimale zur Verpuppung erforderliche Futtermenge war 20 mm Ganglänge, was proportional zu 1,6 mg Puppentrockengewicht ist. Aus diesen Resultaten wird geschlossen, dass Futterkonkurrenz die hauptsächliche Mortalitätsursache unter Larven von I. typographus in Rundhölzern im Laboratorium ist. Zudem wurde das Simulationsmodell erfolgreich überprüft; deshalb scheint es, dass Futterkonkurrenz entsprechend der vorigen Hypothese erfolgt. Die Annahme scheint vertretbar, dass dieser letzte Schluss auch für I. typographus unter natürlicheren Bedingungen zutrifft.
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to provide parameters for a simulation model for Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). This model illustrates larval competition and predicts brood survival in bolts. Brood survival depended upon larvae attaining a weight of at least 1.6 mg dry weight. The pattern of larval foraging in a bolt is hypothesized to be regulated by mutual avoidance among larvae. An analytical solution is presented for the construction of the pattern of larval paths originating from a single maternal gallery.
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    Quantification of the impact of the hoverfly, Metasyrphus corollae on the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, in winter wheat: laboratory rates of kill (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Syrphidae ; Metasyrphus corollae ; cereal aphid ; Sitobion avenae ; quantification ; field populations ; biomass ; voracity ; growth ; development ; kill rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de mortalité de S. avenae provoqué par les larves de M. corollae a été mesuré au laboratoire pour évaluer l'impact de ce prédateur sur les populations de ce puceron dans la nature. L'évolution du poids des larves et de la biomasse de pucerons tués a été suivie tous les jours dans des conditions de température et humidité constantes. Un taux moyen de mortalité a été déterminé pour chaque stade larvaire du prédateur, il a servi à déduire les niveaux de mortalité quotidienne dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of kill of cereal aphids by larvae of Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was measured in the laboratory with the aim of assessing the impact of this predator on field populations of cereal aphids. Daily measurements were taken of changes in both the larval weight and the biomass of aphids killed by M. corollae in conditions of constant temperature and humidity. A mean relative kill rate was defined and calculated for each larval instar of the predator from which estimates of field daily rates of kill can be made.
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    L'élevage de deux coccinelles Harmonia axyridis et Semiadalia undecimnotata à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella tués aux rayons ultraviolets (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Semiadalia undecimnotata ; Aphids ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Pyralidae ; Anagasta kuehniella ; growth ; reproduction ; breeding ; natural prey ; unnatural prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.
    Notes: Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.
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    Ecology of black beetle Heteronychus arator. Influence of plant species on larval consumption, utilization and growth (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 29 (1981), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteronychus arator ; Scarabaeidae ; larvae ; consumption ; utilization ; growth ; feeding ; roots ; Paspalum dilatatum ; Lolium perenne ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Futteraufnahme, die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum von Drittstadiumlarven von H. arator beim Fressen von Wurzeln von Paspalum dilatatum, Raygras (Lolium perenne) und Weissklee (Trifolium repens) wurden gravimetrisch gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Futterverzehrindex auf Gräsern war 0.65 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.18 auf Weissklee. Die relative Wachstumsrate auf Paspalum und Raygras was 0.158 und 0.124 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.043 auf Weissklee, was den geringen Verzehr an Weisskleewurzel widerspiegelt. Die Verwertung der gefressenen Wurzel war 22%, 18% und 24% für Paspalum, Ryagras und Weissklee. Das Fehlen gesicherter Unterschiede in der Futterverwertung der drei Pflanzenarten deutet darauf hin, dass die geringe Wachstumsrate auf Weissklee bloss durch geringe Futteraufnahme verursacht ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Weisskleewurzel Frasinhibitoren für H. arator vorhanden sind. Die erhaltenen Schätzungen für Futteraufnahme durch Scarabaeiden sind die besten Daten für wurzelfressende Arten und liefern eine Basis, um den Einfluss der Weidepflanzen auf H. arator Populationen zu verstehen.
    Notes: Abstract The consumotion, utilization and growth of third-instar larvae of black beetle, Heteronychus arator (F.) feeding on roots of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. Consumption was greater on the grasses than on white clover when assessed by gravimetric methods. Larvae had a higher growth rate on the grasses. Utilization of the roots of the three species was similar indicating that poor growth on white clover is the result of low consumption probably induced by the presence of feeding deterrents in the roots.
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    Resistance in the wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya and Hordeum bogdani to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Avena macrostachya ; Hordeum bogdani ; resistance ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; growth ; excretion ; amino acids ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumè Lors d'examens systématiques antérieurs, Avena macrostachya (Bal. ex Coss. & Dur.) et Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) ont présenté une résistance élevée au puceron Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Lorsqu'ils avaient un choix comprenant de l'avoine et de l'orge cultivés, les pucerons ailés ont atterri en nombres moins importants sur les espèces sauvages. Les résultats étaient cependant variables dans le complexe avoine. La production de nymphes et le poids des adultes étaient plus élevés sur espèces cultivées, ainsi que la durée du développement était plus longue sur les espèces sauvages. A partir du troisième stade, l'excrétion de miellat a été significativement plus faible sur les espèces résistantes. En général, le miellat y contenait moins de 1% d'acides aminés bien que sur H. vulgare il en contînt 3,5%. Les pourcentages d'acides aminés libres du miellat étaient semblables sur toutes les plantes (5,2–7,6%), à l'exception de H. vulgare sur lequel les pucerons excrétaient 22% des taux ingérés. Les acides aminés excrétés en fortes quantités sur les différentes plantes, comprenaient l'asparagine, l'acide γ-aminobutyrique, l'acide glutamique et la glycine. Des coupes de tissus n'ont révélé aucun obstacle mécanique clair à la pénétration des stylets. Les possibilités d'utiliser ces espèces sauvages comme source de résistance aux pucerons dans la sélection de l'avoine et de l'orge ont été examinées.
    Notes: Abstract In previous screening tests the two wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya (Bal., ex Coss. et Dur.) and Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) demonstrated a high degree of resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In a choice situation using wild and cultivated oats and barley, alate aphids settled in lower numbers on the wild species. The results were, however, variable in the Avena combination. Nymph production was significantly higher, development time shorter and adult weight higher on the cultivated varieties. From the third instar and onwards the excretion of honeydew was significantly lower on the resistant plants. In general the honeydew contained less than 1% free amino acids although excreta from H. vulgare contained 3.5%. The percentage of free amino acids found in the honeydew was similar for all plant species (5.2–7.6%) except for H. vulgare, on which the aphids excreted 22% of the amounts ingested. Amino acids excreted in high proportions on all plants included asparagine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. Tissue sectioning did not reveal any obvious mechanical barriers to stylet penetration. The potential use of these wild species as sources for aphid resistance breeding in oats and barley is considered.
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    Effects of potassium levels over the range occurring in host plants on the growth of an insect herbivore (Manduca sexta) (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Consumption ; food utilization efficiencies ; growth ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; Nicotiana tabacum ; potassium ; tobacco hornworm ; water regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Third instar tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta L.: Sphingidae) on low dietary potassium had a lower relative growth rate than individuals on diets with potassium concentrations reflecting those in host-plants, due to decreased consumption rate, lower efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI and ECD), and a prolonged growth/feeding phase. Furthermore, these larvae, when placed on a diet with a moderate potassium concentration through the fourth stadium, ended up being smaller due to lower ECI and less biomass gained, and had a prolonged growth phase, which suggest an irreversible cost of the previous low potassium diet. Third instar hornworms on high potassium diets had lower ECI and ECD, and they had a prolonged growth phase. These individuals, when placed on a moderate potassium diet in the fourth stadium, gained less biomass, than those previously offered hostplant-like-potassium diets. Body potassium concentrations (% dw) at the end of the third stadium were similar among treatment groups. With increasing potassium concentrations in the diet, utilization efficiencies of potassium decreased and potassium concentrations in the frass increased. Correspondingly, water content (% fw) of the newly-molted fourth instar larvae declined with increasing potassium, indicating a passive loss of water during potassium excretion. Low and high dietary potassium reduced survivorship of third instar larvae; fourth instar caterpillars previously fed the low potassium diet also had poor survivorship. We conclude that, within the normal range of potassium concentrations in the hostplants, caterpillar performance is largely unaffected by potassium concentration, but that potassium-poor and potassium-rich diets, such as those hornworms may sometimes experience, can reduce growth and survivorship.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367169
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    Quantum efficiency requirements for an anaerobic photobioreactor (1990)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1990), S. 337-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Chlorobium ; Photosynthesis ; Quantum efficiency ; Photobioreactor ; Light intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of light intensity, surface area of illuminated bioreactor, H2S flow rate and various wavelength regions of light on oxidative sulfur metabolism byChlorobium was examined. The regulation of oxidative sulfur metabolism by light intensity led to the determination of the photobioreaction quantum efficiency (PQE) for this system. This efficiency is defined as the molecules of sulfur (So) produced per photon utilized and can be used in designing a light efficient photobioreactor. Included in our analysis of requirements for a light efficient photobioreactor is a summary of some fed-batch equations which can be used to model a productive path for the formation of sulfur duringChlorobium's photosynthesis. It is suggested that the incorporation of PQE and fed-batch formulae into expressions for wavelength dependent rates of photosynthetic product formation will lead to a more accurate mathematical model for anoxygenic as well as oxygenic photosynthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01578093
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    Field application of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved garlic yield in disinfected soil (1997)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 7 (1997), S. 47-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Allium sativum ; Methyl bromide ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The production of certified garlic propagation material requires measures to be taken against pathogenic nematodes. Methyl bromide (MB) may be used for this purpose, but is known to cause stunting in Allium spp. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal inoculum was applied to the planting furrow after MB treatment. VAM-inoculated plants were larger, had more green leaves, an increased photosynthesis rate, especially at low light intensities, and higher fresh and dry weights than plants in uninoculated plots. The mean bulb weights from uninoculated and VAM-treated plots were 27 g and 51 g respectively. The native or an improved VAM population should be reintroduced after soil disinfection to ensure satisfactory garlic yields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050162
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    Recovery of photosynthesis after exposure of intertidal algae to osmotic and temperature stresses: comparative studies of species with differing distributional limits (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Osmotic stress ; Temperature Stress ; Algae ; Intertidal region ; Porphyra perforata ; Rhodoglossum affine ; Gelidium coulteri ; Smithora naiadum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study examines possible relationships between stress tolerance by marine algae and distributions of these species. The ability to recover photosynthetic activity following dehydration or temperature treatments was the assay used to evaluate stress tolerance, and Porphyra perforata, Rhodoglossum affine, Gelidium coulteri, and Smithora naiadum differed in thresholds of tolerance, even though plants were collected from low tidal sites. Limits of dehydration tolerance were well correlated with limits of tidal distribution for these species. Additionally, other high tidal species tolerated severe dehydration while subtidal and low tidal species were sensitive to dehydration. High tidal individuals of P. perforata were also more tolerant of dehydration than were low tidal thalli of P. perforata. Limits of high or low temperature tolerance were not well correlated with tidal elevation for any groups of algae studied. However, cold-tolerant species had more northerly extensions, and warm-tolerant species had more southerly distributions. Thus, differential tolerance to temperature extremes may be an important influence for latitudinal ranges of species. By comparing the experimentally determined thresholds of stress with distributions of species, we test the role of stress in influencing photosynthesis and ultimately distributions of marine algae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377105
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    Effect of earthworms on molybdenum-depending activities (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworms ; Molybdenum ; Nitrate ; reductase activity ; Photosynthesis ; Allolobophora ; caliginosa ; Maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments performed in an alkaline, silty clay soil showed that the presence of Allolobophora caliginosa increased nitrate reductase activity in maize seedlings and nitrogen fixation in the soil, but did not affect photosynthesis and biomass of maize seedlings and oxygen consumption in the soil. The increase in molybdenum-depend-ing activities is ascribed to the greater availability of molybdenum recorded in the presence of earthworms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050183
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    Effect of earthworms on molybdenum-depending activities (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Molybdenum ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Photosynthesis ; Allolobophora caliginosa ; Maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments performed in an alkaline, silty clay soil showed that the presence of Allolobophora caliginosa increased nitrate reductase activity in maize seedlings and nitrogen fixation in the soil, but did not affect photosynthesis and biomass of maize seedlings and oxygen consumption in the soil. The increase in molybdenum-depending activities is ascribed to the greater availability of molybdenum recorded in the presence of earthworms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335907
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    Denitrification under different cultivated plants: effects of soil moisture tension, nitrate concentration, and photosynthetic activity (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Soil moisture ; Roots ; Photosynthesis ; Acetylene inhibition method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plant effects on the denitrification rate were investigated in pot experiments at different soil moisture tensions and nitrate concentrations. Nitrate concentrations and the soil moisture tension were regulated immediately before each measurement. The effects of the plants on denitrification rates were dependent on the soil moisture tension. At a low soil moisture tension (−7 cm H2O), there was a 10-fold increase in the denitrification rate (planted versus unplanted soil). At a medium moisture tension (−30 cm H2O) the plants had practically no effect, and at the highest tension (−60 cm H2O) the effect was slightly negative. Large differences in denitrification rates under different plant species were observed. At a low soil moisture tension, the average denitrification rate (μg N kg−1 soil h−1) was 39–42 under small grains (barley, wheat, and oats), 47–82 under the grasses (cocksfoot, meadow grass, meadow fescue, and timothy) and 18 under red clover. The differences between the monocots were attributable to differences in plant growth rates, rather than to any specific difference in stimulation or inhibition of denitrification, since the variations in photosynthetic activity fairly well predicted the differences in denitrification rates under different monocots. Clover, however, gave much lower denitrification rates than those predicted by the photosynthetic activity.
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    Nucleotide sequences of eDNAs encoding the entire precursor polypeptides for subunits II and III of the photosystem I reaction center from spinach (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Photosystem I ; Subunits II and III ; cDNA nucleotide sequences ; Spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several cDNA clones encoding the complete subunit II and III precursor polypeptides of the photosystem I reaction center were isolated from two spinach lambda gtll expression libraries by immunoscreening and homologous hybridization. The identity of the recombinant cDNAs was verified by an N-terminal amino acid sequence of 14 and 20 residues for the respective mature spinach proteins. The ca. 880 nucleotide long sequence and derived amino acid sequence for subunit II predict a precursor of 23.2 kDa (212 residues) and a positively charged, mature protein of 17.9 kDa (162 residues). The corresponding data for subunit III are ca. 710 nucleotides (cDNA), 13.4 kDa (125 residues, precursor polypeptide) and, again, a positively charged, mature protein of 9.7 kDa (91 residues). Secondary structure predictions indicate that both subunits are extramembraneous components of photosystem I. Subunit II is probably located on the matrix-side, subunit III in the lumen of stroma lamellae which is consistent both with biochemical findings and the proposed roles of these proteins in the electron transition from and to photosystem I, respectively. Major transcripts of 1.1 kb (subunit II) and 0.8 kb (subunit III) have been observed by RNA-DNA hybridization.
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    Analysis of cDNA clones encoding the entire precursor-polypeptide for ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase from spinach (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 517-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase ; cDNA Nucleotide sequence ; Transit peptide ; Spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we report the structural characterization of several spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) cDNAs ranging in size from 0.9 to 1.5 kilobases. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the known amino acid sequence determined for the spinach protein establishes that 1.4–1.5 kpb inserts span the full length of the mature protein (314 amino acid residues; Mr = 35,382). These also include an N-terminal 55 amino acid transit peptide as well as maximally 171 and 214 nucleotide 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequences, respectively. Evidence has been obtained that various forms of FNR arise from at least two similar genes. The FNR precursor (369 amino acid residues) has a calculated molecular mass of 41.2 kDa. Comparison of the transit peptide with transit peptides from two other stromal proteins shows little similarity at the level of primary sequence but some common features in secondary structure predictions.
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    Nucleotide sequences of cDNA clones encoding the entire precursor polypeptide for subunit VI and of the plastome-encoded gene for subunit VII of the photosystem I reaction center from spinach (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 99-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Photosystem I ; Subunits VI and VII ; Nucleotide sequence ; Spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recombinant phage which encode the entire precursor polypeptide for subunit VI of the photosystem I reaction center have been selected from a lambda gt11 cDNA expression library made from polyadenylated RNA of spinach seedlings. The sequence predicts a precursor polypeptide of 144 amino acids (Mr = 15.3 kDa), a mature protein of 95 residues (Mr = 10.4 kDa) that lacks methionine, histidine and cysteine, and a transit peptide of 49 residues (Mr = 4.9 kDa). The corresponding gene(s) is (are) designated psaH. The gene for subunit VII, psaC, has been located in the small single-copy region of the spinach plastid chromosome using a synthetic oligonucleotide and a heterologous hybridization probe. It is part of a polycistronic transcription unit that is constitutively expressed and processed. Putative processing products include a monocistronic RNA for psaC. The polypeptide chain of 81 (deduced) amino acids is highly conserved and strikingly resembles bacterial-type ferredoxins. It harbours cysteine residues that appear to be involved in the ligation of the two 4Fe4S centres A and B in photosystem I. None of the two subunits appears to be membrane-spanning, and subunit VI, as subunit VII, is located at the reducing (stromal) side of the reaction center. All available information on the major subunits of photosystem I from spinach has been combined into a (revised) topographic model. Evidence that the innermost — plastome-encoded — core of photosystem I represents an old bacterial heritage in present day chloroplasts is discussed.
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    Plastocyanin is encoded by an uninterrupted nuclear gene in spinach (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Plastocyanin ; Photosynthesis ; Genomic and cDNA clones ; Sequence analysis ; Transcript ; Spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plastocyanin is a member of photosynthetic electron transport chains that transfers electrons from cytochrome f to the oxidized P700 chlorophyll a pigment of the photosystem I reaction center. We have isolated and characterized cDNA- and genomic clones from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) encoding the complete plastocyanin-precursor polypeptide. The amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence shows that the precursor consists of 168 amino acid residues including a transit sequence of 69 residues. The precursor polypeptide has a predicted Mr of 16,917, the mature protein of 10,413. The available data indicate that plastocyanin derives probably from a single-copy gene. The coding region contains no intron. The size of the mRNA as determined by S1 nuclease protection experiments is approximately 660 nucleotides, although analysis of different cDNA clones suggests that longer RNA species do exist, approaching the size of the mRNA (850 bases) estimated by Northern blot techniques.
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    A proposal concerning the origin of life on the planet earth (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 13 (1979), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Oparin Ocean ; Origin of Life ; Evolution ; Runaway greenhouse ; Photosynthesis ; Methanogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The widely accepted Oparin thesis for the origin and early evolution of life seems sufficiently far from the true state of affairs as to be considered incorrect. It is proposed that life on earth actually arose in the planet's atmosphere, however an atmosphere very different from the present one. Because of an extremely warm surface, the early earth may have possessed no liquid surface water, its water being partitioned between a molten crust and a fairly dense atmosphere. Early preliving systems are taken to arise in the droplet phase in such an atmosphere. The early earth, which resembled Venus then and to some extent now, underwent a transition to its present condition largely as a result of the evolution of methanogenic metabolism.
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    Lipaemia and liver composition in pregnant rats consuming olive oil and olive oil used for frying (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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    Effects of porcine somatotropin on the chemical body composition and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 294-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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    Leaf gas exchange characteristics, daily carbon and water balances of the host/mistletoe pair Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell. and Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh. at permanently low plant water status in the field (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Amyema miquelii ; Daily carbon balance ; Daily water balance ; Eucalyptus behriana ; Photosynthesis ; Water-use efficiency ; Xylem pressure ; Heterotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf gas exchange and xylem pressures of the xylem-tapping mistletoe, Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh., and its host, Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell., both growing under permanently low plant water status, are studied under controlled and naturally fluctuating field conditions. Stomata of both plants regulate transpiration with respect to light and air humidity, but leaf conductances and total daily transpiration are up to 7.3 times higher in the host. Despite this, water-use efficiency in the mistletoe is lower than in the host. In the light of the mistletoe's low transpiration rates observed in spring, a commonly accepted pattern of higher water losses from parasites is likely to be inconsistent over a season. The role of partial parasitic carbon heterotrophy is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225225
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    Canopy structure, light microclimate and leaf gas exchange of Quercus coccifera L. in a Portuguese macchia: measurements in different canopy layers and simulations with a canopy model (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Canopy structure ; Quercus coccifera ; Photosynthesis ; Transpiration ; Simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The structural characteristics of a diverse array of Quercus coccifera canopies were assessed and related to measured and computed light attenuation, proportion of sunlit foliage, foliage temperatures, and photosynthesis and diffusive conductance behavior in different canopy layers. A canopy model incorporating all components of shortwave and longwave radiation, and the energy balance, conductance, and CO2 and H2O exchanges of all leaf layers was developed and compared with measurements of microclimate and gas exchange in canopies in four seasons of the year. In the denser canopies with a leaf area index (LAI) greater than 5, there is little sunlit foliage and the diffuse radiation (400–700 nm) is attenuated to 5% or less of the global radiation (400–700 nm) incident on the top of the canopy. Foliage of this species is nonrandomly distributed with respect to azimuth angle, and within each canopy layer, foliage azimuth and inclination angles are correlated. A detailed version of the model which computed radiation interception and photosynthetic light harvesting according to these nonrandom distributions indicated little difference in whole-canopy gas exchange from calculations of the normal model, which assumes random azimuth orientation. The contributions of different leaf layers to canopy gas exchange are not only a function of the canopy microclimate, but also the degree to which leaves in the lower layers of the canopy exhibit more shade-leaf characteristics, such as low photosynthetic and respiratory capacity and maximal conductance. On cloudless days, the majority of the foliage in a canopy of 5.4 LAI is shaded —70%–90% depending on the time of year. Yet, the shaded foliage under these conditions is calculated to contribute only about one-third of the canopy carbon gain. This contribution is about the same as that of the upper 13% of the canopy foliage. Computed annual whole-canopy carbon gain and water use are, respectively, 60% and 100% greater for a canopy of 5 LAI than for one of 2 LAI. Canopy water-use efficiency is correspondingly less for the canopy of 5 LAI than for that of 2 LAI, but most of this difference is apparent during the cool months of the year, when moisture is more abundant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197022
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    Heterosis in hybrid larch (Larix decidua x leptolepis) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Heterosis ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Individual 33-year-old forest trees of the deciduous conifer speciesLarix decidua, Larix leptolepis andLarix decidua x leptolepis were investigated with respect to the phenomenon of stem heterosis in hybrid larch; the first part of this study compares the gas exchange responses of leaves. CO2 assimilation per leaf area was similar in the three larch species, but on a dry weight basis the nitrogen content of the needles and maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) were slightly higher in the hybrid. This increase was accompanied by a higher protein content than in the Japanese and a lower specific leaf weight than in the European larch. All three species were similar in terms of the photosynthetic “nitrogen use” and stomatal conductance atA max. The similar slopes of the area-related steady-state responses of gas exchange against irradiance, evaporative demand and internal CO2 concentration led to similar rates of CO2 uptake under ambient conditions. The natural combinations and variability of the environmental factors also reduced the small dry weight-related difference inA max between hybrid larch and the parent species, such that all trees achieved similar daily carbon gains. Thus, the ecological significance of small interspecific differences in the metabolism of leaves has very little effect under the natural habitat conditions of a temperate climate. The second part of the study will investigate the effect of growth characteristics on the heterosis of hybrid larch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01816819
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    Altered root growth and plant chemistry ofPinus sylvestris seedlings subjected to aluminum in nutrient solution (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Scots pine ; Aluminum ; Pollution ; Photosynthesis ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown for 9 weeks in nutrient solutions containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3) at pH 4.2. Nine weeks exposure to Al significantly reduced total plant, shoot and root mass and caused a linear decline in proportional allocation of biomass to roots. Relative growth rate of roots declined to as low as zero. Aluminum treatment decreased calcium and magnesium uptake and increased Al content in roots and needles. After 3 weeks of exposure a 10–60% increase in total phenols in roots and a 20–40% increase in o-diphenols in roots and needles were noted. Roots affected by Al showed degeneration of meristematic cells, fewer cell divisions, deformation in cell walls and higher lignification and suberization. The majority of root apices were structurally similar to dormant roots, and a premature senescence of the entire root system was observed. Net photosynthetic rate after 6 weeks of treatment was negatively correlated with needle Al content and Al/Ca ratio (r 〈 -0.9, P 〈 0.1). The results suggest that Scots pine may be more susceptible to Al than was expected based on previous experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340765
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    Influence of UV-B radiation on photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 172-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Ultraviolet-B radiation ; Norway spruce ; Picea abies (L.) Karst. ; Photochemical activity ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were grown in greenhouses with two supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and vitality index were determined monthly. At the end of the experiment, growth, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates were measured. The data indicate that low temperature in winter affected light dependent processes in experimental plants including control, while the rise of ambient temperatures, moderate this effect. The synergistic effects of UV-B radiation and low temperatures could only be observed in the second winter period. Measurements of net photosynthetic activity in the second winter period showed significant differences between treated and untreated plants.
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    Assessing the impact of ozone on photosynthesis of European beech (Fergus sylvatica L.) in environmental chambers (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 268-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Beech ; Ozone ; Photosynthesis ; Closed chambers ; Critical Levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An exposure — response study with proportionalto-ambient ozone levels was conducted in closed chambers on 3-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) of montane origin. The fumigation started in April 1990 and lasted for a single growing season. Climate data and ozone concentrations monitored at an experimental station of the Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Schönenbuch, Switzerland were simulated in the exposure chambers 12 days later (1*O3). To test exposure-response relations three additional treatments were applied, subambient (0.2*O3) and two proportionally increased ozone treatments (1.5*O3 and 2*O3). The photosynthetic behaviour of the trees in August revealed the light reactions to be less affected than parameters which are related to the dark reactions of photosynthesis. Assimilation (A350), apparent carboxylation efficiency (CE), and maximum photosynthetic capacity (A2500) were reduced with increasing ozone concentration. For the ozone response of CE and A2500 ‘Critical Levels’ were calculated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185679
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    Effects of N addition rates on the productivity ofPicea Sitchensis,Thuja plicata, andTsuga heterophylla seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 198-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Photosynthesis ; Picea sitchensis ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of differing, exponentially increasing rates of N addition (0.025, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 gN gN-1day-1) on photosynthesis, discrimination against13C and partitioning of foliar N to chlorophyll and major photosynthetic proteins were compared in seedlings of the evergreen conifersPicea sitchensis, Thuja plicata andTsuga heterophylla. T. heterophylla had the lowest range of foliar N concentrations (Nlm). Across species, photosynthetic rates (A) increased linearly with Nlm to a maximum at 21 mg g-1 and declined at higher Nlms. Species differences inA resulted from differences in Nlm, not from differences in photosynthetic N use efficiency. Self-shading may have causedA to decline at a high Nlm inP. sitchensis andT. plicata. Measurements of gas exchange and δ13C suggested that carboxylation capacity increased more than did stomatal conductance as Nlm increased. The responses were small and confined to Nlms associated with the lesser rates of N addition. Concentrations of total protein, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) and the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex (LHC) increased with Nlm, but the fraction of foliar N allocated to RUBISCO and LHC increased with Nlm only inP. sitchensis and only between the 0.025 and 0.05N regimes. The responsiveness ofA and concentrations of RUBISCO to Nlm were less than reported for deciduous C3 species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340772
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    Magnesium deficiency treatment causes reductions in photosynthesis of well-nourished Norway spruce (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Norway spruce ; Magnesium deficiency ; Photosynthesis ; Carboxylation efficiency ; Starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate effects of magnesium deficiency on Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] photosynthesis, 100 well-nourished 5-year-old spruce trees were grown in sand culture, individually supplied with circulating nutrient solutions. Mineral nutrients were added to the nutrient solutions in optimal quantities and optimal relations to nitrogen. Magnesium was supplied at 0.203, 0.041 and 0.005 mM in order to simulate optimal nutrition, moderate deficiency and severe deficiency. Parameters of photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll, magnesium and starch concentrations were determined in current-year and 1-year-old needles during one growing season. By mid May — 6 months after onset of the Mg deficiency treatments in late autumn — CO2-assimilation rates of 1-year-old needles were significantly decreased independent of the severity of the deficiency treatment, whereas the chlorophyll concentrations did not differ from the controls. The occurrence of yellowing symptoms during July did not further influence the Mg deficiency effect on photosynthesis. In contrast to 1-year-old needles, significant reductions of photosynthesis and chlorophyll in current-year needles were only caused by severely deficient Mg supply. Mg deficiency affected carboxylation efficiency but not light use efficiency. From the accumulation of starch in the needles, up to 30-fold of the controls, the conclusion has been drawn that reactions of CO2-fixation were affected by reduced carbohydrate export. The light-dependent pigment reduction, leading to the typical tipyellowing of needles, clearly reflects a secondary effect of Mg deficiency.
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    Effects of pre-severance light quality on the vegetative propagation ofEucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Eucalyptus grandis ; Photosynthesis ; Propagation ; Red to far-red ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two-leaf, two-node cuttings were taken fromEucalyptus grandis stockplants grown under different light qualities (red to far-red ratios of 0.4, 0.7, 1.3, 3.5 and 6.5) at a constant photon flux density (200 μmol m-2 s-1). Two experiments tested effects of pre-severance light quality on cutting morphology, post-severance gas exchange, carbohydrate status and rooting of cuttings. The best rooting percentage was achieved by cuttings with longer stems and greater stem volume from stockplants grown at lower red to far-red (R∶FR) ratios. Generally, rooting success was associated with low pre-severance starch and water-soluble sugar concentrations, and a greater total water-soluble carbohydrate (TWSC) content per cutting. Rooting was associated with well maintained stem starch and an increase in stem TWSC during the propagation period. Gas exchange of cuttings was measured between 28 and 33 days after severance. Rooting percentages at 35 days after severance were positively and linearly related to net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. In unrooted cuttings there was a net release of CO2 which increased significantly with an increase in pre-severance R∶FR ratio. These results demonstrate that stockplant environment may significantly modify the morphology and physiology of subsequent cuttings, and that cutting morphology, and stored and current photosynthates have a significant influence on rooting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340778
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    The effects of water and multi-nutrient stress on xylem sap chemistry, photosynthesis and transpiration of seedlings of two Eucalypts (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Eucalyptus ; Nutrients ; Photosynthesis ; Transpiration ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten seedlings each of Eucalyptus kitsoniana Maiden and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. were subjected to two levels of water stress and two levels of nutrient stress (macro and micro-nutrients) in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. The objectives were to determine the degree to which seedlings show differences in sap chemistry, photosynthesis and transpiration that relate to the environments in which these two species live. Whole plants were then extracted for xylem sap using a pressure chamber and the sap was analyzed for 14 elements using an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer and a nitrometer. For E. kitsoniana water and nutrient stress, applied separately or in combination, significantly reduced leaf conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis and midday water potential. Nutrient stress alone had less effect than water stress on most functions measured. Water stress alone reduced the root/shoot ratio; the combination of water and nutrient stress increased the root/shoot ratio, primarily because of reduced shoot weight. In E. kitsoniana, water stress alone or in combination with nutrient stress increased the xylem sap concentrations of B and Si. Multi-nutrient stress alone, or in combination with water stress, significantly decreased sap Zn and K. For this species, sap N was decreased by nutrient stress, but increased by water stress. E. globulus had significantly lower transpiration rates and less root mass than E. kitsoniana. Slightly lower leaf conductance and photosynthesis were not significant in E. globulus compared to E. kitsoniana. Water and nutrient stress reduced conductance, transpiration (except for nutrient stress) and photosynthesis, and the effects of water stress on E. globulus were greater than the effects of nutrient stress. Midday water potential was reduced by water stress. Water or nutrient stress alone did not alter seedling root/shoot ratio, but the combination of water and nutrient stress significantly increased the root/shoot ratio for both species. For E. globulus, sap concentrations of Mn, Na, Si and K were increased by water stress (alone or in combination with nutrient stress). Sap N increased with water stress or combined stresses, but decreased under nutrient stress alone. When the two species were compared, E. globulus generally had lower or similar nutrient concentrations in the sap, with Ca, Mg, Mn and P significantly lower than in E. kitsoniana. Seedlings of these two species show strong site adaptations to water and nutrient availability.
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    The influence of ozone on the stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst, exposed to soil moisture deficit (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 128-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Norway spruce ; Ozone ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal limitation of photosynthesis ; Drought stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., was exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and non-filtered air + ozone (NF+) and periods of soil moisture deficit from 1985 to 1988 in open-top chambers. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, needle water potential and various shoot properties were measured on 1-year-old shoots during a period of soil moisture deficit. The gas exchange was measured at saturating photosynthetic photon flux density and across a range of CO2 concentrations. The soil moisture deficit induced a mild drought stress in the plants, expressed by a pre-dawn needle water potential of approximately-0.9 MPa and a substantial reduction in net photosynthesis and gas phase conductance. In the CF treatment, intercellular CO2 concentration was reduced, but was unaffected in the NF+ treatment. Furthermore, net photosynthesis declined more in response to the soil moisture deficit in the NF+ treatment than in the CF treatment. This is suggested to be attributed to the carboxylation efficiency at the operating point, which was decreased by 47% and 64% in shoots from the CF and the NF+ treatments, respectively. Stomatal limitation of net photosynthesis was increased by drought by 24–45% in the CF treatment, while it was unaffected in the NF+ treatment. Thus, our results imply that the coupling between the stomatal conductance and the photosynthetic rate was changed and that the marginal cost of water per given amount of carbon gain will increase in trees exposed to ozone, during periods of drought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202428
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    Use of simultaneous analysis of gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching for analysing the effects of water stress on photosynthesis in apple leaves (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence quenching ; Malus ; Photosynthesis ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A convenient system for the rapid simultaneous measurement of both chlorophyll fluorescence quenching using a modulated light system, and of CO2, and water vapour exchange by leaves is described. The system was used in a study of the effects of water deficits on the photosynthesis by apple leaves (Malus x domestica Borkh.). Apple leaves were found to have low values of steady-state variable fluorescence, and the existence of significant fluorescence with open traps (Fo) quenching necessitated the measurement and use of a corrected Fo in the calculation of quenching components. Long-term water stress had a marked effect on both gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Non-photochemical quenching (qn) in particular was increased in water-stressed leaves, and it was particularly sensitive to incident radiation in such leaves. In contrast, rapid dehydration only affected gas exchange. Relaxation of qn quenching in the dark was slow, taking approximately 10 min for a 50% recovery, in well-watered and in draughted plants, and whether or not the plants had been exposed to high light.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226233
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    The influence of leaf area on the rooting physiology of leafy stem cuttings of Terminalia spinosa Engl. (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 210-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Vegetative propagation ; Percentage rooting ; Leaf area ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of different leaf areas on the rooting of Terminalia spinosa Engl. cuttings in an non-mist propagation system in glasshouses at Edinburgh was investigated by trimming the leaves to 0, 7.5, 15 and 30 cm2 before cuttings were severed from stockplants. Cuttings were taken to a standard length of 5 cm from the lateral shoots of previously pruned stockplants grown in a tropicalised glasshouse. During the rooting period, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water potential and relative water content of the cuttings were assessed at regular intervals. It was found that (i) removal of the entire leaf area prevented rooting; (ii) cuttings with a 7.5 cm2, 15 cm2 and 30 cm2 leaf all achieved 80% rooting after 3 weeks; (iii) an increase in leaf area from 7.5 cm2 to 30 cm2 increased the rate of rooting and the length of the longest root after 2 weeks, but also increased the number of original leaves abscised after 6 weeks; and (iv) the greatest number of new leaves were produced by cuttings with 7.5 cm2 and 15 cm2 leaf area per cutting. All leafy cuttings actively photosynthesized during the propagation period, with a mean rate of 2 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 with an irradiance of 100 μmol m-2 s-1. Cuttings with 30 cm2 leaf area had lower relative water contents, lower stomatal conductances and lower photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area than those with a 7.5 cm2 and 15 cm2 leaf. It was concluded that T. spinosa cuttings are easy to root, provided the cuttings have leaves to produce current assimilates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224338
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    Effect of fruiting on carbon budgets of apple tree canopies (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 56-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Malus domestica ; Bioenergetics ; Fruit ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Source-sink
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Carbon budgets were calculated from net photosynthesis and dark respiration measurements for canopies of field-grown, 3-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with maximum leaf areas of 5.4 m2 in a temperature-controlled Perspex tree chamber, measured in situ over 2 years (July 1988 to October 1990) by computerized infrared gas analysis using a dedicated interface and software. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and carbon assimilation per leaf area peaked at respectively 8.3 and 7.7 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in April. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and dark respiration (Rd) per tree peaked at 3.6 g CO2 tree−1 h−1 (Pn) and 1.2 g CO2 tree−1 h−1 (Rd), equivalent to 4.2 μmol CO2 (Pn) and 1.4 μmol CO2 (Rd) m−2 s−1 with maximum carbon gain per tree in August and maximum dark respiration per tree in October 1988 and 1989. In May 1990, a tree was deblossomed. Pn (per tree) of the fruiting apple tree canopy exceeded that of the non-fruiting tree by 2–2.5 fold from June to August 1990, attributed to reduced photorespiration (RI), and resulting in a 2-fold carbon gain of the fruiting over the non-fruiting tree. Dark respiration of the fruiting tree canopy progressively exceeded, with increasing sink strength of the fruit, by 51% (June–August), 1.4-fold (September) and 2-fold (October) that of the non-fruiting tree due to leaf (i. e. not fruit) respiration to provide energy (a) to produce and maintain the fruit on the tree and (b) thereafter to facilitate the later carbohydrate translocation into the woody perennial parts of the tree. The fruiting tree reached its optium carbon budget 2–4 weeks earlier (August) then the non-fruiting tree (September 1990). In the winter, the trunk respired 2–100 g CO2 month−1 tree−1. These data represent the first long-term examination of the effect of fruiting without fruit removal which shows increased dark respiration and with the increase progressing as the fruit developed.
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    Sources of Sectoral Growth in an Economy Wide Context: The Case of U.S. Agriculture (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007759705652
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    Optimal concentration of ammonium ion in a minimal synthetic medium for the growth of Candida albicans (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 113 (1991), S. 139-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; ammonium ; physiology ; medium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Candida albicans strain B 311-10 with and without starvation was cultivated in the minimal synthetic medium of Shepherd et al. [18], modified without biotin, aminoacids, low glucose concentration [20] and with decreasing amounts of (NH4)2SO4, to determine the optimal growth requirement for this strain. All the experiments were carried out under sterile conditions at 25 °C in a thermostat with initial O.D.s (675 nm) of 0.500 and 0.100. Cell growth was generally monitored everyday for six days with a spectrophotometer by determining the absorbance of the cultures at 675 nm. All the experiments were repeated three times and a statistical analysis of the data with a probability of 99% and 1% of error was performed to confirm the validity of the results. Best growth was obtained with starved cells at an initial O.D. of 0.100 and with a 0.1 g/L concentration of (NH4)2SO4. At this concentration, the growth of C. albicans B 311-10 was best between the first and the fourth day with the maximum at the third day. With (NH4)2SO4 concentrations of 0.05 and 0.5 g/L, cell growth was the same.
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    The growth of Epidermophyton floccosum and E. stockdaleae at different temperatures (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 112 (1990), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Epidermophyton floccosum ; E. stockdaleae ; growth ; incubation temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of 17 strains of genus Epidermophyton (15 strains belonging to Epidermophyton floccosum, one to E. floccosum var. nigricans and one to E. stockdaleae) to grow at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C) was stated. The strains were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and regularly controled over a period of 14 days when the plates were incubated at 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C, and over a period of 70 days when the temperature was 4 °C. The optimal growth of E. floccosum was observed at 28 °C and 31 °C, and no signs of growth were recorded neither at 4 °C nor at 40 °C. The optimal development of E. stockdaleae was observed at 25 °C and 28 °C. This species grew from 4 °C to 31 °C.
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    Yield and growth response to potassium of grain sorghum as influenced by variety in a savanna soil of Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium fertilization ; grain sorghum ; savanna soil ; yield ; growth ; varietal difference ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Samaru over a three-year period (1980–82) to study the yield, growth and nutrient concentration of three grain sorghum varieties (L. 187, SK5912 and FFBL) in relation to potassium fertilization in a savanna soil. Potassium application rates were 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1. Year × potassium interactions were not significant although there were significant variety × K interactions. The highest grain yields for var. L.187, SK5912 and FFBL occurred from the application of 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1 respectively. Straw yield was generally increased by K application, which also promoted tillering and hastened flowering in grain sorghum. Although grain weight per head, head number per m2, grain number and 1000-grain weight were unaffected by this nutrient, weight per head was reduced by 22.8 per cent. K application enhanced N concentration of sorghum plants but caused decline in P concentration. The highest K rate gave the highest K concentration in each of the three varieties at 7 weeks after planting. Optimum K requirement of grain sorghum would seem to be between 25 and 50 kg K ha−1.
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    Biomass and nutrient uptake ofAilanthus excelsa as affected by N and P fertilization on an aridisol (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ailanthus excelsa ; biomass ; growth ; N and P fertilizers ; N content ; N uptake ; P content ; P update ; silvicultural efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a coarse sand soil having pH 8.8 and organic matter 0.06% in Indian arid region, to study the influence of N and P fertilizers on growth, biomass and nutrient content ofAilanthus excelsa, which is an important fodder species of arid and semi arid regions. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 9 and 18 g N tree−1 as Urea) and of phosphorus (0, 3 and 6 g P2O5 tree−1 as Single Superphosphate) in factorial combinations were taken in triplicate and the experiment was laid in Randomised Block Design. Application of 9 g N plant−1 improved tree height by 15 to 25%, collar circumference by 30 to 37% and crown diameter by 18 to 26% in the initial 3 years. Total biomass increase due to 9 g N plant−1 was 76% and 59%, respectively, after 1 and 2 years of planting. Application of 3 g P2O5 tree−1 increased tree height by 8 to 18% and collar circumference by 17 to 24% during initial three years, and total biomass by 70% at 1 year and 30% at 2 years of age. Combined application of 18 g N and 3 g P2O5 tree−1 (N18P3) was the best treatment which increased tree height by 49%, 85% and 35% and collar circumference by 56%, 10% and 11% at 1, 2, and 3 years of age, respectively. N18P3 treatment increased the total biomass by 181% at 1 year and 185% at 2 years of age. N and P applications improved considerably the branching of roots and root length and enhanced root biomass by 2 to 3 folds. N18P3 treatment increased the nitrogen uptake by 304% (4.02 g tree−1) at 1 year and 211% (42.56 g tree−1) at 2 years of age. The P uptake was maximum (290.4 mg tree−1) due to N18P3 treatment in 1 year old and 11.37 g tree−1 due to N9P6 treatment in 2 year old plantation.
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    Do Small Innovating Firms Outperform Non-Innovators? (2000)
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    Small business economics 14 (2000), S. 195-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Keywords: growth ; manufacturing ; performance ; product innovation ; small firms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper considers the relative performance [along a number of parameters] of a sample of 228 small manufacturing firms categorised by level of innovation. Whilst innovators appear no more likely to have experienced some form of sales or employment growth, they are significantly more likely to have grown more. In other words, the innovators' growth rate distributions are highly negatively skewed. With regards to export intensities, profitability and productivity levels, the findings are less clear. On the whole, the results reported here are similar to those of other small firm studies, yet vary markedly from large firm equivalents; suggesting that the nature of the returns to innovation may be contingent, at least in part, upon firm size. Moreover, the high levels of variation in firm performance should caution us against proffering innovative imperatives. If we are to counsel firms to "innovate at all costs", we must be clear about, and clearly demonstrate, the nature of the returns they may reasonably expect and the processes through which these may be optimised.
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    A mathematical model of plant growth with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 245-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root/shoot ratio ; nutrients ; light ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mathematical analysis presented in this paper of plant growth is based on the assumption that the influence of deficiencies in the major root nutrients of water, N, P and K is to reduce the fraction of the plant mass devoted to photosynthesis by increasing the root fraction, thereby diminishing the rate of growth of the total plant. A reciprocal phenomenon occurs with deficiency of light. Using literature data on the influence of environmental conditions on plant growth and in particular on the root/shoot ratio, the relevant rate expressions are derived in a simple form and appear to be generally similar for a wide range of plants during their vegetative phase of growth.
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    A mathematical model of root exploration and of grain fill with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root ; soil exploration ; grain fill ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the first part of this paper a model is derived for the exploration of the soil by roots in a growing crop with particular reference to cereals. The distribution of root density with depth is related to the growth of the above-ground parts and to the varying demand these place on the roots modified by the changing texture and nutrient status of the soil with depth. In the second part of the paper the growth of cereal seeds is modelled by being related to the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and the duration of its life following anthesis. The death of the plant is considered to be a consequence of the parasitic action of the seeds.
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    Effects of rate and timing of nitrogen dressings on grain yield formation of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) (1980)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 177-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: winter wheat ; nitrogen uptake ; autumn dressing ; split-dressing ; growth ; grain yield ; protein content ; harvest-index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with the winter wheat cultivar Donata was carried out on a fine-textured river clay soil in 1978. The rates of nitrogen dressing ranged from 0 to 160 kg N per ha and were split over from one up to three application times: autumn, early spring and late spring. Total above-ground dry matter and grain dry-weight yields ranged from 9.1 to 13.7 tons per ha and from 4.17 to 6.35 tons per ha, respectively. Late top-dressings increased the harvest-index, whereas an autumn dressing had the opposite effect. Number of culms per m2, grain weight (mg) and grain number per m2 increased from 350 to 430, from 35.5 to 36.8 and from 11 680 to 16 980, respectively, as the nitrogen dosage was raised from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. The linear rate of grain growth ranged from 111 to 172 kg dry matter per ha per day with nitrogen doses from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. Differences in rate of grain growth per unit area were mainly related to number of grains per m2. The association between grain number and grain yield was reflected by a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (n = 32). A higher level of nitrogen dressing enhanced the leaf area index and leaf area duration. However, we could not derive an effect of nitrogen on the duration of grain growth. Total nitrogen yield ranged from 71 to 166 kg N per ha and grain nitrogen yield from 54 to 122 kg N per ha with nitrogen dosages of 0 and 160 kg N per ha, respectively. The nitrogen concentration of the grains varied between 1.3 and 2.0 N. An autumn dressing of 40 kg N per ha generally showed only minor effects on yield and yield components. Top dressings during spring resulted in a higher recovery and efficiency of the applied nitrogen. Therefore, it may be concluded from this experiment and literature that on fertile soils an autumn dressing of nitrogen will not be economical, but split-dressings in spring are very beneficial. In particular, a late nitrogen application during the boot stage increased grain number, harvest-index and grain yield as well as protein concentration of the grain.
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    Growth, yield components and micronutrient nutrition of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization and plant density (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; nitrogen fertilization ; plant density ; yield components ; growth ; micronutrient nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and yield components in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) were enhanced by nitrogen fertilization ranging from 50 to 200 kg N ha−1. Ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio, number of ears plant−1, plant height and dry matter production increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 100 or 150 kg N ha−1. Tasselling in maize was hastened by N fertilization. Increasing plant density from 25000 to 75000 plants ha−1 increased plant height, dry matter production and delayed tasseling but reduced ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio and number of ears plant−1. Increased N supply and plant density had no influence on the concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in ear leaf; except that Mn concentration increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 150 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen × plant density interactions on the concentrations of the micronutrients in maize ear leaf were not significant.
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    Effect of sodium iodide on growth and chemical composition of lucerne and ryegrass (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 25-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iodine ; lucerne ; ryegrass ; growth ; chemical composition ; nutrient-solutions ; ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen ; acidity ; volatilization ; fertilizers ; grazing animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of lucerne was inhibited by sodium iodide even more than that of ryegrass above a concentration equivalent to 1µg cm−3 of iodine in an applied solution. In sand-culture the extent to which the iodide depressed yield of dry matter depended on the type of nutrient-solution used to stimulate and maintain vigorous growth. In contrast, where the plants were grown in soil the depression was independent of the nutrient-solution used. This difference between solutions is a reflection of the extent to which growing plants can modify pH in the root-zone of a sandy unbuffered substrate and leads to a conclusion that acidity greatly enhances the toxic effect of the iodine. There are reasons for believing that in sunlight iodine may be lost by volatilization even from living plant-tissue. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to using either iodized fertilizers or iodized salt-blocks in order to maintain iodine in pastoral systems at levels satisfactory for animal-health.
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    Method for culturing mammary epithelial cells in a rat tail collagen gel matrix (1983)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 8 (1983), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: growth ; differentiation ; mammary epithelium ; collagen gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mammary glands are enzymatically dissociated and the resulting tissue digest enriched for epithelial cells by isopycnic banding on a density gradient of Percoll. The cells are embedded within a rat tail collagen gel matrix and fed with the appropriate medium. Growth and differentiation are superior in such a system when compared to culture on plastic, using identical media.
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    Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales), a fungal pathogen of the mosquito Aedes australis (1986)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 96 (1986), S. 87-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mosquito pathogen ; growth ; sporulation ; temperature ; pH ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The New Zealand strain of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium under varying regimes of growth conditions. The isolate exhibited good tolerances to temperature (4–35 °C), pH (3–10) and salinity (0–7% NaCl). Optimal vegetative growth and sporulation were recorded between a temperature range of 20–30° C, pH of 5–6 and a salinity level of 0–2% NaCl. The North American isolate of the fungus showed similar tolerances, while the European isolate was less tolerant.
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    Effect of split application of potassium on growth, yield and potassium accumulation by soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: growth ; K accumulation ; K nutrition ; physiological efficiency ; soybean ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted during 1989 to 1991 on a loamy sand (Typic ustochrept) soil to study the K nutrition of soybean. Soybean responded significantly up to 50 kg K ha−1 when applied 1/2 of K at planting and 1/2 at flower initiation (two split) or applying 1/3 K at planting, 1/3 at flower initiation and 1/3 at pod development (three splits). Split application was more beneficial than applying full K at time of planting due to higher leaf area index, crop growth rate, chlorophyll content of fresh leaves, K accumulation in soybean and better agronomic and physiological efficiency of applied K. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and apparent recovery of K reduced as rate of applied K was increased from 50 to 75 kg ha−1. Highest K+ concentration (3.4 % of dry matter) was recorded in 30-day-old plants at 75 kg K ha−1 which depressed progressively with the age of the crop. At maturity, the K concentration of soybean seed varied from 1.5% (unfertilised K plants) to 2.1 % (when 75 kg K ha−1 was applied in three splits).
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    On critical phenomena in interacting growth systems. Part I: General (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 74 (1994), S. 91-109 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Random process ; local interaction ; critical phenomena ; invariant distribution ; growth ; eroder ; convexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Components which are placed in a finite or infinite space have integer numbers as possible states. They interact in a discrete time in a local deterministic way, in addition to which all the components' states are incremented at every time step by independent identically distributed random variables. We assume that the deterministic interaction function is translation-invariant and monotonic and that its values are between the minimum and the maximum of its arguments. Theorems 1 and 2 (based on propositions which we give in a separate Part II), give sufficient conditions for a system to have an invariant distribution or a bounded mean. Other statements, proved herein, provide background for them by giving conditions when a system has no invariant distribution or the mean of its components' states tends to infinity. All our main results use one and the same geometrical criterion.
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    The determination of the age and growth of SE Asian mangrove seedlings from internodal counts (1999)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: Avicennia alba ; growth ; internodal sequences ; mangrove age determination ; Rhizophora apiculata ; Sonneratia caseolaris ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of periodic changes in the length of the internodes of the seedlings of SE Asian mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) growing in the Pak Phanang estuary (Nakhon Si Thammarat, SE Thailand) was confirmed. The annual nature of these periodic changes was verified through comparisons with the observed average number of internodes produced by plants tagged for one year. The cycles in the sequence of internodal length of the seedlings had an average (± SE) period of 16.0 ± 0.78 internodes for Avicennia alba, 25.0 ± 1.2 internodes for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.29 ± 0.40 internodes for Rhizophora apiculata. These values are remarkably close to, and not significantly different (t‐test, P 〉 0.05) from the average (± SE) annual number of internodes of 17.6 ± 0.8 for Avicennia alba, 28.8 ± 2.1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.03 ± 0.36 for Rhizophora apiculata produced in a year by tagged plants. In addition, the average (± SE) growth of the tagged plants was 0.39 ± 0.018 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.24 ± 0.015 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.091 ± 0.0036 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata. These estimates were very close to those (0.45 ± 0.06 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.32 ± 0.01 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.13 ± 0.005 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata) derived as the product of the mean number of internodes produced per day, calculated from the inferred number of internodes produced per year, and the mean length of the internodes of the plants. These findings indicate that the use of regular, annual changes in the length of the internodes of mangrove seedlings can be used reliably to determine their age and to estimate their growth rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009967401337
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    Early season cuticular conductance and gas exchange in two oaks near the western edge of their range (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 403-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Cuticular conductance ; Gallery forests ; Leaf development ; Photosynthesis ; Quercus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Seasonal changes in minimum leaf conductance to water vapor (gmin), an estimate of cuticular conductance, and photosynthetic gas exchange in two co-occurring oak species in north-east Kansas (USA) were examined to determine if leaf gas exchange characteristics correlated with differences in tree distribution. Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) is more abundant in mesic gallery forest sites, whereas chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii Englm.) is more abundant in xeric sites. Early, during leaf expansion, gmin was significantly lower in chinquapin oak than in bur oak, though midday water potentials were similar. After leaves had fully expanded, gmin decreased to seasonal minimum values of 4.57 (±0.274) mmol m–2 s–1 in bur oak, and 2.66 (±0.156) mmol m–2 s–1 in chinquapin oak. Water potentials at these times were significantly higher in chinquapin oak. As leaves were expanding, photosynthesis (Anet) was significantly higher in chinquapin oak than in bur oak. Later in the growing season, Anet and gleaf increased dramatically in both species, and were significantly higher in bur oak relative to chinquapin oak. We concluded that bur and chinquapin oak have a number of leaf gas exchange characteristics that minimize seasonal water loss. These characteristics are distinct from trees from more mesic sites, and are consistent with the distribution patterns of these trees in tall-grass prairie gallery forests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185644
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    Acclimation to changing light conditions of long-term shade-grown beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings of different geographic origins (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1998), S. 326-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Fagus sylvatica ; Light acclimation ; Photoinhibition ; Photosynthesis ; Population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Effects of changing light conditions on the ecophysiological condition behind survival were examined on beech from two different populations. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under simulated understorey and canopy gap light conditions. Upon exposure to high light maximum photosynthesis of shade-acclimated leaves increased followed by a reduction over several days to between high- and low-light control rates. In the reciprocal transfer, the decrease in maximum photosynthesis was rapid during the first 2–3 days and then levelled off to values comparable to low-light controls. Seedlings from Sicily (Madonie) showed generally higher maximum photosynthetic rates than those from Abetone. Leaf conductance varied in the same direction as photosynthesis in high- to low-light seedlings but to a lesser degree. Leaves grown under low light and exposed to high light experienced photoinhibition. The Abetone population was more susceptible to photoinhibitory damage than the seedlings from Sicily. Exposure to high light of shade-acclimated seedlings resulted in intermediate chlorophyll concentrations between levels of the high-light and low-light seedlings. Carotenoid concentration was unaffected by treatments. Seedlings grew more in high light, but had a lower leaf area ratio. Light-limited seedlings showed a shift in carbon allocation to foliage. Leaves formed in the new light regime maintained the same anatomy that had been developed before transfer. Seedlings from Sicily had thicker leaves than those of seedlings from Abetone. Seedlings from Abetone were found to be more susceptible to changing light conditions than seedlings from Sicily. We conclude that small forest gaps may represent a favorable environment for photosynthesis and growth of beech regeneration as a result of the limited ability of seedlings to acclimate to sudden increases in high irradiance and because of the moderate levels of light stress in small gaps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009719
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    Altered root growth and plant chemistry of Pinus sylvestris seedlings subjected to aluminum in nutrient solution (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Scots pine ; Aluminum ; Pollution ; Photosynthesis ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  One-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown for 9 weeks in nutrient solutions containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3) at pH 4.2. Nine weeks exposure to Al significantly reduced total plant, shoot and root mass and caused a linear decline in proportional allocation of biomass to roots. Relative growth rate of roots declined to as low as zero. Aluminum treatment decreased calcium and magnesium uptake and increased Al content in roots and needles. After 3 weeks of exposure a 10 – 60% increase in total phenols in roots and a 20 – 40% increase in o-diphenols in roots and needles were noted. Roots affected by Al showed degeneration of meristematic cells, fewer cell divisions, deformation in cell walls and higher lignification and suberization. The majority of root apices were structurally similar to dormant roots, and a premature senescence of the entire root system was observed. Net photosynthetic rate after 6 weeks of treatment was negatively correlated with needle Al content and Al/Ca ratio (r 〈  – 0.9, P 〈 0.1). The results suggest that Scots pine may be more susceptible to Al than was expected based on previous experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009642
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    Influence of UV-B radiation on photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L .) Karst .] seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 172-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ultraviolet-B radiation ; Norway spruce ; Picea abies (L.) Karst. ; Photochemical activity ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were grown in greenhouses with two supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and vitality index were determined monthly. At the end of the experiment, growth, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates were measured. The data indicate that low temperature in winter affected light dependent processes in experimental plants including control, while the rise of ambient temperatures, moderate this effect. The synergistic effects of UV-B radiation and low temperatures could only be observed in the second winter period. Measurements of net photosynthetic activity in the second winter period showed significant differences between treated and untreated plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009645
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  • 80
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    Needle CO2 exchange, structure and defense traits in relation to needle age in Pinus heldreichii Christ – a relict of Tertiary flora (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 82-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Pinus leucodermis ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Nitrogen ; Chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Pinus heldreichii Christ is a long-lived, slow-growing Tertiary relict from the Balkans. In this study we evaluated the physiological characteristics of eight needle-age classes of P. heldreichii grown at the Arboretum of the Institute of Dendrology in Kórnik, Poland. At the end of the growing season, current-year foliage had the highest rates of mass-based light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat) of 33.5 nmol CO2· g–1· s–1. Asat decreased with needle age, but older needle classes retained from approximately 62 to 26% of the current needles’ rate. The relationship between leaf N and chlorophyll a concentration among all needle-age classes was highly significant (r = 0.96, P = 0.0006). The variation in Asat of 1- to 7-year-old needles was linearly related to needle N concentration (r = 0.98, P = 0.0001). Needle dark respiration rates among these needle age classes ranged from 0.8 to 2.2 nmol · g–1· s–1 and decreased with needle age and nitrogen concentration. Total phenols and glucose concentrations increased linearly with needle age. A similar pattern was observed in acid buffering capacity and the pH of tissue homogenates. The water content ranged from 62% for the current needles to 51% for the 6-year-old needles. Greater investment in leaf structural tissue and increased chemical defense is associated with higher structural cost of older needles and may reduce their photosynthetic activity. Significant declines in water and nitrogen content with needle age and an increase in content of phenolics is most likely a defense adaptation of P. heldreichii related to the species’ long-lived leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009700
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    Magnesium deficiency treatment causes reductions in photosynthesis of well-nourished Norway spruce (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Norway spruce ; Magnesium deficiency ; Photosynthesis ; Carboxylation efficiency ; Starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In order to investigate effects of magnesium deficiency on Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] photosynthesis, 100 well-nourished 5-year-old spruce trees were grown in sand culture, individually supplied with circulating nutrient solutions. Mineral nutrients were added to the nutrient solutions in optimal quantities and optimal relations to nitrogen. Magnesium was supplied at 0.203, 0.041 and 0.005 mM in order to simulate optimal nutrition, moderate deficiency and severe deficiency. Parameters of photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll, magnesium and starch concentrations were determined in current-year and 1-year-old needles during one growing season. By mid May  –  6 months after onset of the Mg deficiency treatments in late autumn  –  CO2-assimilation rates of 1-year-old needles were significantly decreased independent of the severity of the deficiency treatment, whereas the chlorophyll concentrations did not differ from the controls. The occurrence of yellowing symptoms during July did not further influence the Mg deficiency effect on photosynthesis. In contrast to 1-year-old needles, significant reductions of photosynthesis and chlorophyll in current-year needles were only caused by severely deficient Mg supply. Mg deficiency affected carboxylation efficiency but not light use efficiency. From the accumulation of starch in the needles, up to 30-fold of the controls, the conclusion has been drawn that reactions of CO2-fixation were affected by reduced carbohydrate export. The light-dependent pigment reduction, leading to the typical tip-yellowing of needles, clearly reflects a secondary effect of Mg deficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050036
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    Effects of long-term CO2 enrichment and nutrient availability in Norway spruce. I. Phenology and morphology of branches (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 188-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Picea abies ; Photosynthesis ; Nitrogen ; Temperature ; Shoot growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Branches of 30-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees were enclosed in ventilated, transparent plastic bags and flushed with air containing ambient (A≈370 μmol CO2 mol–1) or ambient plus 340 μmol CO2 mol–1 (EL). Light-saturated photosynthesis was on average 56% higher in EL compared to A. Branch phenology and morphology were strongly related to nitrogen concentration (mg g–1 dry mass) in the foliage and to elevated temperatures in the bags, but no direct effect of EL was found. In 1995, budbreak occurred on average 4 days earlier in the bags compared to the control branches, which was partly explained by the temperature elevation in the bags. No nutrient or EL effect on budbreak was found. Increases in temperature and nitrogen supply increased shoot growth: together they explained 76% of the variation in the extension rate, 63% of the variation in extension duration and 65% of the variation in final length of leading shoots. Shoot morphology was altered both by increased nitrogen availability and by the enclosure induced environmental changes inside the bags, leading to reduced mutual shading between needles. Specific needle area (SNA) was lower in EL, but this was related to lower nitrogen concentrations. Total dry mass of the branches was unaffected by EL. It is concluded that treating individual branches of Norway spruce with elevated CO2 does not increase branch growth. The nutrient status of the branch and climate determine its growth, i.e. its sink strength for carbon. Increased export of carbohydrates to the rest of the tree is probable in EL treated branches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009750
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    Photosynthetic acclimation in eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.] seedlings following transfer of shade-grown seedlings to high light (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Eastern hemlock ; Photosynthesis ; Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Light acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We studied photosynthetic acclimation of eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.] seedlings in the first month after sudden exposure of shade-grown seedlings to full sunlight. In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings were grown under full sun or 80% shade, and after 7 months, a sample of the shaded trees was transferred to full sun in the greenhouse. Photosynthetic responses of shaded, transferred, and sun trees were followed over the course of 26 days to track short to medium-term acclimation responses. A partial acclimation of photosynthesis at high light occurred in pre-existing (formed in the previous environment) and new foliage of transferred seedlings. This was associated with non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis. Pre-existing foliage of transferred plants had a prolonged reduction in the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence, and a limited capacity to adjust photochemical quenching or photosystem II quantum yield in the light to increasing light intensity compared to sun foliage, and apparently had some difficulty sustaining non-photochemical quenching. Seedling survival was only 58% among transferred seedlings, compared to 80% and 100% in the shade or sun groups, respectively. Photosystem II quantum yield in the light, and photochemical and non-photochemical quenching were similar between newly formed foliage of transferred and sun plants. These findings indicate that eastern hemlock depends strongly on the production of new foliage for photosynthetic adjustments to high light, and that development of photosynthetic competence may be a gradual process that occurs over successive foliar production cycles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009743
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    Drought effects on photosynthesis of the mangrove, Avicennia germinans, under contrasting salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words A. germinans ; Fluorescence ; Photosynthesis ; Salinity ; Water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Drought effects on leaf photosynthesis of A. germinans growing under two contrasting salinities were studied in a Venezuelan fringe mangrove. During both wet and dry seasons, severe chronic-photoinhibition at predawn was not observed but strong down regulation occurred at midday during both seasons. Carbon assimilation rates (A, μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) declined during the dry season from 11.9±1.8 to 7.0±1.5 and from 9.6±2.0 to 4.7±2.5 in plants from low and high salinity sites, respectively. Changes in carbon assimilation per unit of chlorophyll (A/Chl, mmol CO2 mol−1 Chl) were from 31.6±4.7 to 20.5±4.3 and from 21.9±4.7 to 15.2±8.2 in the low and high salinity plants, respectively. Therefore, neither changes in Chl nor seasonal differences in photoprotective down regulation could account fully for the decrease in leaf photosynthesis during drought. A reduction in CO2 diffusion due to lowered stomatal conductance was not large enough to explain such a dramatic effect of drought on leaf photosynthesis. Stomatal response could be mitigated by the capability of A. germinans for osmotic adjustment under high salinity and/or drought. However, this intracellular salt accumulation may reduce carbon assimilation capacity further by decreasing the metabolism of leaf cells, increasing dark respiration and/or photorespiration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009744
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    Photosynthesis and water relations of four oak species: impact of flooding and salinity (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 178-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Inundation ; Salt tolerance ; Photosynthesis ; Conductance ; Water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  As global climate changes, sea level rise and increased frequency of hurricanes will expose coastal forests to increased flooding and salinity. Quercus species are frequently dominant in these forest, yet little is known about their salinity tolerance, especially in combination with flooding. In this study, 1-year-old seedlings of Quercus lyrata Walt. (overcup oak), Q. michauxii Nutt. (swamp chestnut oak), Q. nigra L. (water oak), and Q. nuttallii Palmer (Nuttall oak) were chronically (simulating sea level rise) and acutely (simulating hurricane storm surge) exposed to increased flooding and salinity, individually and in combination. The four species demonstrated two response patterns of photosynthesis (A), conductance, and leaf water potential, apparently related to their relative flood tolerance. In Q. lyrata, Q. nuttallii, and Q. nigra (moderately flood-tolerant), A was not immediately reduced after the initiation of the freshwater flooding, but was reduced as the duration of flooding increased. In the second pattern, demonstrated by the weakly flood-tolerant Q. michauxii, A was immediately reduced by freshwater flooding with an increasing impact over time. Watering with 2 parts per thousand (ppt) saline water did not consistently reduce A, but flooding with 2 ppt reduced A of all species, similar to the response with freshwater flooding. Photosynthesis of all species was reduced by 6 ppt watering or flooding, with the latter treatment killing all species within 8 weeks. When acutely exposed to 30 ppt salinity, A was quickly and severely reduced regardless of whether the seedlings were watered or flooded. Acutely flooded seedlings exposed to high salinity died within 2 weeks, but seedlings watered with 30 ppt saline water recovered and A was not reduced the following spring. As saline flooding of coastal areas increases due to sea level rise, photosynthesis of these species will be differentially affected based primarily on their flood tolerance. This suggests that increased flooding associated with sea level rise will impact these tree species to a greater extent than small increases in soil salinity. High salinity accompanying storm surges will be very harmful to all of these species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050231
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    A model for the evolution of photosynthetic oxygen (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 234-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric evolution ; 13C ; Photosynthesis ; Sedimentary mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01636881
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    The early history of oxygen and ozone in the atmosphere (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 498-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: History of atmosphere ; Oxygen ; Ozone ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There may have been three stages in the growth of oxygen in the terrestrial atmosphere. Prior to the origin of photosynthesis the only source of oxygen was photolysis of water vapor followed by escape of hydrogen to space. The rate of this process was probably less than the rate of release of reduced gases (principally hydrogen) from volcanoes, so the oxygen partial pressure was held to negligibly low values by photochemical reactions with an excess of hydrogen. The photosynthetic source of oxygen was probably in operation as long ago as 3.8 billion years. It released oxygen to the ocean. Presumably most of this oxygen was destroyed in the ocean as long as its rate of supply was less than the rate of supply of readily oxidizable material (principally Fe2+) provided by the weathering of rocks. This phase appears to have lasted until about 2 billion years ago, during which period most banded iron formations were deposited. During this period the production of oxygen by algae was limited by competition with photosynthetic bacteria, which preempted the supply of nutrient phosphorus as long as reduced chemicals were available in the environment. Once the photosynthetic oxygen source exceeded the rate of supply of reduced minerals exposed by erosion and weathering, the accumulation of oxygen in the ocean and atmosphere could be controlled only by reaction of oxygen with reduced organic material. This is the stabilization mechanism that operates today. It seems unlikely that oxygen could be consumed at a significant rate by this process until oxygen levels sufficiently high to support respiration had been achieved. I therefore suggest that atmospheric oxygen rose rapidly from essentially zero to approximately its present value (within a factor of 10) when the photosynthetic source of oxygen rose above the weathering source of reduced minerals, probably about 2 billion years ago. The ozone layer and the ultraviolet screen were absent prior to this time and essentially fully developed after this time.
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    The biota as ancient and modern modulator of the Earth's atmosphere (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Gaia ; Paleoatmospheres ; Atmospheric oxygen ; Photosynthesis ; Microbial gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The composition of the Earth's atmosphere is thought to have been highly modified by surface microbiotas and modulated around quantities of gases optimized for growth of these microbiotas. Three diagrams are presented: The first shows a probable order of appearance of major metabolic pathways in microbes that interact with sediment and atmosphere. It is based on evolutionary considerations and was devised independently of the fossil record. The second diagram shows the qualitative emissions and removals of atmospheric gases by obligately anaerobic organisms; it approximates those processes thought to have dominated the Earth's atmosphere in Archean times. The third diagrams gaseous emissions and removals by the major groups of organisms, including oxygen-releasing and utilizing forms. Biological gas exchange processes thought to have dominated the atmosphere since the Proterozoic are thus represented.
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    Long-term global sea surface temperature fluctuations and their possible influence on atmospheric CO2 concentrations (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 351-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: CO2 variation ; Nutrients ; Photosynthesis ; Sea surface temperature ; Upwelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Changes of atmospheric CO2 concentration since 1958 are shown to be related to sea surface temperature changes. The largest contribution to changes arises from the Pacific equatorial upwelling region, with the Indian Ocean and Atlantic contributing only small fractions to the variance. It is hypothesized that the observed relationship is related to the nutrients that are brought up by upwelling cold water, with photosynthesis contributing to a lowering of the partial pressure of CO2 in the sea and thus to a greater tendency for a flux from the air to the sea. Possible longer term variations of sea temperature and CO2 are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01636891
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    Oxygen and hydrogen in the primitive atmosphere (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 222-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Photolysis ; Photosynthesis ; Primitive Atmosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract From time to time there appears in the literature the assertion that photolysis of water vapor could have maintained an appreciable concentration of oxygen in the primitive (prebiological) atmosphere. The implausibility of this assertion is argued in this paper. By itself, photolysis does not provide a source of oxygen because it is usually followed by recombination of the products of photolysis. Only the escape to space (at a much smaller rate) of the hydrogen produced by photolysis of water results in a net source of oxygen. The oxidation state of the primitive atmosphere depended on the relative magnitudes of this net source of oxygen and a volcanic source of hydrogen and other reduced gases. Today the volcanic source of reduced gases is approximately equal to the oxygen source provided by photolysis followed by escape. The oxygen source depends on the mixing ratio of water vapor in the stratosphere, which ultimately determines the rate of escape of hydrogen produced from water vapor. Its magnitude may not have been very different in the past. The volcanic source of hydrogen, on the other hand, is likely to have been much larger when the earth was tectonically young. Hydrogen was therefore released to the primitive atmosphere more rapidly than oxygen, probably. Photochemical reactions with the excess hydrogen maintained oxygen mixing ratios at negligibly small levels. The hydrogen mixing ratio was determined by a balance between the volcanic source (reduced by recombination with oxygen) and escape to space. In time, either because of decline of the volcanic source of hydrogen or because of addition of a biological source of oxygen, the input of oxygen to the atmosphere rose above the input of hydrogen. The oxidation state of the atmosphere changed rapidly. Volcanic hydrogen was now consumed by photochemical reactions with excess oxygen, while the oxygen mixing ratio was determined by a balance between the source (reduced by recombination with volcanic hydrogen) and consumption in reactions with reduced material at the surface.
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    Dynamics of increase in muscle fibers in fishes in relation to size and growth (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Teleost fish, freshwater ; muscle, white myotomal ; myotomal muscle ; muscle fibers ; fish size ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of increase of white myotomal muscle fibers of four species of freshwater teleosts (Salmo gairdneri, Pimephales notatus, Esox masquinongy andE. americanus vermiculatus) from three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae) representing a variety of maximum attainable sizes and growth rates, have been investigated. There are at least three major differences in these dynamics, and there appears to be an association between the ability of a fish species to attain large size (and grow fast) and its ability to recruit new fibers into this predominant tissue of the myotomal mass.
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    Fourier analysis of vertebral shape change due to growth and selection for large and small body size (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 776-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; growth ; selection ; size ; shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourier analysis of videodigitised outlines of mouse vertebrae from two stocks, a pseudo-longitudinal series of mice aged 25–60 days and one selected for large or small body size over many generations shows that the shape changes due to normal growth are not similar to those produced by selection for body size.
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    Growth pattern and maturation in arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) of Lake Walenstadt, Switzerland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 296-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Arctic char ; growth ; maturation ; reoligotrophication ; Lake Walenstadt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within one decade the yield in arctic char fishery of Lake Walenstadt (Switzerland) has dropped from 1.7 kg · ha−1 to 0.7 kg · ha−1. In the same period growth decreased by about 15%. The fish considered as “degenerated dwarfed chars” by fishermen are supposed to mature in very young ages. The change of the growth pattern can be related to reoligotrophication of the lake and impoverishments of the food source. Compared to other arctic char populations in Switzerland maturation takes place at least one year later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877173
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  • 94
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    Aquatic primary production in relation to microalgal responses to changing light: A review (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 187-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; timescales ; respiration ; primary production ; changing light ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic aspects of algal photosynthesis are set against the background of physical water motions which change the light experienced by the phytoplankton. These time-dependent photosynthetic responses are reviewed in relation to the proposition that phytoplankton primary production may be incorrectly estimated by the commonly used “static” incubation of light and dark bottles for periods significantly longer than the response-time of phytoplankton to changing light. This proposition is supported by the clear overlap between the timescales which characterize water motions and the timescales reported for the complex responses of algae to changing light. Empirical studies comparing static and dynamic incubations have been inconclusive, as have models incorporating some representation of the dynamic photosynthetic response to changing light. These results reflect weaknesses in the simple formulations used to describe photosynthesis in relation to irradiance, the simplicity of physical schemes used to generate changes in irradiance with time, and a lack of data (field and laboratory) on dynamic responses of microalgae to changing light. The quantitative significance of many physiological mechanisms is not known in relation to their effect on photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877059
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  • 95
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    The exceptional growth of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Lake Geneva (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 76-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sa velinus alpinus ; growth ; Lake Geneva ; latitude ; eutrophication ; fish density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), is exceptionally high in Lake Geneva; one of the highest every recorded. This can be explained by three factors: (1) the Arctic charr of Lake Geneva is the most southerly indigenous population in the world, (2) the trophic resources are important because of the eutrophication of the lake, (3) the fish density is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877260
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  • 96
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    Uptake of macroelements by the helophytePhalaris arundinacea L. (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 70-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Macrophytes ; growth ; assimilation ; macroelements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Helophytes are often incorporated into biological wastewater treatment plants. In favourable situations, they can take up large amounts of nutrients. One helophyte, the reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), is fast growing when supplied with sufficient light and nutrients. Experiments were carried out under natural climatic conditions in small plastic tanks filled with sand with regular additions of a balanced and concentrated nutrient solution. In the growing season (May–October), plant production reached 10.5 kg m−2 of dry biomass, of which 66% was in the aerial parts. Maximum nutrient uptake capacity was reached just after flowering and before senescence (beginning of October): 49% N, 34% P, 52% K and 34% Mg of the input was fixed in the aerial parts, which are easily harvestable. The corresponding values for the below ground parts were 12%, 10%, 11% and 11% respectively. Excretion of K and Mg has been observed when nutrients are translocated to the storage organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877436
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  • 97
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    Relationship of prodigiosin condensing enzyme activity to the biosynthesis of prodigiosin and its precursors inSerratia marcescens (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 397-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serratia marcescens ; growth ; prodigiosin ; prodigiosin condensing enzyme ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prodigiosin condensing enzyme (PCE) activities were present inSerratia marcescens wild type 08, mutants OF, WF and 9-3-3. Their specific activities exhibited different maxima and at different times during the late log phase or the early stationary phase of cell growth. The levels of prodigiosin and its precursors also showed a significant increase at this period. The results support that prodigiosin and/or its precursors are secondary metabolites. The ubiquity of the PCE activity in mutants deficient in prodigiosin biosynthesis suggest that this particular enzyme may also be present in non-pigmented clinical isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940425
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  • 98
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    Biological responses inCaenorhabditis elegans to high magnetic fields (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 284-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alternating high magnetic fields ; eddy current ; magnetic flux concentration ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; growth ; reproduction ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01931113
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  • 99
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    Osmotic adjustment in Fraxinus excelsior L . : malate and mannitol accumulation in leaves under drought conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Fraxinus excelsior L. ; Malate ; Mannitol ; Osmotic adjustment ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In leaves of Fraxinus excelsior L., malate and mannitol were characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy and enzymatic specific assays as the major constituents of a soluble carbon fraction involved in an osmotic adjustment. During a summer drought where predawn leaf water potential of adult trees growing in a mesoxerophilic stand fell to – 4 MPa in August, malate and mannitol leaf contents increased by a factor of 1.8 and 2.2 respectively, compared to control trees growing on a flood plain. This drought stress led to concentrations as high as 280 mM and 600 mM for mannitol and malate, respectively. The effects of gradually developing water deficit were also studied in a semi-controlled environment in 3-year-old seedlings. When predawn leaf water potential reached -6 MPa, leaves displayed a low turgor pressure but stomatal conductance was still measurable. Malate and mannitol were also the main osmoticum involved. After rewatering, gas exchange capacities were largely restored. Altogether, these results show that the strong water-stress tolerance of Fraxinus excelsior is in part related to an accumulation of malate and mannitol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009664
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  • 100
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    Effects of stand structure and physiology on forest gas exchange: a simulation study for Norway spruce (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 436-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Canopy gas exchange ; 3-D simulation model ; Forest structure ; Photosynthesis ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The process-based simulation model STANDFLUX describes canopy water vapor and carbon dioxide exchange based on rates calculated for individual trees and as affected by local gradients in photon flux density (PFD), atmospheric humidity, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and air temperature. Direct, diffuse, and reflected PFD incident on foliage elements within compartments of individual trees (defined by vertical layers and a series of concentric cylinders centered on the trunk) is calculated for a 3-dimensional matrix of points. Foliage element gas exchange rates are based on estimates of carboxylation, RuBP regeneration, and respiratory capacities as well as the correlated behavior found between stomatal conductance and assimilation rate. Because of the difficulties associated with effective sampling and description of spatial variation in structure and leaf level gas exchange parameters for trees comprising the forest canopy, the significance for canopy water and carbon dioxide exchange of varied representations of tree foliage distribution and of physiology is examined. The additional interactive effects encountered due to changes in tree density and, thus, spatial aggregation or disaggregation of foliage is also studied. The analysis is conducted within the context of observed structural and physiological variation encountered in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in the Fichtelgebirge region of central Germany. Potentials for simplifying the three-dimensional canopy gas exchange model without sizable influence on canopy flux rates were small. A relatively large number of sample points within the tree crowns is necessary to obtain consistent calculations of flux rates because of the non-linear relationship between PFD and net photosynthesis. Transpiration and net photosynthesis for stands with a low leaf area index (LAI) may be obtained from single tree estimates for each tree class weighted by class frequency, while 30 or more trees per class in differing relation to neighboring trees may be necessary to calculate reliable estimates of net photosynthesis in canopies with high LAI. The complexity in structure assumed for modeled trees was important, especially when overall canopy foliage area was either high or low due to spatial heterogeneity in clumping, e. g., potential canopy overlaps or side-lighting. Effects were greater for calculated net photosynthesis than for transpiration, reflecting higher sensitivity of net photosynthesis to differences in light distribution within individual trees. Accuracy in estimates of physiological parameters is equally important, and these characteristics have profound effects on estimated canopy gas exchange rates. While one-dimensional representations of canopy structure or approximations of tree physiological characteristics from other canopies or species may often be necessary in assessing vegetation/atmosphere exchanges, especially in the study of water balance of landscapes or regions, STANDFLUX provides a tool that can aid in evaluating the limitations of these simpler approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050105
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