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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Amid challenging environmental conditions throughout their life cycle, plants display an extraordinary ability to sense, process, and respond to a diverse array of stimuli with adaptability. The complexity of their stress responses unfolds across various levels—physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic, and cellular—demanding a profound comprehension of the intricate mechanisms at work. These stresses intertwine, triggering cellular damage and initiating a cascade of responses within plants. Critical growth phases under severe stress encounter mechanical damage and alterations in cellular macromolecule synthesis. While plants possess inherent defense mechanisms against oxidative damage, excessive oxygen production overwhelms their detoxification capacity, leading to detrimental reactions like loss of osmotic responsiveness, wilting, and necrosis. This reprint undertakes a comprehensive analysis, exploring multiple perspectives such as gas exchange, metabolomics, proteomics, isotopic, and genomic approaches, to unveil the drivers and specific strategies that empower plants to adapt to stressful growth conditions. By examining trait selection, phenotypic plasticity, and other factors, this reprint uncovers the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant resilience amidst adversity. A valuable resource for scientists, academics, and professionals, this reprint unveils the mysteries of plant resilience and productivity, fostering innovative strategies for sustainable agriculture in our ever-changing world.
    Keywords: allelopathic potential ; chemical composition ; phenolics ; Acacia melanoxylon ; Lactuca sativa ; HPLC seedling growth Flavonoides ; Cadmium ; heavy metal ; food security ; oxidative damage ; antioxidants ; intercropping ; lodging tolerance ; agronomical management ; lignin metabolism ; resistance genes ; salinity ; Chenopodium quinoa ; biomass ; functional plant traits ; biochemical traits ; genotypes ; yield ; salt stress ; heat stress ; photosynthesis ; antioxidant enzymes ; HSPs ; QTLs ; omics ; rice ; nitrogen ; water stress ; drought ; antioxidant ; reactive oxygen species ; reactive nitrogen species ; canopy temperature ; water soluble carbohydrates ; stay green ; seed yield ; Camellia oleifera ; Arachis hypogaea ; soil nutritional status ; soil quality ; cropping pattern ; silvicultural methods ; sustainable production ; stable isotope ; isotopic composition ; C and N cycling ; vegetation type ; soil health ; nitric oxide ; salinity stress ; antioxidant system ; osmolytes ; photosystem II ; Na+/H+ antiporters ; Triticum aestivum L. ; weed suppression ; allelochemicals ; sorgoleone ; benzoquinone ; cropping systems ; Lathyrus odoratus ; seed priming ; seawater ; proline ; SiNPs ; wheat ; antioxidant capacity ; grain quality ; alveographic parameters ; alpha-lipoic acid ; cysteine ; biochar ; alkaline soils ; abiotic stress ; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; fatty acids ; Zea mays L. ; lowland rice ; terminal water stress ; grain yield ; stress indices ; stress tolerance ; bioactive ; desert ; irrigated ; flavonoid ; phenol ; phytochemistry ; n/a ; Hordeum vulgare ; stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen ; saline water stress ; isotope ecology ; yield stability ; ion homeostasis ; spinach ; paracetamol ; degradation ; growth parameters ; chlorophyll florescence ; photosynthetic pigments ; elements ; microbes ; bioethanol ; salt tolerance ; water deficit conditions ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthetic efficiency ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book, a printed edition of the Special Issue Soil Nitrogen Supply: Linking Plant Available N to Ecosystem Functions and Productivity, presents thoughtful research papers that will advance our understanding of this fascinating topic. New knowledge about modeling and the impact of cover crops, crop residues, soil amendment, and other management practices is presented in the context of agricultural and urban ecosystems.
    Keywords: nitrification inhibitors ; soil type ; CO2 and N2O emissions ; soil nitrogen dynamic ; winter malting barley ; malting quality indices ; summer cover crops ; sunn hemp ; crimson clover ; seeding rate ; nitrogen management ; aerobic incubation ; CO2 production ; microbial metabolism ; enzyme activities ; active biomass ; gross mineralization/immobilization ; Bradyrhizobium ; attachment ; root ; biofilm ; lectin ; soybean ; soil ; hydrophobicity ; Brassica napus ; natural variation ; nitrogen nutrition ; root system architecture ; nitrogen ; miscanthus ; willow ; field experiment ; lettuce ; plant-based amendment ; rhizosphere ; rainfall simulator ; nutrient runoff ; ammonium ; nitrate ; nitrogen use efficiency ; biochar ; total nitrogen ; soil organic carbon ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrification ; turfgrass ; residential landscapes ; landscape patches ; urban soils ; perennial peanut ; urban landscapes ; N mineralization ; C/N ratio ; crop residue ; N availability ; NBPT ; nitrification inhibitor ; half-life ; degradation rate constant ; nitrogen leaching ; autumn tillage ; no-till ; lysimeter ; field experiment network ; soil nitrogen mineralization ; soil properties ; cropping system ; modeling ; STICS model ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This book addresses the most recent developments in soil pollution and restoration, contaminant hydrology, and ground disturbance to stimulate fruitful technical and scientific interactions between professionals.
    Keywords: groundwater ; hydrochemistry ; hexavalent chromium contamination ; water chemistry simulation ; construction disturbance ; replacement of embankment ; foamed cement banking technology ; post-construction settlement ; method of replacement thickness calculation ; steam injection ; ethanol ; azeotropic temperature ; heterogeneous aquifers ; nitrobenzene ; microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) ; unsaturated soil ; soil-water characteristic curves ; matrix suction ; microstructure ; molecular dynamics ; mechanical properties ; montmorillonite ; basal spacing ; long-term freeze–thaw cycles ; composite heavy metal contamination ; morphological analysis ; solidification/stabilization ; groundwater level fluctuation zone ; nitrogen ; migration and transformation ; HYDRUS-1D model ; kinetic adsorption and desorption ; groundwater table fluctuations ; Pb ; migration ; experimental study ; unsaturated subgrade ; capillary barrier ; distress control of wetting ; xanthan gum ; silt ; water retention capacity ; strength ; wetting process ; microscopic tests ; overconsolidation effect ; thermal pore water pressure ; calculation method ; saturated clay ; additives ; compacted clay cover ; moisture retention ; gas diffusion barrier ; hydraulic conductivity ; tidal action ; silty-clay soil ; riparian hyporheic zone ; inorganic nitrogen ; occurrence characteristics ; influencing factors ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue presents an extract from the reality of smart agriculture, where the combination of modern technologies, innovative solutions, and sustainable approaches to food production classifies this part of science as highly interdisciplinary, multifaceted, and technologically advanced. The need to increase productivity, optimize natural resources, and minimize environmental impact requires new approaches. In this context, smart agriculture is emerging as a solution that combines technology, data, and science to achieve sustainable, efficient, and innovative food production. This Special Issue introduces the field of smart farming, which encompasses a range of advanced technologies. The use of these tools allows for the monitoring and optimization of crop conditions, precise fertilization, the minimization of water and energy usage, and the improvement of crop quality and quantity. In addition, plant monitoring systems are described, which, by means of sensors and data analysis, provide farmers with valuable information about plant health, soil moisture, temperature, and other factors affecting crop growth. A significant part of this monograph deals with the automation of agricultural processes, where robots and machines undertake tasks with high precision and accuracy, contributing to the farmer’s efficiency. This Special Issue aims not only to provide an understanding of smart agriculture but to also inspire the reader to think about the future of agriculture and the ways in which modern food production methods can be improved.
    Keywords: recirculating aquaculture system ; variable-flow regulation model ; circulating pump-drum filter linkage working technique ; machine learning methods ; gene algorithm support vector machine ; controlled environment agriculture ; digital twin ; productivity ; architecture ; optimization ; NDVI ; image processing ; SURF ; SIFT ; SVM ; BP algorithm ; performance ; sweet pepper ; deep neural network ; sprouts ; stimulation with a pulsed magnetic field ; micro and macro components ; ICP-OES ; ground pressure ; paddy soil ; seeding skateboard ; internet of things ; wireless measurement system ; calcium ; magnesium ; phosphorus ; potassium ; copper ; iron ; manganese ; sodium ; zinc ; wild leafy vegetables ; real-time kinematic (RTK) ; precision agriculture ; ISO standard ; global positioning system (GPS) ; GLONASS ; agricultural tractor ; Korean ginseng ; root-rot-disease ; plant segmentation ; deep learning ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; convolutional neural network ; corn insect ; electrical fields ; magnetic fields ; high-voltage electric field ; growth of fruits ; ripening of fruits ; shelf life of fruits ; fungicide resistance ; PCR ; broad-spectrum fungicides ; Fusarium solani ; toxicity ; asymmetric machine-tractor unit ; motion ; stability ; resistance coefficients ; amplitude-frequency characteristic ; phase-frequency characteristic ; quality parameters ; firmness ; total soluble solid ; titratable acidity ; dry matter ; respiration rate ; apple fruit ; model predictive control ; energy management system ; renewable energy ; smart irrigation ; agriculture 4.0 ; maize bulk ; kernel breakage ; vertical pressure ; deformation ; heat production ; sustainable ; agriculture ; rural ; mobile internet technology ; bivariate probit model ; agricultural modernization ; Pakistan ; wheat ; smart ; Zea mays ; stalk diseases ; crop rotation ; stubble ; suppressive soils ; biomass combustion ; broadleaved tree ; pulsed electric field ; calorific value ; UV-C radiation ; stress response ; mechanical properties ; stimulation ; potato tuber ; CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) ; terminal velocity ; winnowing machine separation ; chili pepper harvester ; water and fertilizer integration ; pH adjustment ; BP-PID-Smith algorithm ; estimated compensation ; convolutional neural networks ; MATLAB ; hybrid system ; mobile application ; aeration ; airflow resistance ; pore volume ; semi-empirical modelling ; self-compaction ; spatial and temporal ; energy ; environmental contamination ; lettuce ; life cycle assessment ; winter wheat ; leaf greenness index (SPAD) ; protein ; photosynthesis ; nitrogen ; smart agriculture ; weed management ; crop productivity ; computer vision ; analytical procedure ; forklift truck ; interchangeable equipment ; static stability assessment ; typical meteorological sequence ; typical meteorological week ; wastewater treatment ; high-rate algae pond ; solar irradiance ; Finkelstein-Schafer statistics ; southern rice ; threshing loss ; fuzzy PID ; adaptive algorithm ; hilly mountainous areas ; rapeseed pod ; surface area measurement ; 3-D measurement ; side area of oblique cylinders ; rapeseed pod seed testing machine ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Duckweed (Lemnaceae) represents a small aquatic monocot plant family presently composed of 36 species. These plants gained importance in recent decades for their applications in wastewater purification, as animal food or human nutrition, as well as for energy production. This Reprint presents 39 manuscripts published in the Special Issue “Duckweed: Research meets applications” of the journal Plants. We provide an overview of the present state of the art of duckweed research in taxonomy of the family, phytoremediation, accumulation of protein or starch, interaction with microorganisms, and phytomonitoring of toxic compounds. This Special Issue also invited the participants of the 6th International Conference on Duckweed Research and Applications (ICDRAs) held in Gatersleben, Germany, organised on behalf of the International Steering Committee on Duckweed Research and Applications (ISCDRAs). This Reprint is organised as follows:1. Introduction; 2. Molecular Characterization and Taxonomy; 3. Phytoremediation: Wastewater; 4. Applications: Accumulation of Protein or Starch; 5. Interaction with Microorganisms; 6. Physiology and Phytomonitoring.The manuscripts were organised by the Guest Editors Viktor Oláh (University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary), Klaus-J. Appenroth (Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany), and K. Sowjanya Sree (Central University Kerala, Periye, India).
    Keywords: Lemnaceae ; remediation ; feed safety ; mineral supplements ; accumulation ; agricultural wastewater ; nutrient recovery ; biosynthesis inhibitor ; duckweed ; occurrence ; overcome ; phytohormones ; wastewater ; density ; surface cover ; circular economy ; lemna ; amino acids ; biomass production ; cultivation ; nutrient medium ; uptake ; water lentils ; yield ; Wolffia sp. ; space plant biology ; astrobiology ; bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) ; biomass ; aquatic plants ; Araceae ; duckweeds ; Lemnoideae ; molecular phylogenetics ; taxonomy ; chlorophyll fluorescence imaging ; PAM fluorometry ; duckweed test ; Spirodela polyrhiza ; phytotoxicity ; hormesis ; interspecific hybrids ; tubulin-based polymorphism ; β-tubulin ; nitrogen assimilation ; nitrate reductase ; nitrite reductase ; glutamine synthetase ; GOGAT ; gene expression ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; electron transport chain ; inflammation ; lutein ; photosystem ; photosynthetic capacity ; relative growth rate ; duckweed-associated bacteria ; Microbacterium ; Azospirillum ; auxin ; AXR1 ; Arabidopsis ; amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) ; biodiversity ; intraspecific diversity ; Lemna minor ; population analysis ; Wolffiella hyalina ; red/blue ratio ; standardized production ; light quality ; light quantity ; controlled environment ; sustainable fish feed ; alternative proteins ; on-growing phase ; barcoding ; chloroplast DNA ; molecular evolution ; aquaponics ; steroid 17β-estradiol ; Scenedesmus quadricauda ; Lemna minor ; fish wastewater ; population growth ; biomolecule synthesis ; machine learning ; image analysis ; machine training ; Lemna ; phytoremediation ; chromosome number ; evolution ; genome size ; karyotype ; microbiome ; 16S rRNA ; metagenome ; stress ; adhesion ; aquatic ; biomonitoring ; microplastics ; microbeads ; anaerobic digestate ; biomass generation ; genotyping ; intraspecific variation ; aquaculture effluents ; IMTA ; RAS ; phytoplankton ; bacteria ; Lemnacea ; alternative protein ; water recovery ; continuous systems ; giant duckweed ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; great pond snail ; microbiota ; adaptation ; herbivory ; tolerance ; resistance ; fatty acids ; DNA barcoding ; diversity ; biogeography ; nitrogen content ; protein concentration ; migration ; heavy metal ; metallothionein ; metal accumulation ; ionomics ; ICP-OES ; micro-XRF ; poly(styrene-co-methylmethacrylate) ; free-floating plant ; freshwater ; microplastic adsorption ; phytotoxic effect ; chronic impact ; manganese toxicity ; ammonium transporter ; transcription factors ; Spirodela ; water pollutants ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; heavy metals ; agrochemicals wastewater remediation ; plant-microbe interactions ; plant-bacteria associations ; bacterial colonization ; RISA ; Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 ; Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 ; strain-specific primers ; bead-beating ; starch accumulation ; AtPSP1 overexpression ; sulfur deficiency ; Lemna turionifera 5511 ; whole genome sequencing ; abiotic stress management ; biotic stress management ; abiotic stress ; biotic stress ; turion ; Lemna gibba ; polyploidisation ; spontaneous mutation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Halophytes are a fascinating group of wild plants adapted to highly saline natural habitats, where most plant species and all our conventional crops would not survive. In fact, some halophytes can withstand even seawater salinity. In the current climate change scenario, increasing average temperatures and drought episodes contribute to the accelerated salinisation of irrigated cropland, especially in arid and semiarid regions, by the progressive accumulation in the soil of salts dissolved in irrigation water. This ‘secondary salinisation’ is one of the major causes of reducing crop yields worldwide. In this context, halophytes represent ideal experimental systems to investigate the mechanisms plants use to respond to high-salinity conditions. This knowledge will be essential for the genetic improvement of crop salt tolerance, which represents the most sensible strategy to address the abovementioned problem. Furthermore, halophytes could be the basis of a sustainable, ‘saline’ agriculture, after domestication and some breeding to improve agronomic characteristics. Then, they could be commercially cultivated for food, feed, fibre, or the production of biomolecules of industrial interest. Since they could be grown in saline land and irrigated with brackish water, they will not compete with our conventional crops for these limited resources, fertile land and good-quality water for irrigation. The articles included in this Special Issue address these different aspects of halophytes’ research, although most focus on basic studies on salt-tolerance mechanisms.
    Keywords: halophytes ; Amaranthaceae ; salinity ; antioxidant enzymes ; phenolic compounds ; salt stress ; growth responses ; ion accumulation ; osmolytes ; oxidative stress biomarkers ; antioxidants ; climate change ; growth ; osmolyte accumulation ; phytohormones ; polyamines ; salicylic acid ; biosaline agriculture ; salt tolerance ; osmotic stress ; pre-conditioning ; intraspecific variability ; bioactive compounds ; flavonoids ; fatty acids ; Suaeda ; physiology ; oxidative stress ; potential toxic elements ; betacyanin ; carbon ; nitrogen ; phytoremediation ; rice ; halophyte ; root ; microelectrode ion flux ; MIFE ; transporters ; inflorescences ; ion localization ; forage legumes ; ions ; mineral nutrition ; salinity tolerance ; strawberry clover ; morphology ; anatomy ; catalase ; peroxidase ; hydrogen peroxide ; chlorophyll content ; Sarcocornia fruticosa ; Salicornia europaea ; Salicornia veneta ; drought stress ; stress recovery ; ion transport ; oxidative stress markers ; salt glands ; recretohalophytes ; endemism ; water deficit ; osmolytes accumulation ; drought tolerance ; conservation programmes ; climate emergency ; crops’ wild relatives ; glycophytes ; salt tolerance mechanisms ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: The articles in this Special Issue cover a very wide range of topics related to the cultivation, management and use of fast-growing tree species. In addition to research on breeding and on the influence of pruning practices on the height growth of paulownia, three articles deal with the influence of site characteristics and nutrient availability on the physiology and yield security of fast-growing tree species. Another article focuses on the modeling of soil carbon in Salix plantations, while the article by Boruszewski et al. reports on potentially suitable areas for the planting of fast-growing tree species in Poland. Zitzmann and Rode examine the impact of short-rotation plantation management on phytodiversity, while Helbig et al. deal with the influence of leaf feeding on the growth of poplars and willows. Finally, Hernandez-Estrada et al. describe the dry matter loss of poplar wood chips during storage.
    Keywords: woody biomass crops ; bioenergy ; biodiversity ; species richness ; flora ; vascular plants ; short rotation coppices ; poplars ; willows ; feeding simulation ; defoliation ; herbivory ; short rotation coppice ; phosphatase activity ; nutrient content ; growth stages ; biomass ; willow ; Salix ; capacity ; European larch ; fast-growing trees ; plantations ; plantation area ; poplar cultivar “Hybrid 275” ; sown area ; biomass production ; life cycle assessment ; climate impact ; soil organic carbon ; genotypic difference ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; genome editing ; Populus ; INRA 717-1B4 ; pyramidal plant habitus ; leaf petiole angle ; branch angle ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; carbon ; physiology ; F. mandshurica ; Robinia pseudoacacia L. ; photosynthetic vitality ; chlorophyll and phenol content ; nutrition supply ; dry matter yield ; land reclamation ; spring pruning ; year-long pruning ; branching ; angle diversion of sprout ; dry matter losses ; poplar wood chips ; laboratory scale ; cultivable saproxylic microbiota ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAL Forestry & related industries
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: This book focuses on recent advances in plasma technology and its application to metals, alloys, and related materials. Surface modifications, material syntheses, cutting and surface coatings are performed using low-pressure plasma or atmospheric-pressure plasma. The contributions of this book include the discussion of a wide scope of plasma technologies applied to materials. Plasma is a versatile tool that can be applied in many types of material processing. New material processing applications of plasmas and new plasma technologies are being developed rapidly. We hope that this book can contribute new knowledge to the plasma material research society.
    Keywords: cathodic plasma electrolysis deposition ; Al2O3 coating ; oxidation ; solution surface tension ; nitrogen plasma ; Ga droplet ; GaN nanodot ; transmission electron microscopy ; wurtzite ; Zinc-blende ; plasma cutting ; cut heat affected zone ; mini-tensile test ; steel plate ; residual stress ; atmospheric pressure plasma jet ; platinum ; tin oxide ; dye-sensitized solar cells ; chloroplatinic acid ; tin chloride ; self-lubricating ; composite coating ; titanium ; plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) ; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ; plasma nitriding ; atmospheric-pressure plasma ; nitrogen dose amount ; hydrogen fraction ; void ; Ti6Al4V lattice structure ; Ag-doped TiO2 anatase ; spark plasma sintering ; selective laser melting ; additive manufacturing ; antibacterial and photoactivity applications ; aluminum ; surface ; plasma ; nitrogen ; postdischarge ; atmospheric pressure ; wettability ; organic-inorganic halide perovskite ; air plasma ; plasma treatment ; optoelectronic properties ; morphology ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Predation and scavenging are pervasive ecological interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The ecology, evolution and conservation of predators and scavengers have received wide scientific attention and public awareness. However, the close connection that exists between predation and scavenging has not been emphasized until very recently. The recognition that carnivorous animals may obtain meat by either hunting prey or scavenging their carcasses has profound implications from individual behavior to population, community and ecosystem levels. However, many relevant questions still remain unexplored. This book deals with some of these questions, with the final aim to definitively dismiss the traditional view that predation and scavenging are disconnected ecological processes. This compendium of science may help to inspire ecologists, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, epidemiologists, forensic scientists, anatomists, and, of course, conservation biologists in their stimulating and promising endeavor of achieving a more comprehensive understanding of carnivory in a rapidly changing world.
    Keywords: caching ; Capreolus capreolus ; carrion ; Eurasian lynx ; Lynx lynx ; Norway ; predation ; roe deer ; scavenging ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; nutrient recycling ; trophic cascade ; apex predators ; bear ; interspecific interactions ; moose ; wolf ; birds of prey ; foraging ; predators ; scavengers ; vision ; carcass ; confrontational scavenging ; disease risk ; facultative scavenger ; landscape of peril ; marine ecosystems ; parasite risk ; predator risk ; terrestrial ecosystems ; anthropogenic food ; diet ; urban habitats ; ecological functions ; carnivorous ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This Special Issue is designed to celebrate the founding of the open-access journal Oceans and is focused on presenting new ideas and advances at the cutting edge of ocean science. The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to: ocean geosciences, physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology; ocean ecosystem services and sustainable ocean resource use; and ocean operations and engineering. The fifteen articles published in this Special Issue focus on diverse areas of oceanography, including ocean ecology and biology, ocean geosciences, ocean climate and meteorology, ocean circulation, ocean chemistry and biogeochemistry, ocean resources (e.g., fisheries, aquaculture, and mining), ocean engineering, ocean modeling and ocean governance.
    Keywords: SIDS ; UN Member States ; sustainable development goal 14 ; SAMOA pathway ; capacity building ; scientific infrastructure ; IAEA ; ocean challenges ; nuclear and isotopic techniques ; ecology ; oceanography ; Portugal ; abundance rate ; nursery ; common dolphin ; Delphinus delphis ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; time series ; regime shift ; climate ; nutrients ; composite ; delamination ; seawater ; immersion ; ageing ; Black Sea ; biogeochemical modelling ; seasonal phytoplankton and inter-annual variation ; capture–recapture ; Cayman Islands ; Seychelles ; monitoring ; endangered species ; maximum number of individuals ; photo-identification ; mark-recapture ; movement ecology ; phosphorus ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphate ; pyrophosphatase activity ; seaweed ; Ulva ; ras al hadd oceanic dipole ; arabian sea ; cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies ; altimetric data ; angular momentum eddy detection and tracking algorithm (AMEDA) ; HYCOM model ; ARGO floats ; carbon cycle ; tropical Atlantic ; dissolved inorganic carbon ; alkalinity ; Demerara Rise ; millennial-scale variability ; Late Quaternary paleoclimate ; seafloor mapping ; vulnerable deep-sea habitats ; deep-sea corals ; chemosynthesis-based communities ; vulnerable marine ecosystem ; Atlantic Ocean ; seismic faults ; slope instabilities ; submarine volcanism ; fluid-flow processes ; bottom currents ; tsunamis ; canyon heads ; tectonic indentation ; multidisciplinary approach ; carbon ; eutrophic ; Hiroshima Bay ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; sediment ; ocean forecasting ; reflexivity ; fisheries ; harmful algal blooms ; coupled natural-human systems ; Anthropocene ocean ; shark ; luminescence ; Etmopteridae ; Dalatiidae ; Somniosidae ; photophore ; hormonal control ; counter-illumination ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.
    Keywords: Cedrela odorata ; seeds ; germination ; cardinal temperatures ; thermal time ; climate change ; dendrochronology ; ecology ; moving window analysis ; Pinaceae ; Pinus arizonica Engelm. ; Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) ; Ponderosae ; response function ; tree rings ; global climate change ; forest ecology ; trees adaptation ; phenotypic plasticity ; Phoebe bournei ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; photosynthesis ; leaf anatomy ; National Park ; tree line shift ; acclimation ; adaptation ; common garden ; drought ; ecodistance ; mortality ; stomatal frequency ; stomatal size ; sap flux ; radial profile ; sapwood depth ; Aleppo pine ; diurnal variation ; seasonal variation ; climate ; basal area increment ; forest dieback ; Mediterranean forest ; stem growth ; water availability ; Quercus ; morphology evaluation ; survival rate ; extreme frost ; heat and drought ; open-top chamber ; RNA sequencing ; gene expression analysis ; Populus ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: This book deals with sustainable agriculture at a time of climate change. It seeks to identify a number of solutions to deal with the agricultural stresses caused by climate change. These range from the identification and cultivation of appropriate crop varieties and the adoption of climate adaptive agricultural practices. Significant sustainable agricultural innovation is required to deal with these challenges. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) may be of crucial importance for modern agriculture. They serve to make R&D in agriculture attractive, by encouraging investment in new technologies and generating tradeable assets. A number of the chapters of this book refer to the principal IPRs relevant to agricultural innovation, namely: (i) patents, which protect inventions; (ii) plant variety rights, which protect the breeding of new and distinct plant varieties; and (iii) trademarks and geographical indications, which facilitate the marketing of products by providing protection for the symbols of their manufacturing or geographic origin. The United Nations Climate Change Panel has urged the consideration of the agricultural practices of traditional communities and some of these practices particularly involving rice, banana, and brassica cultivation are explored in the book. This book is essential reading for officials of governments and international organizations concerned with sustainability, as well as scholars and students concerned with these subjects
    Keywords: alternative energy source ; Ethiopian mustard ; sustainability ; agricultural green development ; entropy weight method ; spatial heterogeneity ; spatial spillover effect ; China ; rice yields ; climate change ; phenology ; relative contribution ; partial correlation ; seed security ; banana tissue culture planting material ; uptake ; banana farmers ; central Uganda ; traditional rice economics ; institutional ; socio-demographic factors ; multinomial logit model ; constraints ; China-Africa cooperation ; agricultural program ; agricultural training ; technology adoption ; dams ; agriculture ; livelihoods ; health ; schistosomiasis ; restoration ; sustainable development ; climate adaptation ; rice–wheat cropping system ; South Asia ; water requirements ; nitrogen ; direct seeding ; agricultural science, technology and innovation ; Innovation efficiency ; DEA ; G20 ; productivity ; efficiency ; food security ; digital agriculture ; smart farming ; digitalization ; digital technologies ; Middle East and North Africa ; decision making ; instrumental variable ; neighbourhood effects ; rice farmers ; risk attitudes ; spatial dependence ; agricultural innovation ; sustainable agriculture ; plant breeding ; cereals ; intellectual property ; agricultural law ; plant variety rights ; seed marketing ; European Union ; fertilizer ; knowledge ; attitude ; ease of use ; motivation ; work performance ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Carbon-based nanomaterials have been increasingly used in sensors and biosensors design due to their advantageous intrinsic properties, which include, but are not limited to, high electrical and thermal conductivity, chemical stability, optical properties, large specific surface, biocompatibility, and easy functionalization. The most commonly applied carbonaceous nanomaterials are carbon nanotubes (single- or multi-walled nanotubes) and graphene, but promising data have been also reported for (bio)sensors based on carbon quantum dots and nanocomposites, among others. The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials, independent of the detection scheme and developed platform type (optical, chemical, and biological, etc.), has a major beneficial effect on the (bio)sensor sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance. As a consequence, carbon-based nanomaterials have been promoting a revolution in the field of (bio)sensors with the development of increasingly sensitive devices. This Special Issue presents original research data and review articles that focus on (experimental or theoretical) advances, challenges, and outlooks concerning the preparation, characterization, and application of carbon-based nanomaterials for (bio)sensor development.
    Keywords: dopamine ; uric acid ; MnO2 nanoflowers ; N-doped reduced graphene oxide ; voltammetric sensor ; 3D printing ; biomimetic sensor ; flexible electronics ; graphene ; PDMS ; gauge factor ; carbon nanofibers ; nanoparticles ; electrospinning ; hybrid nanomaterials ; sensor ; carbon dots ; dipicolinic acid ; Tb3+ ; schizochytrium ; ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe ; carbon-based nanomaterials ; chemo- and biosensor ; food safety ; field effect transistor ; graphene nanoribbon ; propane ; butane ; gas sensor ; detector ; oxygen ; humidity ; water ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; surface-enhanced Raman scattering ; ultrathin gold films ; spectroscopic ellipsometry ; percolation threshold ; nano carbon black ; polydimethylsiloxane ; pressure sensors ; wearable electronics ; hemoglobin determination ; luminescence ; room temperature phosphorescence ; portable instrumentation ; sensors and biosensors ; carbon nanomaterials ; environment ; aquatic fauna ; waters ; carbon nanotubes ; zirconia nanoparticles ; Prussian blue ; electrochemical sensors ; metal organic framework ; active carbon ; heavy metal ; low-cost adsorbents ; lead sensor ; Cortaderia selloana ; non-covalent ; biosensor ; real-time ; nanocomposite ; π-π stacking ; drop-cast ; carbon-surfaces ; resistor ; GFET ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Vegetables are an important part of the human diet due to their nutrient density and, at the same time, low calorie content. Producers of vegetable crops mainly aim at achieving high yields with good external quality. However, there is an increasing demand of consumers for vegetables that provide good sensory properties and are rich in secondary compounds that can be valuable for human health. Sub- or supra-optimal abiotic conditions, like high temperatures, drought, excess light, salinity or nutrient deficiency, may alter the composition of vegetable crops and at the same time, result in yield loss. Thus, producers need to adapt their horticultural practices such as through the choice of variety, irrigation regime, light management, fruit thinning, or fertilizer application to improve the yield and quality of the vegetable product. In the future, altered climate conditions such as elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, rising temperatures, or altered precipitation patterns may become additional challenges for producers of vegetable crops, especially those that cultivate in the open field. This raises the need for optimized horticultural practices in order to minimize abiotic stresses. As well, specific storage conditions can have large impacts on the quality of vegetables. This Special Issue compiles research that deals with the optimization of vegetable product quality (e.g. sensory aspects, composition) under sub- or supra-optimal abiotic conditions.
    Keywords: ascorbic acid ; biostimulants ; Allium cepa ; Phulkara ; Nasarpuri ; Lambada and Red Bone ; gibberex ; Momordica charantia L ; dismutase ; peroxidase ; catalase ; vegetative growth ; flesh firmness ; flowering ; harvest time ; lycopene ; rootstock-scion combination ; total soluble solids ; elevated CO₂ ; modified atmosphere package ; sensory and physiological-biochemical characteristics ; total phenol ; DPPH ; heirloom beans ; drought ; abiotic stress ; local farming ; nutraceutical properties ; zinc ; Solanum lycopersicum ; drought potassium ; vacuolar transporter ; tomato ; product quality ; nitrogen ; shelf life ; carotenoids ; antioxidants ; taste ; minerals ; fatty acids ; oxalate ; nitrate ; phytochemicals ; ammonium ; climate change ; food quality ; photosynthesis ; nitrogen source ; vegetable ; Ocimum basilicum ; salt ; NaCl ; yield ; quality ; polyphenols ; grafting ; water-use efficiency ; nutrient use efficiency ; vegetable production ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This book aims to summarize the latest achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern medicine and dentistry, for example, in cases where, as a result of a traffic or sports accident, aging, resection of organs after oncological surgery, or dangerous inflammation, there is a need to replace lost organs, tissues, and parts of the human body. The essence of biomedical materials is their constant contact with living tissues, organisms, or microorganisms and, therefore, they should meet numerous requirements from various fields, including medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. For this reason, biomaterials must be compatible with the organism, and biocompatibility issues must be addressed before using the product in a clinical setting. The production and synthesis of biomaterials require the use of various technologies and methods to obtain the appropriate material, which is then processed using advanced material processing technologies. Often, however, it is necessary to directly manufacture a specific product with individualized geometric features and properties tailored to the requirements of a particular patient. In such cases, additive manufacturing methods are increasingly used. In this sense, it can be considered that the Biomaterials 4.0 stage has been reached, and detailed information is included in the individual chapters of this book on the achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern regenerative medicine, regenerative dentistry, and tissue engineering.
    Keywords: sol-gel phase transitions ; injectable scaffolds ; chitosan ; calcium β-glycerophosphate ; rheology ; bone tissue engineering ; diblock copolymers ; drug delivery systems ; nanoparticles ; nanoprecipitation ; self-assembly ; implant ; stainless steel ; nickel ; leaching ; nitrogen ; cytotoxicity ; nanodendrites ; nanostar ; fibroblast cells ; gelatin ; one-pot synthesis ; hollow mesoporous silica ; porous silica ; high drug loading capacity ; drug delivery system ; fretting ; fretting wear ; Ni-Cr-Mo ; dental alloys ; titaniumcarbonitride ; Ti(C, N) coating ; thin films ; zirconium carbide ; antimicrobial properties ; medical implants ; 316L stainless steel ; sintering ; surface nitriding ; nitrogen absorption ; response surface methodology ; sodium alginate ; hydrogel material ; regenerative medicine ; urethra ; hybrid materials ; hydroxyapatite ; FEA ; V-shaped tooth defects ; fillings ; glass-ionomer cement ; flowable composite ; stomatognathic system ; prosthetic restorations ; surgical guide ; dental prosthesis restoration manufacturing center ; CBCT tomography ; dental implants ; implant-scaffolds ; hybrid multilayer biological-engineering composites biomaterials ; CAD/CAM methods ; additive manufacturing technologies ; selective laser sintering ; stereolithography ; Dentistry 4.0 ; Industry 4.0 ; robocasting ; bioactive glass ; scaffold ; sol–gel ; 45S5 Bioglass® ; biomaterials ; biomedical implants ; additive manufacturing ; dental prosthetic restorations ; Ti6Al4V dental alloy ; structural X-ray analysis ; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope ; metallography ; tensile and bending strength ; corrosion resistance ; tribological tests ; in-vitro tests ; industry 4.0 ; dentistry 4.0 ; SARS-CoV-2 pandemic ; SPEC strategy ; elimination clinical aerosol at the source ; dendrological matrix ; photopolymer materials ; additive digital light printing ; dentistry sustainable development ; dental prophylaxis ; dental interventionistic treatment ; caries ; periodontology ; toothlessness ; endodontics ; dental implantology ; dental prosthetics ; dentist safety ; dentist ethics ; Co–Cr dental alloys ; corrosion ; porcelain firing ; SLM ; MSM ; CST ; light-cured composites ; photopolymerization process ; microhardness ; optimization ; regression analysis ; health ; well-being ; long and healthy life policy ; medicine ; dentistry ; medical ethics ; COVID-19 pandemic ; bioengineering ; medical engineering ; dental engineering ; biomedical materials ; Bioengineering 4.0 ; engineers’ ethics ; filling materials ; sealants ; obturation ; gutta-percha ; Resilon ; procedural benchmarking ; comparative matrices ; virtual approach ; digital twin ; scanning electron microscopy ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Soil contamination has been identified as one of the main threats to soil, inducing the degradation of global soils and driving long-term losses of the ecosystem services that they provide. As a result of human activities, the amount of soil contamination caused by heavy metal(loid)s has severely increased over the last few decades and has become a worldwide environmental issue that has attracted considerable public attention. Although many research efforts have highlighted how soil contamination is a global threat and provided an overview of the importance of healthy soil, there is still a great need for additional information from different regions around the world, and concrete strategies, which can be implemented to address the causes and impacts of this major threat, urgently need to be developed. In this context, this book was launched with the scope of bringing together articles presenting the development of novel science-based methods and applications that enhance the remediation of contaminated soil by focusing on the identification of the main sources of soil contamination caused by heavy metal(loid)s (HM)/potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in different soil types; the chemistry, potential mobility, and bioavailability of the contaminants that are commonly found in contaminated soils; the assessment of the negative impacts and risks associated with HM/PTE-induced soil contamination on crop yields; soil biota, food security, and human health; and the available methods and strategies for monitoring, assessing, and remediating soils that have been contaminated by HM/PTEs.
    Keywords: PTE ; anthropogenic soils ; Technosols ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; urban agriculture ; heavy metal availability ; enrichment factor ; redox ; biochar ; cadmium ; lead ; contaminated paddy soil ; short- and long-term mechanisms ; ACC deaminase ; heavy metal stress ; PGPR ; fertilizers ; nutrients ; yield ; selenium ; acid soils ; alkaline soils ; adsorption ; desorption ; Freundlich ; Langmuir ; Mediterranean soils ; vehicular emissions ; road age ; diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) ; metal dissociation time (Tc) ; wheat assay ; optimised linear model ; biochar application rates ; metal accumulation ; nitrogen ; ryegrass ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Different types of pressures, such as nutrients, micropollutants, microbes, nanoparticles, microplastics, or antibiotic-resistant genes, endanger the quality of water bodies. Evidence-based pollution control needs to be built on the three basic elements of water governance: Monitoring, modeling, and management. Monitoring sets the empirical basis by providing space- and time-dependent information on substance concentrations and loads, as well as driving boundary conditions for assessing water quality trends, water quality statuses, and providing necessary information for the calibration and validation of models. Modeling needs proper system understanding and helps to derive information for times and locations where no monitoring is done or possible. Possible applications are risk assessments for exceedance of quality standards, assessment of regionalized relevance of sources and pathways of pollution, effectiveness of measures, bundles of measures or policies, and assessment of future developments as scenarios or forecasts. Management relies on this information and translates it in a socioeconomic context into specific plans for implementation. Evaluation of success of management plans again includes well-defined monitoring strategies. This book provides an important overview in this context.
    Keywords: diffuse pollution ; field mapping ; storm drains ; Bayesian statistics ; distributed modelling ; PhosFate ; water quality ; analysis method ; chromaticity measurement ; surface fitting ; concentration of dissolved matter ; Copernicus Programme ; ACOLITE ; flooding ; quasi-real time monitoring ; inundation mapping ; suspended matter ; Spain ; cyanobacteria ; Microcystis aeruginosa ; water ; monitoring ; spectrophotometry ; derivative absorbance ; model evaluation ; nitrogen ; nutrient retention ; phosphorus ; sediment ; constructed wetland ; water resources management ; eutrophication ; unmanned surface vehicle ; water monitoring ; ensemble learning ; dynamic power management ; observational process ontology ; water quality monitoring ; water pollution alert ; semantic discovery ; water quality status ; sources and pathways ; land cover ; digital elevation model ; urban river ; ArcGIS ; modeling ; CSO ; urban drainage ; sewer system ; trace pollutants ; urban runoff ; concentration duration frequency curve ; MONERIS ; diffuse nutrient emission ; empirical modeling ; river basin management plan of Hungary ; effectiveness of measures ; scenarios and forecasts ; socioeconomic context ; sources and pathways of water pollution ; system understanding ; water governance ; water quality statuses and trends ; water pollution control ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQK Pollution control
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book focuses on the fundamental and applied research of the non-destructive estimation and diagnosis of crop leaf and plant nitrogen status and in-season nitrogen management strategies based on leaf sensors, proximal canopy sensors, unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing, manned aerial remote sensing and satellite remote sensing technologies. Statistical and machine learning methods are used to predict plant-nitrogen-related parameters with sensor data or sensor data together with soil, landscape, weather and/or management information. Different sensing technologies or different modelling approaches are compared and evaluated. Strategies are developed to use crop sensing data for in-season nitrogen recommendations to improve nitrogen use efficiency and protect the environment.
    Keywords: UAS ; multiple sensors ; vegetation index ; leaf nitrogen accumulation ; plant nitrogen accumulation ; pasture quality ; airborne hyperspectral imaging ; random forest regression ; sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) ; SIF yield indices ; upward ; downward ; leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) ; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ; laser-induced fluorescence ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; back-propagation neural network ; principal component analysis ; fluorescence characteristics ; canopy nitrogen density ; radiative transfer model ; hyperspectral ; winter wheat ; flooded rice ; pig slurry ; aerial remote sensing ; vegetation indices ; N recommendation approach ; Mediterranean conditions ; nitrogen ; vertical distribution ; plant geometry ; remote sensing ; maize ; UAV ; multispectral imagery ; LNC ; non-parametric regression ; red-edge ; NDRE ; dynamic change model ; sigmoid curve ; grain yield prediction ; leaf chlorophyll content ; red-edge reflectance ; spectral index ; precision N fertilization ; chlorophyll meter ; NDVI ; NNI ; canopy reflectance sensing ; N mineralization ; farmyard manures ; Triticum aestivum ; discrete wavelet transform ; partial least squares ; hyper-spectra ; rice ; nitrogen management ; reflectance index ; multiple variable linear regression ; Lasso model ; Multiplex®3 sensor ; nitrogen balance index ; nitrogen nutrition index ; nitrogen status diagnosis ; precision nitrogen management ; terrestrial laser scanning ; spectrometer ; plant height ; biomass ; nitrogen concentration ; precision agriculture ; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ; digital camera ; leaf chlorophyll concentration ; portable chlorophyll meter ; crop ; PROSPECT-D ; sensitivity analysis ; UAV multispectral imagery ; spectral vegetation indices ; machine learning ; plant nutrition ; canopy spectrum ; non-destructive nitrogen status diagnosis ; drone ; multispectral camera ; SPAD ; smartphone photography ; fixed-wing UAV remote sensing ; random forest ; canopy reflectance ; crop N status ; Capsicum annuum ; proximal optical sensors ; Dualex sensor ; leaf position ; proximal sensing ; cross-validation ; feature selection ; hyperparameter tuning ; image processing ; image segmentation ; nitrogen fertilizer recommendation ; supervised regression ; RapidSCAN sensor ; nitrogen recommendation algorithm ; in-season nitrogen management ; nitrogen use efficiency ; yield potential ; yield responsiveness ; standard normal variate (SNV) ; continuous wavelet transform (CWT) ; wavelet features optimization ; competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) ; partial least square (PLS) ; grapevine ; hyperparameter optimization ; multispectral imaging ; precision viticulture ; RGB ; multispectral ; coverage adjusted spectral index ; vegetation coverage ; random frog algorithm ; active canopy sensing ; integrated sensing system ; discrete NIR spectral band data ; soil total nitrogen concentration ; moisture absorption correction index ; particle size correction index ; coupled elimination ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: Agricultural diversification can occur in many forms (e.g., genetic variety, species, structural) and can be created temporally and over different spatially scales (e.g., within crop, within field, and landscape level). Crop diversification is the practice of growing more than one crop species within a farming area in the form of rotations (two or more crops on the same field in different years), multiple crops (more than one crop in the same season on the same field) or intercropping (at least two crops simultaneously on the same field).Various cropping strategies and management practices, such as diversification of cropping systems by crop rotation, conservation tillage, and the use of cover crops, have been promoted to enhance crop productivity and ecosystem services. However, the opportunities and means differ among regions and the actual effects of diversification on cropping system sustainability still need more investigation.This Special Issue covers the state-of-the-art and recent progress in different aspects related to agricultural diversification to increase the sustainability and resilience of a wide range of cropping systems (grassland, horticultural crops, fruit trees) and in a scenario of environmental challenges due to climate change: Crop production and quality; Impact of crop diversification on soil quality and biodiversity; Environmental impact and delivery of ecosystem services by crop diversification.
    Keywords: blue prawn ; black tiger shrimp ; economic efficiency ; farming systems ; salinity intrusion ; soil salinity ; white-legged shrimp ; big blue stem ; Cave in rock ; claypan ; forbs ; legumes ; intercropping ; cropping systems ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; millet and sorghum ; diversification ; monocultivar ; mixed-species plantation ; biodiversity ; arthropod ; soil ; on-farm biodiversity indicators ; lupin ; triticale ; weeds ; nitrogen ; convolutional neural network ; light competition ; transfer learning ; growth stages ; mixed cropping ; accumulate growing degree days ; phyllochron ; grass regrowth ; leaf sheaths ; blades ; agricultural sustainability ; crop rotation ; rice ; eco-economic benefit ; externality ; perennial cropping systems ; grape production ; medicinal and aromatic plants ; grapevine yield ; must quality ; experimental design ; aboveground mass ; black medick ; Egyptian clover ; grain yield ; nutrients ; white clover ; foodshed ; archipelago ; city region ; food modelling ; food self-sufficiency ; self-reliance ; food security ; agricultural diversification ; food planning ; regional food system ; crop diversification ; small farms ; HHI-Index ; Poland ; biochar ; sunflower husk ; soil respiration ; soybean ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 22
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Germanium (Ge) chalcogenides are characterized by unique properties that make these materials interesting for a very wide range of applications from phase change memories to ovonic threshold switches and from photonics to thermoelectric and photovoltaic devices. In many cases, their physical properties can be finely tuned by doping or by changing the amount of Ge, which may therefore play a key role in determining the applications, performance, and even the reliability of these devices. In this book, we include 11 articles, mainly focusing on applications of Ge chalcogenides for non-volatile memories. Most of the papers have been produced with funding received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant agreement n. 824957. In the Special Issue “BeforeHand: Boosting Performance of Phase Change Devices by Hetero- and Nanostructure Material Design”, two contributions are related to the prototypical Ge2Sb2Te5 compound, which is the most studied composition, already integrated in many devices such as optical and electronic memories. Five articles focus on Ge-rich GeSbTe alloys, exploring the electrical and the structural properties, as well as the decomposition paths. Other contributions are focused on the effect of the interfaces and on nanowires.
    Keywords: PCM ; Ge2Sb2Te5 ; sputtering ; flexible substrates ; crystallization ; electrical properties ; phase change materials ; nitrogen ; strain ; kinetics ; amorphous phase ; germanium telluride ; indium alloying ; optical contrast ; Ge-rich alloys ; crystallization temperature ; segregation ; Ge-rich GST alloys ; Raman ; electronic properties ; Ge-rich GST ; pulsed laser deposition ; phase separation ; GGST ; EDX elemental chemical mapping ; embedded memory ; density functional theory ; MOCVD ; VLS ; phase-change memory ; nanowires ; core-shell ; Ge–Sb–Te ; Ge–Sb–Te/Sb2Te3 ; embedded electronic memories ; Density Functional Theory ; high-throughput calculations ;   ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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  • 23
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: In the last century, innovations in agricultural technologies centered on maximizing food production to feed the growing population have contributed to significant changes in agroecosystem processes, including carbon, nutrients, and water cycling. There are growing concerns regarding soil fertility depletion, soil carbon loss, greenhouse gas emissions, irrigational water scarcity, and water pollution, affecting soil health, agricultural productivity, systems sustainability, and environmental quality. Soils provide the foundation for food production, soil water and nutrient cycling, and soil biological activities. Therefore, an improved understanding of biochemical pathways of soil organic matter and nutrient cycling, microbial community involved in regulating soil health, and soil processes associated with water flow and retention in soil profile helps design better agricultural systems and ultimately support plant growth and productivity. This book, Agroecological Approaches in Soil and Water Management, presents a collection of original research and review papers studying physical, chemical, and biological processes in soils and discusses multiple ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, nutrients and water cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, and agro-environmental sustainability. We covered tillage, nutrients, irrigation, amendments, crop rotations, crop residue management practices for improving soil health, soil C and nutrient cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, soil water dynamics, and hydrological processes.
    Keywords: land use change ; tillage ; fertilization ; N2O fluxes ; subtropical region ; paddy field ; soil organic carbon ; denitrification decomposition (DNDC) ; climate change ; biochar ; food security ; socio-economics benefits ; sustainable agriculture ; sustainable environment ; evaluation of soil and water conservation ; simulated rainfall events ; soil denudation ; water and sediment process ; nitrogen ; nitrate leaching ; nitrous oxide ; soil resilience ; soil microbiome ; regenerative agriculture ; ecological ditch ; agroforestry ; conservation agriculture ; Europe ; North Africa ; nutrient retention ; organic agriculture ; soil conservation ; water conservation ; sodium adsorption ratio ; relative feed value, forage nutritive value ; oat ; alfalfa ; forage crops ; alternative water source ; agriculture landscape ; chlorophyll content of citrus ; landscape position ; soil properties ; terraces ; soil health indicators ; grazing systems ; permanganate oxidizable carbon ; soil microbial biomass ; carbon ; isotopic signature ; Mustang ; natural abundance ; nutrient sourcing ; maize equivalent yield ; nutrient loss ; runoff ; soil loss ; slope ; strip-intercropping ; water use efficiency ; structure optimization ; carbon footprint ; multi-objective linear programming ; circular agriculture ; hydrogel ; soil quality ; chemico-physical properties ; sustainability ; macronutrient ; nutrient deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; site-specific nutrient management ; soil organic matter ; soil biodiversity ; bacteria ; fungi ; microarthropods ; diatoms ; metataxonomic assays ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book focuses on catalytic hydrogen generation from formic acid, ammonia borane, and ethanol as well as on the production of fuels from tar using formic acid as a hydrogen source. The list of discussed catalysts includes single-atom catalysts, metallic/bimetallic catalysts, and supported metal complexes. These catalysts were thoroughly characterized using different methods. Optimized catalyst compositions are proposed.
    Keywords: hydrocracking ; tar ; formic acid ; nickel ; zeolite ; hydrogen donor ; catalyst ; formic acid decomposition ; hydrogen ; biomass ; metal complex ; heterogeneous catalyst ; ruthenium ; iridium ; iron ; palladium ; nitrogen ; carbon nanotubes ; ammonia borane ; hydrogen production ; hydrogen carrier ; hydrogen storage ; Ru nanoparticles ; renewable hydrogen ; biofuel ; reforming of bioethanol ; bimetallic catalyst ; modifier ; catalysts ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Environmental conditions and nutritional stress may greatly affect crop performance. Abiotic stresses such as temperature (cold, heat), water (drought, flooding), irradiance, salinity, nutrients, and heavy metals can strongly affect plant growth dynamics and the yield and quality of horticultural products. Such effects have become of greater importance during the course of global climate change. Different strategies and techniques can be used to detect, investigate, and mitigate the effects of environmental and nutritional stress. Horticultural crop management is moving towards digitized, precision management through wireless remote-control solutions, but data analysis, although a traditional approach, remains the basis of stress detection and crop management. This Special Issue summarizes the recent progress in agronomic management strategies to detect and reduce environmental and nutritional stress effects on the yield and quality of horticultural crops.
    Keywords: Capsicum annuum ; heat units ; plant population density ; hail damage ; baby corn ; non-leguminous cover crops ; chopping ; baby corn yield ; baby corn quality ; kharif season ; Thuja standishii × plicata ; container production ; nursery production ; volumetric water content ; vegetables ; water deficit ; climate change ; polyols ; minerals ; flavonoids ; carotenoids ; salinity ; evapotranspiration ; leaching fraction ; calcium ; cactus pear ; GA3 ; injection application ; spraying application ; lignification ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; proline ; ion leakage ; susceptibility ; electrical conductivity ; greenhouse ; image processing ; nutrient stress ; remote sensing ; Bradyrhizobium ; temperature-dependent distribution ; nodule composition ; proliferation in soil ; infection ; French bean ; mangetout ; peas ; antioxidant ; ascorbic acid ; total phenolic content ; mineral composition ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; temperature effects ; growth ; competitive infection ; biochemical constituents ; β-carotene ; vitamins ; micro-nutrients ; growing environments ; Brix ; TAcy ; nitrogen ; potassium ; compositional data ; cranberry yield parameters ; firmness ; local diagnosis ; redundancy analysis ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This book is a collection of fundamental and applied research on the plant root response to environmental clues. In particular, the continued adaptation of both fine and coarse roots to modifications due to natural and anthropogenic causes were investigated from different viewpoints. Additionally, specific root traits were investigated as an optimal indicator of responses to the environment at the whole-plant level. Aspects such as an innovative methodological approach, the root morphology, gene expression, and primary and secondary metabolite concentrations were at the center of the investigations conducted in this collection.
    Keywords: TIFY ; Populus trichocarpa ; protein interaction network ; phytohormone treatment ; abiotic stress ; bioengineering ; Carpinus betulus ; Fagus orientalis ; tensile force ; Acer pseudoplatanus ; competition below ground ; extracellular enzymes ; Fagus sylvatica ; intraspecific and interspecific competition ; toot economic spectrum ; toot respiration ; tree root traits ; soil compaction ; N loading ; fine root ; root morphology ; ectomycorrhizal fungi ; forest gap ; forest management ; fine roots ; morphology ; lignin ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydro-fluctuation zone ; Three Gorges Dam Reservoir ; winter submergence ; Taxodium distichum ; Salix matsudana ; organic acids ; phosphorus deficiency ; T.‘Zhongshanshan’ ; root foraging ability for phosphorus ; anchorage ; coarse root ; measurement method ; Pinus thunbergii ; root cross-sectional area ; root system architecture ; morphological attributes ; physiological analysis ; Populus euramericana ; reforestation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: Sustainable agricultural practices are needed to provide food security for a growing global population. Food production is usually associated with high nutrient inputs in the form of mineral fertilizers. Since the beginning of agriculture, such practices have led to soil degradation and the release of environmental contaminants. In this Special Issue, we will focus on innovations in organic and inorganic fertilizer production. We welcome studies concerning new approaches for smart fertilizer development, including bioformulations with mineral particles, nanomaterials, and plant growth promoting microorganisms. We especially encourage authors taking advantage of ecological interactions to improve plant nutrient-use efficiency. Moreover, we would like to include contributions that focus on organic amendments to increase or propitiate the terrestrial C sequestration and stabilization, in order to contribute to mitigating climate change at the same time increasing food security by soil fertility, thus making win–win–win scenarios. Such techniques may concern, but are not limited to, innovative organic waste recycling procedures and new applications of mycorrhizae, rhizobioms, or free living soil bacteria and fungi.
    Keywords: earthworms ; frass ; insect excreta ; insect farming ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil fauna ; soil fertility ; waste management ; seed germination ; jellyfish ; blue fertilizer ; soil restoration ; soil amendments ; water use efficiency ; phosphorus sources ; P solubilization ; P acidulation ; relative agronomic efficiency ; pond sediments ; organic fertilizer ; mineral fertilizer ; cucumber ; integrated fish-vegetable farming ; Mekong Delta ; Crotalaria spectabilis ; C. juncea ; 15N natural abundance ; 13C isotopic composition ; transpiration efficiency ; aluminum toxicity ; antioxidant ; barley ; lignin ; phenols ; silicon ; calcareous soil ; humic acid ; phosphorus uptake ; single superphosphate ; wheat ; animal feedstuff ; circular economy ; fertilizer ; greenhouse ; insect larva ; organic waste ; leafy vegetable ; mineral nutrients ; soil structure ; chlorophyll content ; cation exchange capacity ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrification inhibitor ; nitrogen leaching ; nitrogen use efficiency ; 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) ; biochar ; compost ; isotopic signature ; carbon mineralization ; plant growth ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Satisfying consumer needs through the production of healthy and nutritious agricultural products is a substantial challenge facing modern agriculture. However, agricultural production should be carried out with care for plant health, biological safety of products, and environmental safety while minimizing the risks to human health. Therefore, the implementation of agricultural practices while respecting these principles is very important for improving the quantity and quality of crops. Additionally, ecosystems have been altered as a result of human activities and climate change, resulting in the reduction of biodiversity and creation of new niches where pests can thrive. This is of particular importance in 2020, as the United Nations General Assembly declared this year as the International Year of Plant Health (IYPH), with “protecting plants, protecting life” as a leading subject.This Special Issue promotes the subject of plant health and emphasize the importance of preventing the spread of pests, including weeds, which cause substantial economic losses. Research articles cover topics related to the biology and harmfulness of weeds, particularly in connection with crop health, segetal weed communities and their biodiversity, and integrated methods of weed control. For this Special Issue, we welcome all types of articles, including original research, opinions, and reviews.
    Keywords: chamomile ; organic system ; bioproducts ; seeding density ; quantitative weed infestation indicators ; weed species ; fungal diseases ; camelina ; herbicides ; genetic similarity ; phytotoxicity ; formulation ; plant chlorophyll fluorescence ; reduced tillage ; no-till ; ploughing ; winter wheat ; weeds ; seed bank ; invasive weed species ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; cropping system ; tillage system ; weed infestation ; biological diversity ; spelt wheat ; cultivars ; crop protection methods ; seeding rate ; yield ; fungi ; mycotoxins ; dose-response ; enzyme activity ; herbicide resistance ; shikimic acid ; slender amaranth ; early potato production ; polypropylene agrotextile ; polyethylene sheeting ; mechanical weed control ; chemical weed control ; potato cultivars ; legume cover crop ; weed control ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; soil physical and biological properties ; soil erosion ; exotic Tamarix ; riparian zone ; biodiversity ; richness ; diversity ; evenness ; biodiversity indicators ; weed ; organic farming ; low-input conventional farming ; Shannon’s index ; Simpson’s index ; potato ; biodiversity of weeds ; mechanical method ; chemical method ; monocotyledonous weeds ; dicotyledonous weeds ; lupin ; yielding ; cultivation intensification ; production cost ; segetal flora ; weed quantity ; weed mass ; grain species ; legume ; Salix viminalis L. crops ; energy crops ; dynamic of flora ; age of plantation ; willow plantation ; invasive species ; medicinal species ; melliferous species ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Soil, water, and nitrogen management are critical for crop productivity and quality in horticulture as well as for reducing negative impacts on ecosystems and greenhouse gas emissions. This Special Issue is a collection of seven important research works addressing solutions or strategies that can be implemented in order to use these three factors of production in a more sustainable way and to reduce inorganic nitrogen applications by considering the great importance of circular agriculture and the use of microorganisms. Aside from the relevance of the topics in this Special Issue, the studies included within it may trigger the development of new strategies for more sustainable and environmentally friendly intensive agriculture.
    Keywords: drip irrigation ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; water relations ; N and P status ; soil organic carbon ; osmoregulation ; sugar accumulation ; water stress ; xylem tissue ; mulching film ; Trichoderma ; Lactuca sativa L. ; nitrogen dose ; nutritional quality ; yield ; sustainability ; by-products ; recycle ; smart agriculture ; nitrogen efficiency ; soil organic matter ; acidic soil ; pH ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; photosynthetic pigments ; antioxidant activity ; Spinacia oleracea ; hexavalent Cr ; photosynthesis ; phosphorus uptake ; Cr(VI) tissue ; leaf characteristics ; purslane ; soil contamination ; heavy metals ; Ginger (Zingiber officinale) ; biochar ; plant growth ; root morphological traits ; chlorophyll content ; soil enzymes ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; optical sensor ; spectral analysis ; response surface sampling ; sensor evaluation ; electromagnetic induction ; multivariate water quality parameters ; mandarin orange ; crop inspection platform ; SPA-MLR ; object tracking ; feature selection ; simultaneous measurement ; diseases ; genetic algorithms ; processing of sensed data ; electrochemical sensors ; thermal image ; ECa-directed soil sampling ; handheld ; recognition patterns ; salt concentration ; clover-grass ; bovine embedded hardware ; weed control ; soil ; field crops ; vineyard ; connected dominating set ; water depth sensors ; SS-OCT ; wheat ; striped stem-borer ; silage ; geostatistics ; detection ; NIR hyperspectral imaging ; electronic nose ; machine learning ; virtual organizations of agents ; packing density ; data validation and calibration ; dataset ; Wi-SUN ; temperature sensors ; geoinformatics ; gas sensor ; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ; vegetable oil ; photograph-grid method ; Vitis vinifera ; WSN distribution algorithms ; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; irrigation ; quality assessment ; energy efficiency ; wireless sensor network (WSN) ; geo-information ; Fusarium ; texture features ; weeds ; discrimination ; big data ; soil moisture sensors ; meat spoilage ; land cover ; stereo imaging ; near infrared sensors ; biological sensing ; compound sensor ; pest management ; moisture ; plant localization ; heavy metal contamination ; artificial neural networks ; spectral pre-processing ; moisture content ; apparent soil electrical conductivity ; data fusion ; semi-arid regions ; smart irrigation ; back propagation model ; wireless sensor network ; energy balance ; light-beam ; fluorescent measurement ; agriculture ; precision agriculture ; deep learning ; spectroscopy ; hulled barely ; dielectric probe ; RPAS ; water supply network ; rice leaves ; mobile app ; gradient boosted machines ; hyperspectral camera ; one-class ; nitrogen ; LiDAR ; total carbon ; chemometrics analysis ; rice ; agricultural land ; on-line vis-NIR measurement ; CARS ; obstacle detection ; stratification ; neural networks ; regression estimator ; Kinect ; proximity sensing ; distributed systems ; pest ; noninvasive detection ; texture feature ; soil mapping ; classification ; soil salinity ; visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ; germination ; computer vision ; hyperspectral imaging ; diffusion ; dielectric dispersion ; UAS ; random forests ; case studies ; total nitrogen ; thermal imaging ; cameras ; dry matter composition ; near-infrared ; salt tolerance ; deep convolutional neural networks ; soil type classification ; water management ; preprocessing methods ; wireless sensor networks (WSN) ; remote sensing image classification ; precision plant protection ; radar ; spatial variability ; GF-1 satellite ; plant disease ; naked barley ; leaf area index ; CIE-Lab ; change of support ; radiative transfer model ; 3D reconstruction ; plant phenotyping ; vine ; near infrared ; vegetation indices ; remote sensing ; greenhouse ; time-series data ; scattering ; sensor ; crop area ; speckle ; spatial data ; grapevine breeding ; wide field view ; partial least squares-discriminant analysis ; spiking ; area frame sampling ; chromium content ; machine-learning ; RGB-D sensor ; pest scouting ; PLS ; Capsicum annuum ; spatial-temporal model ; drying temperature ; boron tolerance ; ambient intelligence ; laser wavelength ; fuzzy logic ; dynamic weight ; landslide ; management zones ; real-time processing ; event detection ; crop monitoring ; apple shelf-life ; rice field monitoring ; wireless sensor ; birth sensor ; proximal sensor ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book ""Quality and Production of Forage"" is intended to keep readers updatedon the developments occurring in this field. As it is apparent that livestockanimals are important throughout the world because of the meat, milk and eggthey produce, knowledge about the forages available to animals must also beconsidered for increased production, quality and efficiency. This book providesinformation that readers will find considerably invaluable about forage feeds, suchas grass, legumes, and straw. The book is composed of ten papers, focusing on awide range of research activities and topics that feature the following concepts offorage: the effect of conservation method on forage protein value; Microbial thecomposition and mycotoxin content in forage; genetic diversity of forages; timelysowing to maximize yield for both grain and biomass; ensiling treatments onforage quality; the qualitative characteristics of different accessions of new foragespecies; forage policy influencing feed costs; feeding forage on animal health;high-protein tropical forages as alternative sources for poultry; impact of foragesin poultry diet and significance of forages in sustainable poultry productionsystems. This book will be an invaluable reference for students and professionalsin agricultural science and grassland and animal husbandry researches.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; annual clover ; corn ; plant height ; forage production ; feed costs ; wilting ; population density ; Moringa oleifera ; alfalfa ; livestock ; digestibility ; hay ; sowing date ; biomass production ; clover ; tropical forages ; sustainability ; alternative protein ; plant ; animal ; dry matter ; genetic diversity ; chicken ; zearalenone ; production system ; forage ; energy balance ; grain yield ; nutritional composition ; deoxynivalenol ; grass ; silage ; policy ; path analysis ; poultry ; in vitro organic matter digestibility ; nitrogen ; nitrogen balance ; beneficial use ; lucerne ; forage yield ; anti-nutritional factors ; N fixation ; fungi ; planting ; markers ; crude protein ; epiphytic microflora ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Biomass can be converted to energy, biofuels, and bioproducts via thermochemical conversion processes, such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion technology is most widely applied on an industrial scale. However, biomass gasification and pyrolysis processes are still in the research and development stage. The major products from these processes are syngas, bio-oil, and char (called also biochar for agronomic application). Among these products, biomass chars have received increasing attention for different applications, such as gasification, co-combustion, catalysts or adsorbents precursors, soil amendment, carbon fuel cells, and supercapacitors. This Special Issue provides an overview of biomass char production methods (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, etc.), characterization techniques (e.g., scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption and mass spectrometry), their properties, and their suitable recovery processes.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; n/a ; Boudouard reaction in gasification ; Chinese reed ; underground coal gasification ; food waste ; kinetic models ; fixed bed combustor ; reactor modelling ; AAEMs ; anaerobic digestion ; grape marc ; adsorption isotherms ; Texaco pilot plant ; biomass valorization ; food waste compost ; CH4 adsorption ; gaseous emissions ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ; waste wood ; coconut shells ; kinetic model ; char oxidation ; low-rank coal char ; nutrients ; characteristic time analysis ; kinetic parameters ; ash from biomass ; combustion parameters ; biomass ; thermal characteristics ; biocrude ; reaction kinetics ; sludge cake ; gasification ; pellets ; characterization ; ash layer ; energy recovery efficiency ; internal diffusion resistance ; FT-IR ; giant miscanthus ; pyrolysis ; olive mill solid wastes (OMSWs) ; food-waste biochar ; melting phenomenon ; chemisorption ; steam gasification ; NaCl template ; biomass production ; textural characterization ; desalination ; ash fusion temperature (AFT) ; thermogravimetric analysis ; combustion ; chemical speciation ; sawdust ; NaCl ; effective diffusion coefficient ; kinetics ; breakthrough curves ; biochar engineering ; biochar ; amino acid ; high heating value (HHV) ; salty food waste ; ELECTRE III ; interferences ; multicriteria model ; pyrrole ; interactions ; biogas purification ; fertilisation ; NOx ; pyrolysis conditions ; steam ; partial combustion reaction in gasification ; CO2 adsorption ; poultry slaughterhouse ; hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) ; calorific value ; oxygen enrichment ; porosity ; nitrogen ; hydrothermal carbonization ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; MTDATA ; activated carbon ; active site ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Crop models and remote sensing techniques have been combined and applied in agriculture and crop estimation on local and regional scales, or worldwide, based on the simultaneous development of crop models and remote sensing. The literature shows that many new remote sensing sensors and valuable methods have been developed for the retrieval of canopy state variables and soil properties from remote sensing data for assimilating the retrieved variables into crop models. At the same time, remote sensing has been used in a staggering number of applications for agriculture. This book sets the context for remote sensing and modelling for agricultural systems as a mean to minimize the environmental impact, while increasing production and productivity. The eighteen papers published in this Special Issue, although not representative of all the work carried out in the field of Remote Sensing for agriculture and crop modeling,
    Keywords: G1-922 ; Q1-390 ; nitrogen nutrition index ; n/a ; soil organic carbon ; yield estimation ; hyperspectral sensor ; crop modeling ; crop residue management ; land use change ; flat-fan atomizer ; vegetation index ; septoria tritici blotch ; crop simulation model ; temporal variability ; spectral-weight variations in fused images ; plant ; EPIC model ; large cardamom ; crop inventory ; proximal sensing ; sorghum biomass ; soil ; UAV ; Integrated Administration and Control System ; canopy temperature depression ; fractional cover ; Cropsim-CERES Wheat ; hyperspectral data ; yield ; wheat ; precision farming ; SPAD ; AquaCrop ; prediction modeling ; spectral simulation ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; machine learning ; crop production ; protein content ; Á Trous algorithm ; spatial variability ; variable rate technology ; crop type mapping ; Tarim Basin ; leaf area index ; management zone ; irrigation ; multi-spectral ; agricultural land-cover ; crop modelling ; dynamic model ; satellite images ; climate change ; control variables ; generalized model ; Sentinel-2 satellite imagery ; vegetation indices ; vegetable monitoring ; Sentinel-2 ; remote sensing ; cultivars ; crop growth model ; yield monitoring ; big data technology ; conservation agriculture ; GIS ; fAPAR ; droplet drift ; simulation analysis ; durum wheat ; hydroponic ; grain yield ; Leaf Area Index ; NDVI ; precision agriculture ; relative frequencies ; soil stoichiometry ; habitat assessment ; data assimilation ; satellite ; species modelling ; ?13C ; disease ; nitrogen ; yield mapping ; UAV chemical application ; RGB images ; decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The papers in this SI present valuable results in the topics of soils, sediments, and water contamination according to the consideration of ecological and health risk. They also point out open questions and possible avenues for future research. Biochar application can benefit both soil conservation and contamination, but further research should be conducted to investigate whether these positive effects can be extended to the field scale. Similar to biochar, scale-up design will be helpful for thin-layer capping in in situ sediments using mixed active amendments. Both physiochemical analysis and bioassays mutually supported the evaluation results of river water quality. However, we need better approaches and policies for management to prevent further contamination from the discharge of untreated industrial and domestic waste into this aquatic ecosystem. The use of microorganisms to eliminate antibiotics is a promising strategy, but future work should verify the biodegradation ability of antibiotic-degrading bacteria in wastewater treatment plants.
    Keywords: heavy metal ; pollution ; antioxidant ; enzyme ; biomarkers ; ecological risk ; bioaccessibility ; cadmium ; chemical form ; husk biochar ; risk assessment ; active capping ; toxic metal ; sediment ; remediation ; multiple materials ; mercury ; methylmercury ; salinity ; biochar ; organic carbon ; nutrients ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sludge ; antibiotics ; biodegradation ; bioassays ; gold mining ; health risk ; microbiological indicators ; mutagenicity ; toxicity ; green and sustainable remediation ; SDGs ; thin-layer capping ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 35
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Global crop production must substantially increase to meet the needs of a rapidly growing population. This is constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, and land. There is also an urgent need to reduce the negative environmental impacts of crop production. Collectively, these issues represent one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Sustainable cropping systems based on ecological principles are the core of integrated approaches to solve this critical challenge. This special issue provides an international basis for revealing the underlying mechanisms of sustainable cropping systems to drive agronomic innovations. It includes review and original research articles that report novel scientific findings on improvement in cropping systems related to crop yields and their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, resource use efficiency, environmental impact, sustainability, and ecosystem services.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; nutrient use efficiency ; organic fertilization ; system approach ; Helianthus annuus L. ; catch crop ; Texas High Plains ; forage yield and quality ; living mulch ; nutrient cycling ; quality ; leguminous cover crop ; conservation ; light ; sustainable crop production ; crop rotation ; WHCNS ; stemborer ; complexity ; perennial ; manure ; maize production ; SOC and STN stocks ; cover crops ; forage pea ; yield ; SDS-PAGE analysis ; vineyard system ; double cropping ; wheat ; partial returns ; soybean ; vetch ; nitrogen use efficiency ; enzyme activities ; agrobiodiversity ; gross margin ; residue C and N release ; systematic review ; maize ; protein crops ; no-tillage ; environmental quality ; fall grazing ; kura clover ; cover crop ; organization ; scenario analyses ; cropping system design ; irrigation ; sustainable yield index ; multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) ; Acidic soil ; Europe ; Zea mais L. ; shade ; up-scaling ; water ; conservation agriculture ; water use efficiency ; Triticum aestivum L. ; forage sorghum ; N use efficiency ; nutrient balance ; organic cropping system ; forage ; durum wheat ; cropping systems ; nitrate ; grain yield ; nitrogen nutrition ; conventionalization ; crop residue incorporation ; cereal rye ; green manure ; straw decomposition ; hierarchical patch dynamics ; N uptake ; farmer’s perception ; pearl millet ; nitrogen ; faba bean ; agroecology ; harvesting strategies ; rice ; gluten fractions ; weed suppression ; economics ; mineral N fertilization ; push-pull technology ; growth ; potato (Solanum tuberosum) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In a worldwide context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and man-made water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance, agriculture faces the great challenge of producing enough food for a continually increasing population. In this line, this book provides a broad overview of innovation issues in the complex water–agriculture–food nexus, thus also relative to their interconnections and dependences. Issues refer to different spatial scales, from the field or the farm to the irrigation system or the river basin. Multidisciplinary approaches are used when analyzing the relationships between water, agriculture, and food security. The covered issues are quite diverse and include: innovation in crop evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and modeling; updates in research relative to crop water use and saving; irrigation scheduling and systems design; simulation models to support water and agricultural decisions; issues to cope with water scarcity and climate change; advances in water resource quality and sustainable uses; new tools for mapping and use of remote sensing information; and fostering a participative and inclusive governance of water for food security and population welfare. This book brings together a variety of contributions by leading international experts, professionals, and scholars in those diverse fields. It represents a major synthesis and state-of-the-art on various subjects, thus providing a valuable and updated resource for all researchers, professionals, policymakers, and post-graduate students interested in the complex world of the water–agriculture–food nexus.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; hysteresis loops ; irrigation systems design ; fuzzy cognitive maps ; Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) ; olive orchard ; Kcb from ground cover ; crop growth ; surface water pollution ; crop water use and evapotranspiration ; measures ; water–energy–food nexus ; water-agriculture-food nexus ; drought classes ; soil temperature ; pressures ; crop water requirements ; Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) ; validation ; latent heat flux ; log-linear modeling ; impact ; Row crops ; dried on the vine ; reform ; Tagus River Basin ; precise land levelling ; regulated deficit irrigation ; Transfer ; relative pressure exceedance ; irrigation district ; evaporation ; Irrigation ; perturbation ; aridity effects ; economic and environmental issues ; water users’ organization ; pressurized irrigation systems ; decision support systems (DSS) ; Pampa biome ; crop yield ; reference evapotranspiration ; DPSIR ; SIMDualKc model ; semi-arid region ; wheat ; calibration ; design of irrigation systems ; Density coefficient ; simulation models ; biomass ; crop transpiration ; groundwater ; direct forcing ; Spain ; satellite observations ; maize yield ; water and salt balance ; soil water balance ; spatial variability ; persistence ; supply–demand balance model ; sustained deficit irrigation ; leaf area index ; evapotranspiration ; eddy covariance ; dry drainage system ; droughts ; Participatory Irrigation Management ; Black soil ; surface irrigation modelling ; drip and basin irrigation ; remote sensing ; crop coefficient curves ; irrigation scheduling ; unsteady flow ; root growth ; North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) ; Sensitive Zones ; soil evaporation ; actual evapotranspiration ; agricultural intensification ; organizational analysis ; policies ; water and land management ; agriculture ; hydrant risk indicator ; evaporative fraction ; local advection ; Fiesta grapes ; Evapotranspiration ; Dual crop coefficients ; Vulnerable Zones ; salinity ; cut-off time ; soil moisture ; irrigation water governance ; nitrogen ; Andalusia ; Corn ; basal crop coefficients ; water balance ; participatory management ; beneficial water use ; soil nutrient ; water users association ; deficit irrigation ; stakeholder engagement ; new technologies ; smartphone application ; drip irrigation ; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ; inflow rates ; policy-making ; soil water storage depletion ; on-demand operation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: According to a report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), achieving safe and healthier foods was one of the top ten achievements of public health in the 20th century. However, considerable persisting challenges currently exist in developed nations and developing economies for further assuring the safety and security of the food supplies. According to CDC estimates, as many as 3000 American adults, as an example, and based on a recent epidemiological estimate of the World Health Organization, around 420,000 individuals around the globe, lose their lives annually due to foodborne diseases. This emphasizes the need for innovative and emerging interventions, for further prevention or mitigation of the risk of foodborne microbial pathogens during food processing and manufacturing. The current publication discusses recent advancements and progress in the elimination and decontamination of microbial pathogens during various stages of manufacturing and production. Special emphasis is placed on hurdle validation studies, investigating decontamination of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars, various serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, public health-significant serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic species of Cronobacter.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RM1-950 ; n/a ; bacteria ; stainless steel ; Escherichia coli ; biofilm formation ; beef ; powdered infant formula ; bile acids ; stx-subtypes ; raw milk ; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli ; Cronobacter sakazakii ; synergism of mild heat and pressure ; raspberry ; blueberry ; biocidal effectiveness ; salmonellosis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; small fruits ; biosensors ; food borne pathogens ; grape ; postharvest diseases ; modified atmosphere packaging ; high hydrostatic pressure ; epithelial barrier ; carvacrol ; dietary bioactive components ; rapid detection ; essential oils ; ozon ; stx-genes ; Cronobacter outbreaks ; habituation ; plant extracts ; Escherichia coli (STEC) ; ozonated water ; disinfectants ; caprylic acid ; foodborne pathogens ; temperature ; natural background microflora ; preventive measures ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; strawberry ; high-pressure pasteurization ; gut microbiota ; food safety ; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) ; microfluidic chip ; fungi ; blackberry ; serogroups ; infant care setting ; non-ozonated water ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 38
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; optical sensor ; spectral analysis ; response surface sampling ; sensor evaluation ; electromagnetic induction ; multivariate water quality parameters ; mandarin orange ; crop inspection platform ; SPA-MLR ; object tracking ; feature selection ; simultaneous measurement ; diseases ; genetic algorithms ; processing of sensed data ; electrochemical sensors ; thermal image ; ECa-directed soil sampling ; handheld ; recognition patterns ; salt concentration ; clover-grass ; bovine embedded hardware ; weed control ; soil ; field crops ; vineyard ; connected dominating set ; water depth sensors ; SS-OCT ; wheat ; striped stem-borer ; silage ; geostatistics ; detection ; NIR hyperspectral imaging ; electronic nose ; machine learning ; virtual organizations of agents ; packing density ; data validation and calibration ; dataset ; Wi-SUN ; temperature sensors ; geoinformatics ; gas sensor ; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ; vegetable oil ; photograph-grid method ; Vitis vinifera ; WSN distribution algorithms ; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; irrigation ; quality assessment ; energy efficiency ; wireless sensor network (WSN) ; geo-information ; Fusarium ; texture features ; weeds ; discrimination ; big data ; soil moisture sensors ; meat spoilage ; land cover ; stereo imaging ; near infrared sensors ; biological sensing ; compound sensor ; pest management ; moisture ; plant localization ; heavy metal contamination ; artificial neural networks ; spectral pre-processing ; moisture content ; apparent soil electrical conductivity ; data fusion ; semi-arid regions ; smart irrigation ; back propagation model ; wireless sensor network ; energy balance ; light-beam ; fluorescent measurement ; agriculture ; precision agriculture ; deep learning ; spectroscopy ; hulled barely ; dielectric probe ; RPAS ; water supply network ; rice leaves ; mobile app ; gradient boosted machines ; hyperspectral camera ; one-class ; nitrogen ; LiDAR ; total carbon ; chemometrics analysis ; rice ; agricultural land ; on-line vis-NIR measurement ; CARS ; obstacle detection ; stratification ; neural networks ; regression estimator ; Kinect ; proximity sensing ; distributed systems ; pest ; noninvasive detection ; texture feature ; soil mapping ; classification ; soil salinity ; visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ; germination ; computer vision ; hyperspectral imaging ; diffusion ; dielectric dispersion ; UAS ; random forests ; case studies ; total nitrogen ; thermal imaging ; cameras ; dry matter composition ; near-infrared ; salt tolerance ; deep convolutional neural networks ; soil type classification ; water management ; preprocessing methods ; wireless sensor networks (WSN) ; remote sensing image classification ; precision plant protection ; radar ; spatial variability ; GF-1 satellite ; plant disease ; naked barley ; leaf area index ; CIE-Lab ; change of support ; radiative transfer model ; 3D reconstruction ; plant phenotyping ; vine ; near infrared ; vegetation indices ; remote sensing ; greenhouse ; time-series data ; scattering ; sensor ; crop area ; speckle ; spatial data ; grapevine breeding ; wide field view ; partial least squares-discriminant analysis ; spiking ; area frame sampling ; chromium content ; machine-learning ; RGB-D sensor ; pest scouting ; PLS ; Capsicum annuum ; spatial-temporal model ; drying temperature ; boron tolerance ; ambient intelligence ; laser wavelength ; fuzzy logic ; dynamic weight ; landslide ; management zones ; real-time processing ; event detection ; crop monitoring ; apple shelf-life ; rice field monitoring ; wireless sensor ; birth sensor ; proximal sensor ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 39
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This book on the sustainable use of soils and water addressed a variety of issues related to the utopian desire for environmental sustainability and the deviations from this scene observed in the real world. Competing interests for land are frequently a factor in land degradation, especially where the adopted land uses do not conform with the land capability (the natural use of soil). The concerns of researchers about these matters are presented in the articles comprising this Special Issue book. Various approaches were used to assess the (im)balance between economic profit and environmental conservation in various regions, in addition to potential routes to bring landscapes back to a sustainable status being disclosed.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; environmental and economic changes ; overexploitation ; stream flow downscaling ; Recharge ; Institutions ; evaluation ; geo hazards ; marginal land resources ; water resources ; contributions ; land use change ; comprehensive land carrying capacity ; land eco-security ; scale effects ; river basin ; Ghana ; urbanization ; groundwater recharge ; MicroLEIS DSS ; multiple stresses ; forest ; land use conflicts ; soil ; analytic hierarchy process ; heavy metal pollution assessment ; recharge ; environmental degradation ; spatial variation ; debris flow waste-shoal land ; Lankao county ; encounters of interests ; territorial development ; driving forces analysis ; land use policy ; climate conditions ; time series analysis ; arable soil ; urban area ; multi-criterion comprehensive evaluation ; Land Use ; agricultural and livestock products ; evapotranspiration ; hydrological processes ; Trnava district ; macromodel DNS/SWAT ; central Asia ; CA-Markov ; integrative landscape management ; Land use change ; land use and transformation ; weight ; Contemporary Yellow River Delta ; conjunctive water resources management ; set pair theory ; sustainability ; karst aquifer ; withdrawal of agricultural land ; sustainable development ; SWAT ; water resource management ; water footprint ; land-use planning ; Ecosystem service value ; Penman–Monteith equation ; cloud model ; groundwater flow field ; standard deviation ; temporal stability ; landscape as geosystem ; Gross Domestic Product ; geology ; territorial factors ; agriculture ; multi-dimension ; Groundwater ; conflicts ; Green GDP ; temporal-spatial variations ; relief ; recharge zones ; groundwater depth ; Nitrate Vulnerable Zones ; hydrologic modeling ; Managed Aquifer ; soil reclamation ; nitrogen ; discrete wavelet transform ; legislative factors ; developmental factors ; ungauged catchment ; rural households’ behaviors ; arid region ; land use/cover change ; spatialization ; sustainable agriculture ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 40
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The concept of sustainability has been intensively used over the last decades since Brundtland´s report was published in 1987. This concept, due to its transversal, horizontal and interdisciplinary nature, can be used in many disciplines, scenarios, spatio-temporal dimensions and different circumstances. The intensive development in recent years of analytical techniques and tools based on disciplines such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, data mining, information theory and the Internet of Things, among others, has meant we are very well-placed for analysing the sustainability of water systems in a multiperspective way. Water systems management requires the most advanced approaches and tools for rigorously addressing all the dimensions involved in the sustainability of its development. Consequently, addressing the sustainability of water systems management may comprise physical (natural processes), chemical, socioeconomic, legal, institutional, infrastructure (engineering), political and cultural aspects, among others. This Special Issue welcomes general and specific contributions that address the sustainability of water systems management considering its development. Special interest will be given to those contributions that consider tradeoffs and/or integration between some of the aspects or disciplines that drive the sustainability of water systems in the context of their management and development.
    Keywords: suspended solids ; unmanned aerial vehicle ; spectral imaging ; artificial neural networks ; water resource ; South Korean urban industry ; green use efficiency of industrial water (GUEIW) ; global non-radial directional distance function model (GNDDF) ; economic efficiency of industrial water use (ECEIW) ; environmental efficiency of industrial water use (ENEIW) ; water quality ; climate change ; Bayesian networks ; uncertainty ; multi-models ; prioritization ; geomorphometric parameters ; compound parameter ; geospatial distribution ; GIS ; GHGs ; aquatic factors ; random forest ; water temperature ; nitrogen ; sulfate ; concrete arch-dams ; stability scenarios ; deformation scenarios ; safety management ; sustainability assessment ; runoff ; temporal dependence ; rivers’ sustainability ; predictive methods ; causal reasoning ; runoff fractions ; water management ; contamination ; integrated water resources management ; groundwater ; pollution ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; transition management ; water safety plan ; aquifer management ; water governance ; irrigation ; unauthorized use ; barbate river basin ; biocalcarenites ; remote sensing ; citizen surveys ; artificial neural network (ANN) ; chemical oxygen demand (COD) ; wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 41
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: From the beginning of this century, non-Saccharomyces yeasts have taken increased relevance in wine processing. Several biotechnological companies now produce non-Saccharomyces yeasts at an industrial level to improve aroma or flavor, stabilize wine, produce biological acidification, or conversely metabolize malic acid. Species like Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Kloeckera apiculata, Lachancea thermotolerans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and several others are common due to the technological applications they have in sensory quality but also in wine ageing and stabilization. Moreover, spoilage non-Saccharomyces yeasts like Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, and Zygosacharomyces bailii are becoming important because of the alterations they are able to produce in high-quality wines. New strategies to control these defective yeasts have been developed to control them without affecting sensory quality. The knowledge of the physiology, ecology, biochemistry, and metabolomics of these yeasts can help to better use them in controlling traditional problems such as low fermentative power, excessive volatile acidity, low implantation under enological conditions, and sensibility to antimicrobial compounds like sulfites traditionally used in wine processing. This Special Issue intends to compile current research and revised information on non-Saccharomyces yeasts with enological applications to facilitate the use and the understanding of this biotechnological tool. In 1 year this SI has globally more than 15kdownloads and produced more than 30 citations.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; n/a ; wine acidity ; pulcherrimin ; glycosidases ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; Saccharomycodes ludwigii ; sparkling wine ; processing foods ; non-Saccharomyces ; taxonomy ; Candida stellate ; wine quality ; Candida stellata ; non-Saccharomyces yeast ; Brettanomyces bruxellensis ; flavor complexity ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Wickerhamomyces anomalus ; Stermerella bacillaris ; mixed cultures fermentation ; oenological uses ; winemaking ; re-fermentation ; Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; genetic improvement ; Zygotorulaspora florentina ; maloalcoholic fermentation ; high-ethanol ; mixed starters ; yeast ; wines ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; aroma compounds ; spoilage yeasts’ control ; metabolism ; acetate esters ; Pichia anomala ; wine ; sequential fermentations ; spoilage-control ; enzymes ; yeast dominance ; acidification ; ageing-on-lees ; Kluyveromyces thermotolerans ; co-fermentation ; biotechnological applications ; stable pigments ; ecology ; Pichia kudriavzevii ; Lachancea thermotolerans ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; biocontrol ; S. ludwigii ; Candida intermedia ; nitrogen ; yeast inoculation ; volatile acidity ; off-flavors ; malolactic bacteria ; wine safety ; genome ; Aureobasidium pullulans ; viticulture ; anthocyanin ; aroma ; antimicrobial peptides ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 42
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The book presents a series of articles devoted to modeling, simulation, and optimization of processes, mainly chemical. General methods for process modeling and numerical simulation are described with flowsheeting. Population balances are addressed in detail with application to crystal production; energy saving is frequently optimized, including exergy analysis. The coupling between process simulation and computational fluid dynamics is studied for air classification and bubble columns. Pressure swing adsorption, reactive distillation, and nanofiltration are explained in general and applied to particular processes. The synthesis of carbon dots is solved by the design of experiments method. A safety study addresses the consequences of gas explosion.
    Keywords: volume-based population balance model with fines dissolution ; quadrature method of moments ; orthogonal polynomials ; population balance equation ; dynamic flowsheet simulation ; transformation matrix ; process modelling ; agglomeration ; milling ; solids ; multidimensional distributed parameters ; nanofiltration ; total volume membrane charge density ; modeling DSPM model ; ceramic membrane ; ionic strength ; heavy oil reservoir ; in-situ combustion ; oil recovery ; numerical simulation ; pressure swing adsorption (PSA) ; carbon molecular sieve (CMS) ; adsorption ; nitrogen ; nitrogen generator ; tapioca ; response surface methodology ; artificial neural network ; carbon dots ; hydrothermal ; photoluminescence ; organic ; butyric anhydride ; single reactive distillation column ; internal material circulation ; dynamic control ; modeling ; optimization ; ultrafiltration ; membrane module ; cross-flow ; protein solution ; combination system ; flame acceleration simulator (FLACS) ; pipe length ; ignition position ; fault diagnosis ; distillation ; inverse problem ; parameter estimation ; turbo air classifier ; process parameters ; particle trajectory ; relative classification sharpness index ; ammonia production ; numerical modelling ; steam methane reforming ; simulation ; Formox Perstorp ; formalin ; fixed catalytic bed reactor ; silver catalyst ; metal oxide catalyst ; exergy ; advanced exergy analysis ; organic Rankine cycle ; regenerative cycle ; reactive distillation ; steady state simulation ; Inside–Out method ; CFD ; bubble plume ; oscillation and offset characteristic ; bubble ; gas–liquid flow ; process steam drive ; software linking ; heat pump ; propane–propylene separation ; steam network ; pressure and heat losses ; energy efficiency ; n/a ; co-processing ; bio-oil ; vacuum gas oil ; LCA ; Eco-indicator 99 ; FCC ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The role of biochar in improving soil fertility is increasingly being recognized and is leading to recommendations of biochar amendment of degraded soils. In addition, biochars offer a sustainable tool for managing organic wastes and to produce added-value products. The benefits of biochar use in agriculture and forestry can span enhanced plant productivity, an increase in soil C stocks, and a reduction of nutrient losses from soil and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, biochar composition and properties and, therefore, its performance as a soil amendment are highly dependent on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. In addition, due to its characteristics, such as high porosity, water retention, and adsorption capacity, there are other applications for biochar that still need to be properly tested. Thus, the 16 original articles contained in this book, which were selected and evaluated for this Special Issue, provide a comprehensive overview of the biological, chemicophysical, biochemical, and environmental aspects of the application of biochar as soil amendment. Specifically, they address the applicability of biochar for nursery growth, its effects on the productivity of various food crops under contrasting conditions, biochar capacity for pesticide retention, assessment of greenhouse gas emissions, and soil carbon dynamics. I would like to thank the contributors, reviewers, and the support of the Agronomy editorial staff, whose professionalism and dedication have made this issue possible.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; nutrient ; essential oil quality ; heavy metals ; mean residence time ; soil physics ; crop growth ; gas exchange attributes ; pyrolysis ; greenhouse experiment ; water retention ; qPCR ; Ultisols ; soil carbon dynamics ; composted solid digestate ; activated charcoal ; excessive compost application ; bacterial 16S rRNA gene ; yield attributes ; field experiment ; soil fertility ; nutrient cycling ; grapevine planting material ; germination ; nutrient concentration ; global warming ; soil chemical properties ; containerized production systems ; water stress ; sesame ; hydrochar ; soil health ; biochar-ash pellet ; gene expression ; vineyard by-products ; leaf chlorosis ; slow pool ; biochar ; archaeal 16S rRNA gene ; pore property ; soil organic matter ; hormone ; rice yields ; acidic undernourished soil ; biochar particle size ; fallen leaves ; soil physical properties ; pesticides ; soil amendments ; wheat ; paper mill sludge ; quality index ; biosolids ; dairy manure ; cropping ; Pelargonium graveolens ; solid digestate ; nitrogen ; thermochemical property ; biofertilizers ; jatropha ; 13C NMR ; fertilizer ; pyrochar ; incubation ; rice husk biochar ; arid region ; activated carbon ; aging ; soil chemistry ; desert soil ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 44
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Forest ecosystems are often disturbed by agents such as harvesting, fire, wind, insects and diseases, and acid deposition, with differing intensities and frequencies. Such disturbances can markedly affect the amount, form, and stability of soil organic carbon in, and the emission of greenhouse gases, including CO2, CH4, and N2O from, forest ecosystems. It is vitally important that we improve our understanding of the impact of different disturbance regimes on forest soil carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions to guide our future research, forest management practices, and policy development. This Special Issue provides an important update on the disturbance effects on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in forest ecosystems in different climate regions.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; SD1-669.5 ; greenhouse gas emission ; heterotrophic respiration ; Camellia oleifera ; Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr ; soil microbial residue ; assisted natural regeneration ; soil organic carbon ; soil carbon sequestration ; soil CO2 ; surface soil layer ; landform ; anthropogenic effect ; South Korea ; CO2 effluxes ; storm damage ; microbial properties ; calcareous soil ; land use pattern ; soil total nitrogen ; generation ; tree mortality ; land use types ; forest conversion ; DCD ; carbon source–sink ; stoichiometric ratios ; autotrophic respiration ; N2O ; CO2 emission ; organic carbon mineralization ; CH4 emissions ; clear-cutting ; CO2 production and diffusion ; soil quality ; nitrification inhibitor ; organic carbon accumulation ; climate change mitigation ; global change ; greenhouse gas inventory ; warming ; soil properties ; bacterial community ; sensitivity ; soil characteristics ; forest ; insect outbreak ; biochar ; nitrous oxide ; CO2 ; soil respiration ; land-use change ; decomposition ; soil ; natural forest ; calcareous soils ; greenhouse gas ; forest soils ; karst graben basin ; plantation ; rocky desertification ; fitting parameters ; temperature ; forest disturbance ; microbe ; subtropical forest ; N addition ; carbon stock changes ; IPCC ; next-generation sequencing ; nitrogen ; N2O emissions ; red soils ; CH4 ; coastal wetlands ; CO2 emissions ; stand age ; successive planting ; plum plantation ages ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 45
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This Special Issue on molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology in crop plant breeding seeks to encourage the use of the tools currently available. It features nine research papers that address quality traits, grain yield, and mutations by exploring cytoplasmic male sterility, the delicate control of flowering in rice, the removal of anti-nutritional factors, the use and development of new technologies for non-model species marker technology, site-directed mutagenesis and GMO regulation, genomics selection and genome-wide association studies, how to cope with abiotic stress, and an exploration of fruit trees adapted to harsh environments for breeding purposes. A further four papers review the genetics of pre-harvest spouting, readiness for climate-smart crop development, genomic selection in the breeding of cereal crops, and the large numbers of mutants in straw lignin biosynthesis and deposition.
    Keywords: SB1-1110 ; QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; Wx ; transgenic cereals ; GWAS ; anther ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; mutants ; oleic acid ; QTL ; plant breeding ; QTL/genes ; lignin ; maintainer ; Japanese plum ; pre-harvest sprouting ; mutations ; RNA-seq ; fertility restoration ; Rf1 gene ; association mapping ; estimated breeding value ; non-open hull 1(noh1) ; protein ; gene mapping ; electrospray ionisation ; climate change ; genome editing ; fatty acid composition ; phloem metabolites ; ISSR ; gold hull and internode ; genotyping by sequencing ; gibberellin ; cultivar ; GmDof4 ; bioinformatics ; CRISPR/Cas9 site directed mutagenesis ; quality groups ; linkage map ; ddRAD sequencing ; breeding scheme ; mutation breeding ; PPR genes ; genetic structure ; genetic resources ; Pentatricopeptide Repeats ; crops ; amylose content ; genetic value ; seed dormancy ; diversity ; mapping populations ; cytoplasmic male sterile ; genomic prediction ; SNP ; TGW6 ; mass spectrometry ; abscisic acid ; wheat ; lodicule ; genome-wide association scan ; genomic selection ; RNA editing ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; nitrogen ; faba bean ; next generation sequencing ; zt-1 ; grass family ; differentially expressed genes ; rice ; brown midrib ; sunflower ; pedigree ; genotyping-by-sequencing ; “omics” data ; quantitative genetics ; orange lemma ; F1 hybrids ; SSR ; drought ; candidate genes ; Brassica napus ; GmDof11 ; new plant breeding techniques ; mutational breeding ; genetic modification ; cell wall ; monolignol pathway
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We show the magnetic model of the Selli-Vavilov region. The Selli Line is known as the northwestern edge of the southern Tyrrhenian basin. The tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian basin is dominated by a Tortonian - Quaternary extension through the eastward movement of the Apennine subduction system. This migration has generated a diffuse stretching of the continental crust with the emplacement of new oceanic material. This latter occurred in several localized zones where the eastward retreating of the Ionian subduction system produced a strong depletion of the crust with formation of basins and correlated spreading. Nowadays the presence of oceanic crust is confirmed through direct drilling investigation but a complete mapping of the oceanic crustal distribution is still lacking. The Selli-Vavilov region shows a differentiated crustal setting where seamount structures, the oceanic basement portions and continental crust blocks are superimposed. To this aim, a 2D inversion of the magnetic data of this region was conducted to define buried structures. The magnetic susceptibility pattern was computed by solving the least squares problem of the misfit between the predicted and real data for separated wavebands. This method produced two 2D models of the high and low frequency fields of the Selli-Vavilov region. The two apparent susceptibility maps provide different information for distinct ranges of depth. The results of the inversions were also combined with seismic data of the Selli region highlighting the position of the highly-magnetized buried bodies. The results confirm a role for the Selli Line as a deep crustal boundary dividing the Sardinian passive domain from the easternmost active region where different oceanic structures are located. The Selli Line has worked as a detachment fault system which has moved eastward. Finally, the Selli-Vavilov region may be interpreted as a tectonic result due to a passive asymmetrical rift occurred between the Tortonian and Pliocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: 251-266
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geomagnetism ; Tectonics ; Geodynamics ; Inversion ; Oceanic crust ; Volcanic structure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
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    3
    In:  Computers and Geosciences, Münster, 3, vol. 28, no. 45, pp. 309-326, pp. L11609, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Inversion ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Non-linear effects ; Discrimination ; C&G
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  • 48
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    Springer
    In:  Berlin, 306 pp., Springer, vol. 2, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 0-387-30752-4)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; Textbook of mathematics ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; Inversion
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  • 49
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    Springer
    In:  New York, Springer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-87590-533-1)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Error analysis ; Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of geodesy ; toolbox ; Statistical investigations ; Inversion ; Non-linear effects ; aerial ; images ; Diffraction ; Tomography ; 1214 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Geopotential ; theory ; and ; determination ; 1224 ; Photogrammetry ; remote ; sensing ; 0902 ; Exploration ; geophysics ; Computational ; methods, ; seismic ; Gruen ; Grun
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: EPG ; stylectomy ; phloem amino acids ; nitrogen ; aphid-plant interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of nitrogen deficiency in hydroponically grown barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the development and reproduction of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated. Plant growth was significantly reduced in seedlings grown without nitrogen. Aphid intrinsic rate of increase (r m) was also significantly lower on these plants compared with that on plants grown with 8 mol m−3 nitrogen. Phloem sap was collected from seedling stems by aphid stylectomy and amino acids quantified by HPLC. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of non-essential amino acids as a group, but not of essential amino acids. Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) indicated that aphids reached the phloem more quickly and fed for longer on plants grown with nitrogen. This is the first reported study in which this combination of techniques has been used to understand the interactions of an aphid and plant under different environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: acetylene ion ; complex ; hydrogen ; nitrogen ; argon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complexes formed by the positive acetylene ion with the hydrogen molecule, the nitrogen molecule, and the argon atom are investigated with ab initio calculations using the 6-311G** and the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis sets. MP2/6-311G** energies and optimum geometries are obtained, as well as single-point MP3, MP4, and QCISD(T) energies with the MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries. Single-point calculations are performed with the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis set at MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries.
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geometriae dedicata 83 (2000), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1572-9168
    Keywords: Vollständiges Viereck ; Kegelschnittbüschel ; Konjugiertheitsabbildung ; Inversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The conjugacy mapping rel. to a complete quadrangle in a Pappian projective plane of characteristic ≠2 is constructed by using a bijection of the line set onto the bundle of conics through the diagonal points of the quadrangle. The inversion with center O of the inversion circle going through the point P in the Euclidean plane proves to be the product of the reflection at OP and the affine restriction of the conjugacy mapping rel. to the quadrangle having P as one of its vertices and O together with the circular points at infinity as diagonal points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; N leaching ; liquid manure ; catch crops ; N mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented from five years (1990–1995) of a field leaching experiment on a sandy soil in south-west Sweden. The aim was to study N leaching, change in soil organic N and N mineralization in cropping systems with continuous use of liquid manure (two application rates) and catch crops. N leaching from drains, N uptake in crops and mineral N in the soil were measured. Simulation models were used to calculate the N budget and N mineralization in the soil and to make predictions of improved fertilization strategies in relation to manure applications and changing the time for incorporation of catch crops. In treatments without catch crops, a normal and a double application of manure increased average N leaching by 15 and 34%, respectively, compared to treatment with commercial fertilizer. Catch crops reduced N leaching by, on average, 60% in treatments with a normal application of manure and commercial fertilizer, but only by 35% in the treatment with double the normal application rate of manure. Incorporation of catch crops in spring increased simulated net N mineralization during the crop vegetation period, and also during early autumn. In conclusion, manured systems resulted in larger N leaching than those receiving commercial fertilizer, mainly due to larger applications of mineral N in spring. More careful adaptation of commercial N fertilization with respect to the amounts of NH4-N applied with manure could, according to the simulations, reduce N leaching. Under-sown ryegrass catch crops effectively reduced N leaching in manured systems. Incorporating catch crop residues in late autumn instead of spring might be preferable with respect to N availability in the soil for the next crop, and would not increase N leaching.
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  • 54
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    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: BOD5 ; catchment ; empirical model ; land use change ; land use scenarios ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; runoff ; SO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due largely to unprecedented land-use changes in the Porijõgi River catchment (southern Estonia) losses of nutrients and organic matter have decreased significantly. During the period 1987–1997 abandoned lands increased from 1.7 to 10.5% and arable lands decreased from 41.8 to 23.9%. At the same time, the runoff of total-N, total-P, SO4 and organic matter (after BOD5) decreased from 25.9 to 5.1, 0.32 to 0.13, 78 to 48, and 7.4 to 3.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The most significant decreases occurred in agricultural subcatchments while the changes were insignificant in the forested upper course catchment. A simple empirical model which incorporates land-use pattern, fertilization intensity, soil parameters and water discharge accurately described the variations of total-N and total-P runoff in both the whole catchment and its agricultural subcatchments (R 2 varies from 0.95–0.99 for N to 0.49–0.93 for P). In small agricultural subcatchments the rate of fertilization is found the most important factor for nitrogen runoff, whereas in larger mosaic watersheds land use pattern plays the main role. Seven alternative scenarios compiled on the base of the empirical model allow to forecast potential nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment. This information can be used in further landscape and regional planning of the whole region.
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  • 55
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    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 360-371 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Environmental geophysics ; Resistivity ; Inversion ; Landfill mining ; Waste ; Characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Geophysical investigations using 2-D DC resistivity were carried out on old parts of two similar landfills, with waste of different ages. The data sets, which included high data density in both vertical and horizontal directions, were interpreted with 2-D smoothness constrained inversion. The landfills were excavated after the surveying. The objective was to test the capability of the resistivity method as a pre-characterization technique. The objectives were only partially fulfilled. First, the moisture content was the parameter that appeared to exert the dominant control over the resistivity distribution of the landfill. The most important potential information that can be recovered is, therefore, an indication of the waste piles hydraulics. Second, it was neither possible to estimate the amount of recoverable soils, nor to correlate the type of waste with the resistivity models. However, discrete anomalies were identified, and if specific materials are searched for, the resistivity models indicate possible places to search.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Vβ13 ; CD4/CD8 ratio ; Rat ; Tcrb ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Three rat BV13S1 alleles (T-cell receptor β-chain variable gene 13) were characterized by new BV13S1-allele specific monoclonal antibodies (18B1 and 17D5) and sequence analysis of expressed and genomic BV13S1. Two alleles were functional and designated BV13S1A1 present in strains LEW, BUF, PVG, and BV13S1A2 present in BN and WF. Their products differed by six amino acids, two of them in complementarity-determing region (CDR)1 and one in CDR2. A third nonfunctional allele, BV13S1A3P, was found in strains F344 and DA. Apart from a single nucleotide insertion, it was identical to BV13S1A2. All 12 rat strains tested showed association of TCRBC1 with BV8S2/4 alleles but not with the BV13S1 alleles, which may reflect a different gene order of the rat BV compared to mouse. BV13S1A1-encoded T-cell receptors (TCRs) which bind both monoclonal antibody (mAb) 18B1 and mAb 17D5 are over-represented in the CD4 lymphocyte subset. BV13S1A2-encoded TCRs which are stained by mAb 18B1 but not by mAb 17D5 show a slight CD8-biased expression. Preferential usage of BV13S1A1-positive TCRs by CD4 but not by CD8 cells in (LEW×WF)F1 hybrids and cosegregation of BV13SA1 and increased frequency of BV13S1 TCR-positive CD4 cells in a (LEW×BN)×BN backcross suggest structural differences of the two allelic products as the reason for their contrasting CD4/CD8 subset bias.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endothelin-A receptor ; Endothelin-B receptor ; Rat ; Pulmonary fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantitative PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractPulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition with concomitant loss of gas exchange units, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Increased levels of ET-1 from tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in animal models after intratracheal bleomycin. We characterized the cellular distribution of alveolar ET receptors by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and determined the regulation by bleomycin of ET receptor mRNA expression in isolated alveolar macrophages and rat lung fibroblasts. We found significant increases in the numbers of fibroblasts and macrophages at day 7 compared to day 28 and control animals. ETB receptor immunoreactivity was observed on fibroblasts and invading monocytes. Isolated fibroblasts expressed both ETA and ETB receptor mRNA, and ETA receptor mRNA was upregulated by bleomycin. Isolated resident alveolar macrophages expressed neither ETA nor ETB receptor mRNA which were also not induced by bleomycin. We conclude that, while ETB receptor stimulation of fibroblasts and monocytes recruited during bleomycin-induced lung injury exerts antagonistic effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, the observed increase in the number of fibroblasts in vivo and upregulation of fibroblast ETA receptor mRNA by bleomycin in vitro point to a predominance of the profibrotic effects of ET receptor engagement.
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  • 58
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 20 (2000), S. 87-110 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: striations ; nitrogen ; spherical discharge ; spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation ; electron velocity distribution function ; dc glow discharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent observations of spherical striations in large-volume nitrogen dcdischarges with a central anode have stimulated investigations of thenonlocal electron kinetics in these striations by solving the spatiallyinhomogeneous Boltzmann equation adapted to spherical geometry. Becausethe radial course of the electric potential is largely unknown in thisdischarge, different models concerning its radial course have been developedand used. These models are based on the measured radii of the striationsand the assumption that the potential drop between successive striationsdoes not change. As a consequence, with decreasing distance between thestriations the electric field strongly increases toward the centralanode. It has been found that spherical striations are only obtained ifthe electric field is strongly modulated. In this case, a highly nonlocalbehavior of the velocity distribution function and strongly modulatedradial courses of the macroscopic quantities have been obtained.
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  • 59
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    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1749-1763 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Conversion factor ; free amino acids ; fruits ; Kjeldahl ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; protein ; pulp ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Protein content of plant tissues is usually estimated by multiplying total nitrogen by a conversion factor of 6.25. This technique assumes that all nitrogen originates from protein. When applied to fruit pulp, it overestimates protein content because pulp typically contains free amino acids and many nitrogenous secondary metabolites. At issue is the extent of error and, consequently, what the conversion factor between nitrogen and protein should be. We calculated a conversion factor based on pulp samples from 18 species collected in the southeastern United States. We also report a new and simple method of estimating protein and free amino acids in fruit pulp. Because previous studies have found high variation in protein and secondary metabolite content among fruit species, use of a single conversion factor for all species will generate error. In an attempt to reduce such error, we calculated protein contents and conversion factors separately for two common fruit types: lipid-rich/carbohydrate-poor and lipid-poor/carbohydrate-rich. We found no difference between these types of fruit and hence combined results in calculating an average conversion factor of 5.64. Use of an accurate conversion factor is important in estimating protein consumption by wild animals and in formulating diets of captive animals. It can also reveal whether loss of body mass in captive animals on fruit diets is due to insufficient protein consumption, secondary metabolite toxicity, or an imbalance of amino acids.
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  • 60
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    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 331-339 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: algal biomass ; algal uptake ; ammonia stripping ; biological nutrient removal ; high rate algal ponds ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; nitrification ; urban wastewater treatment ; waste stabilisation ponds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two experimental high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) (1.5m2, 570 L per unit), each with a secondaryclarifier for algal biomass separation (0.025 m2,without recirculation), were fed with urban wastewaterfor a one-year period (June 1993 to July 1994). TheHRAPs were installed on the roof of the Department ofHydraulic, Coastal and Environmental Engineering ofthe Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona,Spain (lat. 41° 24′ 42″ N; long. 2° 7′42″ E). Nitrogen removal efficiency and changes intotal nitrogen, total organic nitrogen,NH4 +-N, and oxidized nitrogen underdifferent hydraulic retention times (HRTs) werecompared. HRAP A was always operated at a higherHRT than HRAP B. Both HRAPs were subjected to thesame environmental conditions of solar radiation, airtemperature and influent water quality. Grab samplesof influent, effluent of the HRAP (mixed liquor) andfinal effluent from the clarifiers were taken once aweek. The annual average nitrogen removal was 73% forHRAP A, and 57% for HRAP B. Higher removal in HRAP Awas due to a lower inorganic nitrogen concentration inits effluent. Significant differences (p〉 0.05) inthe relative proportions of nitrogen forms between thetwo HRAPs were observed only in autumn and winter.This was mainly because HRAP B did not achieve a highlevel of NH4 +-N removal by stripping andalgal uptake, as observed in HRAP A. NH4 +-Nstripping was the most important mechanism fornitrogen removal (mean efficiency of 47% and 32% inHRAP A and B, respectively) followed by algal uptake,and subsequent algal separation in the clarifiers(mean efficiency of 26% and 25% in HRAP A and Brespectively). The conclusion of this study is thatHRT determines both the nitrogen removal efficiencyand the distribution of nitrogen forms in the effluentof a HRAP. The nitrogen removal level can becontrolled through suitable HRT operating strategies.By operating at a HRT of 4 days in spring and summer,and 10 days in autumn and winter, nitrogenconcentration in the effluent of a HRAP system can bereduced to less than 15 mg L-1 N.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; organic matter ; shrimp culture ; sulphur cycle bacteria ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; estuary ; anthropogenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Our objective was to begin to investigate sources, sinks, and flux rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in Famosa Slough, a small (12 ha) highly modified urban estuary in San Diego, California, U.S.A. The hydrology of Famosa Slough has been modified by culverts that dampen tidal influence and seasonal runoff from two urban watersheds, each of which has been implicated as a nutrient source that generates nuisance algal blooms. In 1995 and 1996, the ranges of nutrients measured in the water column were extremely wide; upper values exceeded those in other estuaries identified as eutrophic. Average dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged from 2 to 250 μM, while dissolved inorganic phosphorus ranged from 〈1 to 15 μM. Nutrient content of the water changed rapidly both spatially and temporally depending on the tides and rainfall. While tidal water dominated this system, especially in the dry season, our results indicate that Famosa Slough's small watershed, not the larger watershed of the San Diego River, was the major source of nutrients during rainfall. Sediment nutrients were also high (∼3 mg N g dry wt−1 and 0.600 mg P g dry wt−1). Short-term flux studies suggest that the large accumulations of opportunistic green macroalgae commonly found in this estuary, and possibly the sediments, may act as a large and rapid sink for nutrients during times of high nutrient supply. We suggest that small, shallow estuaries in urban settings may have more complex and rapid nutrient dynamics than those found in larger systems.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; cover crop ; damping-off ; discriminant analysis ; lignin ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Stages of oat–vetch cover crop decomposition were characterized over time in terms of carbon and nitrogen cycling, microbial activity and damping-off pathogen dynamics in organically and conventionally managed soils in a field and a controlled incubation experiment. A measurement of relative growth consisting of radial growth of a fungal colony over non-sterilized soil divided by that over sterilized soil was used as an assay of suppressiveness. No differences in relative growth of Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani were detected between organic and conventionally managed soils amended with cover crop residue. Significant effects of cover crop decomposition stage on the relative growth of both pathogens were obtained. Relative growth of P. aphanidermatum was highest just after incorporation and decreased 3 weeks after incorporation. Relative growth of R. solani was highest about 20 days after incorporation, and decreased 2 weeks later in the organic system, but continued to increase in the conventional system. In both experiments, the N or C content, C:N ratio or dry weight of retrieved debris were significantly correlated with relative growth of P. aphanidermatum. Relative growth of R. solani was significantly correlated with the C:N ratio of soil or the C or N content of debris. Microbial activity was not consistently associated with relative growth of either pathogen.
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    Wetlands ecology and management 8 (2000), S. 197-207 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: benthic invertebrates ; mitigation ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; pedogenesis ; phosphorus ; plant productivity ; restoration and rehabilitation ; salt marsh ; wetland creation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of wetland soil characteristics andbenthic invertebrate communities were evaluated increated Spartina alterniflorasalt marshes inNorth Carolina ranging in age from 1 to 25 years-old.A combination of measurements from different-agecreated marshes as well as periodic measurements overtime on two marshes were used to (1) document rates ofwetland pedogenesis, especially soil organic matter,and, (2) explore relationships between soil andbenthic invertebrate community development. Soilmacro-organic matter (MOM, the living and dead rootand rhizome mat), organic C and N increased and bulkdensity decreased during the 25 years following marshestablishment. The most dramatic changes in bulkdensity, MOM, C and N occurred within the upper 10 cmof the soil with lesser changes below this depth.Created marshes were sinks for organic C (90–140g·m-2·yr-1) and N (7–11g·m-2·yr-1) but not for P (0–1g·m-2·yr-1). The density of benthicinvertebrates (〉250 μm) and subsurface-depositfeeding oligochaetes also increased over time oncreated salt marshes. Invertebrate and oligochaetedensity were strongly related to MOM content(r2= 0.83–0.87) and soil organic C(r2= 0.52–0.82) and N (r2= 0.62–0.84). Thesefindings suggest that, in created salt marshes,development of the benthic invertebrate community istied to marsh soil formation, especially accumulationof organic matter as MOM and soil. Field studies thatmanipulate the quantity and quality of soil organicmatter are needed to elucidate the relationshipbetween salt marsh pedogenesis and benthicinvertebrate community development.
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Vigilance states ; Paired-pulse ; Dentate gyrus ; Dentate granule cells ; Evoked response ; Rat ; In vivo studies ; Perforant path ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effect of normal development and vigilance state on the modulation of dentate granule cell activity in the freely moving rat at 15, 30, and 90 days of age across three vigilance states: quiet waking, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep. Using paired-pulse stimulation, the paired-pulse index (PPI) was obtained for the dentate evoked field potentials elicited by the stimulation of the medial perforant path. Although significant differences in PPI values were observed during development, no significant vigilance state related changes were obtained. Preweaning infant rats, i.e., 15-day old, exhibited significantly less early (interpulse intervals, IPI= 20–50 ms) and late (IPI = 300–1000 ms) inhibition, and less facilitation (IPI = 50–150 ms) when compared to the 90-day old adult rats during all three vigilance states. PPI values obtained from the 30-day old group fell intermediate between the 15- and 90-day old animals. These changes in PPI values provide a quantitative measure of changes in the modulation of dentate granule cell excitability during normal maturation. They can now can be used to evaluate the impact of various insults, such as prenatal protein malnutrition or neonatal stress, on hippocampal development. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8717Nn, 8719La, 8719Nn
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Heart ; Left ventricle ; LV contractility ; ESPVR ; Pig ; Rat ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The end systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) has been shown to be a relatively load independent measure of left ventricular (LV) contractility. Recently, several single-beat ESPVR computation methods have been developed, enabling the quantification of LV contractility without the need to alter vascular loading conditions on the heart. Using a single-beat ESPVR method, which has been validated previously in humans and assumes that normalized elastance is constant between individuals of a species, we studied the effects of myocardial infarction on LV contractility in two species, the rat and the pig. In our studies, LV pressure was acquired invasively and LV volume determined noninvasively with magnetic resonance imaging, at one week postinfarction in pigs and at 12 weeks postinfarction in rats. Normalized systolic elastance curves in both animal species were not statistically different from that of humans. Also, the slope of the ESPVR $$\left( {E_{es} } \right)$$ decreased significantly following infarction in both species, while the volume-axis intercept $$\left( {V_0 } \right)$$ was unaffected. These results indicate that a single-beat ESPVR method can be used to measure the inotropic response of the heart to myocardial infarction, and that the basis for this method (i.e., constant normalized elastance) is applicable to a variety of mammalian species. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8761Lh, 8719Hh, 8719Rr, 8719Ff
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 1101-1115 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Time–frequency analysis ; Coherence ; Cross correlation ; Nonstationary persistent signals ; Central pattern generator ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a novel time-varying phase spectrum (TVPS) method to quantify the dynamics of coevolution of two persistent nonstationary coupled signals. Based on the TVPS, an instantaneous intersignal phase shift is defined within the primary frequency range in which the two signals are highly correlated. The TVPS is estimated using a fixed-window method or an adaptive-window method. In the latter method, the window length changes dynamically and automatically as a function of change in frequency of the signals. The effects of altering window types and lengths on the accuracy of the estimation of the primary phase shift is assessed by analyzing synthesized linear chirp signals with decaying amplitude and constant relative phase shift or decaying amplitude and changing relative phase shifts. The methods developed are also used for determining the evolution of the primary phase shift among ventral root activities during fictive locomotion in an in vitro rat spinal cord preparation. The analyses indicate that the TVPS method in conjunction with the determination of the primary frequency range, allows determination of both the evolution of the coupling strength and the evolution of the phase shift between two persistent nonstationary rhythmic signals in the joint time–frequency domain. An adaptive window reduces the estimation bias and the estimation variability. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 0230-f, 8780Tq
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia exchange ; apoplast ; atmosphere ; glutamine synthetase ; nitrogen ; photorespiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants have a compensation point for NH3 which ranges from 0.1 to 20 nmol mol-1, and may be several-fold higher or lower than naturally occurring atmospheric NH3 concentrations. This implies that NH3 fluxes over vegetated surfaces are bi-directional and that ammonia exchange with the atmosphere in many cases contributes significantly to the nitrogen economy of vegetation. Physiological regulation of plant–atmosphere NH3 fluxes is mediated via processes involved in nitrogen uptake, transport and metabolism. A rapid turnover of NH3 + in plant leaves leads to the establishment of a finite NH3 + concentration in the leaf apoplastic solution. This concentration determines, together with that of H+, the size of the NH3 compensation point. Barley and oilseed rape plants with access to NH3 + in the root medium have higher apoplastic NH3 + concentrations than plants absorbing NO3 -. Furthermore, the apoplastic NH3 + concentration increases with the external NH3 + concentration. Inhibition of GS leads to a rapid and substantial increase in apoplastic NH3 + and barley mutants with reduced GS activity have higher apoplastic NH3 + than wild-type plants. Increasing rates of photorespiration do not affect the steady-state NH3 + or H+ concentration in tissue or apoplast of oilseed rape, indicating that the NH3 + produced is assimilated efficiently. Nevertheless, NH3 emission increases due to a temperature-mediated displacement of the chemical equilibrium between gaseous and aqueous NH3 in the apoplast. Sugarbeet plants grown with NO3 - seem to be temporarily C-limited in the light due to a repression of respiration. As a consequence, the activity of chloroplastic GS declines during the day causing a major part of NH3 + liberated in photorespiration to be assimilated during darkness when 2-oxoglutarate is supplied in high rates by respiration.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cereal ; cereal quality ; cereal yields ; natural regeneration ; nitrogen ; nitrogen uptake ; rye-grass ; set-aside ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During the period 1993–1997, at six contrasting sites located throughout England, two successive cereal test crops were grown both with and without nitrogen fertiliser after three or five years of set-aside or after continuous arable cropping. Vegetation during set-aside included natural regeneration and perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne) with or without white clover (Trifolium repens), managed by mowing on one or more occasions per year. Establishment of the successive cereal test crops after destruction of the set-aside was generally not a problem. Fertile tiller numbers were increased by inclusion of clover in the set-aside cover or application of inorganic nitrogen. The presence of couch grass (Elytrigia repens) or volunteer cereals in the set-aside covers provided alternative hosts for take-all (Gaeumanomyces graminis) and eyespot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) and take-all caused some yield reductions in following cereal crops. Management during the set-aside period significantly affected grain yields of the subsequent cereal crops in the majority of the site-year combinations. However, these effects were not as large as would be expected after traditional break crops and were frequently masked by the application of nitrogen fertiliser. Mean yields increased by 80% due to the application nitrogen at the optimum rate compared to nil nitrogen. Most of the effects of set-aside treatment on grain yield were shown to be attributable to soil mineral nitrogen content, but at some sites, infections by take-all or eyespot also accounted for some of the variation. There were no effects of pests that could be related to treatment. The presence of sown clover during the set-aside period had the most consistent effect across sites, affecting tiller populations, grain yield and grain quality of cereal crops. At some sites, establishing a sown cover during the set-aside period, or cutting the cover more than once a year, improved grain yield and quality, and reduced the incidence of some specific weeds and disease.
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    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 57-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ABA ; K/Na selectivity ; nitrate reduction ; nitrogen ; phloem ; phosphate ; root-shoot interactions ; salinity ; xylem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this paper four classes of co-operative root-shoot interations are addressed. (I) Nitrogen concentrations in the xylem sap originating from the root and in the phloem sap as exported from source leaves are much lower than those required for growth by apices and developing organs. Enrichment of xylem sap N is achieved by xylem to xylem (X-X) transfer, by which reduced N, but not nitrate, is abstracted from the xylem of leaf traces and loaded into xylem vessels serving the shoot apex. Nitrogen enrichment of phloem sap from source leaves is enacted by transfer of reduced N from xylem to phloem (X-P transfer). Quantitative data for the extent of the contribution of X-X and X-P transfer to the nutrition of young organs of Ricinus communis L. and for their change with time are presented. (II) Shoot and root cooperate in nitrate reduction and assimilation. The partitioning of this process between shoot and root is shifted towards the root under conditions of nitrate- and K-deficiency and under salt stress, while P deficiency shifts nitrate reduction almost totally to the shoot. All four changes in partitioning can be attributed to the need for cation-anion balance during xylem transport and the change in electrical charge occurring with nitrate reduction. (III) Even maintenance of the specificity of ion uptake by the root may – in addition to its need for energy – require a shoot-root interaction. This is shown to be needed in the case of the maintenance of K/Na selectivity under the highly adverse condition of salt stress and absence of K supply from the soil. (IV) Hormonal root to shoot interactions are required in the whole plant for sensing mineral imbalances in the soil. This is shown and addressed for conditions of salt stress and of P deficiency, both of which lead to a strong ABA signalling from root to shoot but result in different patterns of response in the shoot.
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    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; growth ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of biomass and N accumulation following defoliation of alfalfa and the application of N fertilization has rarely been studied under field conditions, particularly in the seeding year. Our objectives were to determine the effect of N fertilization on the dynamics of biomass and N accumulation during the first regrowth of alfalfa in the seeding year, and to determine if a model describing critical N concentration developed for established stands could be used in the seeding year. In two separate experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993, the biomass and N accumulation of alfalfa grown with three N rates (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha-1) were determined weekly. Maximum shoot growth was reached with 40 kg N ha-1 in 1992, and maximum shoot growth was not reached with the highest N fertilization rate in 1993. Nitrogen fixation, root N reserves and soil inorganic N uptake when no N was applied were, therefore, not sufficient to ensure non-limiting N conditions, particularly when growth rates were the highest between 14 to 21 d after defoliation. Nitrogen fertilization increased shoot biomass accumulation in the first 21 d of regrowth, biomass partitioning to the shoots and shoot and taproot N concentrations. The model parameters of critical N concentration developed by Lemaire et al. (1985) for established stands of alfalfa were not adequate in the seeding year. The N requirements per unit of shoot biomass produced are greater in the seeding year than on established stands, and this was attributed to a greater proportion of leaves in the seeding year.
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    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cellulose ; lignin ; litter ; nitrogen ; Pinus radiata ; tannins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quality of substrates in plantation forest litter, and their chemistry, can influence decomposition and N cycling. We studied the decomposition of Pinus radiata D. Don needles suspended on branches in windrows, for 3 yr after clear-cutting, using improved solid-state 13C NMR and chemical analysis. The NMR spectra suggested that the concentration of condensed tannins was 12–22%, and showed they were chemically altered during the period 4–12 months after clear-cutting. The spectra showed no evidence for further chemical modification of the tannins during the second or third years. Data for P. radiata needle decomposition in New Zealand indicated rapid loss of mass in the first 3 months, and condensed tannins did not appear to prevent mineralization of C or N. The tannin and lignin concentrations increased with decomposition of the needles, which was consistent with the early mineralization of readily available C compounds.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; fire ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; slash-and-burn ; soil ; tropical forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most commonly observed change in soil following slash-and-burn clearing of tropical forest is a short-term increase in nutrient availability. Studies of shifting cultivation commonly cite the incorporation of nutrient-rich ash from consumed aboveground biomass into soil as the reason for this change. The effects of soil heating on nutrient availability have been examined only rarely in field studies of slash-and-burn, and soil heating as a mechanism of nutrient release is most often assumed to be of minor importance in the field. Few budgets for above and belowground nutrient flux have been developed in the tropics, and a survey of results from field and laboratory studies indicates that soils are sufficiently heated during most slash-and-burn events, particularly in dry and monsoonal climates, to cause significant, even substantial release of nutrients from non-plant-available into plant-available forms in soil. Conversely, large aboveground losses of nutrients during and after burning often result in low quantities of nutrients that are released to soil. Assessing the biophysical sustainability of an agricultural practice requires detailed information about nutrient flux and loss incurred during management. To this end, current conceptual models of shifting cultivation should be revised to more accurately describe these fluxes and losses.
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  • 74
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    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 47-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: correlograms ; nitrogen ; soil arthropods ; soil resource islands ; variograms ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study compared the sizes, spacings and properties (soil moisture, pH, nitrogen, soil arthropods and VAM) of soil resource islands and bare patches in sagebrush-grass communities invaded by western juniper versus those without juniper. We analyzed 1000 surface soil samples taken from nine 50-m radius circular plots sampled in December of 1991 and May of 1992 on ‘The Island’, one of the few undisturbed areas of sagebrush-grass shrubland in Oregon. Spatial structure was interpreted from correlograms (Moran's I) and standardized semivariograms. The presence of juniper was associated with increased bare area and smaller, more widely spaced grass and sagebrush plants. Soil arthropod numbers and biomass in plots with juniper were only roughly one-fifth of those in sagebrush-grass plots in December. The dominant soil pattern in both sagebrush-grass and juniper-sagebrush-grass plots was regularly-distributed patches spanning a range of sizes and spacings. Plots with juniper had greater patchiness at shorter lags (〈3 m), and patchiness was more developed for soil moisture, net nitrification, and net N mineralization, whereas sagebrush-grass plots had greater patchiness at longer lags (3 – 9 m) and patchiness was more developed for NO3–N, arthropod numbers and biomass. These differences in soil patterns with and without juniper indicate that juniper responds to, or causes, changes in the size of resource islands under sage and grass when it invades sage-grass communities.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; nitrogen ; organic residues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to test a new approach to the 15N isotope dilution technique for estimating crop N uptake from organic inputs. Soils were pre-labelled with 15N fertiliser and a carbon source. These were then incubated until there was stabilisation of the 15N abundance of the inorganic N pool and resumption of inorganic N concentrations. Residues were then applied to the soils and planted with ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) to determine the nitrogen derived from the residue (Ndfr) using the isotope dilution equations. This method was compared with the direct method, i.e. where 15N-labelled residues were added to the soil and Ndfr in the ryegrass calculated directly. Estimates of percentage nitrogen derived from the residue (%Ndfr) alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) in the ryegrass, were similar, 22 and 23% for the direct and soil pre-labelling methods, respectively, in the Wechsel sandy loam. Also, estimates of the %Ndfr from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) residues in the Krumbach sandy loam were similar 34% (direct) and 36% (soil pre-labelling approach). However, in the Seibersdorf clay loam, the %Ndfr from soybean was 49% using the direct method and 61% using the soil pre-labelling method; yet Ndfr from common bean residue was 46% using the direct approach and 40% using the pre-labelling, not significantly different (P 〉 0.05). The soil pre-labelling approach appears to give realistic values for Ndfr. It was not possible to obtain an estimate of Ndfr using the soil pre-labelling method from the maize residues (Zea mays L.) in two of the soils, as there was no increase in the total N of the ryegrass over the growing period. This was probably due to microbial immobilisation of inorganic N, as a result of the wide C:N ratio of the residue added. The results suggest that the new soil pre-labelling method is feasible and that it is a potentially useful technique for measuring N release from a wide range or organic residues, but it requires further field-testing.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; functional types ; leaf tensile strength ; litter quality ; mass loss ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter decomposition, a major determinant of ecosystem functioning, is strongly influenced by the litter quality of different species. We aimed at (1) relating interspecific variation in leaf litter decomposition rate to the functional types different species belong to; and (2) understanding the chemical and/or physical basis for such variation and its robustness to environmental factors. We selected 52 Angiosperms from a climatic gradient in central-western Argentina, representing the widest range of functional types and habitats published so far. Ten litter samples of each species were simultaneously buried for 9 weeks during the 1996 summer in an experimental decomposition bed. Decomposition rate was defined as the percentage of dry mass loss after incubation. Chemical litter quality was measured as carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) content, and C-to-N ratio. Since tensile strength of litter and living leaves were strongly correlated, the latter was chosen as an indicator of physical litter quality. A subset of 15 species representing different functional types was also incubated in England for 15 weeks, following a similar experimental procedure. Litter C-to-N and leaf tensile strength of the leaves showed the strongest negative associations with decomposition rate, both at the species and at the functional-type level. Decomposition rates of the same species in Argentina and in England were strongly correlated. This reinforces previous evidence that species rankings in terms of litter decomposition rates are robust to methodological and environmental factors. This paper has shown new evidence of plant control over the turnover of organic matter through litter quality, and confirms, over a broad spectrum of functional types, general models of resource allocation. The strong correlations between leaf tensile strength – a trait that is easy and quick to measure in a large number of species – decomposition rate, and C-to-N ratio indicate that leaf tensile strength can be useful in linking plant quality to decomposition patterns at the ecosystem level.
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  • 77
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    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 57-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; litter quality ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; saprotrophic microorganisms ; tannins ; forest soils ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied variation in forest floor thickness in four plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) which were similar in age, soil type and associated vegetation. The plantations were located (west to east) in the Clear Creek, Moshannon, Sproul and Tiadaghton State Forests of Pennsylvania, USA. A gradient in forest floor thickness exists across these plantations; the forest floor is thickest in the west and it becomes progressively thinner toward the east. Decomposition of imported litter increased from west to east, suggesting that the variation in forest floor thickness is related to variation in the rate of decomposition. Decomposition rates were related to saprotroph abundance. Variation in forest floor N and phenolic concentrations, in overall mycorrhiza density and in the relative proportions of three common mycorrhiza morphotypes could not explain the variation in decomposition rate. The P concentrations and pH of the forest floor were significantly lower at Clear Creek and Moshannon, where decomposition rates were lowest, compared to Sproul and Tiadaghton, where decomposition rates were most rapid. This suggests that P concentration and pH may have exerted some control on decomposition.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: climate change ; immobilisation ; mineralisation ; N-turnover ; nitrogen ; soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The following arguments are outlined and then illustrated by the response of the Hurley Pasture Model to [CO2] doubling in the climate of southern Britain. 1. The growth of N-limited vegetation is determined by the concentration of N in the soil mineral N pools and high turnover rates of these pools (i.e., large input and output fluxes) contribute positively to growth. 2. The size and turnover rates of the soil mineral N pools are determined overwhelmingly by N cycling into all forms of organic matter (plants, animals, soil biomass and soil organic matter — `immobilisation' in a broad sense) and back again by mineralisation. Annual system N gains (by N2 fixation and atmospheric deposition) and losses (by leaching, volatilisation, nitrification and denitrification) are small by comparison. 3. Elevated [CO2] enriches the organic matter in plants and soils with C, which leads directly to increased removal of N from the soil mineral N pools into plant biomass, soil biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). ‘Immobilisation’ in the broad sense then exceeds mineralisation. This is a transient state and as long as it exists the soil mineral N pools are depleted, N gaseous and leaching losses are reduced and the ecosystem gains N. Thus, net immobilisation gradually increases the N status of the ecosystem. 4. At the same time, elevated [CO2] increases symbiotic and non-symbiotic N2 fixation. Thus, more N is gained each year as well as less lost. Effectively, the extra C fixed in elevated [CO2] is used to capture and retain more N and so the N cycle tracks the C cycle. 5. However, the amount of extra N fixed and retained by the ecosystem each year will always be small (ca. 5–10 kg N ha-1 yr-1) compared with amount of N in the immobilisation-mineralisation cycle (ca. 1000 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Consequently, the ecosystem can take decades to centuries to gear up to a new equilibrium higher-N state. 6. The extent and timescale of the depletion of the mineral N pools in elevated [CO2] depends on the N status of the system and the magnitude of the overall system N gains and losses. Small changes in the large immobilisation—mineralisation cycle have large effects on the small mineral N pools. Consequently, it is possible to obtain a variety of growth responses within 1–10 year experiments. Ironically, ecosystem models — artificial constructs — may be the best or only way of determining what is happening in the real world.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deciduous tree ; foliar pigmentation ; fungus ; litter mass loss ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that there is a causal connection between autumn colour, nutrient concentration and decomposibility of fresh leaf litter. Samples from patches of different autumn colours within the leaves of the deciduous tree sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) were sealed into litter bags and incubated for one winter in an outdoor leaf mould bed. Green leaf patches were decomposed faster than yellow or brown patches and this corresponded with the higher N and P concentrations in the former. Black patches, indicating colonisation by the tar spot fungus Rhytisma acerinum, were particularly high in P, but were decomposed very slowly, owing probably to resource immobilisation by the fungus. The results supported the hypothesis and were consistent with a previous study reporting an interspecific link between autumn coloration and decomposition rate. Autumn leaf colour of deciduous woody plants may serve as a useful predictor of litter decomposibility in ecosystem or biome scale studies where extensive direct measurements of litter chemistry and decomposition are not feasible.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Stable isotope tracers ; carbon ; nitrogen ; mangroves ; litterfall ; suspended matter ; zooplankton ; macrobenthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stable carbon isotopic composition and C/N ratio were used to trace the input of carbon associated with mangrove litter into the estuary of the Godavari–Gautami delta system and Kakinada bay (Andhra Pradesh, India). Suspended organic matter in the mangrove channels was more depleted in 13C (average δ13C = −24.5‰) than in Kakinada bay which showed δ13C values for suspended matter (average δ13C = −22.7‰) closer to those expected for marine phytoplankton. Suspended organic matter from mangrove channels was enriched in nitrogen (average C/N atom ratio ≤ 12.7) and 13C (average δ13C = −24.5‰) relative to mangrove leaf litter, which had a C/N ratio of 75 and a δ13C value of −28‰. Lowest C/N ratios for suspended matter were observed during southwest monsoon when rainfall was highest. Although in general, mangrove litter fall was also lower during this period, no clear correlation was observed between litter fall and C/N ratio of suspended matter. In general, the composition of suspended matter pointed towards phytoplankton as a major component. Isotopic composition of zooplankton suggested selective feeding on 13C-enriched, marine phytoplankton in open Kakinada bay and on 13C-depleted organic matter, such as estuarine phytoplankton and mangrove litter, in the mangrove channels. From the δ13C signature, it appeared that mangrove carbon was present to some extent in zooplankton and macrofauna from the mangrove mudflats and channels, but the signal rapidly decreased in Kakinada bay. Nitrogen isotopic composition of zooplankton and macrofauna indicated a progressive enrichment of 15N away from the mangrove forest towards the northern part of Kakinada bay, in approach of Kakinada city. This is thought to reflect input of anthropogenic nitrogen enriched in 15N and subsequent uptake of this enriched nitrogen into the aquatic food chain.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Bouteloua eriopoda ; Chihuahuan Desert ; desertification ; hydrology ; Larrea tridentata ; nitrogen ; nutrient budgets ; phosphorus ; runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Losses of dissolved nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na,Cl, and SO4) in runoff were measured on grasslandand shrubland plots in the Chihuahuan desert ofsouthern New Mexico. Runoff began at a lowerthreshold of rainfall in shrublands than ingrasslands, and the runoff coefficient averaged 18.6%in shrubland plots over a 7-year period. In contrast,grassland plots lost 5.0 to 6.3% of incidentprecipitation in runoff during a 5.5-year period. Nutrient losses from shrubland plots were greater thanfrom grassland plots, with nitrogen losses averaging0.33 kg ha−1 yr−1 vs0.15 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, during a 3-year period. Thegreater nutrient losses in shrublands were due tohigher runoff, rather than higher nutrientconcentrations in runoff. In spite of these nutrientlosses in runoff, all plots showed net accumulationsof most elements due to inputs from atmosphericdeposition. Therefore, loss of soil nutrients byhillslope runoff cannot, by itself, account for thedepletion of soil fertility associated withdesertification in the Chihuahuan desert.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient flux ; nitrogen ; phosphate ; tidal flats ; temperature ; geographical comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During an annual cycle, flux rates of oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and silicate were measured in light and dark bell jars at three sites in Ria Formosa (Algarve, Portugal) enclosing either a natural macrophytic community (macroalgae on sand or mud, a seagrass bed of Zostera noltii) or bare sediments. The results are compared with a preceeding study in which the same bell jar technique has been applied in the Sylt-Rømø Bay of the northern Wadden Sea. Nitrate flux was mainly directed from the water column to the benthic communities in Ria Formosa, as well as in the Sylt-Rømø Bay. However, nitrate uptake was higher in the northern, more eutrophic study area. In Ria Formosa, nutrient concentrations were lower than in the Sylt-Rømø Bay possibly due to strong water exchange with Atlantic waters. High temperatures and strong insolation had a greater impact on nitrate fluxes in Ria Formosa than in the Sylt-Rømø Bay. Bioturbating macrofauna increased ammonium efflux in the Sylt- Rømø Bay while this effect was not as pronounced in the Ria Formosa study sites. Benthic phosphate uptake dominated in the Ria Formosa and was correlated to initial phosphate concentrations in incoming waters. At both study sites, oxygen and nutrient fluxes were correlated with temperature. Additionally, flux rates were strongly influenced by biotic components and levels of eutrophication. A literature survey showed that mainly in temperate regions, material fluxes increase with temperature, whereas in warmer areas, ammonium and phosphate fluxes between sediment and water were generally lower.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nicotiana sylvestris ; nitrogen ; nicotine ; allocation ; growth ; reproduction ; induced defenses ; costs of defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We present the first evidence for a fitness cost of an inducible response that is detectable in a nitrogen (N) currency. Nicotine is an induced defense in Nicotiana sylvestris that can utilize 5–8% of the plant's total N, an investment that apparently cannot be recouped by metabolism. Induced nicotine production is endogenously regulated by jasmonic acid (JA), and we treated leaves with the methyl ester of this wound hormone (MeJA) in quantities (0, 25, 250 μg) known to elicit changes in endogenous JA and subsequent nicotine responses comparable to those elicited by mechanical wounding and herbivory in this species. We grew plants in competition chambers (CCs) in which three same-sized plants could compete for a communal but fixed pool of 15NO3 to quantify the outcome of competition for this fitness-limiting resource that is used both in defense and seed production. Competition profoundly increased all measures of growth and reproductive performance measured per milligram of N acquired. While plants acquired all the N supplied to them in the hydroponic solution, plants grown in CCs (as compared those grown in individual chambers—ICs) retained more of this N and produced more biomass, had larger nicotine contents, allocated less of their N to nicotine, produced larger floral stalks with more flowers, aborted fewer flowers, matured more capsules, and produced a greater mass of seed. Plants grown in ICs produced heavier seed, but this difference did not translate into a difference in seed viability. MeJA treatment increased nicotine concentrations in proportion to the amount applied and significantly reduced growth (13–23%) and reproductive (31–44%) performance for plants grown with uninduced competitors, reflecting a large opportunity cost of induction. The effects of MeJA treatment on growth and reproduction were significantly less pronounced for plants grown in ICs. MeJA treatment significantly reduced the ability of plants to compete for [15N]KNO3 (reducing uptake by 9.5% and 23.7% for 25- and 250-μg MeJA-treated plants, respectively); no reductions in N acquisition were found in IC grown plants treated with MeJA. This impairment of competitive ability could account for 41–47% of the jasmonate-induced reductions in biomass by the day 15 harvest and 12–20% of the reductions in seed set and, in addition, created by "opportunity benefit" for neighboring uninduced plants, which grew larger, aborted fewer flowers, and matured more seed (a 28% increase) than did uninduced plants competing with similarly uninduced plants. Competition dramatically increased plant growth and reproductive performance, and MeJA treatment of these high-performing plants significantly reduced their competitive ability, which translated into opportunity costs for induced plants and opportunity benefits for neighboring uninduced plants. Induced plants minimized these fitness costs by reducing their use of recently acquired N for nicotine biosynthesis when growing with competitors. MeJA treatments also altered stalk length, flower production, flower abortion, and allocation to seed mass. In spite of all this plasticity, induced responses incur large fitness costs, costs that could be in part attributed to reductions in competitive ability for N. We conclude that inducibility functions to minimize these costs.
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  • 84
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: exchangeable cations ; nitrogen ; soil carbon ; soil quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long term impact of excreta return on some chemical and biological properties of a pasture soil fertilised with sulphur and phosphate was studied in a system that had been with or without excreta for 23 years. Excreta free areas that had developed under electric fencelines, and parallel transects in the paddocks, were sampled to provide this comparison. Sampling was to 300 mm depth in 0–75, 75–150 and 150–300 mm sections. Total carbon and nitrogen were 20% higher in the 0–150 mm soil layer of areas receiving excreta but did not differ in the 150–300 mm layer. Carbon:nitrogen ratios were similar in both systems as was mineralisable nitrogen, both absolutely and as a percentage of total in the 0–75 mm layer. Significantly more N was mineralised in the 75–150 mm layers of the areas receiving excreta but this was reversed in the 150–300 mm layer. Nitrification rate was higher in all layers of the excreta areas. Inorganic and organic P fractions did not differ significantly. Total P was significantly higher in the 0–75 mm layer and significantly lower in the 150–300 mm layer of the excreta areas. Exchangeable potassium was much higher throughout the excreta areas while this was offset by calcium. The sum of the cations was similar in both areas. Excreta affected most of the diagnostic soil tests used for fertiliser recommendations. The soil properties measured did not reflect clearly the differences in productivity that were obvious in the two areas. It is concluded that excreta return has a impact resulting in increased organic matter storage. Short-term effects of urine have a greater impact on productivity. The major effect is on the disposition of cations and available P.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; leaching ; paddy soil ; wheat ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen in percolation water was observed in paddy field soil under rice/wheat rotation. Different N-application rates were designed. Porous pipes were installed in triplicate at depths of 30, 60 and 90 cm to collect the water in the period of wheat growth. Suction cups were installed in triplicate at the same depths to collect the water during the period of rice growth. NH4 +, NO3 - and total N in the water were analysed with a continuous-flow nitrogen analyzer. Results showed that nitrate was the predominant form of nitrogen in percolation water during the period of wheat growth. Nitrate leaching was high in early spring after the `tillering fertilisation'. More than 50 mg l-1 of nitrate concentration in percolation water was observed for 30 and 60 cm in depth and more than 15 mg l-1 were observed for 90 cm. The concentration decreased quickly and was very low, less than 2 mg l-1 usually, in the earring stage of wheat. Nitrate in water was low, less than 1.5 mg l-1 usually, when the field was flooded during the period of rice growth. Some soluble organic N existed in the water. Nitrate in percolation water increased when the field was drained. The leaching loss of nitrogen during winter wheat growth period was estimated to be about 3.4% of the N-fertiliser applied at the normal application rate of farmers; for the rice growth period it was around 1.8%. Although a reduced N-application decreased N leaching, it caused a marked decrease in crop yield.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 231-240 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; N ; nitrate ; ammonia ; dairy farming ; systems research ; environment ; sandy soils ; groundwater ; leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the sandy regions of The Netherlands, high losses of N from intensified dairy farms are threatening the environment. Therefore, government defined decreasing maximum levy-free N surplusses for the period 1998–2008. On most dairy farms, the current N surplus has to be reduced by half at least. Farmers fear that realizing these surplusses will be expensive, because it limits application of animal manure, which then has to be exported or additional land has to be bought. Moreover, farmers are worried about the impact on soil fertility. To explore the possibilities for reducing surplusses of average intensive farms by improved nutrient management, farming systems research is carried out at prototype farm ‘De Marke’. Results are compared with results of a commercial farm in the mid-1980s, the moment that systems research started and introduction of the milk quota system put a halt to further intensification. Results indicate that average intensive farms can realise a reduction in N surplus to a level below the defined final maximum, without the need to buy land or to export slurry. Inputs of N in purchased feeds and fertilisers decreased by 56 and 78%, respectively. Important factors are reduced feed intake per unit milk, as a result of a higher milk yield per cow, less young stock and judicious feeding, an improved utilization of ‘home-made’ manure and a considered balance between the grassland and maize area. Changed soil fertility status did not constrain crop production. Nitrate concentration in the upper groundwater decreased from 200 to 50 mg l-1, within a few years.
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  • 87
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: biogeochemistry ; estuary ; nitrogen ; river ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term results of the monthly measurement of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in three major rivers in China are presented. These data are combined with river discharge data to calculate the DIN loads discharged into the ocean. About 774.90 × 103, 55.38 × 103and 144.55 × 103tons of DIN were transported to their respective estuaries each year by the Changjiang, the Huanghe and the Zhujiang in 1980–1989, mainly in the form of nitrate (〉 80 percent). The annual transport of DIN and mean concentration of nitrate in the Changjiang had increased drastically (four-fold) in the last 29 years, especially during the 1980s. Although nitrate concentrations of the Zhujiang and the Huanghe had also increased in the 1980s, their total annual loads of DIN varied mainly with annual runoff volumes, showing no obvious uptrends. Our results also demonstrate that the majority of the DIN load of each river was transported in the high-flow period (70–80 percent). A positive relationship is observed between the annual DIN transport of the Changjiang and the annual application of chemical fertilizers in its catchment. The annual DIN loads of the Huanghe and the Zhujiang were influenced mainly by runoff volume, and also by application of chemical fertilizers.
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  • 88
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Asia ; fertilizer ; ammonia ; food ; greenhouse effect ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The addition of anthropogenic N by food and energy production to the global environment contributes to the greenhouse effect, acid deposition, photochemical smog, stratospheric ozone depletion and eutrophication of fresh and marine waters. On a global basis, anthropogenic N mobilization is greater then natural sources of bio-reactive N. Currently, Asia is a hotspot of N mobilization and distribution to downwind and downstream environments, primarily due to food production. Asia's contribution will continue to increase, not only due to population growth, but also to increases in the per capita consumption of food and energy. This paper provides an overview of the global N cycle, presents an analysis of N dynamics within agroecosystems, examines N mobilization in Asia and discusses possible rates of N mobilization in the future.
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  • 89
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    Agroforestry systems 50 (2000), S. 59-75 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: below-ground competition ; carbohydrates ; nitrogen ; nutrient leaching ; resin cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree pruning is a common management practice in agroforestry for mulching and reducing competition between the annual and perennial crop. The below-ground effects of pruning, however, are poorly understood. Therefore, nutrient dynamics and root distribution were assessed in hedgerow plantings of Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. after tree pruning. Pruning to a height of 1.5 m was carried out in March and September 1996. In July and October 1996, the fine root distribution (〈 2 mm) and their carbohydrate contents were determined at three distances to the tree row by soil coring. At the same time, foliar nutrient contents were assessed, whereas nutrient leaching was measured continuously. The highest root length density (RLD) was always found in the topsoil (0–0.15 m) directly under the hedgerow (0–0.25 m distance to trees). Pruning diminished the RLD in the acacia plots at all depths and positions. The relative vertical distribution of total roots did not differ between trees with or without pruning, but live root abundance in the subsoil was comparatively lower when trees were pruned than without pruning. In the dry season, the proportion of dead roots of pruned acacias was higher than of unpruned ones, while the fine roots of unpruned trees contained more glucose than those of pruned trees. Pruning effectively reduced root development and may decrease potential below-ground competition with intercropped plants, but the reduction in subsoil roots also increased the danger of nutrient losses by leaching. Leaching losses of such mobile nutrients as NO3− were likely to occur especially in the alley between pruned hedgerows and tended to be higher after pruning. The reduced size of the root system of pruned acacias negatively affected their P and Mn nutrition. Pruning also reduced the function of the trees as a safety net against the leaching of nutrients for both NO3− and Mn, though not for other studied elements. If nutrient capture is an important aim of an agroforestry system, the concept of alley cropping with pruning should be revised for a more efficient nutrient recycling in the system described here.
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  • 90
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    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 1033-1044 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: intermolecular potential ; nitrogen ; speed of sound ; virial coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Speeds of sound in nitrogen were measured at temperatures between 170 and 400 K at amount-of-substance densities between 40 and 400 mol·m−3. From these measurements, second and third acoustic virial coefficients were obtained. The parameters of two- and three-body isotropic intermolecular potential-energy models were optimized in a simultaneous fit to the second and third acoustic virial coefficients and the ordinary second and third virial coefficients of nitrogen reported by Nowak et al. The results, which shows that the acoustic and ordinary virial coefficients are mutually consistent, may be used to predict second and third virial coefficients, and their acoustic counterparts, over a wide range of temperatures. The parameters of an anisotropic site-site potential-energy model were also obtained from a fit to the acoustic and ordinary second virial coefficients alone.
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  • 91
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    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 983-997 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: acoustic resonator ; argon ; Greenspan viscometer ; helium ; helium-xenon mixture ; methane ; nitrogen ; speed of sound ; viscosity of gases ; xenon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An improved Greenspan acoustic viscometer (double Helmholtz resonator) was used to measure the viscosity of gases at temperatures from 250 to 400 K and at pressures up to 3.4 MPa. The improvements include a vibration damping suspension and the relocation of the fill duct. The fill duct, which is needed to supply gas to the resonator, was connected to the center of the resonator to eliminate acoustic coupling between the resonator and the manifold. In anticipation of handling corrosive gases, all surfaces of the apparatus that are exposed to the test gas are made of metal. The viscometer was tested with argon, helium, xenon, nitrogen, and methane. Isothermal measurements were carried out at 298.15 and 348.15 K and at pressures up to 3.2 MPa. Without calibration, the results differed from published viscosity data by −0.8% to +0.3% (0.47% r.m.s.). These results are significantly better than previous results from Greenspan viscometers. The measurements also yielded the speed of sound, which differed from literature data by +0.16% to +0.20% (0.18% r.m.s.). Adding empirical effective-area and effective-volume corrections to the data analysis decreased the r.m.s. deviations to 0.12% for the viscosity and to 0.006% for the speed of sound. No unusual phenomena were encountered when the viscometer was tested with a helium-xenon mixture between 250 and 375 K.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: biomass transfer ; integrated nutrient management ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tithonia diversifolia, a shrub in the family Asteraceae, is widely distributed along farm boundaries in the humid and subhumid tropics of Africa. Green biomass of tithonia has been recognized as an effective source of nutrients for lowland rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia and more recently for maize (Zea mays) and vegetables in eastern and southern Africa. This paper reviews the potential of tithonia green biomass for soil fertility improvement based on recent research in western Kenya. Green leaf biomass of tithonia is high in nutrients, averaging about 3.5% N, 0.37% P and 4.1% K on a dry matter basis. Boundary hedges of sole tithonia can produce about 1 kg biomass (tender stems + leaves) m−1 yr−1 on a dry weight basis. Tithonia biomass decomposes rapidly after application to soil, and incorporated biomass can be an effective source of N, P and K for crops. In some cases, maize yields were even higher with incorporation of tithonia biomass than with commercial mineral fertilizer at equivalent rates of N, P and K. In addition to providing nutrients, tithonia incorporated at 5 t dry matter ha−1 can reduce P sorption and increase soil microbial biomass. Because of high labor requirements for cutting and carrying the biomass to fields, the use of tithonia biomass as a nutrient source is more profitable with high-value crops such as vegetables than with relatively low-valued maize. The transfer of tithonia biomass to fields constitutes the redistribution of nutrients within the landscape rather than a net input of nutrients. External inputs of nutrients would eventually be required to sustain production of tithonia when biomass is continually cut and transferred to agricultural land.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; CO2 ; lignin ; nitrogen ; proanthocyanidins ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration will likely cause changes in plant productivity and composition that might affect soil decomposition processes. The objective of this study was to test to what extent elevated CO2 and N fertility-induced changes in residue quality controlled decomposition rates. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was grown in 8-l pots and exposed to two concentrations of CO2 (390 or 722 μmol mol-1) and two levels of N fertilization (1.0 or 0.25 g l-1 soil) within greenhouse chambers for 8 wks. Plants were then chemically defoliated and air-dried. Leaf, stem and root residues were assayed for total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), lignin (LTGA), proanthocyanidins (PA), C and N. Respiration rates of an unsterilized sandy soil (Lakeland Sand) mixed with residues from the various treatments were determined using a soda lime trap to measure CO2 release. At harvest, TNC and PA concentrations were 17 to 45% higher in residues previously treated with elevated CO2 compared with controls. Leaf and stem residue LTGA concentrations were not significantly affected by either the elevated CO2 or N fertilization treatments, although root residue LTGA concentration was 30% greater in plants treated with elevated CO2. The concentration of TNC in leaf residues from the low N fertilization treatment was 2.3 times greater than that in the high N fertilization treatment, although TNC concentration in root and stem residues was suppressed 13 to 23% by the low soil N treatment. PA and LTGA concentrations in leaf, root and stem residues were affected by less than 10% by the low N fertilization treatment. N concentration was 14 to 44% lower in residues obtained from the elevated CO2 and low N fertilization treatments. In the soil microbial respiration assay, cumulative CO2 release was 10 to 14% lower in soils amended with residues from the elevated CO2 and low N fertility treatments, although treatment differences diminished as the experiment progressed. Treatment effects on residue N concentration and C:N ratios appeared to be the most important factors affecting soil microbial respiration. The results of our study strongly suggest that, although elevated CO2 and N fertility may have significant impact on post-harvest plant residue quality of cotton, neither factor is likely to substantially affect decomposition. Thus, C cycling might not be affected in this way, but via simple increases in plant biomass production.
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  • 94
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    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drainage ; fertilisation ; nature management ; nitrogen ; nutrient contents ; nutrients ; peat ; phosphate ; potassium ; restoration ; rewetting ; shoot biomass ; species richness ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Restoration of wet grassland communities on peat soils involves management of nutrient supply and hydrology. The concept of nutrient limitation was discussed as well as its interaction with drainage and rewetting of severely drained peat soils. Different methods of assessing nutrient limitation were compared and the type and extent of nutrient limitation were determined for several wet grassland communities. It was concluded that a full-factorial field fertilisation experiment is the most preferable method. Plant tissue analyses and soil chemical analyses were considered less suitable, although they may provide helpful additional information. Fertilisation experiments in the laboratory using sods or using test plants appear to be the proper means to study mechanisms or processes, but have a restricted predictive value for field situations. Generalising the results, it seems that many relativily undisturbed grassland plant communities on peaty soils are characterised by N limitation. Phosphate limitation for vegetation on peat soils is mainly observed in specific circumstances such as extreme calcium richness, high concentrations of Fe or as a result of drainage or long-term hay cropping. The latter two may also cause K limitation. Rewetting is regarded as a prerequisite in restoring wet grassland communities. Further restoration measures to influence nutrient availability depend on aims of the management and the individual site conditions.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; defoliation ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sheep urine ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the temporal changes in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and P and N components in soil solution following application of synthetic sheep urine (500 kg N ha-1) to a brown forest soil in boxes sown with Agrostis capillaris. Three contrasting defoliation treatments (no cutting, single cut before urine application and regular cutting twice per week) plus a fallow soil were studied. The synthetic urine contained 15N labelled urea and was P-free. Intact soil cores were taken after 2, 7, 14, 21 and 56 d and centrifuged to obtain soil solution. The urea in the synthetic urine was rapidly hydrolysed in the soil, increasing soil solution pH, DOC and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) concentrations. For the regularly defoliated sward, DOC and P reached maximum concentrations (4000 mg DOC L-1 and 59 mg TDP L-1) on day 7. From their peak values, pH and DOC and P concentrations generally decreased with time and at day 56 were near those of the control. Concentrations of NH4 + and NO3 - in the no-urine treatments fluctuated and the greatest treatment differences were between the fallow soil and the soil sown with grass. Adding synthetic urine increased NH4 + concentrations during the first week, but NO3 - concentrations decreased. This was consistent with the 15N labelling of the NO3 - pool which required 3 weeks to reach that of 15NH4 +. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) reached a maximum value at day 7 with a concentration of 409 mg N L-1. The DON in soil solution contained no detectable amounts of 15N label indicating that it was derived from sources in the soil. Differences in soil solution composition related to the effect of the other cutting treatments and the fallow treatment were small compared to the effect of synthetic urine addition.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; geostatistics ; nitrification potential ; nitrogen ; pH ; root biomass ; soil respiration ; spatial Heterogeneity ; variability scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Geostatistical techniques were used to quantify the scale and degree of soil heterogeneity in 2 m2 plots around 9-year-old poplar trees and within a wheat field. Samples were taken during two years, on an unaligned grid, for analysis of soil respiration, C and N content, available P, gravimetric moisture, pH, nitrification potential, and root biomass. Kriged maps of soil respiration, moisture, and C content showed strong spatial structure associated with poplar trees but not with wheat rows. All soil properties showed higher autocorrelation in June than in April. Isopleth patchiness for all variates was less in June. This was associated with lower respiration rates due to lower litter decomposition. From the degree and scale of heterogeneity seen in this study, we conclude that the main causes of soil heterogeneity at this scale (2 m2) are likely to be found at micro scales controlled in part by plant root and plant residue patterns. These must be understood in the evaluation of ecosystem processes.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; CO2 enrichment ; nitrogen ; particulate organic matter ; roots ; tallgrass prairie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We determined the effects of elevated [CO2] on the quantity and quality of below-ground biomass and several soil organic matter pools at the conclusion of an eight-year CO2 enrichment experiment on native tallgrass prairie. Plots in open-top chambers were exposed continuously to ambient and twice-ambient [CO2] from early April through late October of each year. Soil was sampled to a depth of 30 cm beneath and next to the crowns of C4 grasses in these plots and in unchambered plots. Elevated [CO2] increased the standing crops of rhizomes (87%), coarse roots (46%), and fibrous roots (40%) but had no effect on root litter (mostly fine root fragments and sloughed cortex material 〉500 μm). Soil C and N stocks also increased under elevated [CO2], with accumulations in the silt/clay fraction over twice that of particulate organic matter (POM; 〉53 μm). The mostly root-like, light POM (density ≤1.8 Mg m-3) appeared to turn over more rapidly, while the more amorphous and rendered heavy POM (density 〉1.8 Mg m-3) accumulated under elevated [CO2]. Overall, rhizome and root C:N ratios were not greatly affected by CO2 enrichment. However, elevated [CO2] increased the C:N ratios of root litter and POM in the surface 5 cm and induced a small but significant increase in the C:N ratio of the silt/clay fraction to a depth of 15 cm. Our data suggest that 8 years of CO2 enrichment may have affected elements of the N cycle (including mineralization, immobilization, and asymbiotic fixation) but that any changes in N dynamics were insufficient to prevent significant plant growth responses.
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  • 98
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    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; decomposer food web ; indirect effects ; microbes ; nitrogen ; plant growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the sensitivity of soil microbial communities and ecosystem processes to variation in the vertical and horizontal structure of decomposer food web under nitrogen poor and N-enriched conditions. Microcosms with humus and litter layer of boreal forest floor, birch seedlings infected with mycorrhizal fungi, and decomposer food webs with differing trophic group and species composition of soil fauna were constructed. During the second growing period for the birch, we irrigated half of the microcosms with urea solution, and the other half with de-ionised water to create two levels of N concentration in the substrate. During the experiment night time respirations of the microcosms were measured, and the water leached through the microcosms was analysed for concentration of mineral N, and nematode numbers. The microcosms were destructively sampled after 37 weeks for plant biomass and N uptake, structure of soil animal and microbial community (indicated by PLFA profiles), and physical and chemical properties of the humus and litter materials. Predatory mites and nematodes had a negative influence on the biomass of their microbivorous and microbi-detritivorous prey, and microbi-detritivores affected the biomass and community structure of microbes (indicated by PLFA-analysis). Moreover, predatory mites and nematodes increased microbial biomass and changed the microbial community structure. The decomposer food web structure affected also N uptake and growth of plants. Microbi-detritivorous fauna had a positive effect, whereas predators of microbial and detritus feeding fauna exerted a negative influence on plant N uptake and biomass production. The impact of a trophic group on the microbes and plant was also strongly dependent on species composition within the group. Nitrogen addition magnified the influence of food web structure on microbial biomass and plant N uptake. We suggest that addition of urea-N to the soil modified the animal-microbe interaction by increasing microbial growth and altering community structure of microbes. The presence of microbi-detritivores and predators reduced loss of carbon from the microcosms, and the food web structure influenced also water holding capacity of the materials. The changes in plant growth, nutrient cycling, size of N and C pools, and in the physical properties of the soil emphasize the importance and diversity of indirect consequences of decomposer food web structure.
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  • 99
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 61 (2000), S. 59-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: alar ; in vitro plantlet ; mannitol ; nitrogen ; rooting ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of leaf area of in vitro propagated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets for further growth during acclimatisation and the after-effects of in vitro treatments on growth were examined. The in vitro treatments included different levels of alar, nitrogen or mannitol or different temperatures during the last in vitro phase, the rooting phase. Leaf area or ground cover was recorded one day after planting to soil and at the end of the first phase of ex vitro growth, the acclimatisation phase. Regression analysis showed that leaf area of a transplant at the end of acclimatisation phase was positively influenced by leaf area of the same plantlet at the beginning of the phase. The relative increase in leaf area during acclimatisation (increase/early leaf area) was linearly related to the inverse of the early leaf area, indicating almost comparable relative increases for plantlets having larger early leaf areas, but more variable responses for plantlets having smaller early leaf areas. In vitro treatments mainly affected leaf area of transplants through their effects on early leaf area. Adding alar, reducing nitrogen and reducing temperature increased leaf area. Reducing mannitol increased ground cover. A lower nitrogen concentration and higher temperature in some cultivars had slight negative effects on the relative increase in leaf area after acclimatisation. For nitrogen these negative effects were less significant than the positive effects through early leaf area. Results stress the importance of manipulation of leaf area in vitro to enhance plant performance in later stages of growth.
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  • 100
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    Hydrobiologia 426 (2000), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient competition ; periphyton ; nitrogen ; silicate ; eutrophication ; benthic microalgae ; hard substrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the effect of changing nutrient conditions on benthic microalgae on hard substrates, in-situ experiments with artificial substrates were conducted in Kiel Fjord, Western Baltic Sea. As an extension of previous investigations, we used artificial substrates without silicate and thus were able to supply nutrient media with different Si:N ratios to porous substrates, from where they trickled out continuously. The biofilm developing on these substrates showed a significant increase in biovolume due to N + P enrichment, while Si alone had only minor effects. The stoichiometric composition of the biomass indicated nitrogen limitation during most of the year. The C:N ratios were lowered by the N + P addition. The algae were dominated by diatoms in most cases, but rhodophytes and chlorophytes also became important. The nutrient treatment affected the taxonomic composition mostly at the species level. The significance of the results with regard to coastal eutrophication is discussed.
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