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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Transformation processes in minerals (2000)
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: 11/M 00.0603
    In: Reviews in mineralogy & geochemistry
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase transformations occur in most types of materials, including ceramics, metals, polymers, diverse organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, and even crystalline viruses. They have been studied in almost all branches of science, but particularly in physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science and earth sciences. In some cases the objective has been to produce materials in which phase transformations are suppressed, to preserve the structural integrity of some engineering product, for example, while in other cases the objective is to maximise the effects of a transformation, so as to enhance properties such as superconductivity, for example. A long tradition of studying transformation processes in minerals has evolved from the need to understand the physical and thermodynamic properties of minerals in the bulk earth and in the natural environment at its surface. The processes of interest have included magnetism, ferroelasticity, ferroelectricity, atomic ordering, radiation damage, polymorphism, amorphisation and many others-in fact there are very few minerals which show no influence of transformation processes in the critical range of pressures and temperatures relevant to the earth. As in all other areas of science, an intense effort has been made to tum qualitative understanding into quantitative description and prediction via the simultaneous development of theory, experiments and simulations. In the last few years rather fast progress has been made in this context, largely through an interdisciplinary effort, and it seemed to us to be timely to produce a review volume for the benefit of the wider scientific community which summarises the current state of the art. The selection of transformation processes covered here is by no means comprehensive, but represents a coherent view of some of the most important processes which occur specifically in minerals.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: x, 361 S.
    ISBN: 0-939950-51-0 , 978-0-939950-51-5
    ISSN: 1529-6466
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy & geochemistry 39
    URL: http://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/content/39/1
    Classification:
    Mineralogy
    Note: Chapter 1. Rigid unit modes in framework structures by Martin T. Dove, Kostya O. Trachenko, Matthew G. Tucker, David A. Keen, p. 1 - 34 Chapter 2. Strain and elasticity at structural phase transitions in minerals by Michael A. Carpenter, p. 35 - 64 Chapter 3. Mesoscopic twin patterns in ferroelastic and co-elastic minerals by Ekard K. H. Salje, p. 65 - 84 Chapter 4. High-pressure structural phase transitions by Ross J. Angel, p. 85 - 104 Chapter 5. Order-disorder phase transitions by Simon A. T. Redfern, p. 105 - 134 Chapter 6. Phase transformations induced by solid solution by Peter J. Heaney, p. 134 - 174 Chapter 7. Magnetic transitions in minerals by Richard J. Harrison, p. 175 - 202 Chapter 8. NMR spectroscopy of phase transitions in minerals by Brian L. Phillips, p. 203 - 240 Chapter 9. Insights into phase transformations from Mössbauer spectroscopy by Catherine A. McCammon, p. 241 - 264 Chapter 10. Hard mode spectroscopy of phase transitions by Ulli Bismayer, p. 265 - 284 Chapter 11. Synchrotron studies of phase transformations by John B. Parise, p. 285 - 318 Chapter 12. Radiation-induced amorphization by Rodney C. Ewing, Aikiviathes Meldrum, LuMin Wang, and ShiXin Wang, p. 319 - 362
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  • 2
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    Transformation Processes in Minerals (2000)
    Washington, DC : Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Phase transformations occur in most types of materials, including ceramics, metals, polymers, diverse organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, and even crystalline viruses. They have been studied in almost all branches of science, but particularly in physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science and earth sciences. In some cases the objective has been to produce materials in which phase transformations are suppressed, to preserve the structural integrity of some engineering product, for example, while in other cases the objective is to maximise the effects of a transformation, so as to enhance properties such as superconductivity, for example. A long tradition of studying transformation processes in minerals has evolved from the need to understand the physical and thermodynamic properties of minerals in the bulk earth and in the natural environment at its surface. The processes of interest have included magnetism, ferroelasticity, ferroelectricity, atomic ordering, radiation damage, polymorphism, amorphisation and many others—in fact there are very few minerals which show no influence of transformation processes in the critical range of pressures and temperatures relevant to the earth. As in all other areas of science, an intense effort has been made to turn qualitative under-standing into quantitative description and prediction via the simultaneous development of theory, experiments and simulations. In the last few years rather fast progress has been made in this context, largely through an inter-disciplinary effort, and it seemed to us to be timely to produce a review volume for the benefit of the wider scientific community which summarises the current state of the art. The selection of transformation processes covered here is by no means comprehensive, but represents a coherent view of some of the most important processes which occur specifically in minerals. A number of the contributors have been involved in a European Union funded research network with the same theme, under the Training and Mobility of Researchers programme, which has stimulated much of the most recent progress in some of the areas covered. This support is gratefully acknowledged.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 361 Seiten)
    ISBN: 0939950510
    URL: http://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/content/39/1.toc
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggregation in hemicyanine dye Langmuir-Blodgett films: ultraviolet-visible absorption and second harmonic generation studies (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 96 (1992), S. 2801-2804 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100186a005
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Omphacite microstructures as time-temperature indicators of blueschist- and eclogite-facies metamorphism (1982)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 78 (1982), S. 441-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Omphacites from a wide range of geological environments have been examined by transmission electron-microscopy. Their microstructures are sufficiently variable as to be potential indicators of thermal history for blueschist and eclogite metamorphism. In particular, the average size of equiaxed antiphase domains (APD's) arising from cation ordering appears to be a characteristic feature of each environment and increases in the sequence: Franciscan, blueschist (1) ≈ Turkey, blueschist (2) 〈 Guatemala, jadeitic blocks in serpentinite (3) 〈 Syros, blueschist (9) ≈ Red Wine Complex, Canada, amphibolite (1) 〈 Maksyutov Complex, Urals, blueschist (3) ≈ Zermatt-Saas, blueschist (5) ≈ Allalin, metagabbro (4) 〈 Tauern, eclogite (1) ≈ Franciscan, eclogite (5) 〈 Nybö, Norway, eclogite (2) (numbers in brackets indicate the number of hand specimens for which omphacite microstuctures are known). A relationship between APD size, annealing time and temperature has been derived by analogy with the known APD coarsening behaviour in other systems where: (APD size)n $$({\text{APD size)}}^{\text{n}} \propto {\text{e}}^{{\text{(}} - {\text{Q/RT)}}} \cdot {\text{ }}time{\text{.}}$$ . Most omphacites fit into a self-consistent scheme with n=8±2 if the activation energy (Q) is assumed to be that of cation disordering (75 kcal mole−1), available estimates of peak metamorphic temperature (T) are used, and a reasonable geological time-scale is taken as 104–108 years. According to this model, APD sizes are set in a relatively short interval of the total history of a rock when its temperature is close to its peak value. APD sizes are much more sensitive to temperature than to time and may be used as a geothermometer which has the advantage of not being reset by re-equilibration at low temperatures. Petrological implications arising from the model are that Allalin metagabbros were metamorphosed at a similar peak temperature to Zermatt-Saas blueschists, Franciscan eclogites reached higher temperatures than has been previously supposed and that the microstructures in some Sesia-Lanzo omphacites are consistent with a high temperature, pre-blueschist origin. Deviation from an ideal coarsening law with n=2 implies that the APD's are not simply stacking mistakes but have some associated structural or compositional modification locally. Excess titanium concentrated at APD's in Red Wine Complex omphacites may account for their anomalously low observed APD size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constraints on the thermodynamic mixing properties of plagioclase feldspars (1984)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 87 (1984), S. 138-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Taking account of the C¯1/I¯1 (Al/Si order/disorder) transformation at high temperatures in the albite-anorthite solid solution leads to a simple model for the mixing properties of the high structural state plagioclase feldspars. The disordered (C¯1) solid solution can be treated as ideal (constant activity coefficient) and, for anorthite-rich compositions, deviations from ideality can be ascribed to cation ordering. Values of the activity coefficient for anorthite in the C¯1 solid solution (γ An C¯1 ) are then controlled by the free energy difference between C¯1 and I¯1 anorthite at the temperature (T) of interest according to the relation: Δ¯G ord I¯1 ⇌C¯1 =RT ln γ An C¯1 . If the I¯1⇌C¯1 transformation in pure anorthite is treated, to a first approximation, as first order and the enthalpy and entropy of ordering are taken as 3.7±0.6 kcal/mole (extrapolated from calorimetric data) and 1.4–2.2 cal/mole (using an equilibrium order/disorder temperature for An100 of 2,000–2,250 K), a crude estimate of γ An C¯1 for all temperatures can be made. The activity coefficient of albite in the C¯1 solid solution (γ Ab C¯1 ) can be taken as 1.0. The possible importance of this model lies in its identification of the principal constraints on the mixing properties rather than in the actual values of γ An C¯1 and γ Ab C¯1 obtained. In particular it is recognised that γ An C¯1 depends critically on ordering in anorthite as well as, at lower temperatures, any ordering in the C¯1 solid solution. A brief review of activity-composition data, from published experiments involving ranges of plagioclase compositions and from the combined heats of mixing plus Al-avoidance entropy model (Newton et al. 1980), reveals some inconsistencies. The values of γ An C¯1 calculated using the approach of Newton et al. (1980), although consistent with Orville's (1972) ion exchange data, are slightly lower than values derived from experiments by Windom and Boettcher (1976) and Goldsmith (1982) or from ion-exchange experiments of Kotel'nikov et al. (1981). Based on the C¯1/I¯1 transformation model, values of γ An C¯1 〈1.0 are unlikely. Discrepancies between the experimental data sets are attributed to incomplete (non-equilibrium) Al/Si order attained during the experiments. It is suggested that the choice of activity coefficients remains somewhat subjective. The development of accurate mixing models would be greatly assisted by better thermodynamic data for ordering in pure anorthite and by more thorough characterisation of the state of order in plagioclase crystals used for phase equilibrium experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376220
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    29 Si magic-angle NMR spectroscopy of low-temperature ordered plagioclase feldspars (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 236-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The spectra were obtained for homogeneous, ordered plagioclases which had been purified from natural metamorphic and slowly cooled igneous rocks and had almost all been characterized by transmission electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and high-temperature ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325236a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of exsolution in sodic pyroxenes (1980)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 71 (1980), S. 289-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The free energy curves for simple binary solid solutions with limited miscibility or atomic ordering have been combined to predict the phase relations and exsolution mechanisms for a system in which both ordering and exsolution are possible. The nature of the ordering process affects which exsolution mechanisms may be used. If the ordering is second (or higher) order in character then continuous mechanisms predominate and a ‘conditional spinodal’ (Alien and Cahn, 1976) can be described which operates between ordered and disordered end members. For a first order case, the ordered phase can only precipitate a disordered phase by nucleation and growth. Microstructures in omphacites observed by transmission electron microscopy include exsolution lamellae and antiphase domains and the relations between them in selected specimens have been used to interpret the exsolution mechanisms which operated under geological conditions. It appears that most omphacites undergo cation ordering, and then remain homogeneous or exsolve a disordered pyroxene by spinodal decomposition. The predominance of continuous mechanisms has been used to indicate that the C2/c→P2/n transformation may be second (or higher) order in character. A possible phase diagram for jadeite-augite is presented. It is based on the idea that there should be limited miscibility between the disordered end members at low temperatures and that the cation ordering at intermediate compositions (omphacite) is superimposed on a solvus. It is adequate to explain many of the observed microstructures and fits with petrographic evidence of broad two phase fields between impure jadeite and omphacite and between omphacite and sodic augite. The effect of adding acmite is analogous to increasing temperature so that the phase relations for jadeite-acmite-augite can also be predicted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371671
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) analysis of cation disordering in omphacite (1982)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 78 (1982), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of cation disordering in a natural ordered (P2/n) omphacite have been followed at P=18 and 30 kb, T= 750–1,260° C, for times of between 1.5 min and 16 days in a piston-cylinder apparatus. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) analysis of the experimental data, using the presence or absence of the 11¯1 reflection in single crystal X-ray precession photographs to indicate the extent of reaction, yields an equilibrium order/disorder temperature (T ord) of 865±10° C, an activation enthalpy (1 bar) of 71±6 kcal mole−1 and an activation volume of 9±4 cm3 mole−1 (plus and minus figures represent the precision of a best fit between experimental data and TTT theory rather than absolute errors). The activation volume is consistent with a vacancy mechanism of cation diffusion. H2O, added in the form of oxalic acid, appears to speed the process up slightly. The overall transformation mechanism is continuous, involving neither the nucleation of a disordered phase nor a change in antiphase-domain distribution. This is consistent with both first- and non-first-order character for the C2/c⇋P2/n transformation, though a range of ordered states below T ord is indicated by the weakening of h+k=odd reflections. A simple extrapolation of the disordering rates to geological conditions leads to the first estimate of how long disordered omphacites would take to order in nature, ranging from less than one year at T≈800° C to more than 107 years at T〈350° C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375205
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A raman spectroscopic study of Al-Si ordering in synthetic magnesium cordierite (1984)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 10 (1984), S. 256-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A number of previous investigations have examined the ordering behavior of magnesium cordierite using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and solution calorimetry. In the present investigation, one series of samples from the above studies has been examined by Raman spectroscopy. Systematic modifications in the spectra with annealing time at 1,200° C are consistent with a continuous ordering of the average Al/Si distribution from 4 h to at least 64 h, and which may begin earlier. Spectral changes are first definitely observed when the ordered domains are around 100 Å across, suggesting that Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to this distance scale. The spectra of samples annealed at 1,200° C are compared with samples annealed at 1,400°; C where ordering proceeds much faster, and the possible use of Raman spectroscopy in characterization of Al/Si order in cordierite is discussed. Finally, the Raman spectrum of Mg2Al4Si5O18 with a stuffed β-quartz structure has been obtained. Comparison of its spectrum with that of cordierite glass suggests similar structures for both, which seem different to that of disordered cordierite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311950
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural states of natural potassium feldspar: An infrared spectroscopic study (1989)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 16 (1989), S. 649-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Natural samples of K-feldspar representing various states of Al, Si order were characterised using X-ray methods, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Line profiles of infrared absorption bands were observed to show strong correlation with the degree of Al, Si order present. In particular, the absorption frequencies of the 540 cm−1 and 640 cm−1 bands were seen to vary by ca. 10 cm−1 between sanidine and microcline, with modulated samples respresenting intermediate behaviour. Linewidths of these modes also decrease by ca. 50% in this series. The experimental results are discussed within the framework of Hard Mode Infrared Spectroscopy (HMIS), and it is shown that the absorption frequencies vary with the short range order parameter τ = (4t1-1)2 and the symmetry breaking order parameter describing Al, Si order, Q od=(t1 0−t1 m)/Q od=(t1 0+t1 m), where t1 is the average Al occupancy on the T1 sites and t1 o and t1 m are the individual site occupancies of the T1 o and T1 m sites, respectively. The structural state of orthoclase is characterised by strain-induced modulations with large spatial variations of the modulation wavelength. No such modulations were observed in the degree of local Al, Si order. Sanidine shows mode hardening in excess of the extrapolated effect of symmetry breaking Al, Si order, which is presumably related to nonsymmetry breaking ordering between T1 and T2 sites and/or as yet unobserved short range order of the symmetry breaking ordering scheme. The possibility of an additional phase transition in K-feldspar at temperatures above 1300 K is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223313
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