ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Sedimentation as a Three-Component System describes the most common styles of deposition in marine environments as they relate to sediment composition. Three components, organic matter, carbonate, and siliciclastic sediment, may settle concurrently, but at different rates, intermixing on the sea floor to form a particular sediment composition. A change in the flux of one component is capable of relatively diluting or concentrating the other two components, which can be expressed in the characteristic ratio of organic carbon to carbonate in the resulting sediment. The basic concept of this book is to address organic carbon-carbonate associations in terms of depositional inputs and time spans. In addition, the three-component system describes organic carbon changes related to major facies transitions. Examples include models of the genesis of carbonaceous sediments, with their various laminated to bioturbated lithotypes, and numerical organic carbon prediction. I hope that this book will encourage stimulating discussions and promote a new approach to quantitative stratigraphy...

Description / Table of Contents: A New Outlook and New Resources / pp. 1-7 --- Ocean Water and Its Wonderful Potential / pp. 9-30 --- OTEC Is Not a Dream / pp. 31-44 --- Sea-Water Rears Fish / pp. 45-81 --- Learning from the Past / pp. 83-90 --- Earth-Friendly Technology / pp. 91-94

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications, the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part II of the book embraces dynamic rupture and wave propagation, computational environment and algorithms, data assimilation and understanding, and applications of models to earthquakes. This part also contains articles on the computational approaches and challenges of constructing earthquake models.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents summaries of recent research results on the related subjects of source processes and explosion yield estimation, which are important elements of any treaty verification system. The term Source Processes, in the context of nuclear test monitoring, refers to a wide range of research topics. In a narrow definition, it describes the complex physical phenomena that are directly associated with a nuclear explosion, and the catastrophic deformation and transformation of the material surrounding the explosion. In a broader sense, it includes a host of topics related to the inference of explosion phenomena from seismic and other signals. A further widening of the definition includes the study and characterization of source processes of events other than nuclear, such as earthquakes and, in particular, mining explosions. This latter research is especially important relative to the question of identifying and discriminating nuclear explosions from other seismic events. Explosion Yield Estimation deals with the corresponding inverse problem of inferring explosion source characteristics through analyses of the various types of seismic signals produced by the explosion. This is a complex technical task which has been the focus of some of the most contentious treaty monitoring debates. The current compilation of eight articles on Source Processes and six articles on Explosion Yield Estimation gives a good representation of state-of-the-art research currently being conducted in the broad area of seismic source characterization in the context of nuclear test monitoring.

Description / Table of Contents: On September 10, 1996, The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Copmprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center (IDC), and on-site inspections, to verify compliance. This volume presents certain recent research results pertaining on methods used to process data recorded by instruments of the International Monitoring System (IMS) and addressing recording infrasound signals generated by atmospheric explosions. Six papers treating data processing provide an important selection of topics expected to contribute to improving our ability to successfully monitor a CTBT. Five papers concerning infrasound include descriptions of ways in which that important research area can contribute to CTBT monitoring, the automatic processing of infrasound data, and site conditions that serve to improve the quality of infrasound data.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume, "Air Quality", contains many original findings on biomasss fires, transboundary pollution and associated haze and their impacts on health, biodiversity and economy and thus is expected to be a source book for research in South East Asia. Many of the results presented in this volume pertain to this region and are thus available under one "roof". Some papers could be discussed in graduate level classes dealing with Air Pollution, Air Quality, Cloud Physics and Biophysics. The scientific community will find this book a useful addition to their personal and institutional libraries.

Description / Table of Contents: In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data centre (IDC), and on-site inspections, to verify compliance. This volume contains research papers focusing on seismic ecent location in the CTBT context. The on-site inspection protocol of the treaty specifies a search area not to exceed 1000 square km. Much of the current research effort is therefore directed towards refining the accuracy of event location by including allowances for three-dimensional structure within the Earth. The aim is that the true location of each event will lie within the specified source zone regarding postulated location. The papers in this volume cover many aspects of seismic event location, including the development of algorithms suitable for use with three-dimensional models, allowances for regional structure, use of calibration events and source-specific station corrections. They provide a broad overview of the current international effort to improve seismic event location accuracy, and the editors hope that it will stimulate increased interest and further advances in this important field.

Description / Table of Contents: The present study will provide an introduction into the biomechanics of trees and will give a critical survey of the phylogeny and the constructional principles of the tree habit. Since the trunk is considered the basic and crucial element of a tree, the analysis is largely restricted to a functional comparison of the stem anatomy of the various tree forms. It is based on the concept of constructional morphology, thus considering simultaneously the functional aspect and the ontogenetical and phylogenetical development of the various trunk types. The main questions to be answered in this study are; Why do trees exist? - Which are the constructional principles of tree trunks and when and in which group of plants do they appear? - How important are internal (phylogenetic) and external (functional, constructional) constraints? - What are the specific properties of the different constructional principles and does a correlation between trunk design and growth habit exist? - Is there a tendency in phylogeny to a better performance? The study does not (and cannot) intend to provide a detailed biophysical analysis of individual cases because experimental data on the mechanical properties of the structural elements of the different kinds of trees are still lacking. Instead, it will he the task to evaluate in a comprehensive and qualitative or semi-quantitative manner the available data of the morphology, anatomy and phylogeny of fossil and recent trees by using concepts of biomechanics and constructional morphology. Thus a somewhat holistic approach is used, which is becoming increasingly more acceptable today.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Turbidity currents have been comprehensively studied in the past although much remains unknown about both their flow characteristics and resultant sedimentary deposits. Much of this uncertainty arises from the catastrophic nature of their formation which makes them difficult to study in the environment, and has resulted in the majority of studies being experimental or theoretical. Experiments have shown that reversals in the flow of density currents can be associated with the generation of internal solitary waves. This is in contrast to the belief held by many workers that the reversal of a turbidity current simply generates an identical flow travelling in the opposite direction. This book arose from the need for a detailed experimental study to examine the effects and to consider the consequences of density current reversals from a variety of obstructions to their flow. The first part of this book comprises a detailed review of literature covering the fluid dynamics and sedimentology relevant to the experimental study (chapter one). Chapter two presents the results from the comprehensive experimental programme which are discussed and compared with appropiate theoretical hypotheses. This permits the synthesis of a model for the general features of flows that result from the incidence of density currents upon obstructions to the flow. The application of this model to both modern and ancient turbidite systems is then discussed in chapter three. This book is suitable for earth scientists with an interest in the dynamics of turbidity currents. In addition, workers from other fields such as applied maths, meteorology and engineering who have an interest in density currents and bores in practical situations may find it useful...

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION The study is essentially empirical, since it portrays and appraises two different water management systems, and relates them to one another. Yet the analysis has also been made with definite research aims in mind. Its focus has been narrowed down to the environmental assessment of urban water management systems in arid and semi-arid regions, especially with an eye to deal with information problems in the Developing World. The study addresses a set of very critical issues of global concern, and, thus, delineates a crucial topic for international research. The fact that a wide range of critical issues usually complicates and aggravates the given problem setting provides the comparative analysis with a special practical incentive to explore the opportunities for joint strategies and comprehensive solutions. However, the complexities involved between water management and the environment and the relative lack of a joint theory in that field pose certain difficulties to such an undertaking. In order to fully appreciate the underlying purpose of the study and the scope of its implications, the various facets of the problem setting and the essential ingredients of the general line of approach have first to be unravelled and expounded at some length. Above all, it needs to be shown how these facets combine to produce the complex, burning issues which in turn seem to, both in theory and practice, require correspondingly intricate, strategic approaches for their solutions...

Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Discussions --- Geophysical Studies of the Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone off Western Canada and Their Implications for Great Earthquake Seismotectonics: A Review / Ron M. Clowes and Roy D. Hyndman / pp. 1-23 --- Understanding the Seismotectonics of the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Overview and Recent Seismic Work / Thomas L. Pratt, Craig S. Weaver, Thomas M. Brocher, Thomas Parsons, Michael A. Fisher, Kenneth C. Creager, Robert S. Crosson, Roy D. Hyndman, George Spence, Anne M. Tréhu, Kate C. Miller and Uri S. TEN Brink / pp. 25-36 --- Long-Term Probabilistic Forecast in Japan and Time-Predictable Behavior of Earthquake Recurrence / Kunihiko Shimazaki / pp. 37-43 --- Recipe for Estimating Strong Ground Motions from Active Fault Earthquakes / Kojiro Irikura / pp. 45-55 --- Seismic Velocity --- New Features of Island Arc Crust Inferred from Seismic Refraction/Wide-Angle Reflection Expeditions in Japan / Takaya Iwasaki, Toshikatsu Yoshii, Naoshi Hirata and Hiroshi Sato / pp. 57-70 --- Seeking the Cause of Large Crustal Earthquakes in Japan: Influence of Arc Magma and Fluids / Dapeng Zhao / pp. 71-91 --- Conductivity --- Stress, Stress Release and Geoelectromagnetism / Fiona Simpson / pp. 93-106 --- Network-MT Survey in Japan to Determine Nation-Wide Deep Electrical Conductivity Structure / Makoto Uyeshima, Masahiro Ichiki, Ikuko Fujii, Hisashi Utada, Yasunori Nishida, Hideyuki Satoh, Masaaki Mishina, Tadashi Nishitani, Satoru Yamaguchi, Ichiro Shiozaki, Hideki Murakami and Naoto Oshiman / pp. 107-121 --- Understanding of Seismic Activity Using Conductivity Data in the Central Part of Northeastern Japan / Yukio Fujinawa, Noriaki Kawakami, Jun Inoue, Theodore H. Asch, Shinji Takasugi and Yoshimori Honkura / pp. 123-140 --- Crustal Activity --- Monitoring of Crustal Deformation in Japan Using L-band SAR Interferometry / Makoto Murakami, Satoshi Fujiwara, Takuya Nishimura, Mikio Tobita, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Shinzaburo Ozawa and Masaki Murakami / pp. 141-146 --- Detection of a Coupling State in the Tokai Plate-Subducting Region Based on Microearthquake Seismicity and on Crustal Deformation / Shozo Matsumura / pp. 147-155 --- Coseismic Slip Distribution of the 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankai Earthquakes / Yuichiro Tanioka / pp. 157-165 --- The Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) / Kenneth W, Hudnut, Yehuda Bock, John E. Galetzka, Frank H. Webb and William H. Young / pp. 167-189 --- Crustal Movement in Southwest Japan, Deduced from Continuous GPS Measurements, and Its Seismotectonic Implications / Kaoru Miyashita, Jianxin Li and Takashi Kawachi / pp. 191-200 --- Active Faults --- Deep Geometry and Evolution of Active Faults in Northern Honshu, Japan / Hiroshi Sato, Naoshi Hirata And Takaya Iwasaki / pp. 201-207 --- Rupturing History of Active Faults during the Last 1000 Years in the Central Japan / Eikichi Tsukuda / pp. 209-218 --- Active Faulting, Lower Crustal Delamination and Ongoing Hidaka Arc-Arc Collision, Hokkaido, Japan / Tanio Ito / pp. 219-224 --- Seismotectonics in the Subduction Zone: Japan --- Inhomogeneous Structure of the Crust and Its Relationship to Earthquake Occurrence / Norihito Umino and Akira Hasegawa / pp. 225-235 --- Configuration of the Philippine Sea Slab and Seismic Activity in the Tokai Region, Central Japan / Satoshi Harada and Akio Yoshida / pp. 237-246 --- On-Line Operating Network of the High Gain Seismometers and Tsunami Sensors, Deployed at the Sea-Floor of the Sagami Trough Subduction Zone, Central Japan / Takao Eguchi, Yukio Fujinawa, Eisuke Fujita, Sin-Iti Iwasaki, Isao Watabe, Hiroaki Negishi and Hiroyuki Fujiwara / pp. 247-260 --- Seismotectonics around the Active Convergent Zones --- Seismotectonics of the Frontal Himalaya through the Electrical Conductivity Imaging / B. R. Arora / pp. 261-272 --- Models of Subduction Zones --- A Simple Review on the Simulation of Earthquake Cycle at Subduction Zones / Kazuro Hirahara / pp. 273-282 --- Systematic Variations in Non-Local Seismicity Patterns in Southern California / K. F. Tiampo, J. B. Rundle, S. McGinnis, W. Klein and S. J. Gross / pp. 283-292 --- Earthquake in Turkey --- Deep Resistivity Structure around the Fault Associated with the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake, Turkey / N. Oshiman, R. Yoshimura, T. Kasaya, Y. Honkura, M. Matsushima, S. Baris, C. Celik, M. K. Tuncer and A. M. Isikara / pp. 293-303 --- S Wave Splitting Observation inside of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey / Keiichi Tadokoro, Masataka Ando, Serif Baris, Kin'ya Nishigami, Mamoru Nakamura, S. Balamir Ücer, Akihiko Ito, Yoshimori Honkura and A. Mete Isikara / pp. 305-310 --- Earthquake in Taiwan --- Drilling the Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan: Cores and Heat-Flow from a Thrust-Fault with Very Large Displacements in a Recent Earthquake / Masataka Ando, James Mori, Hidemi Tanaka and Kuo-Fong Ma / pp. 311-317 --- The Ms7.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of September 20, 1999 / J.-H. Wang, R.-D. Hwang, B.-S. Huang, K.-C. Chen, W.-G. Huang, and T.-M. Chang / pp. 319-324 --- Some Observations about the Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake of September 21, 1999 / Yi-Ben Tsai / pp. 325-366 --- In-situ Measurements to Understand Seismotectonics in the Subduction Zone --- Borehole Observatories into Subduction Seismogenic Zones / Kiyoshi Suyehiro / pp. 367-374 --- Continental Scientific Drilling for Studying Plate Subduction Earthquakes / Ryuji Ikeda / pp. 375-382 --- Scismotectonics Applied to Earthquake Hazard Mitigation --- Stress Drop Distribution of Micro-Earthquakes at Ootaki, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, Obtained from Waveform Data by Borehole Stations / Shigeki Horiuchi and Yoshihisa Iio / pp. 383-391 --- Site Amplification of' K-NET Sites in the Kanto Region, Central Japan / Shigeo Kinoshita and Yousuke Ogue / pp. 393-405 --- Caltech-USGS Element of TriNet: Remote Stations, Communications, and Data Acquisition / E. Hauksson, P. Maechling, R. Busby and H. Kanamori / pp. 407-423 --- Microzoning Studies for Seismic Risk Mitigation / Kazuoh Seo, Diana Polonska, Katsumi Kurita and Kentaro Motoki / pp. 425-450 --- Earthquake Clusters in the Kanto and Tokai Subduction Zones: Implications for Modes of Plate Consumption / Shin-ichi Noguchi / pp. 451-467 --- Seismic Scattering from Small-Scale Heterogeneities: Numerical Simulations and Observation / Kiyoshi Yomogida / pp. 469-480 --- Tectonic Characteristics of Seismogenic Stress Field in East Asia / Jiren Xu, Zhixin Zhao and Kazuo Oike / pp. 481-497

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Humic substances, comprise a class of biogenic, coloured, organic substances that are ubiquitous in soil, sediment and water. Originally, the occurrence and nature of humic substances were regarded as issues of primarily academic interest. This situation is now rapidly changing, and studies of humics have gained recognition as important contributions to environmental science. In particular it has been shown that humic substances, in several different ways can interact with biologically active substances, thereby modifying their environmental impact. Whereas the history of soil humus studies goes back to the 19th century, the awareness of aquatic humus is more recent. The brownish colour that, in many surface waters, shows the presence of substantial amounts of humic substances, was long considered to be a harmless phenomenon that did not call for detailed investigations. Hnmic waters had few known toxic effects, and the refractory character of hnmic substances indicated the they played a peripheral role in most biochemical processes. In fact, it was not until the mid 70's that aquatic humus was brought into focus in environmental science. The event trigging this was the discovery of the interaction between humic substances and chlorine used for disinfection of drinking water. Toxic substances, such as chloroform, were detected in all chlorinated waters, and humic substances were identified as the main precursors. The role of humics in the mobilization and subsequent transport of trace elements in the environment was recognized for the first time in the early 80's. This role was considered to be of particular importance in connection with geologic storage of high-level radioactive waste. In water with "normal" concentration levels of humic compounds, the speciation of e.g. the trivalent actinides, would be entirely dominated by the complexation with these agents. The topics of this conference (Session 1 - Isolation, fractionation and characterization; Session 2 - Biological and chemical transformation and degradation; Session 3 - Complex formation and interactions with solids; Session 4 - Biological activity; and session 5 Halogenation of humic substances) were selected to represent areas of current environmental interest...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The emergence of new information from drilling in deep-sea and coastal areas and the surfacing of the plate tectonics theory probably had the greatest impacts in recent decades on the highly accelerated growth of knowledge regarding the evolution of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Studies in recent years have also provided new insights on global sedimentary processes, and isotopic tools in many ways have enhanced our knowledge and have provided even an unexpected added dimension to the mechanisms of some specific processes. Many different uses of isotopic tools in studies of sedimentary processes can be found in the literature, but the information is highly scattered in the vast field of sedimentology. The disseminated state of existing isotopic knowledge on sedimentary systems has undoubtedly deprived many practitioners in the field to fully appreciate the benefits and limitations, and even the apparent confusion, concerning the use of isotopic tools. We have endeavored here to bring together discussions on some major sedimentary systems in the sedimentary cycle and to analyze them according to isotopic evidence. To accomplish such a task required contributions from many individuals. We were fortunate to have friends who accepted to share our goals. We most sincerely thank all the contributors to this book and deeply appreciate their patience and fortitude despite our undue demands on them to reach our objectives...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The search for tin dates back to the earliest days of civilization. For about 40 years, world tin mining has oscillated at a level of 150,000-250,000 t Sn/year, with a mine output in 1989 of 210,000 t Sn (MCS 1990). This figure corresponds to a current annual value of about US$1.5 billion and places tin ninth on the metal market behind iron, gold, uranium, copper, zinc, silver, platinum and nickel. Tin deposits belong to the granite-related ore deposit spectrum which includes many metals vital to current and future technologies such as Cu, W, Mo, U, Nb, Ta, Ag, Au, Sb, Bi, As, Pb, Zn, REE, Be, Ga and Li. The granitic rocks associated with tin and tin-tungsten deposits have long been identified as a special group of granites, the so-called tin granites. These rocks provide a unique opportunity to study the magmatic and hydrothermal history of tin ore formation. Tin granites are more easily identifiable as parent rocks for tin (and tungsten) mineralization than is the case for other mineralized granitic rocks such as molybdenum and copper porphyries. The magmatic molybdenum and copper distribution patterns are more complex (control by sulfide solubilities), and commonly obliterated by fluid interaction. The relatively simple situation of tin granites provides therefore an invaluable opportunity to study some metallogenic aspects of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits in general. The present study attempts to develop a general metallogenic model for tin in identifying the essential or relevant processes in tin ore formation. The methodological principle is based, on an interplay between a background of some basic petrogenetic concepts and a number of specific local and regional data on tin deposits and tin provinces, with particular reference to those areas with which the author is most familiar with (Bolivia, SE Asia, Europe). This inductive approach condenses the many apparently specific complexities encountered in individual ore deposits to a few major processes of general importance. The inherent reductionism may have a personal bias which is probably inevitable in any simple and broad-scale picture ("Apr6s tout, la raison est bien I'esclave des passions"; Feyerabend 1979:210). The critical problem of the relevance of those factors chosen for our model can be judged by its degree of consistency and predictive capability for new and analogous cases...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The papers contained in the present volume were prepared from the contributions presented during an international Advanced Workshop held in Santander, Cantabria, Spain between 1-5 November 1989. The workshop was a joint activity of the Working Group on Geology and Land-Use Planning (program "Geology and Environment", UNESCO), the Commission on Applied Quaternary Research (INQUA), the Sub-Commission on Maps of Environmental Geology (Commission of the Geological Map of the World) and the Grupo Españiol de Geología Ambiental y Ordenación del Territorio (Spanish Association for Environmental Geology and Land-Use Planning). The aims of the meeting were to discuss a series of topics in which the four participating scientific bodies share an interest, to analyze the existing problems and trends and to identify certain lines along which work and/or actions will be particularly necessary in the near future. It was expected that the discussions and the conclusions of the meeting would provide useful guidelines for earth scientists working on environmental problems and for other professionals and officials who deal with environmental analysis, planning and management, either on a scientific basis or in a decision-making capacity...

Description / Table of Contents: Pages 1-13 / Maars of the Westeifel, Germany / G. Büchel --- Pages 15-60 / Syn- and post-eruptive mechanism of the Alaskan Ukinrek Maars in 1977 / G. Büchel, V. Lorenz --- Pages 61-80 / Maars and maar lakes of the Westeifel Volcanic Field / Jörg F. W. Negendank, Bernd Zolitschka --- Pages 81-94 / Maars of northern Auvergne (Massif Central, France): State of knowledge / E. Juvigné, G. Camus, A. de Goër de Herve --- Pages 95-107 / Palaeoenvironmental investigations on long sediment cores from volcanic lakes of Lazio (central Italy)—An overview / Maria Follieri, Donatella Magri, Biancamaria Narcisi --- Pages 109-116 / Geophysical mapping of organic sediments / Stefan Wende, Reinhard Kirsch --- Pages 117-118 / Preliminary uniboom survey of the Monticchio Lakes (southern Italy) / A. Stefanon --- Pages 119-128 / Sonar investigations in the Laghi di Monticchio (Mt. Vúlture, Italy) / Ralph B. Hansen --- Pages 129-148 / Climatic and tectonic effects on sedimentation in central Italian volcano lakes (Latium)—Implications from high resolution seismic profiles / F. Niessen, A. Lami, P. Guilizzoni --- Pages 149-161 / Sediments and basin analysis of Lake Schalkenmehrener Maar / T. Heinz, B. Rein, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 163-171 / Organic carbon contents of sediments from Lake Schalkenmehrener Maar: A paleoclimate indicator / B. Rein, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 173-194 / Basin analysis for selected time-frames using sedimentation rates in Lake Meerfelder Maar (Westeifel FRG) / F. Wegner, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 195-208 / Turbidites in the sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Germany) and the explanation of suspension sediments / D. Drohmann, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 209-222 / Paleoclimate reconstruction at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition—A varve dated microstratigraphic record from Lake Meerfelder Maar (Westeifel, Germany) / D. Poth, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 223-235 / Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Late- and Postglacial sedimentary record of Lake Weinfelder Maar / A. Brauer, J. F. W. Negendank --- Pages 237-275 / Sedimentology and paleoenvironment from the Maar Lac du Bouchet for the last climatic cycle, 0-120,000 years (Massif Central, France) / Elisabeth Truze, Kerry Kelts --- Pages 277-288 / Lago Grande di Monticchio (southern Italy) a high resolution sedimentary record of the last 70,000 years / Bernd Zolitschka, Jörg F. W. Negendank --- Pages 289-304 / A multidisciplinary study of the Vico Maar sequence (Latium, Italy): Part of the last cycle in the Mediterranean area. Preliminary results / P. Francus, S. Leroy, I. Mergeai, G. Seret, G. Wansard --- Pages 305-316 / Environmental geology and geochemistry of lake sediments (Holzmaar, Eifwl, Germany) / B. G. Lottermoser, R. Oberhänsli, B. Zolitschka, J. F. W. Negendank, U. Schütz… --- Pages 317-332 / Geochemistry of Lago Grande di Monticchio, S. Italy / C. Robinson, G. B. Shimmield, K. M. Creer --- Pages 333-348 / Tephrochronology of core C from Lago Grande di Monticchio / Anthony J. Newton, Andrew J. Dugmore --- Pages 349-365 / A palaeomagnetic study of maar-lake sediments from the Westeifel / B. Haverkamp, Th. Beuker --- Pages 367-376 / Preliminary 50m palaeomagnetic records from Lac du Bouchet, Haute Loire, France / T. Williams, K. M. Creer, N. Thouveny --- Pages 377-392 / Palaeomagnetic investigations of Lago Grande di Monticchio, southern Italy / Ian Turton --- Pages 393-420 / Late-Glacial/Holocene changes of the climatic and trophic conditions in three Eifel maar lakes, as indicated by faunal remains. I. Cladocera / Wolfgang Hofmann --- Pages 421-433 / Late-glacial/Holocene changes of the climatic and trophic conditions in three Eifel maar lakes, as indicated by faunal remains. II. Chironomidae (Diptera) / Wolfgang Hofmann --- Pages 435-439 / Ostracoda (Crustacea) and trichoptera (Insecta) from Late-and Postglacial sediments of some European maar lakes / Burkhard W. Scharf --- Pages 441-446 / Oligocence dinoflagellate-cysts in Quaternary freshwater sediments of Eifel maars / H. Weiler --- Pages 447-465 / Tertiary maars of the Hocheifel Volcanic Field, Germany / G. Büchel, M. Pirrung --- Pages 467-476 / Some aspects of Cenozoic maar sediments in Europe: the source-rock potential and their exceptionally good fossil preservation / W. Zimmerle --- Pages 477-484 / Palaeoecological implications from the sedimentary record of a subtropical maar lake (Eocene Eckfelder Maar; Germany) / Bernd Zolitschka --- Pages 485-489 / Arthropods from the Eocene Eckfelder Maar (Eifel, Germany) as a source for paleoecological information / H. Lutz --- Pages 491-497 / Flowers from the Middle Eocene of Eckfeld (Eifel, Germany)— First results / H. Frankenhäuser, V. Wilde --- Pages 499-503 / Initial results on the importance of a flora from the Middle Eocene of Eckfeld (Eifel, W.-Germany) / V. Wilde, H. Frankenhäuser --- Pages 505-509 / International Maar Deep Drilling Project (MDDP) a challenge for earth sciences? / Jörg F. W. Negendank, Bernd Zolitschka

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This book represents the first attempt in three decades to marshall out available information on the regional geology of Africa for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students. Geologic education in African universities is severely hampered by the lack of a textbook on African regional geology. This situation is greatly exacerbated by the inability of most African universities to purchase reference books and maintain journal subscriptions. Besides, geologic information about Africa is so widely dispersed that a balanced and comprehensive course content on Africa is beyond the routine preparation of lecture notes by university teachers. Since geology is a universal subject and Africa is one of the largest landmasses on Earth with one of the longest continuous records of Earth history, there is no doubt that geologic education in other parts of the world will benefit from a comprehensive presentation of African geologic case histories. The scope of this text also addresses the need of the professional geologist, who may require some general or background information about an unfamiliar African geologic region or age interval. Africa occupies a central position in the world's mineral raw materials trade. Because of its enormous extent and great geologic age, the diversity and size of Africa's mineral endowment is unparalleled. Africa is the leading source of gold, diamond, uranium, and dominates the world's supply of strategic minerals such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, and platinum. Consequently, African nations from Algeria to Zimbabwe depend solely on mineral exports for economic survival. The geologic factors which govern economic mineral deposits are stressed in this text. The geological history of Africa spans 3.8 billion years, a record that is unique both in duration and continuity. Few other parts of our planet match the plethora of geologic phenomena and processes that are displayed in the African continent. From the various stages of crustal evolution decipherable from the Archean of southern Africa, through the plate tectonics scenarios in the ubiquitous Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic Pan-African mobile belts and in the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies of northwest Africa, to the East African Rift Valley, Africa is replete with excellent examples and problems for a course on regional tectonics. Teachers of igneous and metamorphic petrology can hardly ignore Africa's anorogenic magmatism (e.g.. layered ultramafic intrusives such as the Great Dyke and the Bushveld Complex; the Tete gabbro-anorthosite pluton; alkaline complexes; basaltic volcanism), or tantalizing highgrade metamorphic terranes such as the Limpopo belt, the Namaqua mobile belt, and the Mozambique belt. From the extensive Precambrian supracrustal sequences throughout the continent with enormous thicknesses of sedimentary rocks that have hardly been deformed or metamorphosed, to the stratigraphic evolution of Africa's present-day passive continental margin, there is a complete spectrum of facies models upon which to base a course on basin analysis and stratigraphy. To maintain its integrity a course on historical geology anywhere in the world must address the theory of Continental Drift beyond invoking past continuities between West Africa and South America. Past connections between West Africa and eastern North America must equally be explored, so also connections between northeast Africa and Arabia, and the paleogeography of southern Gondwana where Africa occupied centre stage. The Precambrian fossil record, the transitions from reptiles to the earliest mammals and dinosaurs, and the evolution of Man are among Africa's unique contributions to the history of life and the story of organic evolution. Although it lies today in the tropics Africa was the theatre of the Earth's most-spectacular glaciations. Even after the scene of continental glaciation had shifted to the northern continents only lately during the Pleistocene, Africa still witnessed spectacular climatic fluctuations during the Quaternary. Certainly students of archeology and paleoanthropology cannot overlook the Quaternary paleoenvironmental record of the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, the Lake Turkana basin in Kenya, the Nile valley, the Sahara, and southern Africa. But since African examples have already been cited in standard geologic textbook, I have often been asked why it has become necessary to revive the idea of a full-length textbook on African geology, 30 years after this idea was abandoned by the geologic community. My simple answer, as already stated, is that the wealth of available geologic information about Africa is so enormous and fascinating, but so diffuse, that an attempt must be made to assemble and pass on this knowledge.

Description / Table of Contents: On September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center (IDC), and on-site inspections to verify compliance. Seismic methods play the lead role in monitoring the CTBT. This volume concentrates on the measurement and use of surface waves in monitoring the CTBT. Surface waves have three principal applications in CTBT monitoring: to help discriminate nuclear explosions from other sources of seismic energy, to provide mathematical characterizations of the seismic energy that emanates from seismic sources, and to be used as data in inversion for the seismic velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle for locating small seismic events regionally. The papers in this volume fall into two general categories: the development and/or application of methods to summarize information in surface waves, and the use of these summaries to advance the art of surface-wave identification, measurement, and source characterization. These papers cut across essentially all of the major applications of surface waves to monitoring the CTBT. This volume therefore provides a general introduction to the state of research in this area and should be useful as a guide for further exploration.

Description / Table of Contents: GENERAL --- Faunal turnover and depth stratification: their relationships to climate and productivity events in the Eocene to Miocene pelagic realm / Keller, Gerta and Macleod, Norman / pp. 1-14 --- Pacific carbonate cycles revisited: arguments for and against productivity control / Berger, W. H. / pp. 15-25 --- FORAMINIFERA --- The paleogeography, evolution and extinction of Late Miocene-Pleistocene planktonic foraminifera from the Southwest Pacific / Jenkins, D. Graham / pp. 27-35 --- Canderotalia, a new Middle Miocene planktonic foraminiferal genus of the family Candeinidae / Saito, Tsunemasa / pp. 37-41 --- Paleogeography and paleoceanography during the middle Miocene in the Fossa-Magna and Kanto regions, Central Japan / Oda, Motoyoshi and Akimoto, Kazumi / pp. 43-50 --- Faunal succession of benthic foraminifera in the upper Yatsuo Group of the Hokuriku district, central Japan—a temporal faunal trend during an Early-Middle Miocene transgression in Japan / Hasegawa, Shiro and Takahashi, Toshihiro / pp. 51-66 --- Some features of the Pleistocene paleo-circulation in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (by Foraminifera) / Belyaeva, N. V. and Burmistrova, I. I. / pp. 67-70 --- Distribution of foraminifera in estuarine deposits: a comparison between Asia, Europe and Australia / Wang, Pinxian / pp. 71-83 --- Benthic foraminiferal species diversity pattern in a Late Miocene-Early Pliocene sequence of Neill Island, Andaman Sea / Sharma, V. and Kumar, R. / pp. 85-89 --- Planktonic foraminifera from the Navidad Formation, Chile: their geologic age and palcoceanographic implications / Ibaraki, Masako / pp. 91-95 --- Foraminiferal evidence for the sources and timing of mass-flow deposits south of Baltimore Canyon / Thompson, Peter R. / pp. 97-128 --- Paleogene zonal scales based on planktonic foraminifers and their significance for elaboration of the Paleogene stratigraphic schemes of the Pacific high latitudes / Krasheninnikov, V. A., Sernova, M. Ya. and Basov, I. A. / pp. 129-141 --- Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene rocks in southern Kyushu, Japan / Nishi, Hiroshi / pp. 143-174 --- Neogene planktonic foraminiferal biochronology of the DSDP sites along the Ninetyeast Ridge, northern Indian Ocean / Srinivasan, M. S. and Chaturvedi, S. N. / pp. 175-188 --- Notes on marine Quaternary sediments newly found in the west coastal area of the Satsuma Peninsula, Kyushu, Japan, with special reference to the benthic foraminiferal assemblages / Oki, Kimihiko and Yamamoto, Hideshi / pp. 189-205 --- Depth distribution of Recent benthic foraminifera on the continental shelf and uppermost slope off southern Akita Prefecture, Northeast Japan (The Eastern Japan Sea) / Matoba, Yasumochi and Fukasawa, Kazue / pp. 207-226 --- Benthic foraminifera from brackish lake Nakanoumi, San-in district, southwestern Honshu, Japan / Nomura, Ritsuo and Seto, Koji / pp. 227-240 --- A distinctive new species of Notorotalia (Foraminiferida) from the basal Miocene of New Zealand / Hornibrook, N. de B. / pp. 241-243 --- Rotaliid foraminifera from the Rembang zone area, north central Java, Indonesia / Kadar, Darwin / pp. 245-256 --- Some Miocene Nephrolepidina (Family Lepidocyclinidae) from the Shimoshiroiwa Formation, Izu Peninsula, Japan / Matsumaru, Kuniteru / pp. 257-265 --- Notes on the specific determination of the genus Tetrataxis / Okimura, Yuji / pp. 267-272 --- Foraminifers from the "Torinosu Limestone" embedded in the Ishido Formation of the Sanchu Cretaceous System, Kanto Mountains, Central Japan / Sashida, Katsuo, Igo, Hisayoshi, Adachi, Shuko and Ito Sayuri / pp. 273-280 --- Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoceanographic events in the Pacific Ocean with emphasis on indurated sediment / Sliter, William V. / pp. 281-299 --- Upper Cretaceous foraminifera in Santonian to Maestrichtian depositional sequences in New Jersey coastal plain / Olsson, R. K. and Usmani, P. A. / pp. 301-315 --- Campanian planktonic foraminifers and ostracodes from Hobetsu, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Part 1. Planktonic foraminifers / Kaiho, Kunio / pp. 317-325 --- OSTRACODES --- Campanian planktonic foraminifers and ostracodes from Hobetsu, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Part 2. Ostracodes / Ishizaki, Kunihiro / pp. 327-333 --- Some aquatic and terrestrial animals from brackish deposits of Okinawa-jima, southern Japan / Nohara, Tomohide and Ohshiro, Itsuro / pp. 335-337 --- Modem ostracode fauna from Otsuchi Bay, the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan / Ikeya, Noriyuki, Zhou, Bao-chun and Sakamoto, Jun-ichi / pp. 339-354 --- CONODONTS --- Morphological variation in Spathian conodont Spathoicriodus collinsoni (Solien) from the Taho Limestone, Japan / Koike, Toshio / pp. 355-364 --- RADIOLARIANS --- Radiolarian age of the Lower Yezo Group and the upper part of the Sorachi Group in Hokkaido / Taketani, Yojiro and Kanie, Yasumitsu / pp. 365-373 --- Late Jurassic Radiolaria from the Kowhai Point Siltstone, Murihiku Terrane, North Island, New Zealand / Aita, Yoshiaki and Grant-Mackie, J. A. / pp. 375-382 --- Radiolarian faunas discovered from the Permian Yoshii Group in Okayama Prefecture, western Japan / Sada, Kimiyoshi, Takata, Yoshio and Oho Yukimasa / pp. 383-387 --- Middle Paleozoic radiolarians of the genus Ceratoikiscum from Japan / Ishiga, Hiroaki / pp. 389-397 --- DIATOMS --- Distribution of diatom species in the surface sediments of Lutzow-Holm Bay, Antarctica / Tanimura, Yoshihiro / pp. 399-411 --- Neogene diatom datum levels in the equatorial and north Pacific / Barron, John A. / pp. 413-425 --- Diatom biometry of the Miocene index Denticulopsis hyalina / Maruyama, Toshiaki / pp. 427-437 --- OTHER SILICEOUS FOSSILS --- Geological significance of siliceous microfossils from Dogo, Oki Islands / Ling, Hsin Yi and Kobayashi, Hiroaki / pp. 439-447 --- Peridiniacean cyst genus Xandarodinicum in the late Early Miocene Kaminoyama Formation in the western part of Zao Volcano, Yamagata, North Japan / Matsuoka, Kazumi / pp. 449-455 --- CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS --- A stratigraphically significant new species, Reticulofenestra asanoi (Calcareous nannofossil) / Sato, Tokiyuki and Takayama, Toshiaki / pp. 457-460 --- Paleogene calcareous nannofossils from Hokkaido, Japan / Okada, Hisatake and Kaiho Kunio / pp. 461-471 --- POLLEN --- The palyno-flora of early Middle Miocene sediments in the Pohang and Yangnam basins, Korea / Yamanoi, Tohru / pp. 473-480

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1. Landform Modelling, General Considerations --- The Paradox of Equivalence of the Davisian End-Peneplain and Penckian Primary Peneplain / Hiroo Ohmori / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 3-32 --- Geomorphology: Boundaries between Media / Robert W. Blair, Jr. / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 33-42 --- Evolution of the Ocean Floor Morphostructure: Actualistic Model / Alexander V. Ilyin / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 43-59 --- Scale-Specific Landforms and Aspects of the Land Surface / Ian S. Evans / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 61-94 --- Part 2. Material Transport in Landform Modelling --- Simple Model for the Complex Dynamics of Dunes / Hiraku Nishimori and Hirohisa Tanaka / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 87-100 --- Green's Function of Mass Transport and the Landform Equation / Masashige Hirano / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 101-114 --- Towards Quantitative Modelling of Landform Evolution through Frequency and Magnitude of Processes: A Model Conception / Jochen Schmidt and Nicholas James Preston / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 115-129 --- Part 3. Fluvial Landform Structure: Mathematical and Physical Laws --- Planar Organization of River Networks: A Hidden Gamma Law Structure / Christophe Cudennec, Youssef Fouad and Irianto Sumarjo-Gatot / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 133-145 --- Tiling Properties of Drainage Basins and Their Physical Bases / Eiji Tokunaga / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 147-166 --- Mathematical Modeling of Landforms: Optimality and Steady-State Solutions / Scott D. Peckham / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 167-182 --- Part 4. DEMs, GIS and Modelling in Geomorphology --- A Simple GIS Model for Mapping Landslide Susceptibility / Richard J. Pike, Russell W. Graymer and Steven Sobieszczyk / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 185-197 --- Eigenvector Analysis of Digital Elevation Models in a GIS: Geomorphometry and Quality Control / Peter L. Guth / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 199-220 --- Multiresolution Spline Models and Their Applications in Geomorphology / Jan Rasmus Sulebak and Øyvind Hjelle / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 221-237

Description / Table of Contents: Starting from a more general discussion of mechanisms controlling organic carbon deposition in marine environments and indicators useful for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, this study concentrates on detailed organic-geochemical and sedimentological investigations of late Cenozoic deep-sea sediments from (1) the Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea (ODP-Leg 105), (2) the upwelling area off Northwest Africa (ODP-Leg 108), and (3) the Sea of Japan (ODP-Leg 128). Of major interest are shortas well as long-term changes in organic carbon accumulation during the past 20 m.y. As shown in the data from ODP-Legs 105, 108, and 128, sediments characterized by similar high organic carbon contents can be deposited in very different environments. Thus, simple total organic carbon data do not allow (i) to distinguish between different factors controlling organic carbon enrichment and (ii) to reconstruct the depositional history of these sediments. Data on both quantity and composition of the organic matter, however, provide important informations about the depositional environment and allow detailed reconstructions of the evolution of paleoclimate, paleoceanic circulation, and paleoproductivity in these areas. The results have significant implications for quantitative models of the mechanisms of climatic change. Furthermore, the data may also help to explain the formation of fossil black shales, i.e., hydrocarbon source rocks. (1) BAFFIN BAY AND LABRADOR SEA The Miocene to Quaternary sediments at Baffin Bay Site 645 are characterized by relatively high organic carbon contents, most of which range from 0.5% to almost 3%. This organic carbon enrichment was mainly controlled by increased supply .of terrigenous organic matter throughout the entire time interval. Two distinct maxima were identified: (i) a middle Miocene maximum, possibly reflecting a dense vegetation cover and fluvial sediment supply from adjacent islands, that decreased during late Miocene and early Pliocene time because of expansion of tundra vegetation due to global climatic deterioration; (ii) a late Pliocene-Pleistocene maximum possibly caused by glacial erosion and meltwater outwash. Significant amounts of marine organic carbon were accumulated in western Baffin Bay during middle Miocene time, indicating higher surface-water productivity (up to about 150 gC m -2 y-l) resulted from the inflow of cold and nutrient-rich Arctic water masses. The decrease in average surface-water productivity to values similar to those of the modern Baffin Bay was recorded during the late Miocene and was probably caused by the development of a seasonal sea-ice cover. At Labrador Sea Sites 646 and 647, organic carbon contents are low varying between 0.10% and 0.75%; the origin of most of the organic matter probably is marine. A major increase in organic carbon accumulation at Site 646 at about 7.2 Ma may indicate increased surface-water productivity triggered by the onset of the cold East-Greeniand Current system. Near 2.4 Ma, i.e., parallel to the development of major Northern Hemisphere Glaciation, accumulation rates of both organic carbon and biogenic opal decreased, suggesting a reduced surface-water productivity because of the development of dosed seasonal sea-ice cover in the northern Labrador Sea. The influence of varying sea-ice cover on surface-water productivity is also documented in the short-term glacial/interglacial fluctuations in organic carbon deposition at Sites 646 and 647. (2) UPWELLING AREAS OFF NORTHWEST AFRICA The upper Pliocene-Quaternary sediments at coastal-upwelling Site 658 are characterized by high organic carbon contents of 4%; the organic matter is a mixture of marine and terrigenous material with a dominance of the marine proportion. The upper Miocene to Quaternary pelagic sediments from close-by non-upwelling Sites 657 and 659, on the other hand, display low organic carbon values of less than 0.5%. Only in turbidites and slumps occasionally intercalated at the latter two sites, high organic carbon values of up to 3% occur. The high accumulation rates of marine organic carbon recorded at Site 658 reflect the high-productivity upwelling environment. Paleoproductivity varies between 100 and 400 gC m "2 y-1 during the past 3.6 m.y. and is clearly triggered by changes in global climate. However, there is no simple relationship between climate and organic carbon supply, i.e., it is not possble to postulate that productivity was generally higher at Site 658 during glacials than during interglacials or vice versa. Changes in the relative importance between upwelling activity (which was increased during glacial intervals) and fluvial nutrient supply (which was increased during interglacial intervals) may have caused the complex productivity record at Site 658. Most of the maximum productivity values, for example, were recorded at peak interglacials and at terminations indicating the importance of local fluvial nutrient supply at Site 658. Near 0.5 Ma, a long-term decrease in paleoproductivity occurs, probably indicating a decrease in fluvial nutrient supply and/or a change in nutrient "content of the upwelled waters. The former explanation is supported by the contemporaneous decrease in terrigenous organic carbon and (river-borne) clay supply suggesting an increase in long-term aridity in the Central Sahara. At Site 660, underneath the Northern Equatorial Divergence Zone, (marine) organic carbon values of up to 1.5% were recorded in upper Pliocene-Quaternary sediments. During the last 2.5 Ma, the glacial sediments are carbonate-lean and enriched in organic carbon probably caused by the influence of a carbonate-dissolving and oxygen-poor deep-water mass. (3) SEA OF JAPAN Based on preliminary results of organic-geochemical investigations, the Miocene to Quaternary sediments from ODP-Sites 798 (Oki Ridge) and 799 (Kita-Yamato-Trough) are characterized by high organic carbon contents of up to 6%; the organic matter is a mixture between marine and terrigenous material. Dominant mechanisms controlling (marine) organic carbon enrichments are probably high-surface water productivity and increased preservations rates under anoxic deep-water conditions. In the lower Pliocene sediments at Site 798 and the Miocene to Quaternary sediments at Site 799, rapid burial of organic carbon in turbidites may have occurred episodically. Distinct cycles of dark laminated sediments with organic carbon values of more than 5% and light bioturbated to homogenous sediments with lower organic carbon contents indicate dramatic shortterm paleoceanographic variations. More detailed records of accumulation rates of marine and terrigenous organic carbon and biogenic opal as well as a detailed oxygen isotope stratigraphy are required for a more precise reconstruction of the environmental history of the Sea of Japan through late Cenozoic time.

Description / Table of Contents: Digital signal processing has become more and more an integral part of observational seismology. While it offers unprecedented power in extracting information from seismic signals, it comes at the price of having to learn a variety of new skills. Dealing with digital seismic data requires at least a basic understanding of digital signal processing. Taking the calculation of true ground motion as the guiding problem, this course covers the basic theory of linear systems, the design and analysis of simple digital filters, the effect of sampling and A/D conversion and an introduction to spectral analysis of digital signals. It contains a number of examples and exercises that can be reproduced using the PITSA software package (Scherbaum and Johnson 1993) or similar programs.

Description / Table of Contents: Cellular growth is an important crystal growth process and offers an interesting example of natural pattern formation. The present work has been undertaken to study cellular growth, especially its pattern formation, both experimentally and numerically. In situ observations of faceted cellular growth clearly revealed cellular interactions in the array of cells. Cell tip splitting and loss of cells were observed to be the two main mechanisms for the adjustment of cell spacings during growth. For the first time, the true time-dependent faceted cellular growth has been modelled properly. The time evolution of faceted cellular growth has demonstrated the dynamical features of cellular growth processes. It was shown that the pattern formation was determined by cellular interactions in the array, either transient or persistent depending on the growth condition. The cellular structures were irregular when persistent interactions occurred, whereas relatively regular structures could be formed once the transient interactions had stopped. As a result of cellular interactions, a finite range of stable cell spacings was found under a given growth condition. Numerical experiments were carried out for k 〉 1 and k 〈 1 (where k is the solute partition coefficient), under a number of different growth conditions. It was found that these two cases were not symmetric as far as solute distribution is concerned; however the pattern formation behaviours were similar. For k 〉 1 shallow cells were retained, while for k 〈 1, the formation of liquid grooves along the cell boundary depended on the growth condition. The solute effect plays an important role in the cellular interactions in the array. The results were compared with experimental observations in thin film silicon single crystals. It is felt that a general behaviour of pattern formation is found and should be expected for other processes such as non-faceted cellular or eutectic growth. In addition, the solute flow in steady state cellular array growth was studied using the point source technique. Preliminary work was carried out to measure steady state non-faceted cell shapes. Heat flow in zone melting was studied numerically.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE There are problems, when applying statistical inference to the analysis of data, which are not readily solved by the inferential methods of the standard statistical techniques. One example is the computation of confidence intervals for variance components or for functions of variance components. Another example is the statistical inference on the random parameters of the mixed model of the standard statistical techniques or the inference on parameters of nonlinear models. Bayesian analysis gives answers to these problems. The advantage of the Bayesian approach is its conceptual simplicity. It is based on Bayes' theorem only. In general, the posterior distribution for the unknown parameters following from Bayes' theorem can be readily written down. The statistical inference is then solved by this distribution. Often the posterior distribution cannot be integrated analytically. However, this is not a serious drawback, since efficient methods exist for the numerical integration. The results of the standard statistical techniques concerning the linear models can also be derived by the Bayesian inference. These techniques may therefore be considered as special cases of the Bayesian analysis. Thus, the Bayesian inference is more general. Linear models and models closely related to linear models will be assumed for the analysis of the observations which contain the information on the unknown parameters of the models. The models, which are presented, are well suited for a variety of tasks connected with the evaluation of data. When applications are considered, data will be analyzed which have been taken to solve problems of surveying engineering. This does not mean, of course, that the applications are restricted to geodesy. Bayesian statistics may be applied wherever data need to be evaluated, for instance in geophysics. After an introduction the basic concepts of Bayesian inference are presented in Chapter 2. Bayes' theorem is derived and the introduction of prior information for the unknown parameters is discussed. Estimates of the unknown parameters, of confidence regions and the testing of hypotheses are derived and the predictive analysis is treated. Finally techniques for the numerical integration of the integrals are presented which have to be solved for the statistical inference. Chapter 3 introduces models to analyze data for the statistical inference on the unknown parameters and deals with special applications. First the linear model is presented with noninformative and informative priors for the unknown parameters. The agreement with the results of the standard statistical techniques is pointed out. Furthermore, the prediction of data and the linear model not of full rank are discussed. A method for identifying a model is presented and a less sensitive hypothesis test for the standard statistical techniques is derived. The Kalman-Bucy filter for estimating unknown parameters of linear dynamic systems is also given. Nonlinear models are introduced and as an example the fit of a straight line is treated. The resulting posterior distribution for the unknown parameters is analytically not tractable, so that numerical methods have to be applied for the statistical inference. In contrast to the standard statistical techniques, the Bayesian analysis for mixed models does not discriminate between fixed and random parameters, it distinguishes the parameters according to their prior information. The Bayesian inference on the parameters, which correspond to the random parameters of the mixed model of the standard statistical techniques, is therefore readily accomplished. Noninformafive priors of the variance and covariance components are derived for the linear model with unknown variance and covariance components. In addition, informative priors are given. Again, the resulting posterior distributions are analytically not tractable, so that numerical methods have to be applied for the Bayesian inference. The problem of classification is solved by applying the Bayes rule, i.e. the posterior expected loss computed by the predictive density function of the observations is minimized. Robust estimates of the standard statistical techniques, which are maximum likelihood type estimates, the so-called M-estimates, may also be derived by Bayesian inference. But this approach not only leads to the M-estimates, but also any inferential problem for the parameters may be solved. Finally, the reconstruction of digital images is discussed. Numerous methods exist for the analysis of digital images. The Bayesian approach unites some of them and gives them a common theoretical foundation. This is due to the flexibility by which prior information for the unknown parameters can be introduced. It is assumed that the reader has a basic knowledge of the standard statistical techniques. Whenever these results are needed, for easy reference the appropriate page of the book "Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Linear Models" by the author (Koch 1988a) is cited. Of course, any other textbook on statistical techniques can serve this purpose. To easily recognize the end of an example or a proof, it is marked by a A or a t~, respectively. I want to thank all colleagues and students who contributed to this book. In particular, I thank Mr. Andreas Busch, Dipl.-Ing., for his suggestions. I also convey my thanks to Mrs. Karin Bauer, who prepared the copy of the book. The assistance of the Springer- Verlag in checking the English text is gratefully acknowledged. The responsibility of errors, of course, remains with the author.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume contains the proceedings of a symposium held at Freiburg im Breisgau, October 7-11, 1990. The symposium was sponsored mainly by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), by the Geological Institute of the University of Freiburg, and by the International Association of Mathematical Geology. We thank these and all other sponsors of the meeting. The symposium whose participants came from more then twenty countries was the first international meeting dedicated entirely to geological applications of threedimensional computer graphics, a rapidly growing field of scientific visualization in geology. The selection of papers in this volume covers a wide range of methods developed in the last decade.

Description / Table of Contents: The present interest in sediments which are rich in organic matter results not only from their economic significance as potential oil and gas source rocks, but also from the fact that their deposition is the result of special environments. Subtle changes in the environmental conditions may result in great variations in the geochemical and petrographical characteristics of the organic matter. Therefore, the study of organic matter-rich sediments can provide a key to past sedimentary conditions. In addition, the elucidation of the depositional controls is of importance for oil and gas exploration strategies, for which the knowledge of source rock distribution and quality is critical. Furthermore, organic matter reacts extremely sensitive to changes in temperature during burial. The result of this sensitivity is the generation of volatile products such as carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, oil and gas and a reorganization of the solid organic residue. Some of these changes are quantified as maturity parameters which can be used as calibration tools in basin modelling, i.e., in the modelling of temperature histories of sedimentary basins. The use of maturity parameters and other organic matter characteristics as indicators for diagenetic conditions and depositional processes is, however, restricted, if analyses are performed on outcrop samples, because weathering also affects organic matter.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This monograph is a compendium of revised papers which were originally presented at the "Ron Mather Symposium on Four-Dimensional Geodesy", 28-31 March, 1989, held at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. The symposium had the enthusiastic support of the International Association of Geodesy and the Australian Academy of Sciences. The symposium served two purposes: to honour the achievements of the late Professor Ron S. Mather, the distinguished Australian geodesist who died in 1978, and to review and report on the latest developments in four-dimensional geodesy. Four-dimensional geodesy is a convenient term for those geodetic principles and techniques which yield position, gravity and their time variations. In the past geodesists have tended to think of the earth as a static body, save from occasional savage earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. So, why the need to coin the term "four-dimensional geodesy") Because it explicitly recognises that time is an integral part of understanding geodetic measurements. But let's first identify the scope of modern geodesy. Geodesy has traditionally been concerned with two separate, though closely related, topics: accurate positioning of objects on the earth's surface, and mapping the earth's external gravity field. These are still the fundamental tasks of geodesy, although the spheres of application have now extended into space. However, present and emerging geodetic measurement technologies for gravity field mapping and positioning are sensitive to defolTnations of the earth's surface and gravity field. Within the geodetic community, this new emphasis on accounting for the time-varying characteristics of position and gravity has fundamental principles; in particular the establishment and maintenance of appropriate global reference systems for geodesy. At the same time, there has been a growing recognition by the earth sciences in general of the important role of geodesy in studying earth deformations, as well as atmosphere and ocean dynamic phenomena. The geodetic measurements, for example, are taken over time scales of hours to decades, and occasionally to a century or longer. Though this is only a small part of the whole deformation spectrum, it is a very important one. Geodesy bridges the low frequency part of the spectrum available from geological observations, with the high frequency end observed from, for example, seismic instrumentation. It's role in atmospheric and oceanographic studies is as a unique, high precision remote sensing tool. The revolution in geodesy is not, however, restricted to the measurement technology only. It is true that without the advances of space geodesy and terrestrial metrology, the notion of four-dimensional geodesy is a rather academic one. These advances, which now reveal time-variable signals above the measurement noise level, have important implications for all geodetic activities. The geodetic activities we refer to can be identified as: experiment design and measurement processes; definition and maintenance of highly stabie geodetic reference systems; data analysis; and interpretation of position and gravity results. Ultra high precision measurements are of little use without sophisticated analysis tools to extract the small signals in the data. The interpretation of geodetic results will be in error if insufficient attention is paid to ensuring that the reference systems to which the results relate are themselves stable. Clearly four-dimensional geodesy is as much about concepts and principles, as about computers and geodetic equipment. This diversity is reflected in the papers selected for this book. They range over topics related to the modem measurement tools, the reduction and analysis techniques, to the interpretation of geodetic results within the context of problems currently being investigated in the earth sciences. We would like to thank the International Association of Geodesy and the Australian Academy of Sciences for sponsorship of the Symposium. Unisearch Ltd., the commercial arm of the University of New South Wales, was the managing agent, and staff members of the School of Surveying and of Unisearch Ltd. were involved in the organisation of the Symposium. We would like to gratefully acknowledge these excellent contributions. Let us express also our gratitude for the useful guidance which we received from Prof. K. Lambeck, A. Prof. A. Stolz and Dr. R. Coleman of the Scientific Advisory Committee and the continuous support given by Prof. E.W. Grafarend. Sincere thanks are due to the authors of the selected papers for agreeing to contribute to this Monograph, and for their positive cooperation during the production of this volume.

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Ecometry concerns measurements and interpretation of ecological data and relationships between data. It deals with most matters involved in the scientific aspects of the representativity and information value of samples and does not, in fact, concern statistical methods. In particular, ecometry can be regarded as an approach to obtain so-called load models and load diagrammes (effect-dose-sensitivity diagrammes), which are one of the aims/final products in aquatic environmental consequence analysis (H~- kanson, 1990; all these terms will be explained later on). This publication is meant to demonstrate what can and cannot be done using ecometric approaches. It must be emphasized at the outset that the main intention here is not to provide new radioecological knowledge on how Cs-137 is dispersed in aquatic ecosystems after the Chernobyl accident and is taken up in fish, but to use Cs-137 as a type substance and pike as a biological indicator to go through methods which should also apply to other types of environmentally hazardous substances (it could just as well have been substance X in ecosystem Y). As a secondary effect, we may also learn something about Cs-137. Several terms and methods, which have not been used earlier in the aquatic environmental sciences, e.g., ecometric analysis and dynamic modelling using moderators, will be discussed and defined...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This volume contains a selection of papers presented and discussed at the COMTAGWorkshop on "Dynamics and Geomorphology of Mountain Rivers". COMTAG (Commission on Theory, Measurement and Application in Geomorphology) is a commission of the International Geographical Union (IGU). The meeting was held in the monastery of Benediktbeuern in the Bavarian Alps in June 1992. The main objective of the meeting was to review the most recent developments in research on river bed dynamics and bedload transport in mountain rivers. Questions of mountain torrent control and environmental protection were also addressed. The general theme of the meeting finds its appropriate scientific and spatial location in the long tradition of bedload transport studies carried out in the fluvially active German Alps, which are often affected by flood and mass movement hazards. The conference provided an impulse for discussions between researchers in the fields of mountain torrent hydrology, water resources management and bedload transport modelling. In the five years preceding the meeting the editors of this volume had headed a DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) project on "Bedload transport and river bed adjustment in the Lainbach catchment" within the priority programme "Fluvial Geomorphodynamics in the late Quaternary". Results of the investigations and newly developed measurement techniques were introduced to the participants during the meeting and an excursion to the nearby Lainbach River. The meeting was attended by sixty four scientists from fifteen countries. Thirty four papers were presented in sessions on bedload transport in mountain torrents, measurement techniques of solid material transport, mass movements and sediment supply, river bed adjustment and roughness characteristics of steep mountain torrents, models of bedload transport, and catastrophic flooding. From a regional perspective the majority of the contributions dealt with the Alps with a special focus on investigations carried out at the northern fringe of the Alps. Most of the papers presented were submitted for publication, and selected papers have been included in this volume. The workshop was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Commission of the European Communities (Directorate General for Science, Research and Development), the Freistaat Bayern (Ministerium fOr Unterricht, Kultur, Wissenschaft und Kunst) and the US-Army Research and Development Standardization Group. The participants and the organizers are grateful for these grants. We thank the president of COMTAG, Asher Schick, for his friendly support during the preparation and organization of the workshop. We are also very much indebted to the Kathoiische Stiftungsfachhochschule M~nchen and the Salesianer Don Bo~cos, Benediktbeuern, who opened the rooms of the monastery of Benedikbeuern for scientific sessions and social events during the conference. The organization of the meeting would not have been possible without the help of the local and regional administration, water and forest authorities. We highly appreciate this assistance. In addition, the editors thank the Springer-Verlag for the inclusion of the conference proceedings in this series and the colleagues F. Ahnert, J. Bathurst, W. Bechteler, I. Campbell, P. Carling, N.J. Clifford, S. Custer, T. Davies, A. Dittrich, R. Ferguson, K. Garleff, M. Hassan, R. Hey, H. Ibbeken, J. Karte, H. Keller, D. Knighton, J. Laronne, M. Meunier, M.D. Newson, D. Oostwoud-Wijdenes, I. Reed, K.S.Richards, A. Scheidegger and W. Symader for their valuable contributions as reviewers of the manuscripts that were submitted for this volume.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Following the economical and social development of the local communities, mountain regions of temperate climates are increasingly becoming the site of valuable infrastructures and important urban and industrial settlements. As the catastrophic events of last years in the European Alps have clearly shown, the vulnerability of these territories has correspondingly increased, in terms of both property damage and losses of human life. Until recently, the hydraulic scientific community has paid little attention to mountain watersheds, except perhaps during the period if the hydropower development. Nevertheless attention was then focused on problems and methodologies somewhat different from the issues of actual environmental concern. More recently, however, hydraulic engineers have joined their colleagues from forest and rural engineering, who have traditionally dealt with erosion control in mountain areas, to bring in their own methodology, already experienced in lowland rivers. At the same time, academic people focused an interest in some phenomena, like massive transport, which is typical of mountain environment. To bring together all these contributions and to make the state of the art of the mountain river science (oropotamology) and technology, an International Workshop was called at the University of Trent (Italy), on October 1989, under the sponsorship of Fluvial Hydraulic Section of the IAHR. Three main topics have been recognized as particularly relevant from the point of view of both research and professivnal people: a) Hydrodynamics of steep channels and local scale process; b) Sediment movement and sediment training, with special emphasis on massive transport; c) Particular features of sediment transport related to non-uniform grain-size. However, as it is the case in these circumstances, the contest of several contributions often spread over more than one topic. In the following Introduction to papers, the three topics were split into 11 Sections, each one devoted to a more particular aspect recurrently addressed during the discussion. The same paper, thus, may be mentioned in different Sections of the Introduction.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This volume presents results from members of the Project 216 "Global Biological Events in Earth History" of the International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP). The project, initiated by the elder editor (O.H.W.) within the framework of the International Palaeontological Association (IPA) in the late 70s, was officially established in 1984. Subsequently, it led to the first three conferences on Global Bio-Events, and their respective symposia volumes: 1) In G6ttingen, West Germany in 1986 (WaUiser, O. H., Ed., 1986, Global Bio-Events, Springer-Verlag); in Bilbao, Spain in 1987 (Lamolda, M. A., Kauffrnan, E. G., and Walliser, O. H., Eds., 1988, Paleontology and Evolution: Extinction Events; Rev. Espafiola de Paleont., n. extraord.); and in Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. in 1988 (this volume). The next meeting, on Innovations and Revolutions in the Biosphere, is planned in Oxford, England in 1990, to be hosted by Martin Brasier. During the history of this project, the focus of our research has shifted significantly. Initial focus was on specific global mass extinctions (e.g. the Precambrian/Cambrian, Frasnian/Fammenian, Cretaceous/Tertiary, and Eocene/Oligocene events) to a broader treatment of Phanerozoic mass extinctions, their differences or unifying factors, and their causal mechanisms. Subsequent meetings have attempted to focus attention on a fuller spectrum of global bio-events in Earth history. The Boulder Conference, and this volume, although still strongly influenced by the excitement of mass extinction research, expresses these new trends in bioevent studies. The Boulder conference, held on May 16-23, 1988, focused on a broad spectrum of Abrupt Changes in the Global Biota. Over 100 participants from 13 nations attended this meeting, representing diverse disciplines of palaeobiology, palaeoclimatology, palaeoceanography, sedimentology, geochemistry, and a broad spectrum of the stratigraphic and geological sciences. Four days of talks were supplemented by field trips to the continental Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the Raton Basin, New Mexico, and to the Cenomanian/Turonian mass extinction interval exposed near Pueblo, Colorado. The Conference itself was characterized by a great diversity of approaches to bio-event research, and the phenomenon of mass extinction. In particular, interactive causes involving both extraterrestrial and earthbound (tectonic, oceanographic, climatic) forces were discussed, and each major Phanerozoic mass extinction was treated by specialists in the field. In addition, many presentations focused on the causal mechanism and patterns of bio-event development that were not restricted to mass extinction intervals, but which could cause regional to global biotic response at any time in Earth history. Thus, both the conference, and this volume, focus attention on climatic and oceanic perturbations from anoxia, advection, rapid thermal change, toxic chemical enrichment, and energy shock from impacts and giant tsunamis as forcing mechanism for regional to global bio-events. The delicate balance of perched ocean/ctimate~fe systems under typical warm equable non-glacial Phanerozoic conditions, and their susceptibility to shock from even small perturbations, was a philosophical theme that ran throughout the meeting. The case for extraterrestrial forcing of tectonic, volcanic, and biological events was greatly strengthened by new data presented at this conference, with special concern for the effects of small comet/meteorite impacts in the oceans, and their chemical/physical/biological signature which might be used, in the absence of shocked minerals, microspheres or trace metals, to identify extraterrestrial events associated with global and regional bio-events. The conference benefitted from the introduction of much new data at high levels of resolution, especially from poorly studied mass extinction intervals. Interactive discussions, and many new ideas characterized the meeting. The new scientific results of this meeting are exciting; they are reviewed in the Conference Report published in Episodes (1988, v. 11, n. 4, p. 289-292). Most of the key papers presented at the Boulder meeting appear in this volume. What lies ahead in bio-event research? Clearly, a great deal of excitement and an age of discovery. We have only touched the surface of this new and dynamic field. We are starting to comprehend the dynamics of global mass extinctions, integrating detailed geochemical, physical and biological data into scenarios of cause and effect. But in the years ahead lies the job of understanding the whole spectrum of regional bioevents preserved in the ancient record, and especially the application of this research to solutions of the critical problems inherent in global change and the modern biotic crisis. Future directions for research at this conference include the investigation and modeling of abrupt chemical and thermal shifts in the ocean, the effects of impacts at deep ocean sites, the documentation of successful survival strategies and repopulation patterns following biotic crises, the deep ocean record of bio-events, and focus on alternative forces other than impacting to account for mass extinction events. This volume introduces some of these new pathways in bio-event research.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Crustal Evolution: East Antarctic Shield --- Archacan Events in Antarctica / L. P. BLACK, J. W. SHERATON and P. D. KINNY / pp. 1-6 --- Metamorphic Evolution of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / M. ASAMI, Y. OSANAI, K. SHIRAISHI and H. MAKIMOTO / pp. 7-16 --- Geochemical Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks from the Central Sør Rondane Mountains., East Antarctica / Y. OSANAI, K. SHIRAISHI, Y. TAKAHASHI, H. ISHIZUKA, Y. TAINOSHO, N. TSUCHIYA, T. SAKIYAMA and S. KODAMA / pp. 17-28 --- Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Ages of Metamorphic Rocks from the Sør Rondane Mountains., East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI and H. KAGAMI / pp. 29-36 --- Reconnaissance Geochronologic Data on Proterozoic Polymetamorphic Rocks of the Eastern Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / E. S. GREW, W. I. MANTON, M. ASAMI and H. MAKIMOTO / pp. 37-44 --- Petrochemical Character and Rb-Sr Isotopic Investigation of the Granitic Rocks from the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / Y. TAINOSHO, Y. TAKAHASHI, Y. ARAKAWA, Y. OSANAI, N. TSUCHIYA, T. SAKIYAMA and M. OWADA / pp. 45-54 --- Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions of Marbles from the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / N. TSUCHIYA, Y. OSANAI and H. WADA / pp. 55-60 --- 40Ar-39Ar Geochronological Studies on some Paleomagnetic Samples of East Antarctica / Y. TAKIGAMI, M. FUNAKI and K. TOKIEDA / pp. 61-66 --- The First Report of a Cambrian Orogenic Belt in East Antarctica—An Ion Microprobe Study of the Lützow-Holm Complex / K. SHIRAISHI, Y. HIROI, D. J. ELLIS, C. M. FANNING, Y. MOTOYOSHI and Y. NAKAI / pp. 67-74 --- A New Insight of Possible Correlation between the Lützow-Holm Bay Granulites (East Antarctica) and the Sri Lankan Granulites / Y. OGO, Y. HIROI, K. B. N. PRAME and Y. MOTOYOSHI / pp. 75-86 --- Osumilite-Producing Reactions in High Temperature Granulites from the Napier Complex, East Antarctica: Tectonic Implications / B. J. HENSEN and Y. MOTOYOSHI / pp. 87-92 --- Gneisses of the Porthos and Athos Ranges, Northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica: Constraints on the Prograde and Retrograde P-T Path / D. E. THOST and B. J. HENSEN / pp. 93-102 --- Mineral Reaction Textures in High-Grade Gneisses: Evidence for Contrasting Pressure-Temperature Paths in the Proterozoic Complex of East Antarctica / I. C. W. FITZSIMONS and S. L. HARLEY / pp. 103-112 --- Mode of Occurrence, Geochemistry and Mineral Textures of Mafic to Ultramafic Rocks from the Bolingen Islands, Prydz Bay., East Antarctica / D. E. THOST, Y. MOTOYOSHI and B. J. HENSEN / pp. 113-118 --- The Significance of Reworking, Fluids and Partial Melting in Granulite Metamorphism, East Prydz Bay, Antarctica / S. L. HARLEY, I. C. W. FITZSIMONS, I. S. BUICK and G. WATT / pp. 119-128 --- Stable Isotope Studies of Granulite Facies Metamorphism in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica / I. S. BUICK, S. L. HARLEY and D. MATTEY / pp. 129-136 --- A Late- Proterozoic Extensional-Compressional Tectonic Cycle in East Antarctica / J. D. HOEK, P. H. G. M. DIRKS and C. W. PASSCHIER / pp. 137-144 --- Re-Examination of the Metamorphic Evolution of the Larsemann Hills., East Antarctica / L. REN, Y. ZHAO, X. LIU and T. CHEN / pp. 145-154 --- Geochronology of the Late Granite in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica / Y. ZHAO, B. SONG, Y. WANG, L. REN, J. LI and T. CHEN / pp. 155-162 --- The First Study of Upper Mantle Inclusions from the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica / A. V. ANDRONIKOV / pp. 163-173 --- Mafic Igneous Suites in the Lambert Rift Zone / E. V. MIKHALSKY, A. V. ANDRONIKOV and B. V. BELIATSKY / pp. 173-178 --- Granitic Rocks of the Jetty Peninsula, Amery Ice Shelf Area, East Antarctica / W. I. MANTON, E. S. GREW, J. HOFMANN and J. W. SHERATON / pp. 179-190 --- Paleomagnetic and 40Arl/39Ar Dating Studies of the Mawson Charnockite and Some Rocks from the Christensen Coast / M. FUNAKI and K. SAITO / pp. 191-202 --- 2. Crustal Evolution: Transantarctic Mountains and West Antarctica --- Multiple Petrotectonic Events in High-Grade Metamorphic Rocks of the Nimrod Group, Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica / J. W. GOODGE, V. L. HANSEN and S. M. PEACOCK / pp. 203-210 --- Metamorphic Facies of the Ross Orogeny in the Southern Wilson Terrane of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / F. TALARICO, M. FRANCESCHELLI, B. LOMBARDO, R. PALMERI, P. C. PERTUSATI, N. RASTELLI and C. A. RICCI / pp. 211-218 --- Metasedimentary Rocks of Western Wilson Terrane (Victoria Land - Oates Land) and Gondwana Connections to Australia / D. N. B. SKININER / pp. 219-226 --- Compressional Causes for the Early Palcozoic Ross Orogen—Evidence from Victoria Land and the Shackleton Range / G. KLEINSCHEMIDT, W. BUGGISCH and T. FLOETTMANN / pp. 227-234 --- Pre-Beacon Tectonic Development of the Transantarctic Mountains / E. STUMP / pp. 235-240 --- Statistical Analysis of Geochemical Patterns in Fine-Grained Permian Mudrocks from the Beardmore Glacier Region, Antarctica / T. C. HORNER and L. A. KRISSEK / pp. 241-248 --- Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Vertebrate Bone-Bearing Beds in the Triassic (and Jurassic?) Fremouw and Falla Formations, Beardmore Glacier Region., Antarctica / L. A. KRISSEK, T. C. HORNER, D. H. ELLIOT and J. W. COLLINSON / pp. 249-256 --- Early Palcozoic Lamprophyre Dikes of Southern Victoria Land: Geology, Petrology and Geochemistry / B. WU and J. H. BERG / pp. 257-264 --- Crustal Xenoliths from Cape McCormick Crater, Northern Victoria Land / J. H. BERG and B. WU / pp. 265-272 --- Xenoliths from the Volcanic Province of West Antarctica and Implications for Lithospheric Structure and Processes / R. J. WYSOCZANSKI and J. A. GAMBLE / pp. 273-278 --- Geological and Geophysical Exploration in the Northern Ford Ranges, Maric Byrd Land, West Antarctica / B. P. LUYENDYK, S. M. RICHARD, C. H. SMITH and D. L. KIMBROUGH / pp. 279-288 --- Structure and Cooling History of the Fosdick Metamorphic Complex, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica / S. M. RICHARD / pp. 289-294 --- Metapelites and Migmatites at the Granulite Facies Transition, Fosdick Metamorphic Complex, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica / C. H. SMITH / pp. 295-302 --- 3. Syn- and Post-Breakup of Gondwana --- Mesozoic and Cenozoic Kinematic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains / T. J. WILSON / pp. 303-314 --- The West Antarctic Rift System—A Propagating Rift "Captured" by a Mantle Plume? / J. C. BEHRENDT, W. LEMASURIER and A. K. COOPER / pp. 315-322 --- Apatite Fission Track Evidence for Contrasting Thermal and Uplift Histories of Metamorphic Basement Blocks in Western Dronning Maud Land / J. JACOBS, E. HEJL, G. A. WAGNER and K. WEBER / pp. 323-330 --- Early Cretaceous Uplift of the Southern Sentinel. Range, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / P. G. FITZGERALD and E. STUMP / pp. 331-340 --- Petrologic Comparison of Palcozoic Rocks from the English Coast, Eastern Ellsworth Land, and the Ellsworth Mountains / T. S. LAUDON and C. CRADDOCK / pp. 341-346 --- Provenance of Paleocene Strata, Seymour Island / D. H. ELLIOT, S. M. HOFFMAN and D. E. RIESKE / pp. 347-356 --- Sedimentology of the Miers Bluff Formation, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands / A. ARCHE, J. LOPEZ-MARTINEZ and E. MARTINEZ DE PISON / pp. 357-362 --- Late Cretaceous and Eocene Palynofloras from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island (South Shetland Islands), Antarctica / L. CAO / pp. 363-370 --- Early Tertiary Palaeoclimate of King George Island, Antarctica—Evidence from the Fossil Hill Flora / H. M. LI / pp. 371-376 --- Modes of Formation and Accretion of Oceanic Material in the Mesozoic Fore-Arc of Central and Southern Alexander Island, Antarctica: A Summary / P. A. DOUBLEDAY and T. H. TRANTER / pp. 377-382 --- The Magmatic Complexes of the Rouen Mountains and Elgar Uplands from Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Geochemical Constraints / B. K. KAMENOV and C. T. PIMPIREV / pp. 383-394 --- Transverse Variations in the Gerlache Strait Plutonic Rocks: Effects of the Aluk Ridge-Trench Collision in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula / M. A. PARADA, J.-B. ORSINI and R. ARDILA / pp. 395-404 --- 4. Recent Tectonics of Antarctic Peninsula and Subantarctic Regions --- Evolution of the Bransfield Basin and Rift, West Antarctica / K. BIRKENMAJER / pp. 405-410 --- Uplift Movements King George Island Associated Bransfield Rift Activity / M. ARANEDA and O. GONZÁLEZ-FERRÁN / pp. 411-416 --- Geotransect Drake Passage - Weddell Sea, Antarctica / R. A. J. TROUW and L. A, P. GAMBÔA / pp. 417-422 --- Long-Range Sidescan Sonar (GLORIA) Survey of the Antarctic Peninsula Pacific Margin / J. S. TOMLINSON, C. J. PUDSEY, R. A. LIVERMORE, R. D. LARTER and P. F. BARKER / pp. 423-430 --- Marine Magnetic Anomalies in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica / Y. KIM, T. W. CHUNG and S. H. NAM / pp. 431-438 --- Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Igneous Rocks from Barton and Fildes Peninsulas, King George Island: A Review / Y.-J. JWA, B.-K. PARK and Y. KIM / pp. 439-442 --- Geophysical Features of Deception Island / R. ORTIZ, J. VILA, A. GARCIA, A. G. CAMACHO, J. L. DIEZ, A. APARICIO, R. SOTO, J. G. VIRAMONTE, C. RISSO, N. MENEGATTI and I. PETRINOVIC / pp. 443-448 --- Seismic Activity on Deception Island / J. VILA, R. ORTIZ, A. M. CORREIG, and A. GARCIA / pp. 449-456 --- The Zeolitisation Model of Kerguelen Islands, Southern Indian Ocean / A. GIRET, O. VERDIER and P. NATIVEL / pp. 457-464 --- 5. Terrestrial Geophysics --- Regional Geophysical Imaging of the Antarctic Lithosphere / R. R. B. VON FRESE, D. E. ALSDORF, J-H. KIM, T. M. STEPP, D. R. H. O'CONNELL, K. J. HAYDEN and W-S. LI / pp. 465-474 --- Present Status of Seismic Network in Antarctica / K. KAMINUMA / pp. 475-482 --- Phase Velocity Distribution Beneath Antarctica and Surrounding Oceans / D. ROULAND and G. ROULT / pp. 483-488 --- Determination of the Gravity Field around Antarctica Using Satellite Altimeter Data and Surface Gravity Data —A Review of the Recent Studies— / Y. FUKUDA, J. SEGAWA and K. KAMINUMA / pp. 489-492 --- Intermittent Micro-Seismic Activity in the Vicinity of Syowa Station, East Antarctica / K. KAMINUMA and J. AKAMATSU / pp. 493-498 --- An Approach to the Seismicity of Mt. Melbourne Volcano (Northern Victoria Land—Antarctica) / E. PRIVITERA, L. VILLARI and S. GAMBINO / pp. 499-506 --- The Crustal Structure beneath Ice Stream C and Ridge BC, West Antarctica from Seismic Refraction and Gravity Measurements / C. G. MUNSON and C. R. BENTLEY / pp. 507-514 --- Numerical Modelling of Uplift and Subsidence Adjacent to the Transantarctic Mountain Front / T. A. STERN, U. S. TEN BRINK and M. H. P. BOTT / pp. 515-522 --- Gravity Study of the Mt. Melbourne Quadrangle and the Lower Rennick Glacier Area in North Victoria Land., Antarctica, and the Relation of the Rennick Graben Structure to Rifting Processes in the Ross Sea / J. KIENLE, T. F. REDFIELD and A. M. GOODLIFFE / pp. 523-534 --- Gravity Modeling Across the Transantarctic Mountains, Northern Victoria Land / T. F. REDFIELD and J. C. BEHRENDT / pp. 535-544 --- A Preliminary Aeromagnetic Anomaly Compilation Map for the Weddell Province of Antarctica / A. C. JOHNSON, N. D. ALESHKOVA, P. F. BARKER, A. V. GOLYNSKY, V. N. MASOLOV and A. M. SMITH / pp. 545-554 --- New Aeromagnetic Map of West Antarctica (Weddell Sea Sector): Introduction to Important Features / A. C. JOHNSON and A. M. SMITH / pp. 555-562 --- Ground Magnetics in North Victoria Land (East Antarctica) / E. BOZZO, A. COLLA and A. MELONI / pp. 563-570 --- Airborne Gravity from a Light Aircraft: CASERTZ 1990-1991 / R. E. BELL, B. J. COAKLEY, D. D. BLANKENSHIP, S. M. HODGE, J. M. BROZENA and J. JARVIS / pp. 571-578 --- Thinning Rate of Ice Sheet on Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, Determined by GPS Differential Positioning / H. TOH and K. SHIBUYA / pp. 579-584 --- The Geophysical Observatory at Terra Nova Bay / A. MELONI, A. DE SANTIS, A. MORELLI, P. PALANGIO, G. ROMEO, E. BOZZO and G. CANEVA / pp. 585-588 --- The Absolute Gravity Station and the Mt. Melbourne Gravity Network in Terra Nova Bay, North Victoria Land, East Antarctica / G. CERUTTI, F. ALASIA, A. GERMAK, E. BOZZO, G. CANEVA, R. LANZA and I. MARSON / pp. 589-564 --- Seismological Observations by a Three-Component Broadband Digital Seismograph at Syowa Station, Antarctica / K. NAGASAKA, K. KAMINUMA and K. SHIBUYA / pp. 595-602 --- 6. Marine Geology and Geophysics --- Preliminary Seismic Stratigraphy of the Northwestern Weddell Sea Continental Shelf / J. B. ANDERSON, S. S. SHIPP and F. P. SIRINGAN / pp. 603-612 --- Sequence Stratigraphy of the Crary Fan, Southeastern Weddell Sea / A. MOONS, M. DE BATIST, J. P. HENRIET H. MILLER / pp. 613-618 --- Modeling of Cenozoic Stratigraphy in the Ross Sea Using Sonobuoy Seismic-Refraction Data / G. R. COCHRANE and A. K. COOPER / pp. 619-626 --- Heat Flow and Tectonics of the Western Ross Sea / B. DELLA VEDOVA, G. PELLLS, L. A. LAWVER and G. BRANCOLINI / pp. 627-638 --- Tectonic Development of Graben over the Astrid Ridge off Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / D. GOPALA RAO, M. V. RAMANA and K. V. L. N. S. SARMA / pp. 639-648 --- The Directions of Magnetic Anomaly Lineations in Enderby Basin, off Antarctica / Y. NOGI, N. SEAMA and N. ISEZAKI / pp. 649-654 --- International Offshore Studies on Antarctic Cenozoic History, Glaciation, and Sea-Level Change: The ANTOSTRAT Project / A. K. COOPER and P. N. WEBB / pp. 655-660 --- 7. Cenozoic Geology and Geornorphology --- Late Cenozoic Glacial History in the Sør -Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. MORIWAKI, K. HIRAKAWA, M. HAYASHI and S. IWATA / pp. 661-668 --- Glaciation of the Central Part of the Sør Rondane, Antarctica: Glaciological Evidence / F. PATTYN, H. DECLEIR and P. HUYBRECHTS / pp. 669-678 --- Observations of Clayey Till and Underlying Glacier Ice in the Central Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / H. HASEGAWA, S. IWATA and N. MATSUOKA / pp. 679-682 --- Late Quaternary Ice-Surface Fluctuations of the Lambert Glacier / M. C. G. MABIN / pp. 683-688 --- Late Quaternary History of the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica / E. A. COLHOUN and D. A. ADAMSON / pp. 689-698 --- Late Neogene Sediments of Coastal East Antarctica —An Overview / P. G. QUILTY / pp. 699-706 --- Cenozoic Glacial Geology and Mountain Uplift in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / F. M. VAN DER WATEREN and A. L. L. M. VERBERS / pp. 707-714 --- A Glacio-Geological Reconnaissance of the Southern Prince Albert Mountains, Victoria Land, Antarctica / A. L. L. M. VERBERS and F. M. VAN DER WATEREN / pp. 715-720 --- Geomorphology of the Priestley Glacier to Campbell Glacier Transect Mapped by Aerial Photographs (Victoria Land - Antarctica) / A. BIASINI, O. FANUCCI and M. C. SALVATORE / pp. 721-726 --- Satellite Data Processing of Victoria Land / R. CASACCHIA, A. CAPRARO, M. POSCOLIERI, R. SALVATORI, R. BIANCHI and A. PICCHIOTTI / pp. 727-732 --- Fluctuations of Ice Tongues and Ice Shelves Derived from Satellite Images in Terra Nova Bay Area, Victoria Land, Antarctica / M. FREZZOTTI / pp. 733-740 --- The Last Major Deglaciation in the Antarctic Peninsula Region—A Review of Recent Swedish Quaternary Research— / C. HJORT, Ó. INGÓLFSSON and S. BJÖRCK / pp. 741-744 --- Permafrost Occurrence of Seymour Island and James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula Region / M. FUKUDA, J. STRELIN, K. SHIMOKAWA, N. TAKAHASHI, T. SONE and D. TROMBOTT / pp. 745-750 --- Geomorphology of Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands / J. LOPEZ-MARTINEZ, E. MARTINEZ DE PISON and A. ARCHE / pp. 751-756 --- Mechanical Weathering on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica / K. J. HALL / pp. 757-762 --- Modeling the Bathymetry of the Antarctic Continental Shelf / U. S. TEN BRINK and A. K. COOPER / pp. 763-772 --- Cenozoic Glacial History of Antarctica—A Correlative Synthesis / K. MORIWAKI, Y. YOSHIDA and D. M. HARWOOD / pp. 773-780 --- Late Quaternary Environmental Changes in the Antarctic and their Correlation with Global Change / Q. S. ZHANG / pp. 781-786

Description / Table of Contents: In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data centre (IDC), and on-site inspections, to verify compliance. A global hydroacoustic monitoring system is being planned and implemented for verification of the CTBT. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades on acoustic surveillance of the oceans, formerly driven by the need to detect and track submarines, is now being applied to the development of effective monitoring methods to verify compliance with the CTBT. The aim of this volume on Hydroacoustic Monitoring of the CTBT is to summarize the research being conducted in this field and to provide basic references for future research. Much of the new research emphasizes major advances in understanding the coupling of ocean acoustic waves with elastic waves in the solid Earth. Topics covered include source excitation, detection and classification of events generating hydroacoustic signals, discrimination between underwater explosions and naturally occurring events, as well as topics in coupling of acoustic to seismic wavefields.

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part I of the book covers microscopic simulations, scaling physics and earthquake generation and cycles. This part also focuses on plate processes and earthquake generation from a macroscopic standpoint.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction / Pages 1-32 --- Interpretation using nomograms / Pages 33-47 --- Linear parameters / Pages 49-114 --- Non-linear parameters / Pages 115-173 --- Maximum likelihood and maximum entropy / Pages 175-193 --- Analytic inversion / Pages 195-211 --- Advanced inversion methods / Pages 213-227 --- Error analysis / Pages 229-243 --- Parallel computation in modelling and inversion / Pages 245-255

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION The International Summer School of Theoretical Geodesy on Satellite Altimetry in Geodesy and Oceanography was held in Trieste (Italy) from May 25 to June 6, igg2. It was organized by Prof. R. Rummel of the Delft University of Technology and by Prof. F. Sansò of the Politecnico di Milano and was attended by 63 participants and 7 lecturers from 17 countries. The School was hosted by the International Centre of Theoretical Physics of Trieste. Satellite altimetry provides a lot of data that require more and more sophisticated models in order to be interpreted and exploited. One of the main problems related to the practical treatment of the data can be summarized as follows: oceanographers would like to ask geodesists to compute precise orbits and a precise geoid in order to put into evidence the Sea Surface Topography that can be interpreted as an oceanographic signal related to currents and to several physical parameters; on the other hand, geodesists would like to ask oceanographers to a-priori determine the Sea Surface Topography, in order to be able to extract from the altimeter data the geoid and the orbit errors to be used in the gravity field modelling. The solution to this dilemma can only be found in a cooperative frame. An integrated model to be used for a single-step treatment of altimetry is probably far to be defined, so at present geodesists and oceanographers must cooperate to obtain step-wise and iterative modelling of the gravity field and of the oceanographic phenomena. This is precisely the reason why the school on Satellite Altimetry was organized on an interdisciplinary basis...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Some of the major ecological and social problems of the present and future are the production, treatment, and disposal of anthropogenic wastes. Iaais is equally true for sparsely and densely populated industrial areas, including large countries in which sites for waste disposal would seem to be readily available. Especially nonradioactive hazardous wastes with their long-term toxicity need to be isolated from the biosphere just as effectively as radioactive substances. The long-term safety required of waste disposal sites can only be assured under specific geological and mineralogical conditions in certain parts of the lithosphere (underground repositories). The subjects related to the production, avoidance, treatment, and disposal of anthropogenic wastes cover a range of knowledge encompassing the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, and law. This work presents some fundamental situations and problems conceming the disposal of toxic hazardous wastes which have been dealt with in several research projects. The individual chapters are related scientifically. Long-term, effective solutions to our waste problems can only be found when interrelationships and possible future developments are considered. Only the current status of this rapidly developing field can be discussed here. The individual chapters contain scientifically founded data and observations. Other aspects for which there are still controversial opinions and arguments are also discussed, which should stimulate further thought. Further developments and scientific advances can only be achieved by constantly challenging previous theories, and not through static observation and narrow-mindedness. The most extensive quantification possible of the problems related to disposal of hazardous wastes is an essential aim of our work. This not only involves calculating the volume of waste and available repository space, but also compiling data on the long-term effects and the safe, long-term isolation of anthropogenic wastes from the biosphere. A simple description of conditions and processes without using concrete data, which is still widespread, is rejected since it frequently leads to pure speculation. The scientific fundamentals and results presented in this work are of general validity for many questions concerning waste disposal. One example is the amount of waste produced annually in Germany, in which toxic, hazardous wastes play a major role. FoIlowing this train of thought, available data are used to show how limited the possibilities are for the long-term safe underground deposition of hazardous wastes with respect to the current quantities of waste. Of utmost importance is information on the 10ng-term effects of toxic wastes, as well as criteria which have to be considered with respect to the long-term safe deposition of hazardous waste. The natural chemical cycles and material transport in the various zones of the earth are the focus of interest here. They are the scientific basis for assessing every repository for anthropogenic wastes in geological systems. Therefore the significance of material transport and geochemical cycles is emphasized regarding all questions concerning the long-term safety of repositories on the earth's surface and in the lithosphere. Thus, our concept for the scientific evaluation of the long-term safety of underground repositories in geological systems differs from all other models presently under discussion in Germany. In this work, marine evaporites are discussed with respect to the underground deposition of hazardous wastes and the long-term safety of underground repositories in salt rocks. The isolation of hazardous materials from the biosphere can above all be influenced by fluid phases. Fluid phases can mobilize and transport hazardous materials through rocks in the biosphere. This is true, without exception, for all magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, and for marine evaporites, too! In Germany evaporites have commonly been considered to be completely impermeable with respect to fluid phases (solutions and gases). This erroneous view stems from a complete lack of knowledge or misestimation of the dynamic evolution of the composition of evaporite bodies. Unfortunately, this is still true today for parts of some state agencies which deal with repositories. However, all observations of evaporite bodies made over the last more than 100 years have clearly shown that under certain conditions fluid and gaseous components are mobile in evaporites as well. Solutions in marine evaporites have been the object of personal interest and scientific research of A.G. Herrmann for 40 years. The occurrence and formation of salt solutions in the various salt mining districts of Germany are presently being restudied and reevaluated on an extended scientific basis (e.g., v. BORSTEL 1992). A presentation of the current knowledge on salt solutions is beyond the scope of this publication. However, in the interest of continuing research a research project proposed by A.G. Herrmann (1987b) will be introduced here. The direct quantitative analysis of the chemical composition (quatemary and quinary systems) of small fluid inclusions in rocks of the salt deposits of Hessen and Niedersachsen are the primary focus of this project. Information important to fundamental research on the formation and alteration of salt rocks and on the long-term safety of underground repositories should be gained from these studies (e.g., HERRMANN & v. BORSTEL 1991). In addition to salt solutions, gases are also fluid components which occur in practically all marine evaporite deposits. Hence, both salt solutions and gases must be carefully considered when planning underground repositories in an evaporite body and evaluating their long-term safety. This publication contains an up-to-date overview of the gas occurrences in the marine evaporites of Central Europe. Despite previous studies, there is still a considerable deficit in scientific information regarding the distribution and formation of gases in the evaporites occurring in Germany. A detailed research program on the geochemical relationships involving the formation of evaporites and gases will draw attention to this situation. One aspect must be emphasized in the planning and construction of repositories for anthropogenic wastes: their long-term safety. This publication deals precisely with this subject, and in Part III of this work we will present the concept that we have developed. This concept is based on the fact that evaporite bodies are subject to a dynamic evolution and that the chemical and mineralogical composition provides important information on the effect of fluid phases on salt rocks. Previous works contain the testing of methods and presented initial results using the Gorleben salt dome as an example. However, we are just at the beginning of our research project on the long-term safety of underground repositories (e.g., HERRMANN & KNIPPING 1989, HERRMANN 1992). The information contained in this publication is based on years of experience in evaporite research and underground repositories for anthropogenic wastes. Examples are presented which can be applied to similar situations and problems in other countries. Waste disposal is not just a national problem, it has long become an international one for all types of anthropogenic wastes...

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Planets, Meteorites and Cosmic Dusts --- Primordial Xe Isotopic Abundances and 244Pu-136Xe Ages of Primitive Xe Differentiated Achondrites / Eugster O., Weigel A., and Michel Th. / pp. 1-9 --- The RELAX Mass Spectrometer and Its Application to Iodine-Xenon Dating / Gilmour J. D. and Turner G. / pp. 11-21 --- Enrichment and Fractionation of Noble Gases in Bubbles / Takaoka N. / pp. 23-29 --- "Q-Gases" as "Local" Primordial Noble Gas Component in Primitive Meteorites / Wieler R. / pp. 31-41 --- Weathering and Atmospheric Noble Gases in Chondrites / Scherer P., Schultz L., and Loeken T. / pp. 43-53 --- Radiogenic Noble Gas Constraints on Mars' Evolution / Sasaki S. / pp. 55-66 --- Retentivity of Solar He and Ne in IDPS in Deep Sea Sediment / Hiyagon H. / pp. 67-75 --- Influx and Age Constraints on the Recycled Cosmic Dust Explanation for High 3He/4He Ratios at Hotspot Volcanos / Trull T. / pp. 77-88 --- 2. Mantle and Crust --- Geochronology of Tellurium Ores and the Double-Beta Decay Lifetime of 130Te / Podosek F. A., Brannon J. C., Bernatowicz T. J., Brazzle R., Grauch R., Cowsik R., and Hohenberg C. M. / pp. 89-113 --- Cosmic-Ray-Produced Neon at the Surface of the Earth / Graf T., Kim J. S., Marti K., and Niedermann S. / pp. 115-123 --- Current Status of Xes-Xen Dating / Shukolyukov Yu. A., Meshik A. P., Krylov D. P., and Pravdivtseva O. V. / pp. 125-146 --- Atmospheric, MORB-Like, and Crustal-Derived Noble Gas Components in Subduction-Related Samples / Patterson D. B., Honda M., and McDougall I. / pp. 147-158 --- Noble Gases in Deformed Xenoliths from an Ocean Island: Characterization of a Metasomatic Fluid / Farley K. A., Poreda R. J., and Onstott T. C. / pp. 159-178 --- Deconvolution of Multiple Components of Neon and Helium in Mantle-Derived Samples / Patterson D. B., Honda M., and McDougall I. / pp. 179-189 --- Neon and Argon Isotopic Constraints on Earth-Atmosphere Evolution / Marty B. and Allé P. / pp. 191-204 --- The Effect of Water on Noble Gas Signatures of Volcanic Materials / Kaneoka I. / pp. 205-215 --- 3. Water, Gases and Diamonds --- Indigenous and Extraneous Noble Gases in Terrestrial Diamonds / Begemann F. / pp. 217-227 --- Isotopic Variations of Helium in the Diamonds of the Kokchetav Massif's Metamorphic Rocks, Kazakhstan / Pleshakov A. M. and Shukolyukov Yu. A. / pp. 229-243 --- Helium Isotopic Information from Diamonds: Critical Data Available and Needed / Lal D. / pp. 245-260 --- He-Ar Isotope Systematics of Fluid Inclusions: Resolving Mantle and Crustal Contributions to Hydrothermal Fluids / Stuart F., Turner G., and Taylor R. / pp. 261-277 --- Mantle Helium in the Groundwater of the Mirror Lake Basin, New Hampshire, U.S.A. / Torgersen T., Drenkard S., Farley K., Schlosser P., and Shapiro A. / pp. 279-292 --- Volcanic Activity Revealed by Isotope Systematics of Gases from Hydrothermal Springs in Tengchong, China / Wang X., Chen J., Li Y., Wen Q., Sun M., Li C., and Hu G. / pp. 293-304 --- Helium Isotopic Compositions in Quaternary Volcanic Geothermal Area near Indo-Eurasian Collisional Margin at Tengchong, China / Xu S., Nakal S., Wakita H., Wang X., and Chen J. / pp. 305-313 --- 4. Basic Properties --- Sites and Behaviors ofNoble Gas Atoms in MgO Crystal Simulated by the Molecular Dynamics (MD) Method / Tsuchiyama A. and Kawamura K. / pp. 315-323 --- Noble Gas Solubilities in Melts and Crystals / Carroll M. R., Draper D. S., Brooker R. A., and Kelley S. / pp. 325-341 --- Noble Gas Partition between Basaltic Melt and Olivine Crystals at High Pressures / Shibata T., Takahashi E., and Ozima M. / pp. 343-354 --- Noble Gas Partitioning between Metal and Silicate under High Pressures: The Case of Iron and Peridotite / Sudo M., Ohtaka O., and Matsuda J. / pp. 355-372 --- Noble Gas Partitioning in Natural Samples: Results from Coexisting Glass and Olivine Phenocrysts in Four Hawaiian Submarine Basalts / Valbracht P. J., Honda M., Staudigel H., McDougall I., and Trost A. P. / pp. 373-381 --- Retrospective --- After Dinner Talk (A Diagrammatic Summary of Noble Gas Isotope Research in the Physics Department at Berkeley) / Reynolds J. H. / pp. 383-386

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION "The geological history, as expressed by the stratigraphic column, is basically composed of cycles of sedimentation, stratification and magmatism which correlate with relative changes in sea level determined in turn by different types of crustal movements. The classical sequence of stages "transgression - inundation - differentiation - regression - emergence" is believed to reflect the deformation phases of a geotectonic cycle" (Wezel,1988: p.37). The concept of geotectonic cycle is fundamental in geology because it links tectonics with sedimentary processes. According to Wezel (1988) the geotectonic cycle is an expression of cyclic variations in the behavior of the crust; more precisely,it is a geodynamic response to the Earth's variations in the rate of rotation (Mörner,19869 Whyte,1977~ Carey,1976).Based on a global analysis of geotectonic data, synchronous episodes of intense global swelling, governed by cyclically ordered diastrophic processes, were identified (Wezel,1985;1988). The process leading to these swells was termed krikogenesis (Wezel, 1988).It basically consists of not steady, localized, migratory vertical movements linked to mantle diapirism and concentrated in single zones.The overlying crust adjusts itself to mantle motions induced by krikogenesis, with the formation of transient troughs and swells ('touche-de-piano' tectonics).This mechanism was individuated in several areas (Wezel,1988). The history of the Earth is described by six episodes that repeat in the same way in the course of geological time.Their duration progressively decreases:the first cycle has a duration of about 200 million years, the following,younger cycles lasted 150, 115, 65, A5 and 20 m.y. ...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The application of thermal analysis to earth science has a long history. This is evidenced by the extensive coverages by Mackenzie (1957, 1970), Langier-Kuzniarowa (1967), Schultze (1971), Liptay (t973), Smykatz- Kloss (1974), Todor (1976) and Heide (1982). The chief thermal method has been differential thermal analysis (DTA). Additionally, thermogravimetry (TG; Duval, 1963; Keattch, 1969; Earnest, 1988) and thermodilatometry (Schomburg & Strörr, 1984) have gained some importance. All these methods are still widely ltsed. But recently several new techniques have gained attention, such as thermomagnetometry, thermomechanical analysis and thermosonimetry. Improved equipment made possible the application of thermal methods to problems in thermodynamics and kinetics (e.g. by means of differential scanning calorimetry, DSC). This progress in the construction of new instruments as well as the combination of existing methods to enable simultaneous determinations (e.g. TG/DTA; TG/IR spectroscopy; DTA/mass spectrometry; DTA/microscopy; high-pressure DTA) have led to a resurgence in the use and application of thermal analysis in the earth sciences. Here the applications cover such diverse areas as the examination of individual minerals, mineral mixtures, rocks, soils, ceramics, cements, raw materials as well as their industrial evaluation, performance assessment and quality control. In the field of solid fossil fuels thermal determinations range from proximate analysis of inorganic constituents and the measurement of calorific values to the assessment of the environmental aspects of fly ashes and mineral residues. To support this tendency, the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis (ICTA) has recently founded a "Committee for Thermal Analysis in Geosciences". The aim of this committee shall be to discuss, improve and distribute the knowledge about the possibilities of solving geoscientific questions by means of thermal analytic methods...

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. High Resolution and Better Imaging --- MUSES-B Satellite System for VSOP / H. Hirosawa / pp. 3-9 --- Mechanical Design and Development of a Deployable Space Antenna for Japanese VLBI Space Observatory Program / M. C. Natori, T. Takano, K. Miyoshi, T. Inoue and T. Kitamura / pp. 10-20 --- Operation of the VSOP Satellite / Y. Murata / pp. 21-25 --- Ground Supporting Facilities for VSOP Observations / N. Kawaguchi, H. Kobayashi, T. Miyaji, H. Mikoshiba, A. Tojo, Z. Yamamoto and H. Hirosawa, / pp. 26-33 --- Space VLBI Simulations / D. W. Murphy, V. Yakimov, H. Kobayashi, A. R. Taylor and I. Fejes / pp. 34-38 --- Space VLBI Scheduling Studies: Techniques and Results / D. L. Meier / pp. 39-43 --- An Affordable Advanced Space VLBI Mission / J. S. Ulvestad, D. L. Meier, D. W. Murphy, R. A. Preston and J. G. Smith / pp. 44-48 --- Space VLBI Experiments Using ETS-VI / T. lwata, H. Kiuchi, M. Imae, M. Sekido and S. Hama / pp. 49-53 --- Space VLBI Polarization Observations / D. C. Gabuzda and A. R. Taylor / pp. 54-58 --- Space VLBI User Assistance Software / I. Fejes, D. W. Murphy, A. R. Taylor, V. Yakimov and G. Young / pp. 59-69 --- mm VLBI / L. B. Bååth / pp. 70-74 --- "High Sensitivity" VLBI at 86 GHz: First Fringes with the 100 m Radio Telescope at Effelsberg / K. J. Standke, D. A. Graham, T. P. Krichbaum, A. Witzel, C. J. Schalinski, A. E. E. Rogers, R. Booth, L. B. Bååth / pp. 75-85 --- Burst Mode System toward mJy Level mm-VLBI / M. Inoue, K. Matsumoto and N. Kawaguchi / pp. 86-88 --- 86 GHz Global VLBI Progress Report / S. Doeleman, A. E. E. Rogers, L. Bååth, C. Schalinski, T. Krichbaum, M. Inoue, A. Zensus, S. Padin, J. Carlstrom, D. Graham, C. Predmore, J. Moran, D. Backer, M. Wright, N. Whyborn, L. Nyman, K. Standke, M. Lerner and S. Kameno / pp. 89-92 --- Global 3- and 7-mm VLBI Observations of OJ287 / C. E. Tateyama and M. Inoue / pp. 93-100 --- VLBI Observations of the 22 GHz H2 0Maser in Late Type Stars / H. Takaba, T. lwata, M. Miyoshi, N. Ukita, S. Kameno and K. Matsumoto / pp. 101-104 --- The H2 0 Super Maser Outburst Region in the Orion Nebula / L. I. Matveyenko and P. J. Diamond / pp. 105-109 --- The Cosmological Application of the VLBI Technique at Ultimate Resolutions / L. I. Gurvits / pp. 110-114 --- First VLBI Images of Supernova 1993J in the Galaxy M81 / N. Bartel, M. F. Bietenholz, M. P. Rupen, J. E. Conway, A. J. Beasley, R. A. Sramek, J. D. Romney, M. A. Titus, D. A. Graham, V. I. Altunin, D. L. Jones, A. Rius, T. Venturi, G. Umana, R. L. Francis, M. L. McCall, M. G. Richer, C. C. Stevenson, K. W. Weiler, S. D. Van Dyk, N. Panagia, W. H. Cannon, J. Popelar and R. J. Davis / pp. 115-122 --- The Visibility-Spectrum Relation among Radio Loud AGNs / S. Kameno, M. Inoue, K. Matsumoto, H. Takaba, T. lwata, R. Nan and R. T. Schilizzi / pp. 123-129 --- Identification of the Superluminal Motion in Faint Parsec-Scale Jet of 3C390.3 / S. Wu, E. Preuss, W. Alef, K. I. Kellermann and Y. Qiu / pp. 130-136 --- A VLBI Search for Compact Nonthermal Emission from the Herbig Be Star MWC 297 / S. L. Skinner and R. B. Phillips / pp. 137-140 --- Snapshot VLBI Mapping of Variable Extragalactic Sources at 327 MHz / L. I. Gurvits, W. Alef, D. R. Altschuler, J. E. Carson, B. Dennison, D. Graham and A. S. Trotter / pp. 141-145 --- AO 0235+164151;A "Heretic" BL Lac / H. S. Chu, L. B. Bååth, F. T. Rantakyrö, R. S. Booth, R. E. Spencer and F. J. Zhang / pp. 146-155 --- Chapter 2. Antenna and Networks --- The New Receiver in the S, X, K Bands for the VLB1 Medicina Dish / A. Orfei, G. Maccaferri, S. Mariotti, M. Morsiani, G. P. Zacchiroli and G. Tomassetti / pp. 159-164 --- The Upgrade Proposal for the VLBI Medicina Antenna / A. Orfei, G. Maccaferri, S. Mariotti, M. Morsiani and G. P. Zacchiroli / pp. 165-170 --- VLBI at the Kyushu Tokai University / M. Fujishita, K. Miyasato, T. Yoshiyama and Y. Matsumae / pp. 171-175 --- VLBI Activities at the Matera Space Geodesy Center / R. Lanotte, G. Bianco, M. Fermi and L. Garramone / pp. 176-184 --- The Mizusawa 10-m Antenna and Its VLBI Observation System / K. M. Shibata, Y. Asaki, I. Asari, Y. Fukuzaki, T. Hara, K. Horiai, K. lwadate, 0. Kameya, N. Kawano, S. Kuji, S. Manabe, S. Sakai, T. Sasao, K. Sato, Y. Tamura and S. Tsuruta / pp. 185-190 --- The 6 m VLBI Telescope at Kagoshima, Japan / T. Omodaka, M. Morimoto, N. Kawaguchi, T. Miyaji, S. Yasuda, T. Suzuyama, T. Kitagawa, T. Miyazaki, L. Furuya, T. Jike, K. Miyazawa, H. Mikoshiba, S. Kuji, 0. Kameya and Kagoshima VLBI Group / pp. 191-195 --- Radio Telescopes and VLBI Facilities in Brazil / P. Kaufmann and C. E. Tateyama / pp. 196-199 --- Cryogenic Cooled Receivers for the QUASAR Network / A. V. lpatov, I. A. lpatova and V. V. Mardyshkin / pp. 200-204 --- The Australian Long Baseline Array—Status Report / A. Tzioumis, W. Wilson and R. Ferris / pp. 205-210 --- The Asia-Pacific Telescope—APT / A. Tzioumis / pp. 211-217 --- Present Status and Future Development on VLBI Facilities in China / Ye S. and Oian Z. / pp. 218-220 --- Chapter 3. The New Trends in Geodesy and Astrometry --- Plate Dynamics near Boundaries: What Governs the Transition between Episodic and Continuous Motions? / K. Heki / pp. 223-228 --- Improved Global Atmospheric Mapping Functions for VLBI and GPS / A. Niell / pp. 229-231 --- Method of Differential Fringe Phase Tracking / N. Kawano, T. Sasao, T. Hara, S. Kuji, 0. Kameya, K. Sato, K. lwadate and Y. Asaki / pp. 232-236 --- The Chinese National Space Geodetic Network / J. Cai / pp. 237-240 --- Satellite Position Determination by Difference of Range (DOR) Measurements / I. Kardos / pp. 241-250 --- Recent Geodetic VLBI Results from Shanghai Observatory / Ye S., Qian Z., Chen G. and Zhou, R. / pp. 251-253 --- An Antennacluster-Antennacluster VLBI Project VERA / T. Sasao, N. Kawano, T. Hara, S. Kuji, K. Shibata, K. lwadate, K. Sato, 0. Kameya, S. Tsuruta, K. Asari, Y. Tamura, K. Horiai, K. Sato, H. Hanada, T. Tsubokawa, K. Yokoyama, S. Manabe and S. Sakai / pp. 254-258 --- An Astronomical Observational Plan Using the VERA / O. Kameya, T. Sasao, N. Kawano and K. M. Shibata / pp. 259-263 --- Estimated Errors in the Antennacluster-Antennacluster VLBI / T. Hara, T. Sasao, K. Sato, N. Kawano and O. Kameya / pp. 264-271 --- Sub-Milliarcsecond Astrometry with Phase-Referenced VLBI / D. L. Jones, J.-F. Lestrade, R. A. Preston and R. B. Phillips / pp. 272-276 --- Selenodesy by Using Differential VLBI Observations of Artificial Radio Sources on the Moon / H. Hanada, M. Ooe, N. Kawano, K. lwadate, S. Kuji, K. Sato, S. Tsuruta, T. Sasao, 0. Kameya, T. Hara, N. Kawaguchi, M. Fujishita, M. Morimoto, S. Yasuda, H. Mizutani and A. Fujimura / pp. 277-281 --- Gravitational Lens Effect and Measurement of Stellar Mass / M. Hosokawa, K. Ohnishi, T. Fukushima and M. Takeuti / pp. 282-286 --- Evidence for Source Structure Effects Caused by the Quasar 3C273 in Geodetic VLBI Data / P. Charlot / pp. 287-294 --- Astronomical Periods in the Solar System / Y. Macyama / pp. 295-305 --- Pulsar VLBI Experiment Using Kashima-Usuda Baseline / M. Sekido, S. Hama, H. Kiuchi, Y. Hanado, Y. Takahashi, M. Imae, K. Fujisawa and H. Hirabayashi / pp. 306-312 --- The Celestial Reference System and Frame of the International Earth Rotation Service / E. F. Arias / pp. 313-315 --- Quasi Simultaneous Observations in the Arclength Method of Reduction of Astrometric VLBI Data / M. S. De Biasi, E. F. Arias and J.-F. Lestrade / pp. 316-318 --- Few-Hundred Microarcsecond VLBI Astrometry: Applications and Reduction of Limiting Error Sources / S. T. Lowe and R. N. Treuhaft / pp. 319-323 --- Chapter 4. Recorders and Correlators --- A New Advanced One-Unit VLBI Correlator (NAOCO) / K. Shibata, T. Sasao, N. Kawaguchi, Y. Tamura, S. Kameno, M. Miyoshi, K. Asari, S. Manabe, T. Hara, S. Kuji, K. Sato, T. Miyaji, K. Matsumoto, Y. Asaki, S. Yasuda and S. Nakamura / pp. 327-331 --- A Programmable VLBI Correlator Using Parallel Computing / G. Petit and T. Fayard / pp. 332-337 --- Status of the New K-4 System / H. Kiuchi, S. Hama, J. Amagai, Y. Hanado, A. Kaneko and M. Imae / pp. 338-344 --- The S2 Frequency Agile Data Acquisition Terminal / W. T. Petrachenko, P. Mathieu, J. Popelar, W. H. Cannon, H. Tan and R. D. Wietfeldt / pp. 345-350 --- A Chipset for a MKII Style Correlator / G. Tuccari / pp. 351-359 --- Keeping Compatibility in International VLBI Systems / T. Yoshino, S. Hama and N. Kawaguchi / pp. 360-364 --- Development of the Burst Mode VLBI / K. Matsumoto and N. Kawaguchi / pp. 365-370 --- The K4 Correlator / S. Hama, H. Kiuchi, M. Sekido and M. Imae / pp. 371-376 --- Notes on High Data Rate Recording / J. Takayama / pp. 377-380

Description / Table of Contents: The Azores-Tunisia region is formed by the western part of the plate boundary between Eurasia and Africa. This plate boundary presents a complex nature due to its proximity to the pole of rotation of the African plate. This condition produces crustal extensions and normal faulting at the Azores archipelago, transcurrent motion with strike slip faulting at the center part of the Azores-Gibraltar fault and at the eastern end, from the Gulf of Cadiz to Tunisia, plate convergence with reverse faulting. In this last part, the collision of Iberia with northern Morocco produces complex phenomena with intermediate depth and deep earthquakes and an extensional regime at the Alboran sea. Recently, new evidence has been gathered in this region based on observations from geology, geodesy, mainly through GPS measurements, seismology, especially with the installation of broad-band stations, and other fields of geophysics, such as paleomagnetism and gravimetry.

Description / Table of Contents: This special issue contains contributions presented at the international workshop Seismic Waves in Laterally Inhomogeneous Media V, which was held at the Castle of Zahrádky, Czech Republic, June 5 - 9, 2000. The workshop, which was attended by about 60 seismologists from 16 countries, was devoted mainly to the current state of theoretical and computational means of study of seismic wave propagation in complex structures. The special issue begins with papers dealing with the study and the application of the ray methods. Problems such as coupling of quasi-shear waves or smoothing of models for effective ray computations are dealt with. Applications of the ray methods in seismic exploration are presented. Further, directional wavefield decomposition, phase space, path integral and parabolic equation methods are discussed. Attention is also devoted to attenuation and scattering problems, and to seismic inversion problems.

Description / Table of Contents: The accelerated, and often uncontrolled, growth of the cities has contributed to the ecological transformation of their immediate surroundings. Factors contributing to the urban vulnerability include: lowering or rising of the water table, subsidence, loss of bearing capacity of soil foundations and instability of slopes. Recent catastrophic earthquakes highlight the poor understanding by decision makers of seismic related risk, as well as the tendency of some builders to use the cheapest designs and construction materials to increase short-term economic returns on their investment. Losses from earthquakes will continue to increase if we do not shift towards proactive solution. Disaster reduction is both an issue for consideration in the sustainable development agenda and a cross-cutting issue relating to the social, economic, environmental and humanitarian sectors. As location is the key factor, which determines the level of risk associated with a hazard, land-use plans and mapping should be used as tools to identify the most suitable usage for vulnerable areas.

Description / Table of Contents: In the wake of the disastrous tsunami which struck Papua New Guinea in 1998, this volume presents 20 state-of-the-art contributions on landslide tsunamis, including earthquake characteristics and ground motions, modeling of landslides in geotechnical engineering, field surveys on land and at sea, simulations of past, present, and potential future tsunamis, and theoretical studies of tsunami generation by landslides.

Description / Table of Contents: Concepts and methods of fractal geometry penetrate various branches of human knowledge to an increasing degree. This tendency is particularly striking in the geosciences, because many processes occurring in and on the Earth result in time dependences and spatial patterns that have a fractal character. The contributions in this volume arose from the "3rd International Symposium on Fractals and Dynamic Systems in Geosciences", held at Stara Lesna, Slovakia in June, 1997. The volume contains new ideas and applications of fractal geometry in such diverse branches of geoscience as engineering geology, the physics of the lithosphere (including faulting, seismicity, and fluid flow), and climate behavior.

Description / Table of Contents: The topics included in this issue deal with many aspects of volcanic and seismic activity, two of the natural hazards of geological origin that have the greatest impact and pose the predominant risk to society. This book comprises eighteen papers, most of which were presented at an international seminar organized and held at the Complutense University of Madrid in October 2001. The papers address geodetic, geophysical and geochemical effects caused by seismic and volcanic activity; monitoring of volcanic and seismic processes using space and terrestrial techniques; complementarity of these techniques; theoretical modelling of volcanic and seismic processes; inverse problem; interpretation of observations; hazards; seismicity patterns and application.

Description / Table of Contents: The supply and protection of groundwater, the production of hydrocarbon reservoirs, land subsidence in coastal areas, exploitation of geothermal energy, the long-term disposal of critical wastes ... What do these issues have in common besides their high socio-economic impact? They are all closely related to fluid flow in porous and/or fractured rock. As the conditions of fluid flow in many cases depend on the mechanical behavior of rocks, coupling between the liquid phase and the rock matrix can generally not be neglected. For the past five years or so, studies of rock physics and rock mechanics linked to coupling phenomena have received increased attention. In recognition of this, a Euroconference on thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in fractured rock was held at Bad Honnef, Germany, in November 2000. Most of the twenty papers collected in this volume were presented at this meeting. The contributions lead to deeper insight in processes where such coupling is relevant.

Description / Table of Contents: In the last decade of the 20th century, there has been great progress in the physics of earthquake generation; that is, the introduction of laboratory-based fault constitutive laws as a basic equation governing earthquake rupture, quantitative description of tectonic loading driven by plate motion, and a microscopic approach to study fault zone processes. The fault constitutive law plays the role of an interface between microscopic processes in fault zones and macroscopic processes of a fault system, and the plate motion connects diverse crustal activities with mantle dynamics. An ambitious challenge for us is to develop realistic computer simulation models for the complete earthquake process on the basis of microphysics in fault zones and macro-dynamics in the crust-mantle system. Recent advances in high performance computer technology and numerical simulation methodology are bringing this vision within reach. The book consists of two parts and presents a cross-section of cutting-edge research in the field of computational earthquake physics. Part I includes works on microphysics of rupture and fault constitutive laws, and dynamic rupture, wave propagation and strong ground motion. Part II covers earthquake cycles, crustal deformation, plate dynamics, and seismicity change and its physical interpretation. Topics covered in Part I range from the microscopic simulation and laboratory studies of rock fracture and the underlying mechanism for nucleation and catastrophic failure to the development of theoretical models of frictional behaviors of faults; as well as the simulation studies of dynamic rupture processes and seismic wave propagation in a 3-D heterogeneous medium, to the case studies of strong ground motions from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and seismic hazard estimation for Cascadian subduction zone earthquakes.

Description / Table of Contents: In the last decade of the 20th century, there has been great progress in the physics of earthquake generation; that is, the introduction of laboratory-based fault constitutive laws as a basic equation governing earthquake rupture, quantitative description of tectonic loading driven by plate motion, and a microscopic approach to study fault zone processes. The fault constitutive law plays the role of an interface between microscopic processes in fault zones and macroscopic processes of a fault system, and the plate motion connects diverse crustal activities with mantle dynamics. An ambitious challenge for us is to develop realistic computer simulation models for the complete earthquake process on the basis of microphysics in fault zones and macro-dynamics in the crust-mantle system. Recent advances in high performance computer technology and numerical simulation methodology are bringing this vision within reach. The book consists of two parts and presents a cross-section of cutting-edge research in the field of computational earthquake physics. Part I includes works on microphysics of rupture and fault constitutive laws, and dynamic rupture, wave propagation and strong ground motion. Part II covers earthquake cycles, crustal deformation, plate dynamics, and seismicity change and its physical interpretation. Topics in Part II range from the 3-D simulations of earthquake generation cycles and interseismic crustal deformation associated with plate subduction to the development of new methods for analyzing geophysical and geodetical data and new simulation algorithms for large amplitude folding and mantle convection with viscoelastic/brittle lithosphere, as well as a theoretical study of accelerated seismic release on heterogeneous faults, simulation of long-range automaton models of earthquakes, and various approaches to earthquake predicition based on underlying physical and/or statistical models for seismicity change.

Description / Table of Contents: Geophysicists use seismic signals to image structures in the Earth's interior, to understand the mechanics of earthquake and volcanic sources, and to estimate their associated hazards. Keiiti Aki developed pioneering quantitative methods for extracting useful information from various portions of observed seismograms and applied these methods to many problems in the above fields. This volume honors Aki's contributions with review papers and results from recent applications by his former students and scientific associates pertaining to topics spawned by his work. Discussed subjects include analytical and numerical techniques for calculating dynamic rupture and radiated seismic waves, stochastic models used in engineering seismology, earthquake and volcanic source processes, seismic tomography, properties of lithospheric structures, analysis of scattered waves, and more. The volume will be useful to students and professional geophysicists alike.

Description / Table of Contents: In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center, and onsite inspections, to verify compliance. The problem of identifying small-magnitude banned nuclear tests and discriminating between such tests and the background of earthquakes and mining-related seismic events, is a challenging research problem. Because they emphasize CTBT verification research, the 12 papers in this special volume primarily addresses regional data recorded by a variety of arrays, broadband stations, and temporarily deployed stations. Nuclear explosions, earthquakes, mining-related explosions, mine collapses, single-charge and ripple-fired chemical explosions from Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America are all studied. While the primary emphasis is on short-period, body-wave discriminants and associated source and path corrections, research that focuses on long-period data recorded at regional and teleseismic distances is also presented Hence, these papers demonstrate how event identification research in support of CTBT monitoring has expanded in recent years to include a wide variety of event types, data types, geographic regions and statistical techniques.

Description / Table of Contents: In many past and recent earthquakes it has been shown that the local conditions and, in particular, the local geology have a great influence on the observed seismic ground motion and, consequently, on the damage distribution in housing, industrial stock, and life-lines. Seismic microzoning is the usual procedure to have these local effects taken into account for engineering design and land-use planning, being a useful tool for earthquake risk mitigation. This volume presents a collection of papers mainly originated from a workshop on Seismic Microzoning, organized during the 23rd General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) in Nice, France in April 1998. The workshop dealt with various geophysical tools for analysing the effects of the local soils of subsurface geology on seismic ground motion, namely the methods using experimental data such as microtremors, and the theoretical/numerical 1-D and 2-D modelling methods. Additional contributions discussing techniques for characterising soil properties, microzoning applications to several urban areas, and others were added to the volume to broaden this important topic.

Description / Table of Contents: On September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center (IDC), and on-site inspections to verify compliance. Successful monitoring of a CTBT requires that we detect and identify all nuclear explosions. Since many events of concern will be too small to be detected teleseismically, this capability requires the use of regional-distance seismograms. The complexity of regional seismograms presents many technical challenges for a monitoring program. This issue focuses on problems associated with regional wave propagation through complex media. It includes papers that investigate regional variations of elastic and anelastic properties of Eurasia, the blockage of regional phases by sedimentary basins, methods for modeling regional wave propagation and for calibrating seismic wave paths in order to extract amplitude variations and source parameters. These papers illustrate the research and development necessary for acquiring an understanding of regional wave propagation which in turn provides the foundation for operational tools used to monitor a CTBT.

Description / Table of Contents: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the main compound identified as affecting the stability of the Earth's climate. A significant reduction in the volume of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere is a key mechanism for mitigating climate change. Geological storage of CO 2, or the injection and long-term stabilization of large volumes of CO 2 in the subsurface in saline aquifers, in existing hydrocarbon reservoirs or in unmineable coal seams, is one of the more technologically advanced options available. A number of studies have been carried out and are reported here. They are aimed at understanding the safety, physical and chemical behaviour and long-term fate of CO 2 when stored in geological formations. Until efficient, alternative energy options can be developed, geological storage of CO 2, the subject of this volume, provides a mechanism to reduce carbon emissions significantly whilst continuing to meet the global demand for energy.

Description / Table of Contents: The Cretaceous submarine Ontong Java Plateau, in the western Pacific Ocean, is the most volumnous of the world's large igneous provinces(LIPs), and represents the largest known magmatic event on Earth. LIPs are the products of basaltic volcanism on a scale and at an effusion rate not seen on Earth at the present time, and their formation may have had significant effects on the Earth's climate and biosphere. The currently favoured explanation for LIP formation is the rapid decompression and melting of anomalously hot mantle in the heads of newly ascended mantle plumes. This volume summarizes the results of research aimed principally at testing the plume-head hypothesis for the formation of the Ontong Java Plateau, and presents the results of integrated studies following recent basement drilling on the plateau by the Ocean Drilling Program Nineteen papers cover topics as diverse as petrology, geochemistry, tectonics, volcanology, paleomagnatism and biostratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: The widespread extension occured within the Variscan orogen and its northern foreland during late Carboniferous to Early Permian times. This was associated with magnetism and with a fundamental change, at the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, in the regional stress field, coincident with the termination of orogenic activity and onset of dextral translation between North Africa and Europe. Rifting propagated across basement terranes with different ages and thermal histories. Most of the roft basins developed on relatively thin lithosphere; however, the highly magnetic Oslo graben initiated within the edge of a craton. Early stephanian regional uplift is contemporaneous with the onset of magmatism; inviting speculation that it might have been induced by a thermal anomaly within the upper mantle. The contributions to this volume suggest that the geodynamic setting in which magmatism occurred was complex, involving wrench tectonics, slab detachment, and delimination or thermal erosion of the base of the lithosphere.

Description / Table of Contents: The Grès d′Annot Formation of SE France constitutes a classic and outstanding example of a sand-rich turbidite system controlled by synsedimentary tectonics, and has often been used as an outcrop analogue for deep-water hydrocarbon reservoirs. Over the last 10 years, research efforts by different academic and industrial teams have led to important reappraisals of prevailing ideas on the Gres d′Annot, particularly on the nature and controlling factors of the depositional processes, the small-scale architecture and sequence organization of the deposits, the tectonic regime of the basin and its impact on palaeogeography, and the interaction between sediment gravity flows and basin-floor topography. This volume offers a multidisciplinary overview and draws up the ′state-of-the-art′ of scientific knowledge on this influential turbidite system. Complementary aspects are covered, from structural geology, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy, to modelling of sedimentary processes and architectures, geochemistry, reservoir characterization, seismic modelling and uses as analogues for deep-marine hydrocarbon fields. This book will be of use to both academic researchers (geologists and geophysicists) and industry professionals dealing with the characterization and modelling of deep-water sediments.

Description / Table of Contents: The 32 research papers in this volume examine the mode and nature of igneous, metamorphic, tectonic, sedimentological and biological processes associated with the evolution of ophiolites in Earth's history. Divided into six sections, the book presents a wealth of new data and syntheses from ophiotites around the world. Introductory chapters review the distribution of ophiolites in space and time and present a synoptic discussion on their importance in Earth history. Papers in the second section present diverse data from Tethyan ophiolites and provide refined geodynamic models for their evolution. The following two sections present case studies documenting magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic processes in ophiolite genesis and hydrothermal and biogenic alteration of fossil oceanic crust. Mechanisms of ophiolite emplacement are explored in Section V with a focus on the Semail massif (Oman). The last section examines the regional occurrence and geodynamic significance of ophiolite belts on different continents. The book reflects the contemporary work of the international community in a most up-to-date treatment of process-oriented questions on the evolution of ophiolites.

Description / Table of Contents: Pterosaurs were a peculiar group of Mesozoic vertebrates, which acquired the ability to fly in an original way, using a membrane attached to a single finger of the hand. Ever since the first description of a pterosaur skeleton in 1784, these remarkable animals have elicited much discussion and controversy among palaeontologists, and many basic questions about their origin, evolution and biology remain disputed. In the last few years, interest in pterosaurs has been revived by numerous discoveries of new and sometimes remarkably preserved specimens, which have enlarged and changed our picture of this group. The volume begins with descriptions of several new pterosaurs from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of Europe, North and South America, and Africa. Following this, alternative hypotheses of pterosaur phytogeny and evolution are put forward. Several papers discuss the functional anatomy of pterosaurs and its implications for aerial locomotion. The study of pterosaur footprints provides important new evidence concerning their terrestrial locomotion, and this approach is used in several contributions. A developing aspect of pterosaur research is bone histology, as shown by the final papers in this collection.

Description / Table of Contents: Fabric is a ubiquitous and significant feature of geological materials. The processes involved in the formation and deformation of rocks and sediments leave their mark on the orientations of the constituent mineral grains. Petrofabrics thus provide essential keys to understanding the history of geological materials. Magnetic anisotropy is directly related to petrofabric, and has become one of the most rapid, sensitive and widely used tools for its characterization. The relationship between magnetic fabric and petrofabric is complex and depends on various factors including the composition, concentration and grain size of mineral grains. Ongoing research in geological applications is paralleled by studies of the fundamental mineral magnetic phenomena involved. The papers in this book represent the current state of investigations in magnetic anisotropy studies as a discipline that integrates geological interpretations, mineral fabric development, technical advances and rock-magnetic properties.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a state of the art look at our understanding of joint development in the crust. Answers are provided for such questions as the mechanisms by which joints are initiated, the factors controlling the path they follow during the propagation process, and the processes responsible for the arrest of joints. Many of the answers to these questions can be inferred from the geometry of joint surface morphology and joint patterns. Joints are a record of the orientation of stress at the time of propagation and as such they are also useful records of ancient stress fields, regional and local. Because outcrop and subsurface views of joints are limited, statistical techniques are required to characterize joints and joint sets. Finally, joints are subject to post-propagation stresses that further localize deformation and are the focus for the development of new structures.

Description / Table of Contents: Faults and their deeper level equivalents, shear zones, are localized regions of intense deformation within the Earth. They are recognized at all scales from micro to plate boundary, and are important examples of the nature of heterogeneous deformation in natural rocks. Faults and shear zones are significant as they profoundly influence the location, architecture and evolution of a broad range of geological phenomenao The topography and bathymetry of the Earth’s surface is marked by mountain belts and sedimentary basins that are controlled by faults and shear zoneso In addition, faults and shear zones control fluid migration and transport including hydrothermal and hydrocarbon systems. Once faults and shear zones are established, they are often long-lived features prone to multiple reactivation over very large time-scales. This collection of papers addresses lithospheric deformation and the rheology of shear zones, together with processes of partitioning and the unravelling of fault and shear zone histories.

Description / Table of Contents: This publication reflects a growing appreciation of yhe extent to which turbidite depositional system development is fundamentally affected by basin-floor topography. In the many turbidite and turbidite hydrocarbon reservoirs, depositional patterns have been moderately to strongly confined by pre-existing slopes; thus 'submarine fans' may be far from fan-shaped where constrained by significant bathymetric features. This volume examines aspects of sediment dispersal and accumulation in deep-water systems where sea-floor topography has exerted a decisive control on deposition, and explores the associated controls on hydrocarbon reservoir architecture and heterogeneity. The papers presented here offer a global perspective, which is wide-ranging in terms of approach as well as location, including contrasting reviews and case studies of outcrop, subsurface, modern and experimental systems. This book will be of use both to academic geologists and to geoscience professionals in industry dealing with characterization and modelling of deep-water clastic reservoirs.

Description / Table of Contents: This book examines the process and patterns of glacier-influenced sedimentation on high-latitude continental margins and the geophysical and geological signatures of the resulting sediments and landforms. It contains a range of papers concerning modern and glacially-influenced sedimentation in high-latitude areas from both hemispheres, many of which discuss the relationship between glacier dynamics and the sediments and landforms preserved in the glacimarine environment This volume will be of interest to those in academia and industry working in the broad fields of glacimarine environments, the development of high-latitude margins and marine geology and geophysics

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a collection of papers, with an introduction, concerning the consequences of organism-environment interactions for modern and ancient carbonate platform systems. They arise from the 1999 Lyell Meeting on ‘Organism-Environment Feedbacks in Carbonate Platforms and Reefs’. The papers presented here provide an integrated view of carbonate platforms, emphasizing dynamic interactions at all hierarchical levels and revealing the limitations of uniformitarian analogy in biotically influenced sedimentary systems. Selected case studies from around the world illustrate aspects ranging from the genesis of growth fabrics to changing patterns of carbonate platform development. The text will be of interest to sedimentologists, palaeontologists and marine ecologists alike.

Description / Table of Contents: Research into the orogenic processes that shaped the continental crust of Europe has a long-standing tradition. Why the need to quantify and model? It is not just satisfactory to identify subduction zones, accretionary prisms, island arcs, extensional collapse and other standard items of the geodynamic menu. Such interpretations need to be quantified: extent and composition of subducted crust, angle and speed of subduction, amount and composition olmelts produced, heat sources for metamorphism. All such interpretations have to conform to first principles, and also to stand the test of quantitative balancing - a concept first developed for the conservation of length or volume in tectonic cross sections. Also in other fields, the correlation of causes and effects and the internal consistency of dynamic models requires a numerical approach. The present volume combines review articles with reports on recent progress in an attempt to address these aims. There is a foldout map of the region, which locates the main areas of outcrop and tectono-stratigraphic units, and a reassesment of the Palaeozoic time scale permits correlation of tectonic, metamorphic and magmatic events with the sedimentary record of the upper crust.

Description / Table of Contents: The review chapters in this volume were the basis for a short course on molecular modeling theory jointly sponsored by the Geochemical Society (GS) and the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) May 18-20, 2001 in Roanoke, Virginia which was held prior to the 2001 Goldschmidt Conference in nearby Hot Springs, Virginia. Dr. William C. Luth has had a long and distinguished career in research, education and in the government. He was a leader in experimental petrology and in training graduate students at Stanford University. His efforts at Sandia National Laboratory and at the Department of Energy's headquarters resulted in the initiation and long-term support of many of the cutting edge research projects whose results form the foundations of these short courses. Bill's broad interest in understanding fundamental geochemical processes and their applications to national problems is a continuous thread through both his university and government career. He retired in 1996, but his efforts to foster excellent basic research, and to promote the development of advanced analytical capabilities gave a unique focus to the basic research portfolio in Geosciences at the Department of Energy. He has been, and continues to be, a friend and mentor to many of us. It is appropriate to celebrate his career in education and government service with this series of courses in cutting-edge geochemistry that have particular focus on Department of Energy-related science, at a time when he can still enjoy the recognition of his contributions. Molecular modeling methods have become important tools in many areas of geochemical and mineralogical research. Theoretical methods describing atomistic and molecular-based processes are now commonplace in the geosciences literature and have helped in the interpretation of numerous experimental, spectroscopic, and field observations. Dramatic increases in computer power-involving personal computers, workstations, and massively parallel supercomputers-have helped to increase our knowledge of the fundamental processes in geochemistry and mineralogy. All researchers can now have access to the basic computer hardware and molecular modeling codes needed to evaluate these processes. The purpose of this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry is to provide the student and professional with a general introduction to molecular modeling methods and a review of various applications of the theory to problems in the geosciences. Molecular mechanics methods that are reviewed include energy minimization, lattice dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, and molecular dynamics. Important concepts of quantum mechanics and electronic structure calculations, including both molecular orbital and density functional theories, are also presented. Applications cover a broad range of mineralogy and geochemistry topics-from atmospheric reactions to fluid-rock interactions to properties of mantle and core phases. Emphasis is placed on the comparison of molecular simulations with experimental data and the synergy that can be generated by using both approaches in tandem. We hope the content of this review volume will help the interested reader to quickly develop an appreciation for the fundamental theories behind the molecular modeling tools and to become aware of the limits in applying these state-of-the-art methods to solve geosciences problems.

Description / Table of Contents: Over long periods of time the tectonic evolution of the solid Earth has been recognized as the major control on the development of the global climate system. Tectonic activity acts in one of two different ways to influence regional and global climate: (i) through the opening and closing of oceanic gateways and its effect on the circulation patterns in the global ocean; (ii) through the growth and erosion of orogenic belts, resulting in changes in oceanic chemistry and disruption of atmospheric circulation. The Arabian Sea region has several features that make it the best area for studies of climate and palaeoceanographic responses to tectonic activity, most notably in the context of the South Asian monsoon and its relationship to the growth of high topography in the adjacent Himalayas and Tibet. The Tectonic and Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region brings together a collection of recent studies on the area from a wide group of international contributors. The paper range from high resolution, Holocene palaeoceanographic studies of the Pakistan margin to regional tectonic reconstructions of the ocean basin and surrounding margins throughout the Cenozoic. Marine geophysics, stratigraphy, isotope chemistry and neotectonics come together in a multidisciplinary approach to the study of interactions of land and sea. while much work remains to be done to understand fully the tectonic and climatic evolution of the Arabian Sea, a great deal has been achieved since the last major review, as detailed in the 26 contributions. This volume is essential reading for palaeoceanographers, sedimentologists and geophysicists. It will also be interest to structural geologists and those working in the petroleum industry.

Description / Table of Contents: There is an increasing trend in the Earth sciences towards the integration of many subdisciplines. The sedimendatry basin, is a fundamental focal point of many studies, which as a consequence often neglects the complimentary drainage basin or catchment. Sedimentary basins provide a record of Earth history, reflecting the geographical, lithological, oceanographic and ecological development through the rock record. Drainage basins in comparison record ephemeral landscape evolution, where topography is eroded and provides the flux of sediment to the basin. The basin fill reflects the sediment flux from the hinterland and provides evidence of the dynamic geomorphic processes. In context the drainage system and sedimentary basin can be regarded as a 'production line' with sedimentary record giving valuable insight into long-term landscape evolution and geomorphological processes illuminating the evolution of sedimentary basins. This volume assesses the current position of understanding sediment supply to basins with the integration of the many sub-disciplines in the Earth sciences. It documents a mix of hinterland and sedimentary basin studies with a gradation from orogenic belts to the deep marine. The authors represent a wide spectrum of Earth scientist, with leaders in the science providing review papers and new-directive papers in their field of specialization.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Phase transformations occur in most types of materials, including ceramics, metals, polymers, diverse organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, and even crystalline viruses. They have been studied in almost all branches of science, but particularly in physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science and earth sciences. In some cases the objective has been to produce materials in which phase transformations are suppressed, to preserve the structural integrity of some engineering product, for example, while in other cases the objective is to maximise the effects of a transformation, so as to enhance properties such as superconductivity, for example. A long tradition of studying transformation processes in minerals has evolved from the need to understand the physical and thermodynamic properties of minerals in the bulk earth and in the natural environment at its surface. The processes of interest have included magnetism, ferroelasticity, ferroelectricity, atomic ordering, radiation damage, polymorphism, amorphisation and many others—in fact there are very few minerals which show no influence of transformation processes in the critical range of pressures and temperatures relevant to the earth. As in all other areas of science, an intense effort has been made to turn qualitative under-standing into quantitative description and prediction via the simultaneous development of theory, experiments and simulations. In the last few years rather fast progress has been made in this context, largely through an inter-disciplinary effort, and it seemed to us to be timely to produce a review volume for the benefit of the wider scientific community which summarises the current state of the art. The selection of transformation processes covered here is by no means comprehensive, but represents a coherent view of some of the most important processes which occur specifically in minerals. A number of the contributors have been involved in a European Union funded research network with the same theme, under the Training and Mobility of Researchers programme, which has stimulated much of the most recent progress in some of the areas covered. This support is gratefully acknowledged.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume was prepared for Short Course on Stable Isotope Geochemistry presented November 2-4, 2001 in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America in Boston, Massachusetts. This volume follows the 1986 Reviews in Mineralogy (Vol. 16) in approach but reflects significant changes in the field of Stable Isotope Geochemistry. In terms of new technology, new sub-disciplines, and numbers of researchers, the field has changed more in the past decade than in any other since that of its birth. Unlike the 1986 volume, which was restricted to high temperature fields, this book covers a wider range of disciplines. However, it would not be possible to fit a comprehensive review into a single volume. Our goal is to provide state-ofthe-art reviews in chosen subjects that have emerged or advanced greatly since 1986. v The field of Stable Isotope Geochemistry was born of a good idea and nurtured by technology. In 1947, Harold Urey published his calculated values of reduced partition function for oxygen isotopes and his idea (a good one!) that the fractionation of oxygen isotopes between calcite and water might provide a means to estimate the temperatures of geologic events. Building on wartime advances in electronics, Alfred Nier then designed and built the dual-inlet, gassource mass-spectrometer capable of making measurements of sufficient precision and accuracy. This basic instrument and the associated extraction techniques, mostly from the 1950s, are still in use in many labs today. These techniques have become "conventional" in the sense of traditional, and they provide the benchmark against which the accuracy of other techniques is compared. The 1986 volume was based almost exclusively on natural data obtained solely from conventional techniques. Since then, revolutionary changes in sample size, accuracy, and cost have resulted from advances in continuous flow massspectrometry, laser heating, ion microprobes, and computer automation. The impact of new technology has differed by discipline. Some areas have benefited from vastly enlarged data sets, while others have capitalized on in situ analysis and/or micro- to nanogram size samples, and others have developed because formerly intractable samples can now be analyzed. Just as Stable Isotope Geochemistry is being reborn by new good ideas, it is still being nurtured by new technology. The organization of the chapters in this book follows the didactic approach of the 2001 short course in Boston. The first three chapters present the principles and data base for equilibrium isotope fractionation and for kinetic processes of exchange. Both inorganic and biological aspects are considered. The next chapter reviews isotope compositions throughout the solar system including massindependent fractionations that are increasingly being recognized on Earth. The fifth chapter covers the primitive compositions of the mantle and subtle variations found in basalts. This is followed by three chapters on metamorphism, isotope thermometry, fluid flow, and hydrothermal alteration. The next chapter considers water cycling in the atmosphere and the ice record. And finally, there are four chapters on the carbon cycle, the sulfur cycle, organic isotope geochemistry and extinctions in the geochemical record.

Description / Table of Contents: ing within the downgoing plate, and appears to be assoeiated with segmentation of the subdueting plate produeed by forees related to the subduetion of the Louisville Ridge. To analyze fault plane heterogeneities in the northern Solomon Islands subdue­ tion segment and their association with rupture eharaeteristics in general and the existenee of earthquake doublets in partieular, Xv and SCHWARTZ study in detail two sets of doublets, from 1974 and 1975, and then reloeate 85 underthrusting events in the area. The authors find that few smaller magnitude events overlap asperity regions, and that the majority of small magnitude underthrusting earth­ quak es oeeupy a segment that has never experieneed a magnitude greater than 7.0 earthquake in the historie times. It will be of great value to soeiety when seismologists and geophysieists are able to monitor and prediet the pattern of geophysieal phenomena assoeiated with subduetion; this issue presents a modest step towards this goal. PAGEOPH, Vol. 140, No. 2 (1993) 0033 ~4553;93;020 183 ~ 28$1.50 + 0.20;0 © 1993 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Slip Partitioning along Major Convergent Plate Boundaries 2 GUANG YU,l STEVEN G. WESNOUSKY,l and GÖRAN EKSTRÖM Abstract-Along plate boundaries characterized by oblique convergence, earthquake slip vectors are commonly rotated toward the normal of the trench with respect to predicted plate motion vectors. Consequently, relative plate motion along such convergent margins must be partitioned between displacements along the thrust plate interface and deformation within the foreare and back-are regions.

Description / Table of Contents: The flow of glacier ice can produce structures that are striking and beautiful. Associated sediments,too, can develop spectacular deformation structures, and examples are remarkbly well preserved in Quaternary deposits. Although such features have long been recognized, they are now the subject of new attention from glaciologists and glacial geologists. This collection of papers addresses how the methods for unravelling deformation structures evolved in recent years by structural geologists can be used for glacial materials, and the opportunities offered to structural geologists by glacial materials for studying deformation in rocks.

Description / Table of Contents: Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the western Himalaya: an introduction / Peter J. Treloar, Michael P. Searle, M. Asif Khan and M. Qasim Jan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 1-6, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.01 --- The gravity field of the Karakoram Mountain Range and surrounding areas / A. Caporali / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 7-23, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.02 --- Mafic sheets from Indian plate gneisses in the Nanga Parbat syntaxis: their significance in dating crustal growth and metamorphic and deformation events / P. J. Treloar, M. T. George and A. G. Whittington / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 25-50, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.03 --- Structural evolution of the western margin of the Nanga Parbat massif, Pakistan Himalaya: insights from the Raikhot-Liachar area / R. W. H. Butler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 51-75, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.04 --- Tectonics of the SW margin of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif / M. A. Edwards, W. S. F. Kidd, M. A. Khan and D. A. Schneider / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 77-100, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.05 --- The evolution of the Main Mantle Thrust in the Western Syntaxis, Northern Pakistan / T. W. Argles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 101-122, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.06 --- Geological structure of the southern part of the Nanga Parbat massif, Pakistan Himalaya, and its tectonic implications / R. W. H. Butler, J. Wheeler, P. J. Treloar and C. Jones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 123-136, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.07 --- Geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya / P. J. Treloar, D. C. Rex, P. G. Guise, J. Wheeler, A. J. Hurford and A. Carter / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 137-162, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.08 --- Unroofing of the Nanga Parbat Himalaya / J. F. Shroder and M. P. Bishop / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 163-179, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.09 --- Remote sensing and geomorphometric assessment of topographic complexity and erosion dynamics in the Nanga Parbat massif / M. P. Bishop and J. F. Shroder / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 181-200, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.10 --- Tracing the origins of the western Himalaya: an isotopic comparison of the Nanga Parbat massif and Zanskar Himalaya / A. Whittington, N. B. W. Harris, M. W. Ayres and G. Foster / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 201-218, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.11 --- From buckling to asymmetric folding of the continental lithosphere: numerical modelling and application to the Himalayan syntaxes / J.-P. Burg and Y. Podladchikov / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 219-236, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.12 --- Mantle exhumation along the Tirich Mir Fault Zone, NW Pakistan: pre-mid-Cretaceous accretion of the Karakoram terrane to the Asian margin / A. Zanchi, S. Poli, P. Fumagalli and M. Gaetani / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 237-252, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.13 --- New field, structural and geochronological data from the Shyok and Nubra valleys, northern Ladakh: linking Kohistan to Tibet / R. F. Weinberg, W. J. Dunlap and M. Whitehouse / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 253-275, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.14 --- Geological evolution of the Hindu Kush, NW Frontier Pakistan: active margin to continent-continent collision zone / P. R. Hildebrand, M. P. Searle, Shakirullah, Zafarali Khan and H. J. Van Heijst / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 277-293, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.15 --- Pre-collisional anastomosing shear zones in the Kohistan arc, NW Pakistan / L. Arbaret, J.-P. Burg, G. Zeilinger, N. Chaudhry, S. Hussain and H. Dawood / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 295-311, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.16 --- Timing of magmatic and metamorphic events in the Jijal complex of the Kohistan arc deduced from Sm-Nd dating of mafic granulites / H. Yamamoto and E. Nakamura / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 313-319, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.17 --- Isotopic constraints on the evolution of metamorphic conditions in the Jijal-Patan complex and the Kamila Belt of the Kohistan arc, Pakistan Himalaya / R. Anczkiewicz and D. Vance / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 321-331, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.18 --- Formation of mélanges in the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya by successive subduction-related, collisional and post-collisional processes during Late Mesozoic-Late Tertiary time / A. H. F. Robertson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 333-374, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.19 --- The Main Mantle Thrust in Pakistan: its character and extent / J. A. DiPietro, A. Hussain, I. Ahmad and M. A. Khan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 375-393, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.20 --- Crustal shortening estimates across the north Indian continental margin, Ladakh, NW India / R. I. Corfield and M. P. Searle / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 395-410, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.21 --- Glaucophane and barroisite eclogites from the Upper Kaghan nappe: implications for the metamorphic history of the NW Himalaya / B. Lombardo, F. Rolfo and R. Compagnoni / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 411-430, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.22 --- Metamorphic evolution, 40Ar-39Ar chronology and tectonic model for the Neelum valley, Azad Kashmir, NE Pakistan / D. Fontan, M. Schouppe, C. J. Hunziker, G. Martinotti and J. Verkaeren / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 431-453, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.23 --- Exotic conglomerates of the Neogene Siwalik succession and their implications for the tectonic and topographic evolution of the Western Himalaya / I. A. Abbasi and P. F. Friend / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 455-466, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.24 --- Stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the northwestern Indian plate and Kabul Block / M. S. Badshah, E. Gnos, M. Q. Jan and M. I. Afridi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 467-476, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.25

Description / Table of Contents: Integrated Basin Studies — Dynamics of the Norwegian Margin: an introduction / Arvid Nøttvedt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 1-14, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.01 --- Intra-Plate Rifting and Basin Formation --- Crustal structure in the northern North Sea: an integrated geophysical study / P. Christiansson, J. I. Faleide and A. M. Berge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 15-40, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.02 --- The geometries and deep structure of the northern North Sea rift system / Tore Odinsen, Peter Christiansson, Roy H. Gabrielsen, Jan Inge Faleide and Anker M. Berge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 41-57, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.03 --- Repeated lithosphere extension in the northern Viking Graben: a coupled or a decoupled rheology? / M. Ter Voorde, R. B. Færseth, R. H. Gabrielsen and S. A. P. L. Cloetingh / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 59-81, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.04 --- Permo-Triassic and Jurassic extension in the northern North Sea: results from tectonostratigraphic forward modelling / Tore Odinsen, Paul Reemst, Peter Van Der Beek, Jan Inge Faleide and Roy H. Gabrielsen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 83-103, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.05 --- Detachments and low-angle faults in the northern North Sea rift system / Haakon Fossen, Tore Odinsen, Roald B. Færseth and Roy H. Gabrielsen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 105-131, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.06 --- Basin Filling --- Syn-rift sedimentary architectures in the Northern North Sea / R. Ravnås, A. Nøttvedt, R. J. Steel and J. Windelstad / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 133-177, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.07 --- Syn-rift evolution and resulting play models in the Snorre-H area, northern North Sea / Arvid Nøttvedt, Anker M. Berge, Nancye H. Dawers, Roald B. Færseth, Kjell O. Häger, Gunn Mangerud and Cai Puigdefabregas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 179-218, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.08 --- Cenozoic evolution of the central and northern North Sea with focus on differential vertical movements of the basin floor and surrounding clastic source areas / Henrik Jordt, Brit I. Thyberg and Arvid Nøttvedt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 219-243, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.09 --- Relationships between sequence stratigraphy, mineralogy and geochemistry in Cenozoic sediments of the northern North Sea / B. I. Thyberg, H. Jordt, K. Bjørlykke and J. I. Faleide / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 245-272, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.10 --- Cenozoic tectonic subsidence from 2D depositional simulations of a regional transect in the northern North Sea basin / Rune Kyrkjebø, Martin Hamborg, Jan Inge Faleide, Henrik Jordt and Peter Christiansson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 273-294, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.11 --- Conjugate Volcanic Margins --- NE Atlantic continental rifting and volcanic margin formation / Jakob Skogseid, Sverre Planke, Jan Inge Faleide, Tom Pedersen, Olav Eldholm and Flemming Neverdal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 295-326, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.12 --- The tectonic evolution of the Norwegian Sea Continental Margin with emphasis on the Vøring and Møre Basins / Harald Brekke / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 327-378, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.13 --- Late Cretaceous and Tertiary structural evolution of the northeastern part of the Vøring Basin, Norwegian Sea / Tommy Egebjerg Mogensen, Rune Nyby, Ridvan Karpuz and Pål Haremo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 379-396, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.14 --- Norwegian-Greenland Sea thermal field / Eirik Sundvor, Olav Eldholm, Tadeusz P Gladczenko and Sverre Planke / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 397-410, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.15 --- Atlantic volcanic margins: a comparative study / O. Eldholm, T. P. Gladczenko, J. Skogseid and S. Planke / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 411-428, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.16 --- Present Stress --- Crustal stress and tectonics in Norwegian regions determined from earthquake focal mechanisms / Conrad D. Lindholm, Hilmar Bungum, Erik Hicks and Mario Villagran / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 429-439, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.17 --- Crustal stress in and around Norway: a compliation of in situ stress observations / Morten Fejerskov, Conrad Lindholm, Arne Myrvang and Hilmar Bungum / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 441-449, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.18 --- Crustal stress in and around Norway: an evaluation of stress-generating mechanisms / Morten Fejerskov and Conrad Lindholm / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 451-467, 1 January 2000, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.19

Description / Table of Contents: Jim Brooks: Classic petroleum provinces / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:1-8, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.01 --- K. H. James: The Venezuelan hydrocarbon habitat / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:9-35, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.02 --- R. Aymard, L. Pimentel, P. Eitz, P. Lopez, A. Chaouch, J. Navarro, J. Mijares, and J. G. Pereira: Geological integration and evaluation of Northern Monagas, Eastern Venezuelan Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:37-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.03 --- Nestor Chigne and Leroy Hernandez: Main aspects of petroleum exploration in the Apure area of Southwestern Venezuela, 1985–1987 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:55-75, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.04 --- M. Roberto, L. Mompart, E. Puche, and F. Scherer: New oil discoveries in the Ceuta area, SE Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:77-88, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.05 --- M. F. Dashwood and I. L. Abbotts: Aspects of the petroleum geology of the Oriente Basin, Ecuador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:89-117, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.06 --- W. U. Mohriak, M. R. Mello, J. F. Dewey, and J. R. Maxwell: Petroleum geology of the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:119-141, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.07 --- Richard J. Hubbard, Steven P. Edrich, and R. Peter Rattey: Geological evolution and hydrocarbon habitat of the ‘Arctic Alaska microplate’ / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:143-187, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.08 --- S. Creaney and J. Allan: Hydrocarbon generation and migration in the Western Canada sedimentary basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:189-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.9 --- J. A. Lopez: Structural styles of growth faults in the U.S. Gulf Coast Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:203-219, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.10 --- T. G. Fails: The Northern Gulf Coast Basin: a classic petroleum province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:221-248, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.11 --- D. H. Craig: Yates and other Guadalupian (Kazanian) oil fields, U. S. Permian Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:249-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.12 --- R. Sassen: Geochemistry of carbonate source rocks and crude oils in Jurassic salt basins of the Gulf Coast / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:265-277, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.13 --- Moujahed I. Husseini and Sadad I. Husseini: Origin of the Infracambrian Salt Basins of the Middle East / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:279-292, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.14 --- R. Stoneley: The Middle East Basin: a summary overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:293-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.15 --- A. S. Alsharhan: Geology and reservoir characteristics of Lower Cretaceous Kharaib Formation in Zakum Field, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:299-316, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.16 --- P. J. Grantham, G. W. M. Lijmbach, and J. Posthuma: Geochemistry of crude oils in Oman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:317-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.17 --- S. K. Paul: People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen: a future oil province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:329-339, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.18 --- R. Zaki, H. McDowell, I. Threadgold, and O. Oldfield: Sub-salt imaging in the Gulf of Suez / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:341-351, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.19 --- H. M. Helmy: Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt: structural geology of the B-trend oil fields / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:353-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.20 --- H. Doust: Petroleum geology of the Niger Delta / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:365, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.21 --- K. J. Weber: Niger Delta reservoir geology: historical growth of the sedimentological model and its application to field development / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.22 --- M. Sella, C. Turci, and A. Riva: Petroleum geology of the ‘Fossa Bradanica’ (foredeep of the Southern Apennine thrust belt) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:369-378, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.23 --- Dietert Van Der Baan: Zechstein reservoirs in The Netherlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:379-398, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.24 --- K. W. Glennie and D. M. J. Provan: Lower Permian Rotliegend reservoir of the Southern North Sea gas province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:399-416, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.25 --- A. J. Fraser, D. F. Nash, R. P. Steele, C. C. Ebdon, and A. J. Fraser: A regional assessment of the intra-Carboniferous play of Northern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:417-440, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.26 --- R. M. Pegrum and A. M. Spencer: Hydrocarbon plays in the northern North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:441-470, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.27 --- O. R. Heum and R. M. Larsen: Haltenbanken hydrocarbon province (off-shore Mid-Norway) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:471, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.28 --- A. E. Kontorovich, M. M. Mandel’Baum, V. S. Surkov, A. A. Trofimuk, and A. N. Zolotov: Lena-Tunguska Upper Proterozoic-Palaeozoic petroleum superprovince / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:473-489, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.29 --- I. I. Nesterov, F. K. Salvamanov, A. E. Kontorovich, N. K. Kulakhmetov, V. S. Surkov, A. A. Trofimuk, and V. I. Shpilman: West Siberian oil and gas superprovince / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:491-502, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.30 --- P. Dolan: Pakistan: a history of petroleum exploration and future potential / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:503-524, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.31 --- V. D. Rahmanian, P. S. Moore, W. J. Mudge, and D. E. Spring: Sequence stratigraphy and the habitat of hydrocarbons, Gippsland Basin, Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:525-544, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.32 --- S. R. Lawrence: Aspects of the petroleum geology of the Junggar Basin, Northwest China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 50:545-557, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.050.01.33

Description / Table of Contents: Standard procedures for investigating and testing soil materials for engineering design, construction, and operation and maintenance of water resources structures.

Description / Table of Contents: Recycling of oceanic plate back into the Earth’s interior at subduction zones is one of the key processes in Earth evolution. Volcanic arcs, which form above subduction zones, are the most visible manifestations of plate tectonics, the convection mechanism by which the Earth loses excess heat They are probably also the main location where new continental crust is formed, the so-called ‘subduction factoiy’ About 400f modern subduction zones on Earth are intra-oceanic. These subduction systems are generally simpler than those at continental margins as they commonly have a shorter history of subduction and their magmas are not contaminated by ancient sialic crust. They are therefore the optimum locations for studies of mantle processes and magmatic addition to the crust in subduction zones. This volume contains a collection of papers that exploit the relative simplicity of intra-oceanic subduction systems to provide insights into the tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes associated with subduction.

Description / Table of Contents: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is transforming the way earth scientists and engineers describe and interpret near-surface sedimentary environments in the field. Because of recent advances in equipment, GPR now provides continuous, high-resolution data that other geophysical investigative tools cannot achieve. GPR has proven useful in a wide array of environmental, geological, and engineering applications. Included in this book are practical guidelines for data collection and interpretation, from antennae configurations to sequence stratigraphy, together with new advances such as vertical radar profiles and 3-D GPR imaging for hydrocarbon reservoir modelling, designed to assist new and veteran users get the most from GPR. Case studies in this book detail GPR investigations in a wide array of sedimentary environments including alluvial fans, braided rivers, spits, beaches, sand dunes, lakes, bogs, and floodplains. Examples of GPR investigation applied to stratigraphic correlation problems in Holocene, Pleistocene, and ancient sediments; hydrocarbon reservoir modelling; and detection and mapping of contaminants, reservoir infilling, land mines, and fault displacements are included.

Description / Table of Contents: Intraplate strike-slip deformation belts are common tectonic features, particularly at convergent plate boundaries, where they are produced by both oblique convergence and continental indentation. These lithosphere-scale structures, which also occur in other geodynamic environments such as passive margins, are characterized by complex structural architectures, by the occurrence of large earthquakes, and by the fast uplift and/or subsidence of localized crustal sectors. Intraplate strike-slip belts can also control the ascent and emplacement of deeply sourced magmas. In some cases, intraplate strike-slip belts link with oceanic fracture zones and transform faults, transferring transform shear from the ridges to the interior of the plates. This evidence has an important impact of the classical concept of transform faulting. This volume contains 13 papers from an international field of contributors. Studies of intraplate strike-slip deformation belts from Africa, Antarctica, Eurasia, North America and South America are included.

Description / Table of Contents: The study of sediments and sedimentary basins in terms of their tectonic environment requires a multidisciplinary approach and has increasingly drawn both techniques and objectives from fields outside sedimentology. The application of different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by structural geology, geochemistry, geophysics, scale modelling, and field geology, complement sedimentological methods, with the combined aim of achieving a deeper understanding of the origins, evolution and significance of sedimentary sequences in terms of their tectonic history. Studies presented in this volume range across a wide spectrum from the analysis of sedimentary sequence architecture at basin scale down to the chemical properties of individual grains, and include studies from a range of tectonic settings. The volume will be of interest to those involved with, or contemplating, studies involving the linkages between tectonics and sedimentation, as well as a wider audience to whom the results of such studies may provide fresh insight.

Description / Table of Contents: ‘Commercial oil deposits in basement rocks are not geological “accidents” but are oil accumulations which obey all the rules of oil sourcing, migration and entrapment; therefore in areas of not too deep basement, oil deposits within basement rocks should be explored with the same professional skill and zeal as ccumulations in the overlying sediments’, Landes et al. (1960), AAPG Bulletin. Given that most OPEC countries are currently at or within 5% Production capacity, there is a growing need to look for ‘new oil’ and other hydrocarbons in non-traditional sources. While oil and gas fields in crystalline basement are still discovered mostly by accident, as shown in this book, such reservoirs can be very prolific, especially if the basement rock is highly faulted or fractured. The chapters in this volume cover a diverse range of topics related broadly to the theme of hydrocarbons in crystalline rocks, and challenge explorationists’ definition of basement rock, which needs to be less narrow and more responsive to new geological ideas.

Description / Table of Contents: Forensic geoscience is an increasingly important sub-discipline within geoscience and forensic science. Although minerals, soils, dusts and rock fragments have been used as only begun to be recognized in the last ten years or so. The police and other investigative bodies are keen to encourage such developments in the fight against crime, particularly since many criminals show a high level of forensic awareness with regard to evidence such as fingerprints, blood and other body fluids. The papers in this volume illustrate some of the main principles, techniques and applications in current forensic geoscience, covering research and casework in the UK and internationally. The techniques described range from macro-scale field geophysical investigations to micro-scale laboratory studies of the chemical and textural properties of individual particles. In addition to forensic applications, many of these techniques have broad utility in geological, geomorphological, soil science and archaeological research.

Description / Table of Contents: Recent advancements in the understanding of mountain belts have focused on vertical coupling of the lithospheric layers. This volume describes the extent to which observed or inferred sub-horizontal coupling or attachment zones provide vertical kinematic linkage between rheologically distinct layers in the continental lithosphere. A common theme is whether the deformation, which partitioned differently in each layer, is linked kinematically across attachment zones and driven by flow in the deeper crust and mantle lithosphere. The papers are divided into six sections. The first analyses the extent to which mantle flow controls deformation of the overlying layers. The Vertical axis block rotations section uses geological and palaeomagnetic data to constrain the role and magnitude of basal shear across mid-crustal attachment zones. The Lower crustal flow and topography section addresses the time-dependent development of orogenic plateaux and their role in the orogenic cycle. Multiple examples of the spatial and temporal development of lithospheric coupling are given in both the Orogenic examples and Subduction examples sections. Finally, rheological constraints of vertical coupling in the lithosphere are investigated.

Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentary facies in the subsurface are usually interpreted from a epositional/stratigraphical perspective: the depositional layering is generally considered to remain undisturbed, except in a few settings. But, there is growing evidence that subsurface sediment mobilization (SSM) is more widespread than previously thought, as new observations arise from the ever-increasing resolution of subsurface data. Many examples are from hydrocarbon provinces but studies elsewhere, for example in preparation for the underground storage of hazardous waste, have yielded unexpected examples. Although until now the different aspects of SSM, including soft sediment deformations, sand injections, shale diapirs, mud volcanoes, etc, have been separated, the new discoveries emphasize their inter-connection, regardless of scale, depth, location, grain size or trigger mechanism. This volume integrates the different aspects of sediment mobilization in the subsurface and their structural consequences, allowing a more generaland a more coherent view of the subject.

Description / Table of Contents: This title has arisen from the Geological Society of London conference of the same name. Since the publication of the predecessor of this book (‘Modern insights into structural interpretation, validation and modelling’, SP99, 1996, edited by Buchanan & Nieuwland) much progress has been made. This has been primarily thanks to the continuously increasing computing speed and computer memory capacity, which has positively affected all fields in structural interpretation, seismics and modelling, directly or indirectly. ‘New insights in structural interpretation and modelling’, presents a balanced overview of what the title promises. It is intended as a book that will serve the experienced professional as well as more advanced students in earth sciences, with a broad selection of topics ranging from classical field based studies to state of the art analogue and numerical modeling. The leaders of their fields have written some of the chapters, whereas younger authors with a fresh outlook and new ideas have written other chapters.

Description / Table of Contents: As frontier exploration in Africa moves into ever-deeper water and new basins, there is an increasing need to mitigate the high costs by reducing risk. One way of doing this is by drawing on knowledge from other areas. The book includes regional papers ranging from syntheses on a continental scale to details of the salt tectonics of the West African margin. It also addresses the need to continue using technologies to their limits by including papers on topics as diverse as gravity interpretation and fluid inclusion studies. The book provides essential reading for those requiring further insight into the origins of Africa's diverse petroleum systems, and will be key to geologists and geophysicists involved in the exploration for and exploitation of oil and gas throughout Africa. Of particular note is the supplementary CD-ROM containing maps of Africa's petroleum basins classified by age of target reservoir system.

Description / Table of Contents: As an outcome of the European Science Foundation scientific programme, GEODE, on geodynamics and ore deposit evolution, this book examines the underlying geodynamic processes that lead to the formation of ore deposits in order to discover what controls the timing and location of major ore deposits in an evolving orogen. A collection of 19 research papers examines various aspects of ore genesis in the context of the geodynamic processes occurring within an evolving orogen. Although the majority of papers relate to Europe, their findings have a global significance for metallogenesis. The book will be of interest to all those involved in research or mineral exploration concerned with metallogenesis. In addition, ore deposits provide new evidence about magmatism associated with transient, rapid changes in plate motions and subduction processes in unusual tectonic settings, and are therefore of interest to those involved in both the magmatic and tectonic processes of orogenesis.

Description / Table of Contents: The motion and deformation of rocks are processes of fundamental importance in shaping the Earth, from outer crustal layers to the deep mantle. Reconstructions of the evolution of the Earth therefore require detailed knowledge of the geometry of deformation structures and their relative timing, of the motions leading to deformation structures and of the mechanisms governing these motions. This volume contains a collection of 22 papers on field, experimental and theoretical studies that add to our knowledge of these processes. They are a mixture of review papers oh selected topics in the field of structural geology and tectonics and papers on current issues and new techniques and are grouped into four themes: • The effect of fluids on deformation • The interpretation of microstructures and textures • Deformation mechanisms and rheology of crust and upper mantle minerals • Crust and lithosphere tectonics The volume will appeal to researchers in the fields of structural geology and tectonophysics, both in academia and industry.

Description / Table of Contents: Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe summarizes recent research designed to clarify the timing, geometry and processes by which discrete terranes of Central Europe became amalgamated during the Palaeozoic Era. The area studied extends from the southern North Sea to Central Poland along the Trans-European Suture Zone, covering much of Germany, Denmark, Belgium, the Czech Republic and Poland. The 16 papers within the volume are divided into five sections: biostratigraphic/provenance evidence; isotopic constraints; petrological and geochemical evidence; structural evolution; seismic traverses and deep crustal structure. The first section contains papers summarizing continent-specific micropalaeontological and sediment provenance information backing current debates about microcontinent derivation and timing of their accretions to the proto-European continent, Baltica. The section on isotopic constraints discusses the use of isotopic dating to constrain the timing of accretions of rock units exposed in the northern Bohemian Massif, while the following section has more detailed studies of metamorphosed ophiolitic complexes adjoining palaeosutures in the same area. The two papers on the structural evolution of the area contrast a detailed review of the structural evolution of the Sudetes, with a broader, more regionally based hypothesis for the structural evolution of all Central Europe. The final section discusses models based on extensive seismic traverses in contrasting parts of the area - Belgium, the southern North Sea and Poland. This wide-ranging study thus encapsulates the most up-to-date ideas on the Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe from the leading international researchers in the field. The volume will be of interest to those earth scientists in industry and academia with a broad-based interest in the construction of the European continent, primarily biostratigraphers, geophysicists, structural geologists and geochemists.

Description / Table of Contents: Non-volcanic continental margins may form up to 300f all present-day passive margins, and remnants of them are preserved in mountain belts. The papers in this volume demonstrate the benefits of integrating offshore and onshore studies, and illustrate the range of information obtained at different scales when comparing evidence from land and sea. Data sets collected across a range of spatial scales are evaluated: thin sections, cores, outcrops, seismic reflection profiles, and other geophysical data. The outcrop scale is crucial because it enables the spatial gulf to be bridged between DSDP and ODP cores and marine seismic data. There is also the problem that basins on land and beneath the sea inevitably have had different post-rift histories resulting in their contrasting present-day elevation. In mountain belts, portions of continental margins and oceanic crust are superbly exposed, but dismembered by subsequent compressional tectonics. Off present-day passive margins, extensional features have only been slightly deformed, if at all, by compressional movements, but are buried beneath significant thicknesses of post-rift sediments and so can only be sampled by ocean drilling at a small number of points. The first paper reviews the synergies that have occurred between investigations of the eastern North Atlantic non-volcanic margins and remnants of similar Mesozoic margins preserved in the Alps, and some later papers return to this theme. However, papers describing margins from other parts of the world show that it may be premature to use models based on the Atlantic and the Alps as the paradigm for all non-volcanic margins. The following 25 papers in the book are grouped under the following headings: (1) Margin overviews; (2) Exhumed crust and mantle; (3) Tectonics and stratigraphy; (4)Numerical models of extension and magmatism.

Description / Table of Contents: As a result of its relative buoyancy, continental crust is rarely subducted, meaning that successive episodes of continental deformation impart a complex geological character that is not found in younger oceanic lithosphere. This character is largely the result of two related processes: (1) reactivation, involving rejuvenation of discrete structures; and (2) reworking, involving the repeated metamorphism, deformation and magmatism of a previously tectonized crustal or lithospheric volume. Characterizing the style, distribution and timing of reactivation and reworking in different continental settings should therefore provide a crucial data set with which to evaluate the spatial patterns, temporal evolution and dynamic controls of tectonic rejuvenation of the continents and continental lithosphere. This volume presents a combination of review and research papers, which highlight some of the issues and problems associated with the characterization and modelling of continental reactivation and reworking.

Description / Table of Contents: Palaeogene and Cretaceous palaeoceanography has been the focus of intense international interest in the last few years, spurred by deep ocean drilling at Blake Nose in the North Atlantic as well as the need to use past climate change as input for modelling future climate change. This book brings together a number of review papers that describe ancient oceans and unique events in the Earth’s climatic history and evolution of biota. The papers show evidence of periods characterized by exceptional global warmth such as the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum and Cretaceous anoxic events. Geochemical records and modelling will make the reader aware that these periods were forced by greenhouse gases. This information is essential for understanding the response of the ocean-climate system to the current input of fossil fuels. In this sense, the book contributes to the understanding of fundamental aspects of Earth’s climate, the carbon cycle, and marine ecosystems. A number of papers describe massive mass wasting deposits resulting from the energy released by the bolide impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary as well as the geochemistry of the boundary itself. Additional papers cover aspects of cyclostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Palaeogene and Cretaceous records. This book will be of interest to a broad audience of Earth Scientists interested in Palaeogene-Cretaceous palaeoceanography, extreme climate modelling, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum, Cretaceous anoxic events, as well as those specifically interested in radiolarian, dinoflagellate and coccolithophorid stratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: Exactly 100 years before the publication of this volume, the first paper which calculated the half-life for the newly discovered radioactive substance U-X (now called 234Th), was published. Now, in this volume, the editors Bernard Bourdon, Gideon Henderson, Craig Lundstrom and Simon Turner have integrated a group of contributors who update our knowledge of U-series geochemistry, offer an opportunity for non-specialists to understand its basic principles, and give us a view of the future of this active field of research. In this volume, for the first time, all the methods for determining the uranium and thorium decay chain nuclides in Earth materials are discussed. It was prepared in advance of a two-day short course (April 3-4, 2003) on U-series geochemistry, jointly sponsored by GS and MSA and presented in Paris, France prior to the joint EGS/AGU/EUG meeting in Nice. The discovery of the 238U decay chain, of course, started with the seminal work of Marie Curie in identifying and separating 226Ra. Through the work of the Curies and others, all the members of the 238U decay chain were identified. An important milestone for geochronometrists was the discovery of 230Th (called Ionium) by Bertram Boltwood, the Yale scientist who also made the first age determinations on minerals using the U-Pb dating method (Boltwood in 1906 established the antiquity of rocks and even identified a mineral from Sri Lanka-then Ceylon as having an age of 2.1 billion years!) The application of the 238U decay chain to the dating of deep sea sediments was by Piggott and Urry in 1942 using the "Ionium" method of dating. Actually they measured 222Ra (itself through 222Rn) assuming secular equilibrium had been established between 230Th and 226Ra. Although 230Th was measured in deep sea sediments by Picciotto and Gilvain in 1954 using photographic emulsions, it was not until alpha spectrometry was developed in the late 1950's that 20Th was routinely measured in marine deposits. Alpha spectrometry and gamma spectrometry became the work horses for the study of the uranium and thorium decay chains in a variety of Earth materials. These ranged from 222Rn and its daughters in the atmosphere, to the uranium decay chain nuclides in the oceanic water column, and volcanic rocks and many other systems in which either chronometry or element partitioning, were explored. Much of what we learned about the 238U, 235U and 232Th decay chain nuclides as chronometers and process indicators we owe to these seminal studies based on the measurement of radioactivity. The discovery that mass spectrometry would soon usurp many of the tasks performed by radioactive counting was in itself serendipitous. It came about because a fundamental issue in cosmochemistry was at stake. Although variation in 235U/238U had been reported for meteorites the results were easily discredited as due to analytical difficulties. One set of results, however, was published by a credible laboratory long involved in quality measurements of high mass isotopes such as the lead isotopes. The purported discovery of 235U/238U variations in meteorites, if true, would have consequences in defining the early history of the formation of the elements and the development of inhomogeneity of uranium isotopes in the accumulation of the protoplanetary materials of the Solar System. Clearly the result was too important to escape the scrutiny of falsification implicit in the way we do science. The Lunatic Asylum at Caltech under the leadership of Jerry Wasserburg took on that task. Jerry Wasserburg and Jim Chen clearly established the constancy and Earth-likeness of 235U/238U in the samplable universe. In the hands of another member of the Lunatic Asylum, Larry Edwards, the methodology was transformed into a tool for the study of the 238U decay chain in marine systems. Thus the mass spectrometric techniques developed provided an approach to measuring the U and Th isotopes in geological materials as well as cosmic materials with the same refinement and accommodation for small sample size. Soon after this discovery the harnessing of the technique to the measurement of all the U isotopes and all the Th isotopes with great precision immediately opened up the entire field of uranium and thorium decay chain studies. This area of study was formerly the poaching ground for radioactive measurements alone but now became part of the wonderful world of mass spectrometric measurements. (The same transformation took place for radiocarbon from the various radioactive counting schemes to accelerator mass spectrometry.) No Earth material was protected from this assault. The refinement of dating corals, analyzing volcanic rocks for partitioning and chronometer studies and extensions far and wide into ground waters and ocean bottom dwelling organisms has been the consequence of this innovation. Although Ra isotopes, 210Pb and 210Po remain an active pursuit of those doing radioactive measurements, many of these nuclides have also become subject to the mass spectrometric approach. In this volume, for the first time, all the methods for determining the uranium and thorium decay chain nuclides in Earth materials are discussed. The range of problems solvable with this approach is remarkable-a fitting, tribute to the Curies and the early workers who discovered them for us to use.

Description / Table of Contents: Until only a few years ago, I would never have imagined that a volume on the stable isotope geochemistry of elements like Mg, Fe or Cu would be written. In fact, a comic book of blank pages entitled The Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Fluorine would have been a more likely prospect. In volume 16 of this series, published in 1986, I wrote: Isotopic variations have been looked for but not found for heavy elements like Cu, Sn, and Fe .... Natural variations in isotopic ratios of terrestrial materials have been reported for other light elements like Mg and K, but such variations usually turn out to be laboratory artifacts. I am about ready to eat those words. We have known for many years that large isotopic fractionations of heavy elements like Pb develop in the source regions of TIMS machines. Nonetheless, most of us held fast to the conventional wisdom that no significant mass-dependent isotopic fractionations were likely to occur in natural or laboratory systems for elements that are either heavy or engaged in bonds with a dominant ionic character. With the relatively recent appearance of new instrumentation like MC-ICP-MS and heroic methods development in TIMS analyses, it became possible to make very precise measurements of the isotopic ratios of some of these non-traditional elements, particularly if they comprise three or more isotopes. It was eminently reasonable to reexamine these systems in this new light. Perhaps atomic weights could be refined, or maybe there were some unexpected isotopic variations to discover. There were around the turn of the present century, reports began appearing of biological fractionations of about 2-3 per mil for heavy elements like Fe and Cr and attempts were made to determine the magnitude of equilibrium isotope effects in these systems, both by experiment and semi-empirical calculations. Interest emerged in applying these effects to the study of environmental problems. Even the most recalcitrant skeptic now accepts the fact that measurable and meaningful variations in the isotopic ratios of heavy elements occur as a result of chemical, biological and physical processes. Most of the work discussed in this volume was published after the year 2000 and thus the chapters are more like progress reports rather than reviews. Skepticism now focuses on whether isotopic variations as small as 0.1 per mil are indeed as meaningful as some think, and the fact that measured isotopic fractionations of these non-traditional elements are frequently much smaller than predicted from theoretical considerations. In fact the large fractionations suggested by the calculations provide much of the stimulus for working in this discipline. Clearly some carefully designed experiments could shed light on some of the ambiguity. My optimism for the future of this burgeoning new field remains high because it is in very good hands indeed.