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  • Lepidoptera
  • Springer  (26)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 2000-2004  (26)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nonhost and host plants on insect herbivory covarying with plant size in the cruciferous plant Turritis glabra (2000)
    Springer
    Population ecology 42 (2000), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-5613
    Keywords: Key words Herbivory ; Plant–herbivore interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Cruciferous plants ; Vegetation texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Correlation between plant size and reproductive output may be modified by herbivory in accordance with host plant density and the presence of nonhost plants. To elucidate the effects of nonhost plant density and host plant density on the intensity of herbivory and reproductive output of the host plant in relation to plant size under natural conditions, we investigated the abundance of three lepidopteran insects, Plutella maculipennis, Anthocharis scolymus, and Pieris rapae the intensity of herbivory, and fruit set of their host plant, Turritis glabra (Cruciferae). To elucidate the effects of nonhost and host plant density, we selected four categories of plots under natural conditions: low density of nonhost and high density of host plants; low density of both nonhost and host plants; high density of both nonhost and host plants; and high density of nonhost and low density of host plants. The plant size indicated by stem diameter was a good predictor of the abundance of all herbivorous species. The effects of density of nonhost and host plants on the abundance of insects varied among species and stages of insects. As the abundance of insects affected the intensity of herbivory, herbivory was more apparent on larger host plants in plots with low density of both nonhost and host plants. Consequently, the correlation between plant size and the number of fruits disappeared in low plots with density of both nonhost and host plants. In this T. glabra– herbivorous insect system, the density of nonhost plants and host plants plays an important role in modifying the relationship between plants and herbivores under natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00011993
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns in the structure of grassland butterfly communities along a gradient of human disturbance: further analysis based on the generalist/specialist concept (2000)
    Springer
    Population ecology 42 (2000), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-5613
    Keywords: Key words Community patterns ; Lepidoptera ; Route order ; Species richness ; Species distribution ; Environmental disturbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Kitahara and Fujii, in 1994, analyzed the butterfly communities along a gradient of human disturbance by applying the generalist/specialist concept. Butterfly species were classified into generalist or specialist species based on their voltinism (seasonal time dimension) and potential larval resource breadth (food dimension). The community structure and species composition showed the systematic changes along the gradient. To verify the generality of those trends, we monitored five grassland butterfly communities with varying degrees of human disturbance twice a month during 1985 by the line transect method at the foot of Mt. Fuji, central Japan, and analyzed their structure in a manner similar to that employed by Kitahara and Fujii. Most results were consistent with the patterns recognized by Kitahara and Fujii. The route (community) order based on increasing human disturbance was strongly and negatively correlated with butterfly species richness but with neither butterfly species diversity (H′) nor evenness (J′). Also, the degree of human disturbance was significantly and negatively correlated with the number of specialist species, but not with that of generalists, in a community. Butterfly species richness was more strongly correlated with the number of specialist species than with that of generalists. Our analyses also showed that the generalist species were distributed more widely over the communities than were the specialists. However, in contrast to the trend revealed by Kitahara and Fujii, there was no significant difference in the population densities and in the spatial population variability between the two species groups. As a whole, our analyses confirmed the consistency of most community patterns detected by Kitahara and Fujii. The causes of the inconsistencies in some patterns were thought to be mainly the present habitat conditions with a relatively short growing season at high altitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00011992
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg loads and egg masses: Parasitism ofChoristoneura rosaceana eggs by Trichogramma minutum after inundativerelease in a commercial blueberry field (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; blueberry ; egg parasitoid ; inundative release ; leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were made in a commercialblueberry field in British Columbia, Canada, todetermine the extent of dispersal of adult wasps, andto determine whether complete parasitism of eggswithin egg masses of the target host [oblique-bandedleafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana(Harris)] occurred. Three weekly releases of waspswere made from a single release point in the center ofeach field during the flight of first generation OBLRadults. Sticky trap, sentinel egg mass andtarget-host egg mass data all indicated only a limitedrange of dispersal of T. minutum within thefield. In addition, only partial parasitism of eggmasses of the target host occurred even in closeproximity to the release point. We discuss theimportance of determining the response of Trichogramma females to previously-parasitized eggswhen using Trichogramma wasps for biologicalcontrol of lepidopterous species that oviposit largeegg masses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009922101934
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predation by the hoopoe (Upupa epops) on pupae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa and the likelyinfluence on other natural enemies (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 311-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: bird predation ; forest ; interference ; Italy ; Lepidoptera ; pine processionary caterpillar ; parasitism,/kwd〉 ; Pinus ; Thaumetopoeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The hoopoe (Upupa epops L.) is an insectivorousbird often preying on larvae and pupae of the pineprocessionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoeapityocampa Denis & Schiffermüller), the mostimportant defoliator of pines in Southern Europe andNorthern Africa. The first half of the breeding seasonof this migratory bird coincides with the pupal stageof the insect. Bird predation of pupae was quantifiedin two years in a Pinus nigra stand of northernItaly by periodic counting of the empty cocoons lefton the soil surface after extraction. The predationrate, estimated on 20 pupation sites representing thewhole stand, was 74.1% in 1993 and 68.3% in 1994.Predation was higher in the upper part of the soil andthen progressively decreased with increasing depth.The hoopoe may also prey on cocoons containing pupaeinfected by pathogenic fungi or parasitoids. Anexclosure experiment showed that the bird mayinterfere with these other mortality factors. Threepupal parasitoids, the ichneumonids Erigorgusfemorator Aubert and Coelichneumon rudis (Boyerde Fonscolombe) and the pteromalid Conomoriumpityocampae Graham, were significantly less frequentin the exposed sites. The fungus Beauveriabassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and the most abundantpupal parasitoid, Villa brunnea Becker (Diptera:Bombyliidae), caused the highest pupal mortality atboth protected and exposed sites. The bird seems to bean incompletely additive mortality factor acting onthe pest and it can also alter the relativemortalities imposed by the other natural enemies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009992321465
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal ecology of gregarious and solitary nettle-feeding nymphalid butterfly larvae (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 122 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Distribution ; Gregariousness ; Larval strategy ; Lepidoptera ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Group-living in animal populations has many possible ecological and evolutionary explanations, including predator evasion and feeding facilitation. In insects, the thermal balance of solitary and gregarious larvae is likely to differ and may thus have important ecological consequences. The abilities of the larvae of four species of nettle-feeding nymphalid butterflies to thermoregulate were quantified in the field. Larval surface body temperatures of the gregarious Aglais urticae (small tortoiseshell) and Inachis io (peacock) and the solitary Polygonia c-album (comma) and Vanessa atalanta (red admiral) were measured for each instar, in both sunny and overcast conditions, over a seasonal range of temperatures. The results suggested two distinct larval thermal strategies. In the presence of direct sunlight, the exposed gregarious larvae of A. urticae and I. io regulated body temperatures at 32.5 and 31.5°C, respectively, while the temperatures of concealed larvae of P. c-album and V. atalanta were largely dependent on ambient temperatures. In the sun, the range of body temperatures recorded for A. urticae and I. io larvae was fairly narrow relative to ambient temperatures. This suggests a high degree of thermal control in these species. Modal body temperatures coincided with the temperature at which development rate is maximal. Regardless of whether changes in thermoregulation are a cause or consequence of the evolution of gregariousness, the combination of behavioural thermoregulation and gregariousness in larval insects has important implications for voltinism patterns and range extension (via increased development rates). Distributional responses of gregarious and solitary larvae to climatic warming may differ as a result of changes in cloud cover as well as changes in temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008825
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating opportunity and the evolution of sex-specific mortality rates in a butterfly (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 122 (2000), S. 36-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Life history theory ; Longevity ; Ageing ; Mortality rate ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Life history theory predicts that organisms should only invest resources into intrinsic components of life span to the degree that it pays off in terms of reproductive success. Here, we investigate if the temporal distribution of mating opportunities may have influenced the evolution of intrinsic mortality rates in the butterfly Pararge aegeria (Satyrinae). In this species, females mate only once and the frequency of male mating opportunities depends on the temporal emergence pattern of virgin females. As expected, in a population from Madeira where females emerge continuously throughout the year, there was no sex difference in adult life span, while in a Swedish population with synchronised female emergence, males had significantly shorter life spans compared to females. A logistic mortality model provided the best fit to the observed change in age-specific mortality and all categories reached an asymptotic mortality rate of a similar magnitude. However, the Swedish males reached this mortality plateau more rapidly than the other categories. External mortality, due to water and food limitation, affected the pattern of sex-specific mortality but males from Sweden still had higher rates of mortality compared to all other categories. We argue that selection on male longevity is likely to be weaker in Sweden because under synchronised emergence, all females emerge and mate within a short period of time, after which male reproductive value will quickly approach zero. On Madeira, however, male reproductive value decrease more slowly with age since the probability of finding a receptive female is constant over the year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008833
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the developmental and reproductive biology of two soybean pod borers, Etiella spp. in Indonesia (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Etiella zinckenella ; Etiella hobsoni ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; soybean ; development ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments conducted in West Java, Indonesia investigated the developmental biology and reproductive behavior of two sympatric soybean pod borers, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke and E. hobsoni Butler (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). It was determined that: (1) significant interspecific differences occurred between the egg, larval, pupal and total egg-to-adult developmental periods of laboratory raised E. zinckenella and E. hobsoni; (2) the pre-pupal and total egg-to-adult development periods of female E. zinckenella were significantly shorter than for males; (3) the longevity of virgin female E. zinckenella was significantly longer than that of virgin males, or virgin male and female E. hobsoni; (4) interspecific differences occurred in the female: male sex-ratios of laboratory raised adults; (5) peak mating for both species occurred on the second night after eclosion; (6) interspecific differences occurred in the temporal distribution of calling and mating behaviors; (7) repeated mating was observed for both species at a very low frequency; (8) interspecific mating did not occur; (9) female E. zinckenella were significantly more fecund than E. hobsoni; (10) the duration in copulo of E. zinckenella was significantly longer than that of E. hobsoni; and (11) wingtraps baited with virgin females caught only conspecific males, and reduced numbers of males were captured in traps simultaneously baited with virgin females of both species. This study demonstrates distinct biological differences and reproductive isolation between the two Etiella spp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004099706718
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fecundity and fertility reductions in adult leafrollers exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; reproduction ; tebufenozide ; methoxyfenozide ; ecdysone agonist ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Choristoneura rosaceana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects on the fecundity and fertility of redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), exposed as adults to surfaces treated with the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide (RH-5992) and methoxyfenozide (RH-2485) were examined. The first part of the study consisted of recently emerged moths being exposed to treated surfaces continuously throughout their lives (including mating and oviposition). Continuous exposure to tebufenozide- or methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces significantly reduced the mean number of eggs laid and the percent of eggs that hatched in both species. The second part of the study involved exposure of recently emerged virgin moths (by sex) to treated surfaces for 24 h, after which, the exposed moths were paired with a nontreated partner to mate and oviposit on nontreated surfaces. In this experiment, for A. velutinana, significant reductions in fecundity occurred only when the female was exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces. Significant reductions in A. velutinana egg fertility occurred with both male and female exposure in the methoxyfenozide treatments and only female exposure in the tebufenozide treatments. For C. rosaceana, significant reductions in fecundity occurred with both male and female exposure in the tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide treatments. Significant reductions in C. rosaceana egg fertility occurred with both male and female exposure in the tebufenozide treatments and only with female exposure in the methoxyfenozide treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003957010320
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromones of Phyllonorycter acerifoliella and Ph. heegerella and communication peculiarities in three species of leafmining moths (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: calling behaviour ; periodicity ; sex pheromone ; attraction inhibitor ; attraction synergist ; field tests ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the leaf miner moth Phyllonorycter acerifoliella (Z.) [=Ph. sylvella (Hw.)] and Ph. heegerella (Z.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) release their sex pheromone at the beginning of photophase. The periodicity of the `calling' behaviour of Ph. acerifoliella females was established. Three compounds from calling virgin Ph. heegerella females were collected by the Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) technique and identified as (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc), tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenol (Z8-14:OH) in the ratio (88±3):(2±0.6):(10±5) by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that the first two compounds are important for the attraction of conspecific males. Z8-14:OAc was found to be attractive when tested separately, while 14:OAc acted as synergist. The attractivity of the three component blend was reduced by 10% admixture of either (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate (E10-12:OAc) or (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate (Z10-14:OAc). Field tests of Z10-, Z8- and E10-14:OAc, identified from Ph. acerifoliella females, demonstrated that the first two compounds were essential for the attraction of conspecific males; so both are sex pheromone components. The attractivity of the three component blend of Z10- Z8- and E10-14:OAc was reduced by 10% admixture of (E)-10-dodecenol (E10-12:OH). The following four semiochemical compounds, Z8-14:OAc, Z8-14:OH, E10-14:OAc and 14:OAc, identified from phyllonoryctid females, as well as two sex attraction antagonists for Ph. acerifoliella and Ph. heegerella males, E10-12:OAc and Z10-14:OAc, are new for the family Gracillariidae. The results of field trapping experiments revealed mechanisms ensuring the specificity of the chemocommunication systems in Ph. acerifoliella, Ph. heegerella and Ph. ulmifoliella (Hb.) moths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003920526327
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural observations of Pieris brassicae larvae indicate multiple mechanisms of action of analogous drimane antifeedants (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedant ; drimane ; mechanism of action ; sensory response ; toxicity ; habituation ; behavioural observation ; structure-activity relationship ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We tested 11 analogous synthetic drimane antifeedant compounds for their feeding inhibiting effects on larvae of the large white butterfly Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in no-choice tests on the host plant Brassica oleracea L. Furthermore, we observed larval feeding behaviour in no-choice tests to analyze temporal effects of five drimanes. The results show that the five analogous antifeedants differentially influence feeding behaviour and locomotion activity. Warburganal and polygodial are most likely sensory mediated antifeedants. Habituation to these compounds occurs soon after the onset of the tests (i.e., within 0.5–1.5 h). Compound 5 and confertifolin are probably not direct, sensory mediated antifeedants. After 0.5–1.5 h of exposure, these compounds inhibit not only feeding, but also locomotion behaviour, indicating postingestive, toxic effects. Isodrimenin inhibits feeding from the onset of the test and is probably a sensory mediated antifeedant. No habituation occurs to this compound, indicating that isodrimenin is either a very strong antifeedant or that it additionally has postingestive, toxic effects. Topical application of the drimanes on the larval cuticle revealed feeding inhibiting effects, but these could not be related to the occurrence of postingestive feeding inhibiting effects, indicating that this method is inappropriate to show possible postingestive effects of drimanes in P. brassicae. In conclusion, the behavioural observations performed in this research indicate that analogous drimanes inhibit feeding by P. brassicae larvae through multiple mechanisms of action. The results show that, when developing a structure activity relationship (SAR) for a series of antifeedants, it is important to distinguish the mode of action which underlies inhibition of feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004064931302
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographical variation in female sex pheromones of the rice leaffolder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis: identification of pheromone components in Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; rice leaffolder ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; geographical variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone components of the Japanese rice leaffolder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were identified from ovipositor extracts of virgin females as (Z)-11-octadecenal, (Z)-13-octadecenal, (Z)-11-octadecen-1-ol and (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol at a ratio of 11:100:24:36 by GC-EAD, GC, GC-MS. The total amount was estimated to be ca.0.9 ng/female. Field bioassays in Kagoshima, Japan, showed that the two aldehydes are essential for male attraction and the alcohols may have a synergistic effect on the aldehydes. A rubber septum containing 0.9 mg of the four components at the natural ratio was shown to be an effective lure for monitoring this pest in Japan. The above four components are quite different from the sex pheromone components reported previously for the same species of either Philippine or Indian origin; components were shown to be (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate at a ratio of 98:2 in the Philippine blend and 1:10 in the Indian blend. Furthermore, in the field tests in Japan, neither the Philippine blend nor the Indian blend showed any attractive activity, while the Japanese blend attracted significant numbers of male moths. These results suggest that there are remarkable geographical variations in the sex pheromone composition of this species or there are several distinct species using different sex pheromone blends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004019917270
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Computer-Controlled Video System for Real-Time Recording of Insect Flight in Three Dimensions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 881-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: three-dimensional ; flight track recording ; orientation ; pheromones ; plant volatiles ; image analysis ; real time ; Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A computer-controlled video system for real-time recording of insect flight in three dimensions is described. The flight paths of moths were recorded in a flight tunnel using two CCD cameras placed adjacent to each other at angles of 45 and 135° to the flight tunnel axis and separated by a distance of 120 cm. They were connected to two 28-level gray-scale frame grabbers via two external synchronizers. The two-dimensional coordinates of the flying insect were obtained from the two cameras at 40-ms intervals and transferred to host computer for processing and monitor for real-time display. Due to speed limitation in the image acquisition hardware, construction of the three-dimensional file was carried off-line. The flying insect was rendered as a dark spot in a bright background using a homogeneous light source. As the insect enters into the field of view of the two cameras, the light distribution changes, and the frame grabber detects only those variation in the light distribution which results from a flying insect. The target insect can be as small as 3 pixels and can be tracked in a stereoscopic field of view 60 cm long and 50 cm high. A method was developed that allowed for scalar scoring of various pheromone sources to assess their attractiveness using vector flight parameters. This method was applied successfully for optimization of pheromone blend of the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007866602219
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Bias in Butterfly Distribution Maps: The Influence of Hot Spots and Recorder's Home Range (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 4 (2000), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: mapping ; database ; bias recording ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We use data from the Mersey Valley zone (3×2 km area; N = 600 I ha squares) of the Greater Manchester butterfly atlas to investigate whether recorder visits are biased by access (viz. distance from recorder's home base) and by the locations of potential hot spots. In a multiple regression analysis, visits were found to correlate significantly both with distance from home base of the recorder and with the mean and maximum number of species found in squares. Sites close to the home base of the recorder were visited more frequently than those further afield and squares with more species were visited more frequently than those squares with fewer species. Visits were also made significantly more frequently to squares with greater numbers of butterfly resources (e.g. hostplants, nectar). Furthermore, recording is biased to and away from distinct land uses, which vary significantly in species richness. Reasons are given why these biases are to be expected at all scales. The message is that future distribution mapping should be based on rigorous sampling approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009690919835
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  • 14
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    Survival and Development of Tobacco Hornworm Larvae on Tobacco Plants Grown Under Elevated Levels of Ozone (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insecta ; tobacco hornworm ; Manduca sexta ; tobacco ; Nicotiana tabacum ; ozone ; weather fleck ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum were grown under different levels of ozone (O3) in open-top chambers. Ozone concentrations were established by charcoal filtration, which reduced O3 to approximately one-half ambient, or by the addition of O3 to unfiltered air to increase concentrations to approximately 1.4 or 1.7 times ambient O3. Survival of tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, larvae was increased when second instars were fed tobacco leaves grown in chambers with elevated levels of O3. Second instars also gained significantly more weight when they were fed for one week on plants exposed to elevated levels of O3 than when they were fed plants grown in charcoal-filtered air. Ozone-treated tobacco plants had higher levels of total nitrogen (primarily reduced nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrates (sugars), and lower levels of leaf-surface components, starch, nicotine, and rutin. Increased survival and growth response of hornworm larvae to elevated O3 levels in these experiments suggests that similar responses could occur in the southeastern US tobacco production areas where O3 levels can be high enough to injure tobacco plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005440025509
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Field Trapping of Tomato Moth, Tuta absoluta with Pheromone Traps (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 875-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Field trapping ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Tuta absoluta ; South American tomato moth ; Scrobipalpuloides absoluta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field evaluations demonstrate that the addition of the minor pheromone component (3E,8Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate to the major component (3E,8Z,11Z)-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate does not significantly increase the trap catches of Tuta absoluta males in the field. The triene acetate itself is highly attractive, catching about 869 ± 255 males per trap in three consecutive nights. The addition of two isomers of the minor component (3E,8Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate, (3E,11Z)-tetradecadienyl-yl acetate and (8Z,11Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate, to the major component (3E,8Z,11Z)-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate also did not significantly alter the number of the males caught in the traps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005452023847
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  • 16
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    Aggressive Chemical Mimicry by the Bolas Spider Mastophora hutchinsoni: Identification and Quantification of a Major Prey's Sex Pheromone Components in the Spider's Volatile Emissions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1235-1243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect pheromones ; pheromone emission ; aggressive chemical mimicry ; predation ; allomone ; Araneae ; Araneidae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The adult female bolas spider Mastophora hutchinsoni feeds exclusively on attracted males of a few moth species. This exclusivity and the behavior of the approaching moths suggest that the spider aggressively mimics the sex pheromones of its prey species. Males of the bristly cutworm, Lacinipolia renigera, are a major prey of this spider, accounting for about two thirds of the biomass of prey consumed. Female bristly cutworms produce a pheromone blend consisting of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14 : Ac) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecenyl acetate (ZE-9,12–14 : Ac). To determine if M. hutchinsoni females mimic the sex pheromone components and blend ratio of L. renigera, we collected volatiles from hunting adult female spiders and analyzed them with gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-EAD analysis of volatile collections, using a male bristly cutworm antenna as the detector and two capillary columns of different polarities, revealed the presence of peaks with retention times (R ts) identical to Z9–14 : Ac and ZE-9,12– 14 : Ac. The mass spectrum of a peak with R t of Z9–14 : Ac was identical to the mass spectrum of the synthetic equivalent. There was an insufficient quantity of the compound with R t of ZE-9,12–14 : Ac to get a full spectrum, but selective detection of ions at m/z 61 and 192 at the correct R t supported the identification. On average, the blend collected from spiders contained 54.8 ± 20.8 (SE) pg/min of Z9–14 : Ac and 2.5 ± 1.7 (SE) pg/min of ZE-9,12–14 : Ac. The latter, on average, comprised 2.6 ± 0.7% of the total, which is similar to the blend ratio emitted by bristly cutworm females. Our results indicate that the adult female M. hutchinsoni produces an allomone blend that mimics not only the composition, but also the blend ratio, of the sex pheromone of a major prey species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005488128468
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  • 17
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    Identification of Chiral Sex Pheromone Secreted by Giant Geometrid Moth, Biston robustum Butler (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2579-2590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Female sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ennominae ; epoxynonadecene ; epoxynonadecadiene ; chiral epoxide ; chiral HPLC ; dimethyl disulfide adduct
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Biston robustum Butler, a polyphagous defoliator, multiplied on Hachijo-jima Island in 1997–1998. Based on GC-MS data of authentic standards, an analysis of a pheromone gland extract of the females indicated that it included (Z,Z)-6,9–nonadecadiene (I), (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9–nonadecatriene (II), cis-(Z)-6,7–epoxy-9–nonadecene (III), and cis-(Z,Z)-6,7–epoxy-3,9–nonadecadiene (IV) in a ratio of 13 : 2 : 70 : 15. The structure of III was confirmed by a GC-MS analysis of another extract treated with dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). This epoxymonoene was successfully converted into the corresponding DMDS adduct that showed diagnostic ions fragmented at an epoxy ring and at thiomethoxy groups reflecting the position of an original double bond. Furthermore, the 6S,7R configuration was assigned for the epoxy ring of III by chiral HPLC analysis. Field examination of synthetic lures revealed that the two epoxy compounds (III and IV) with the 6S,7R configuration were essential components and that the two unsaturated hydrocarbons (I and II) showed a synergistic effect on male attraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005540913934
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  • 18
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    Decadienoates: Sex Pheromone Components of Nettle Caterpillars Darna trima and D. bradleyi (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1969-1981 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Limacodidae ; Darna trima ; Darna bradleyi ; Setothosea asigna ; Setora nitens ; nettle caterpillars ; oil palm ; sex pheromone ; 2-methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; methyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; isobutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; (E)-9dodecenal ; (E)-9,11-dodecadienal ; (Z)-9-dodecenal ; (Z)-9,11-dodecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to identify sex pheromone components of nettle caterpillars Darna trima and Darna bradleyi (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) whose larvae defoliate oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in southeast Asia. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GCEAD) analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed two antennally active compounds produced by female D. trima and two by female D. bradleyi. Molecular structures of these candidate pheromone components were identified by electron-impact and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry; retention-index calculations on DB-5, DB-23, and DB-210 columns; microanalytical treatments, as well as syntheses of "auxilliary" compounds that facilitated identification of the compounds. The compounds from D. trima were 2-methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (A) and (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-7,9decadienoate (B); from D. bradleyi we identified methyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (C), and isobutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (D). In field experiments in Malaysia, (S)-2-methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (SA) in combination with B proved to be essential and synergistic pheromone components for attraction of male D. trima. (R)-2-Methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (RA) had no behavioral activity. Compound D singly attracted male D. bradleyi, but addition of C to D at a 1 : 10 ratio significantly enhanced attractiveness of the bait. Synthetic pheromone blends were more effective trap baits than unmated female moths and could be developed for monitoring populations of D. trima and D. bradleyi in Asian oil palm plantations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005561127155
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  • 19
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    Sex Pheromone Components of Nettle Caterpillar, Setora nitens (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1983-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Setora nitens ; Setothosea asigna ; nettle caterpillar ; Limacodidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-dodecenal ; (Z)-9,11-dodecadienal ; (E)-9-dodecenal ; (E)-9,11-dodecadienal ; oil palm ; Elaeis guineensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of pheromone gland extracts of female nettle caterpillars, Setora nitens, revealed four compounds that consistently elicited responses from male moth antennae. Retention indices on three fused silia columns (DB-5, DB-23, and DB-210) of two EAD-active compounds were almost identical to those of (E)-9-dodecenal (E9–12 : Ald) and (E)-9,11-dodecadienal (E9,11–12 : Ald), two pheromone components previously identified in congeneric Setothosea asigna. However, comparative GC, GC-EAD, and GC-mass spectrometry of extracted S. nitens compounds and authentic standards revealed that the candidate pheromone components were (Z)-9-dodecenal (Z9–12 : Ald) and (Z)-9,11-dodecadienal (Z9,11–12 : Ald). The two other EAD-active compounds in pheromone gland extracts proved to be the corresponding alcohols to these aldehydes. In field-trapping experiments in Tawau, Malaysia, synthetic Z9–12 : Ald and Z9,11–12 : Ald at a 1 : 1 ratio, but not singly, attracted male S. nitens. Attractiveness of these two aldehydes could not be enhanced through the addition of their corresponding alcohols. Whether these differences in pheromone biology and chemistry between S. nitens and S. asigna are sufficient to prevent cross-attraction of heterospecific males or whether nonpheromonal mechanisms are required to maintain reproductive isolation is currently being studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005513211225
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  • 20
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    Identification of a Sex Pheromone Component of the Raspberry Budmoth, Heterocrossa rubophaga (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2549-2555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Carposinidae ; (Z)-12–nonadecen-9–one ; chemical identification ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female-produced sex pheromone of the New Zealand raspberry budmoth, Heterocrossa rubophaga, was investigated. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analyses revealed the ketone, (Z)-12–nonadecen9–one (Z12–19–9–one). This compound had previously been found in extracts of the sex pheromone gland of the only other carposine moth for which a sex pheromone has been identified, Carposina niponensis, although its effect on the behavior of C. niponensis males had not been established. Field trapping trials in berry fruit gardens showed this compound to elicit high catches of male H. rubophaga, with the catch appearing to plateau (and perhaps decrease) above a dosage of 300 μg on a red rubber septum. In an analysis of an extract of female H. rubophaga sex pheromone glands, there was a suggestion that the homologous (Z)-7–eicosen-11–one, the known sex pheromone component of C. niponensis, was also present. However this could not be established unequivocally and, in a field trial, addition of a small amount of this compound to Z12–19–9–one resulted in no significant increase in trap catch relative to traps baited with Z12–19–9–one alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005584628955
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  • 21
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    1-Methylethyl Octanoate, a New Lepidopteran Sex Pheromone from the Bagworm, Megalophanes viciella (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 487-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Megalophanes viciella ; Psychidae ; Lepidoptera ; bagworm ; sex pheromone ; 1-methylethyl octanoate ; 2-propyl octanoate ; field tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts obtained by rinsing the thorax and extracts from the tergal sex pheromone gland of females of the bagworm moth, Megalophanes viciella, as well as headspace samples from live animals, were analyzed to reveal the chemical structure of the pheromone. As a result, 1-methylethyl octanoate was established as a main sex pheromone component of this species. This was further confirmed by numerous catches of conspecific males in traps baited with this compound in Bulgaria and Roumania.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005421808497
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  • 22
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    Cherry Bark Tortrix, Enarmonia formosana: Olfactory Recognition of and Behavioral Deterrence by Nonhost Angio- and Gymnosperm Volatiles (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 809-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Enarmonia formosana ; cherry bark tortrix ; kairomone ; host selection ; foraging behavior ; plant volatiles ; nonhost volatiles ; repellency/inhibition ; oviposition deterrence ; hexanol ; benzyl alcohol ; nonanal ; decanal ; α-pinene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that males and females of the cherry bark tortrix (CBT), Enarmonia formosana, antennally perceive and behaviorally respond to volatiles from nonhost plants. Volatiles from flowering cherry trees, Prunus serrulata Kwanzan, and from nonhost trees, including trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides, grand fir, Abies grandis, Norway spruce, Picea abies, and Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, were captured on Porapak Q and extracts analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Compounds that elicited responses from male and female antennae were identified by coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparative GC-MS and GC-EAD with authentic standards. In field cage and field experiments, nonanal from aspen trees and (±)-α-pinene from coniferous trees were effective in reducing captures of male CBT in pheromone-baited traps and deterring oviposition by female CBT on cherry blocks. Recognition of nonhost volatiles, such as nonanal and α-pinene, may allow male and/or female CBT to avoid trees that provide inadequate concealment from predators during calling, resting, and copulation and that are unsuitable for oviposition and development of offspring. Nonhost volatiles may also be exploited for control of CBT by disrupting both mate- and host-finding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005443822030
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  • 23
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    Major Sex Pheromone Component of Female Herald Moth Scoliopteryx libatrix is the Novel Branched Alkene (6Z,13)-Methylheneicosene (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1135-1149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scoliopteryx libatrix ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; methylalkene ; (6Z13)-methylheneicosene ; electroantennogram ; field test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major component of the female-produced sex pheromone of Scoliopteryx libatrix has been characterized by chemical analysis, synthesis, electrophysiological studies and field tests as (6Z,13)-methylheneicosene, probably the 13S-isomer. This is the first example of a branched chain alkene as a sex pheromone in the Noctuidae and is markedly different from the pheromones of other members of the family. The systematic position of S. libatrix, belonging to a monotypic genus of a one-member subfamily within the Noctuidae, may reflect the unusual structure of the sex pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005475725742
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  • 24
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    Host range and gene contents of Bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic towards Spodoptera exigua (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: crygenes ; PCR ; Lepidoptera ; Spodoptera ; insecticidal activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-five strains of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensisactive on Spodoptera exigua, were characterized by means of serological identification and determination of crygene contents by PCR. The insecticidal activity of these 35 strains was further confirmed against S. exiguaand tested against two other species of the same genus: S. littoralisand S. frugiperda. The results indicate that serovars aizawai, thuringiensis, and kurstakiwere the most frequent within S. exigua-active strains and that serovar aizawaihad the highest number of strains exhibiting toxicity against the three species bioassayed. The presence in crygenes as determined by PCR suggests a non random distribution of some crygenes among serovars. Genes cry1C, cry1D, and cry1E, which are known to code for proteins toxic against Spodopteraspecies, were very common within S. exigua-active strains, specially in those belonging to serovar aizawai. However, some strains harbouring one or more of these genes were not toxic to S. littoralisor S. frugiperda; and some strains lacking all of the Spodoptera-active genes were found to be toxic to all three species. This suggests differences in the expression levels among strains bearing toxic genes and the involvement of other genes toxic to Spodopteraspecies. Since strains sharing the same crygenes exhibited different host ranges, the results indicate the need to perform toxicity bioassays in addition to other tests (serological identification and PCR) in order to determine the insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensisstrains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004140122226
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  • 25
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    Insects of the Muni-Pomadze Ramsar site (2000)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 9 (2000), S. 479-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; butterfly ; Ghana ; insect ; lagoon ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of collection methods were used to inventory the insect diversity of the Muni-Pomadze Ramsar site along the Ghana coastline. A total of 75 butterfly species in five families were collected and identified. Twenty-six percent of the butterfly species were open country species. The butterflies were all typical of the coastal zone and no endangered or narrowly endemic species were recorded. The Muni-Pomadze site was also rich in other insect species (67 insect species belonging to 15 orders) as a result of the diverse terrestrial habitats surrounding the lagoon. Butterfly species composition changed with habitat indicating a fine-grained response by the butterfly communities to habitat changes. Data from long-term monitoring of butterfly communities at Muni-Pomadze could prove useful as indicators of habitat quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008910629152
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  • 26
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    Effects of mating history on ejaculate size, fecundity, longevity, and copulation duration in the ant-tended lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras (2000)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 47 (2000), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Copulation duration ; Explosive mating system ; Ejaculate size ; Lepidoptera ; Mating history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The mating system of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, is highly unusual compared to most other Lepidoptera. Characteristics of this system, which has been termed an ’explosive mating strategy,’ include the formation of an intensely competitive mating aggregation of males, a highly male biased operational sex ratio, a lack of discrimination and mate choice by both sexes, a high variance in male mating success, and female monogamy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that multiple mating by males imposes physiological costs resulting in smaller spermatophores, and that this results in a fitness cost to females. We found that male J. evagoras transferred only 2.2% of their eclosion weight during their first mating, consistent with the hypothesis that males of monandrous species produce a relatively small investment. The wet weight of the ejaculate declined by an average of 27% at the second mating and the dry weight by 29%, and an intermating interval of 5–9 days was needed for the ejaculate to return to the size at the first mating, regardless of male size or age. Wet ejaculate mass increased proportionally with male size, though dry mass was proportionally larger in smaller males. Ejaculate mass tended to increase with male age at both first and second matings. Female characteristics, in general, did not affect ejaculate mass, although the wet weight of the ejaculate was positively associated with female weight at the second mating. Copulation duration increased from 2.4 h to approximately 3 h at the second mating, and to over 4 h at the third and fourth matings. Fecundity was positively correlated with female size but not with mating history, copulation duration, or any other characteristics measured for either males or females. Female longevity declined significantly as the number of times the male partner had previously mated increased. We conclude that despite the small male investment in ejaculate, the costs of multiple mating may nonetheless be significant, as indicated by the reduction in ejaculate mass, an increase in copulation duration, and reduction in female lifespan with increasing mating number.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050002
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