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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,628)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,307)
  • Fisheries
  • Aerodynamics
  • Seismology
  • 2020-2024  (28)
  • 1950-1954  (3,056)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: Con sus 220 km2 la región geográfica de Bahía de Nipe es el mayor acuatorio en su tipo en Cuba, donde se encuentran representaciones de diversos ecosistemas a lo largo de sus costas. Los asentamientos humanos y sus múltiples actividades productivas de importancia y magnitud, le dan a esta bahía relevancia como recurso natural que sustenta usos estratégicos para el país.
    Description: Other
    Keywords: Contaminación ; Metales pesados ; Fuentes contaminantes ; Pesquerías ; Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Plaguicides ; Fisheries ; Plaguicidas ; Sources pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: The 60–80s of the last century were the period of the most rapid development of commercial oceanology in the Azov and Black Sea Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (AzCherNIRO, further renamed YugNIRO). In addition to the monitoring of oceanographic processes, it was involved in the areas of general marine ecology, monitoring of marine pollution, and space oceanology. Oceanographic information is used in forecasting the state of aquatic ecosystems at various timescales and is crucial for fishing forecasts. In 1981, a satellite data reception center was established in AzCherNIRO. In the 80–90s, in YugNIRO, an optimal procedure was created for multidimensional predictive monitoring of the state of the Black Sea ecosystem. In September 1986, within the Laboratory of Commercial Oceanology of the Black Sea, a group for the conservation of marine ecosystems was created, which turned into a sector in January 1989, and into a separate laboratory in December 1996. Its reasearchers carried out multidisciplinary environmental studies, investigating the ecological status of the aquatic areas affected by the facilities of the marine industry during their operation, monitoring the level of soil contamination, and excercising the toxicological control of fish and fish products. YugNIRO oceanological studies conducted in the World Ocean from the early 1970s to the early 1990s made it possible to link the productivity and catches of exploitable species to the atmospheric circulation, changes in the climatic fields of currents, as well as to the geo- and heliophysical factors, which enabled the fishing predictions with a one-year lead time or more for the fishing areas of the Central, Southeastern and Southwestern Indian Ocean, the Patagonian Shelf, and the Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica. In the 70–90s and early 2000s, YugNIRO conducted marine geological studies facilitating fishing operations and environmental protection in the Gulf of Aden, on the bottom elevations of the tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Ocean, in the Antarctic Shelf area, and in the Black and Azov Seas. This article lays down the current major goals and prospects of commercial oceanology.
    Description: 60–80-е годы прошедшего столетия были в АзЧерНИРО (ЮгНИРО) периодом наиболее активного развития промысловой океанологии. Кроме мониторинга океанографических процессов она начала внедряться в сферы общей экологии моря, мониторинга загрязнения моря, космической океанологии. Океанографическая информация используется при разработке прогнозов состояния водных экосистем различной заблаговременности и является неотъемлемой составляющей рыбопромысловых прогнозов. В 1981 г. в АзЧерНИРО был создан центр приема спутниковой информации. В 1980–1990-х гг. в ЮгНИРО была создана оптимальная для Черного моря схема комплексного прогностического мониторинга состояния его экосистемы. В сентябре 1986 г. в составе лаборатории промысловой океанологии Черного моря была создана группа, в январе 1989 г. — сектор, в декабре 1996 г. — лаборатория охраны морских экосистем. Сотрудниками лаборатории проводились комплексные экологические исследования состояния акваторий предприятий морехозяйственого комплекса в условиях их производственной деятельности, контроль уровня загрязненности почв, токсикологический контроль рыбы и рыбопродукции. Океанологические исследования ЮгНИРО, проводимые в Мировом океане с начала 1970-х до начала 1990-х гг., позволили получить систему связей урожайности и вылова промысловых объектов с особенностями атмосферной циркуляции, изменениями макромасштабных полей течений, гео- и гелиофизическими факторам для прогноза промысловых характеристик с заблаговременностью год и более в промысловых районах центральной, юго-восточной и юго-западной частей Индийского океана, в районе Патагонского шельфа, в индоокеанском секторе Антарктики. Выполнение морских геологических работ в рыбопромысловых и природоохранных целях проводилось ЮгНИРО в 1970–1990-х и в начале 2000-х гг. в Аденском заливе, на поднятиях тропической и субтропической частей Индийского океана, на шельфе Антарктиды, в Черном и Азовском морях. В статье формулируются основные современные цели и пути развития промысловой океанологии.
    Description: Published
    Description: Non Refereed
    Keywords: Commercial oceanography ; Marine geology ; Ecosystems ; Fisheries ; Промысловая океанография ; Морская геология ; Экосистемы ; АзЧерНИРО ; ЮгНИРО ; Промысловые прогнозы ; Океанографическая информация ; Океанологические исследования ; YugNIRO ; AzCherNIRO ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery oceanography ; ASFA_2015::F::Forecasting ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery institutions ; ASFA_2015::M::Monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.159-169
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: La producción de ostión en Cuba aumenta hacia el este, y los máximos de abundancia y captura se presentan en la zona costera cercana a la cuenca del río Cauto, en la región correspondiente al municipio Manzanillo, provincia de Granma. En esta región habitan el ostión de mangle antillano (Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828), y el ostión americano (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791). Aunque la tendencia histórica ha sido al incremento, posterior a 2013 (853 t) la producción promedio anual disminuye a 307 t. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el estado actual del recurso ostión y su aprovechamiento industrial en la región del golfo de Guacanayabo, en relación a la situación ambiental de sus hábitats. Se realizó un diagnóstico de la pesquería de ostión y de la gestión ambiental de la pesca extractiva para determinar impactos ecosistémicos. Se identificaron como principales factores de impacto negativo, que inciden sobre las poblaciones de ostión y sus hábitats, el incumplimiento del periodo de veda, el manejo inadecuado de la pesca extractiva, y eventos de contaminación, que afectan los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos del manglar y reducen las poblaciones de ostión. Se propone la ostricultura artesanal como alternativa pesquera sostenible y se proyectó un plan de producción de ostión para 2023-2030. Se estimó que a calidad ambiental de la región donde se desarrollan las especies de interés es adecuada para su desarrollo.
    Description: Oyster production in Cuba increases to the east, and the maximum abundance and catch occur in the coastal zone near the Cauto river basin, in the region corresponding to the Manzanillo municipality, Granma province. The West Indian mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828), and the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791) inhabit this region. Although the historical trend has been to increase, after 2013 (853 t) the average annual production decreases to 307 t. The objective of this research was to evaluate the current state of the oyster resource and its industrial use in the region of the Guacanayabo Gulf, in relation to the environmental situation of its habitats. A diagnosis of the oyster fishery and the environmental management of extractive fishing was carried out to determine ecosystem impacts. The main factors of negative impact, which affect oyster populations and their habitats, were identified as non-compliance with the closed season, inadequate management of extractive fishing, and pollution events, which affect the goods and ecosystem services of the mangrove and reduce oyster populations. Artisanal oyster farming is proposed as a sustainable fishing alternative and an oyster production plan was projected for 2023-2030. It is estimated that the environmental quality of the region where the species of interest develop is adequate for their development.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Golfo de Guacanayabo ; Gestión ambiental ; Pesquería ; Ostricultura ; Gulf of Guacanayabo ; Environmental management ; Fisheries ; Ostrich farming
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: We implemented an automatic procedure to download the hypocentral data of the online Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) in order to produce in near real-time a homogeneous catalogue of the Global and EuroMediterranean instrumental seismicity to be used for forecasting experiments and other statistical analyses. For the interval covered by the reviewed ISC Bulletin, we adopt the ISC locations and convert the surface wave magnitude (Ms) and short-period body-wave magnitude (mb) as computed by the ISC to moment magnitude (Mw), using empirical relations. We merge the so obtained proxies with real Mw provided by global and EuroMediterranean moment tensor catalogues. For the most recent time interval (about 2 yr) for which the reviewed ISC Bulletin is not available, we do the same but using the preferred (prime) location provided by the ISC Bulletin and converting to Mw the Ms and mb provided by some authoritative agencies. For computing magnitude conversion equations, we use curvilinear relations defined in a previous work and the chi-square regression method that accounts for the uncertainties of both x and y variables.
    Description: H2020 EU project RISE contract n. 821115
    Description: Published
    Description: 1771-1785
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Statistical methods ; Statistical seismology ; Earthquake source observations ; Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-11-30
    Description: Active flow control (AFC) utilizes local active perturbations to induce changes in global flow behavior that result in aero/hydrodynamic performance improvement. It has been a vibrant research area with potential applications in a wide range of engineering fields. This Special Issue is a collection of 11 excellent research papers published in Actuators, showcasing and discussing new advances in both fundamental and applied AFC technologies.
    Keywords: Active flow control ; Actuators ; Aerodynamics ; Synthetic jets&nbsp ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: Several regions around the globe are characterized by a seismically active lower crust, at depths where litho­logical and thermal conditions suggest stress release by ductile flow. The Gargano Promontory (GP, southern Italy) is an example where a recently installed seismic network has recorded an intense seismic activity at depths between 20 and 30 km, i.e. in the lower crust. The GP is located in proximity of the Gargano-Dubrovnik line­ament, a seismogenic zone separating the central and southern Adriatic basins. These two basins constitute sites of sediments accumulation since Tertiary times. Another important basin in the region is represented by the Apennine foredeep, that includes the Candelaro area. We analyze the possible mechanisms controlling the dis­tribution of seismicity in the GP to identify the factors that make the lower crust seismically active. To this aim, we construct a thermo-rheological model of a layered continental crust, calibrated on the basis of geometrical, lithological and thermal constraints. The model takes into account various crustal lithologies, the presence of fluids in the crystalline basement, lateral variations of geotherm and stress field. The numerical simulations show that the presence of fluids is a key factor controlling the cluster of seismicity in the lower crust. Moreover, the presence of water in the upper crystalline basement and sedimentary cover provides a plausible explanation for upper crustal seismicity in a zone of very high heat flow SW of the GP. The distribution of the seismicity is probably affected by the composition of the crystalline basement, with mafic bodies injected into the crust during the Paleocene magmatic phase that affected the Mediterranean region. In addition, fluid accumulation and overpressure may occur along detachment levels in the lower crust, leading to clustering of the earthquakes. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that the presence of hydrous diapiric upwelling(s) in the upper mantle can feed a deep fluid circulation system, inducing lower crustal seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103929
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lower crust ; Rheology ; Seismology ; Geotherm ; Numerical modeling ; Gargano Promontory (southern Italy)
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), is an italian public research institute established in 1999. Since its inception, the mission of INGV included seismic surveillance and earthquake monitoring in Italy. INGV is part of the Civil Defence system (Margheriti et al., 2021). INGV has offices in different parts of Italy and operates the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale—RSN; INGV Seismological Data Centre, 2006) and other networks at national scale (Michelini et al., 2017). INGV also operates a temporary seismic network infrastructure, a pool of instruments used to densify seismic networks for scientific experiments or in response to damaging earthquakes and to increase monitoring capabilities during seismic sequences. SISMIKO is the operational task force of INGV whose core purpose is to rapidly deploy temporary seismic stations in response to moderate—large magnitude earthquakes or in areas where a seismic sequence is causing concerns and/or scientific interest (Moretti et al., 2016). By reducing the spatial distance between the seismic stations, temporary deployments can improve the RSN detection capability and the accuracy of the earthquake locations. SISMIKO was established in 2015 by Lucia Margheriti and Milena Moretti, so they became responsible for INGV emergency deployments of the temporary networks. SISMIKO involves INGV technicians and researchers from all over Italy, from Milano to Catania (see acknowledgments), grouped together by common interest technical and scientific issues. SISMIKO coordinates all INGV groups working on seismic emergencies (Figure 1). The data acquired by the SISMIKO temporary networks, are made available to the scientific community, without any restrictions, via italian node of the European Integrated Data Archive portal (EIDA1; Danecek et al., 2021). Datasets are archived in near real-time in the “Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED)” format and have an associated Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The data are used for monitoring, surveillance and for scientific research. Since its establishment, SISMIKO has installed seven temporary seismic networks, including the one used to monitor the 2016–2018 seismic sequence in central Italy (Moretti et al., 2016). The most recent activations of SISMIKO were in May and November 2022: Chianti-Fiorentino (Piccinini et al., 2022; 2023) and North Marche coast (D’Alema et al., 2022b), respectively. The following section briefly describes the history of the INGV emergency mobile network.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1146579
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: SISMIKO ; Seismic emergency ; Temporary seismic network ; Real time transmission ; Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-09-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present a new, consistently processed seismicity catalogue for the Eastern and Southern Alps, based on the temporary dense Swath-D monitoring network. The final catalogue includes 6,053 earthquakes for the time period 2017-2019 and has a magnitude of completeness of −1.0ML. The smallest detected and located events have a magnitude of −1.7ML. Aimed at the low to moderate seismicity in the study region, we generated a multi-level, mostly automatic workflow which combines a priori information from local catalogues and waveform-based event detection, subsequent efficient GPU-based event search by template matching, P & S arrival time pick refinement and location in a regional 3-D velocity model. The resulting seismicity distribution generally confirms the previously identified main seismically active domains, but provides increased resolution of the fault activity at depth. In particular, the high number of small events additionally detected by the template search contributes to a more dense catalogue, providing an important basis for future geological and tectonic studies in this complex part of the Alpine orogen.
    Description: TableOfContents
    Description: Seismicity catalogue Python codes & metadata Seismicity cross-sections
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic Waveform Analysis ; Eastern Alps ; Earthquake ; Geophysics ; Template matching ; 4DMB ; 4D Mountain Building ; EARTH SCIENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; geophysics ; seismology ; surface processes ; tectonics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-10-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication contains (i) a slab model of the Cascadia subduction zone, derived from receiver functions, parameterized as depth to the three interfaces: t (top), c (central) and m (Moho), in NetCDF format; (ii) the station measurements of all parameters in the model in tabular and Raysum model file format; (iii) the raw receiver functions in SAC format; and (iv) auxiliary scripts for loading and plotting the data. A total of 45,601 individual receiver functions recorded at 298 seismic stations distributed across the Cascadia forearc contributed to the slab model. For each station, 100 s recordings symmetric about the P -wave arrival (i.e. 50 s noise and 50 s signal) of earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.5 and 8, in the distance range between 30 and 100 degree, were downloaded from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) data center, the Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC), and the Natural Resources Canada Data Center (NRCAN). After quality control, radial and transverse receiver functions were computed through frequency-domain simultaneous deconvolution, with an optimal damping factor found through generalized cross validation. The continental forearc and subducting slab were parameterized as three layers over a mantle half-space, with the subduction stratigraphy bounding interfaces labeled as t (top), c (central) and m (Moho). Synthetic receiver functions were calculated through ray-theoretical modeling of plane-wave scattering at the model interfaces. The thickness, S -wave velocity (VS) and P - to S -wave velocity ratio (VP/VS) of each layer, as well as the common strike and dip of the bottom two layers and the top of the half space (in total 11 parameters) were optimized simultaneously through a simulated annealing global parameter search scheme. The misfit was defined as the anti-correlation (1 minus the cross-correlation coefficient) between the observed and predicted receiver functions, bandpass filtered between 2 and 20 s period duration. In total, 171, 143 and 137 quality A nodes were determined to constrain the t, c and m interfaces, respectively. At the trench, 105 nodes at 3 km below the local bathymetry were inserted to constrain the t and c interfaces, and at 6.5 km deeper to constrain the m interface, representing typical sediment and igneous crustal thicknesses. A spline surface was fitted to these nodes to yield margin-wide depth models. The spline coefficients were found using singular value decomposition, with the nominal depth uncertainties supplied as weights. The solution was damped by retaining the 116, 117, and 116 largest singular values for the t, c and m interfaces, respectively, based on analysis of L-curves and the Akaike information criterion. The data set is the supplemental material to Bloch, W., Bostock, M. G., Audet, P. (2023) A Cascadia Slab Model from Receiver Functions. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.
    Keywords: Seismology ; Cascadia ; North America ; Reveiver Functions ; Subduction ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; lithosphere ; The Present
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 10
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Some sixty years after the experimental flights of the North American X-15 hypersonic rocket-powered aircraft, sustained hypervelocity travel is still the next frontier in high-speed transportation. Today, there is much excitement and interest regarding hypersonic vehicles. In fact, many aerospace agencies, large industries, and several start-ups are involved in design activities and experimental campaigns both in wind tunnels and in-flight with full-scale experimental flying test beds and prototypes to make hypersonic travel almost as easy and convenient as airliner travel. Achieving this goal will radically revolutionize the future of civil transportation. This book contains valuable contributions that focus on various design issues related to hypersonic aircraft.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMF Engineering: Mechanics of fluids::TGMF1 Aerodynamics
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Giulia Parola’s Environmental Democracy at the Global Level: Rights and Duties for a New Citizenship can be seen as a manifesto that is both traditional and revolutionary at the same time. It calls for the construction of a new civilisation centred on the environment, while drawing on the traditional notions of democratic government. It adopts an approach that is focused on the power of individuals rather than governments, as ways to protect and improve the environment. It proposes that environmental rights and ecological duties are self-evident and inalienable, and should be treated as the cornerstones of a new democracy. Parola’s book is a thought provoking and intriguing work that will be of interest to scholars of environmental studies as well as to legal practitioners and non-specialists. Giulia Parola has studied Environmental Law at the University of Torino, at the University of René Descartes in Paris, (where she obtained PhD in Public Law) and at the University of Iceland ( LLM in Natural Resources Law and International Environmental Law). In 2011, she was appointed by the University of Laval (Canada, Quebec) as a researcher and a lecturer in Environmental Law.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; K ; International Law ; Materials Science ; Industrial Chemistry ; Law ; Comparative Law ; Foreign Law ; Environment ; Natural Sciences ; German Civil Code ; Pollution Control ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Aerodynamics, the study of air motion around solid objects, allows us to understand and measure the dominating forces acting on aircrafts, buildings, bridges, automobiles, and other structures. The forces that result in an aircraft overcoming gravity and drag are called thrust and lift. Various parameters such as geometrical configurations of objects, as well as physical properties of air, which may be functions of position and time, affect those forces. This book covers some of the latest studies regarding the application of the principles of aerodynamics to the design of many different engineered objects. This book will be of interest to mechanical and aerospace engineering students, academics, and researchers who are looking for new insights into this fascinating branch of fluid mechanics.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: living marine resources ; Forecasting ; prediction ; fish ; Fisheries ; Seasonal to Decadal Prediction ; Climate services ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans)
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Because of many misconceptions, the biological drug manufacturing industry does not fully utilize disposable components, despite their wide availability. These misconceptions include concerns for the quality of materials, running costs, scalability, the level of automation possible, and the training of staff needed to include these components in existing bioprocessing systems. Not fully realizing the long-term benefits, many manufacturers are unwilling to discard investments made in fixed equipment and traditional stainless steel systems. Regulatory and environmental concerns, however, will eventually compel manufacturers to adopt disposable systems. Making a strong case for disposables, Disposable Bioprocessing Systems demonstrates the true potential of these systems. Written by a researcher and professor with hands-on experience in designing, establishing, and validating biological manufacturing facilities worldwide, and creating model facilities using maximum disposable technology, this book is the first comprehensive introduction to understanding disposable systems. It gives an overview of the current state of the disposable bioprocessing industry, resolves all controversial issues, and guides readers in choosing disposable components that meet their needs. An important chapter on safety addresses facts and myths about the use of plastics and elastomers—including the issue of leaching—and how to ensure regulatory compliance. Helping readers understand their choices, the book describes the equipment and systems available to prepare the starting materials for the manufacturing of biological drugs—from disposable containers to filters. The author also discusses costs, regulations, and concerns about waste disposal, and shares his predictions for the future of the disposable bioprocessing industry. A practical manual for those interested in the transition to disposable systems, this book will also interest students of bioprocessing. It offers a timely view of disposable bioprocessing technology as a "game changer" that will facilitate developing new drugs and conducting research in the emerging field of stem cells and gene therapy.
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Pharmaceutical Science ; Industrial Chemistry ; PHARMACEUTICAL ; BIOSCIENCE ; CHEMLIB ; SCI-TECH ; BIOMEDICALSCIENCE ; CHEMICALENGINEERING ; STM ; bags ; bioreactors ; cleaning ; disposal ; downstream ; single ; stainless ; steel ; use ; validation ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MQ Nursing and ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Aerodynamics, from a modern point of view, is a branch of physics that study physical laws and their applications, regarding the displacement of a body into a fluid, such concept could be applied to any body moving in a fluid at rest or any fluid moving around a body at rest. This Book covers a small part of the numerous cases of stationary and non stationary aerodynamics; wave generation and propagation; wind energy; flow control techniques and, also, sports aerodynamics. It's not an undergraduate text but is thought to be useful for those teachers and/or researchers which work in the several branches of applied aerodynamics and/or applied fluid dynamics, from experiments procedures to computational methods.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book explores fishing livelihoods in the context of the wider contexts in which they are embedded. Drawing on case studies from across the Asia-Pacific region, the book highlights how fishing livelihoods are shaped by globalisation, social relationships and governance. The book concludes by showing how better understanding these relationships can contribute to governance for healthier ecosystems and social wellbeing. This is an open access book. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; marine social science ; fishing livelihoods in the Asia-Pacific ; sustainable fishing ; environmental sustainability ; food security ; coastal conservation ; fish stocks ; fisheries governance ; Fishing livelihoods and social diversity ; Fishing livelihoods and wellbeing ; Open Access ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGB Physical geography and topography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book is intended to be a valuable addition to students, engineers, scientists, industrialists, consultants and others providing greater insight into wind tunnel designs and their enormous research potential. It is a compilation of works from world experts on subsonic and supersonic wind tunnel designs, applicable to a diverse range of disciplines. The book is organised in two sections. The first section comprises of three chapters on various aspects of stationary and portable subsonic wind tunnel designs, followed by one chapter on supersonic wind tunnel and the final chapter discusses a method to address unsteadiness effects of fan blade rotation. The second section contains four chapters regarding wind tunnel applications across a multitude of engineering fields including civil, mechanical, chemical and environmental engineering.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book reports the latest development and trends in the low Re number aerodynamics, transition from laminar to turbulence, unsteady low Reynolds number flows, experimental studies, numerical transition modelling, control of low Re number flows, and MAV wing aerodynamics. The contributors to each chapter are fluid mechanics and aerodynamics scientists and engineers with strong expertise in their respective fields. As a whole, the studies presented here reveal important new directions toward the realization of applications of MAV and wind turbine blades.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Spacecraft attitude maneuvers comply with Euler's moment equations, a set of three nonlinear, coupled differential equations. Nonlinearities complicate the mathematical treatment of the seemingly simple action of rotating, and these complications lead to a robust lineage of research. This book is meant for basic scientifically inclined readers, and commences with a chapter on the basics of spaceflight and leverages this remediation to reveal very advanced topics to new spaceflight enthusiasts. The topics learned from reading this text will prepare students and faculties to investigate interesting spaceflight problems in an era where cube satellites have made such investigations attainable by even small universities. It is the fondest hope of the editor and authors that readers enjoy this book.
    Keywords: Science ; Mechanics ; Aerodynamics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Suitable for practicing engineers and engineers in training, this book covers the most important operations involving particulate solids. Through clear explanations of theoretical principles and practical laboratory exercises, the text provides an understanding of the behavior of powders and pulverized systems. It also helps readers develop skills for operating, optimizing, and innovating particle processing technologies and machinery in order to carry out industrial operations. The author explores common bulk solids processing operations, including milling, agglomeration, fluidization, mixing, and solid-fluid separation.
    Keywords: Industrial Chemistry ; Food Chemistry ; FOOD ; CHEMLIB ; SCI-TECH ; CHEMICALENGINEERING ; CHEMISTRY ; STM ; bed ; distribution ; fluidized ; industry ; mass ; material ; particle-size ; processing ; technology ; transfer ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering::TDCT Food and beverage technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Although great advances in computational methods have been made in recent years, wind tunnel tests remain essential for obtaining the full range of data required to guide detailed design decisions for various practical engineering problems. This book collects original and innovative research studies on recent applications in wind tunnel tests, exhibiting various investigation directions and providing a bird’s eye view on this broad subject area. It is composed of seven chapters that have been grouped in two major parts. The first part of the book (chapters 1–4) deals with wind tunnel technologies and devices. The second part (chapters 5–7) deals with the latest applications of wind tunnel testing. The text is addressed not only to researchers but also to professional engineers, engineering lecturers, and students seeking to gain better understanding of the current status of wind tunnels. Through its seven chapters, the reader will have an access to a wide range of works related to wind tunnel testing.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Earth is an heterogeneous complex media from the mineral composition scale (10−6m) to the global scale ( 106m). The reconstruction of its structure is a quite challenging problem because sampling methodologies are mainly indirect as potential methods (Günther et al., 2006; Rücker et al., 2006), diffusive methods (Cognon, 1971; Druskin & Knizhnerman, 1988; Goldman & Stover, 1983; Hohmann, 1988; Kuo & Cho, 1980; Oristaglio & Hohmann, 1984) or propagation methods (Alterman & Karal, 1968; Bolt & Smith, 1976; Dablain, 1986; Kelly et al., 1976; Levander, 1988; Marfurt, 1984; Virieux, 1986). Seismic waves belong to the last category. We shall concentrate in this chapter on the forward problem which will be at the heart of any inverse problem for imaging the Earth. The forward problem is dedicated to the estimation of seismic wavefields when one knows the medium properties while the inverse problem is devoted to the estimation of medium properties from recorded seismic wavefields.
    Keywords: seismic wave ; geophysical imaging ; seismic wave ; geophysical imaging ; Boundary value problem ; Finite element method ; Free surface ; Frequency domain ; Seismology ; Time domain ; Velocity ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Spacecraft attitude maneuvers comply with Euler's moment equations, a set of three nonlinear, coupled differential equations. Nonlinearities complicate the mathematical treatment of the seemingly simple action of rotating, and these complications lead to a robust lineage of research. This book is meant for basic scientifically inclined readers, and commences with a chapter on the basics of spaceflight and leverages this remediation to reveal very advanced topics to new spaceflight enthusiasts. The topics learned from reading this text will prepare students and faculties to investigate interesting spaceflight problems in an era where cube satellites have made such investigations attainable by even small universities. It is the fondest hope of the editor and authors that readers enjoy this book.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Seismic events produced by block rotations about vertical axis occur in many geodynamic contexts. In this study, we show that these rotations can be accounted for using the proper theory, namely micropolar theory, and a new asymmetric moment tensor can be derived. We then apply this new theory to the Kaikōura earthquake (2016/11/14), Mw 7.8, one of the most complex earthquakes ever recorded with modern instrumental techniques. Using advanced numerical techniques, we compute synthetic seismograms including a full asymmetric moment tensor and we show that it induces measurable differences in the waveforms proving that seismic data can record the effects of the block rotations observed in the field. Therefore, the theory developed in this work provides a full framework for future dynamic source inversions of asymmetric moment tensors.
    Description: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (1056)
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; Seismology ; asymmetric moment tensor ; micropolar theory ; Kaikōura earthquake
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: The AlpArray experiment and the deployment of Swath-D together with the dense permanent network in Italy allow for detailed imaging of the spatio-temporal imaging complexity of seismic wave-fields within the greater Alpine region. The distance of any point within the area to the nearest station is less than 30 km, resulting in an average inter-station distance of about 45 km. With a much denser deployment in a smaller region of the Alps (320 km in length and 140 km wide), the Swath-D network possesses an average inter-station distance of about 15 km. We show that seismogram sections with a spatial sampling of less than 5 km can be obtained using recordings of these regional arrays for just a single event. Multiply reflected body waves can be observed for up to 2 h after source time. In addition, we provide and describe animations of long-period seismic wave-fields using recordings of about 1300–1600 broadband stations for six representative earthquakes. These illustrate the considerable spatio-temporal variability of the wave-field’s properties at a high lateral resolution. Within denser station distributions like those provided by Swath-D, even shorter period body and surface wave features can be recovered. The decrease of the horizontal wavelength from P to S to surface waves, deviations from spherically symmetric wavefronts, and the capability to detect multi-orbit arrivals are demonstrated qualitatively by the presented wave-field animations, which are a valuable tool for educational, quality control, and research purposes. We note that the information content of the acquired datasets can only be adequately explored by application of appropriate quantitative methods accounting for the considerable complexity of the seismic wave-fields as revealed by the now available station configuration.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (3094)
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; Seismology ; Wave-fields ; Animations ; Alps ; AlpArray ; Swath-D
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Continuous passive seismic monitoring is carried out between September 2017 and December 2021 around the Theistareykir geothermal area located at the intersection between the active Northern Rift Zone and the active Tjörnes Fracture Zone in NE Iceland. This experiment, in addition to an extensive gravimetric monitoring survey, was conducted in the framework of the MicroGraviMoTiS project for a better understanding of the structures and behavior of the local geothermal system under exploitation and for further development of local and regional geothermal resources. 14 broadband stations (Trillium C-120s) recording at 200 Hz comprise the temporary network, that is installed to complement stations of the national seismological network of IMO and stations of Landsvirkjun, the National Power Company of Iceland. The stations were placed in and around the producing zone to primarily retrieve local natural and/or induced seismicity associated to the injection and production operations. The retrieved seismic data is also used for obtaining a representative 1D velocity model of the region, for computing a seismic ambient noise tomography, and for monitoring the system using coda wave interferometry techniques. Funding for this project is provided by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (MicroGraviMoTiS , BMBF, grant: 03G0858A), the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and Landsvirkjun. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data center, under network code 3P, and are embargoed until December 2025.
    Keywords: Broadband seismic waveforms ; Seismology ; temporary local seismic experiment ; Monitoring system ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The main aim of this project is to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone in China, based on a very dense passive seismology profile. The Longmenshan fault zone hosted the Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008 with a magnitude (Mw) of 7.9 and the Lushan earthquake of June 2013 with a magnitude (Mw) of 6.6. It is planned to mainly use the receiver-function method, to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data center, under network code 4O, and are embargoed until February 2024.
    Keywords: Broadband seismic waveforms ; Seismology ; temporary local seismic experiment ; Earthquake ; Receiver functions ; Crustal and mantle structure ; China ; Monitoring system ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vitamin D2 konnte durch Behandlung mit Bortrifluorid-ätherat unter Verschiebung des gesamten Trien-Systems in ein neues Isomeres umgelagert werden, das als iso-Tachysterin bezeichnet wird.Weiterhin konnte ein iso-Vitamin D2 partialsynthetisch gewonnen werden, wobei der aus Vitamin D2 durch Abbau erhaltene C21-Aldehyd Verwendung fand.Durch Oxydation von iso-Tachysterin sowie durch Umlagerung und Oxydation von iso-Vitamin D2 wurden schließlich identische Trien-ketone erhalten. Die Konfiguration der beiden neuen Isomeren wird im Zusammenhang mit den Ultraviolett-Absorptionsspektren diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 993-997 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Literaturangabe, nach der 1.2-Diphenyl-inden bei der Ozonisierung in anomaler Reaktion o-Benzoyl-benzoin liefert, hat sich als irrtümlich erwiesen; es bildet vielmehr das normale Ozonid.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1007-1010 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus den Blättern von Sol. acaule wurde ein neues Glykoalkaloid, Solacaulin, isoliert. Solacaulin liefert bei der Hydrolyse 1 Mol. Solanidin, 1 Mol. d-Glucose und 2 Moll. d-Xylose.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1011-1018 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird eine Methode zur Darstellung der ersten Glieder von vinylenhomologen Pyrrolaldehyden beschrieben. Diese Verbindungen wurden u.a. charakterisiert durch ihre 2.4-Dinitro-phenylhydrazone. Außerdem konnten mit Hilfe dieser Aldehyde neue unsymmetrische Polymethinfarbstoffe dargestellt werden.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden unsymmetrische Methinfarbstoffe beschrieben, die durch Kondensation von α-Furyl-polyenalen mit Pyrrolen bzw. mit α-Phenyl-indol entstehen. Die Absorptionsspektren wurden qualitativ und z.Tl. quantitativ vermessen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1051-1056 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Neun bi-homologe Reihen, teilweise bis zu einer Alkylkettenlänge von zweimal 20 Kohlenstoff-Atomen, wurden synthetisiert. Der Verlauf der Schmelzpunktskurven dieser bihomologen Reihen wird besprochen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die symmetrischen 1.3-Dioxy-3.3-dialkyl-propane wurden durch Reduktion der in der VIII. Mitteil. beschriebenen 3-Oxy-3.3-dialkyl-propionsäuren mit LiAlH4 dargestellt.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1082-1083 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus den Samen von Lunaria biennis wird neben Lunarin, C25H31O4N3, ein mit diesem isomeres Alkaloid Lunaridin isoliert.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1093-1098 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Reaktion von α-Amino-acyl-thiophenolen mit Schwefel-wasserstoff entstehen die den α-Aminosäuren analogen α-Amino-thiosäuren. Die kristallisierten Analogen des Glycins, Alanins, Valins, Isoleucins und Methionins sind Zwitterionen mit charakteristischen UV-Spektren. Die höheren α-Amino-thiosäuren vermögen mit ihren schwefelfreien Stammsubstanzen Mischkristalle zu bilden.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1119-1123 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Kondensation von o-Phenylendiamin-hydrochlorid mit Dimethyl-alloxan führt zum 1.3-Dimethyl-alloxazin. Bei der alkalischen Spaltung entsteht als Endprodukt die 3-Methylamino-chinoxalin-carbonsäure-(2).Die entsprechende neutrale Kondensation liefert 3-Oxy-chinoxalin carbonsäure (2) N-methyl-amid, aus dem mit Alkali die 3-Oxychinoxalin-carbonsäure-(2) hervorgeht.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1138-1141 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 4-Stellung substituierte N-Acetyl-glucosamine geben die Morgan-Elson-Reaktion nicht.
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1162-1163 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Produkt der alkalischen Verseifung von Vinylacetat in Wasser unter 15°, C8H14O4, wird als Acetyl-aldoxan erkannt; bei entsprechender alkalischer Verseifung von Vinylpropionat entsteht Propicnyl-aldoxan.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Acyl-aryl-acetonitrilen mit Guanidin bildeten sich nicht die erwarteten Pyrimidinderivate, sondern 1.3.5-Triazine. Auch wenn man die Anilinverbindung des α-Formyl-α-p-chlorphenyl-acetonitrils mit Guanidin reagieren lieβ, erhielt man ein Triazin; aus den Anilinderivaten der homologen Acyl-Verbindungen bildeten sich die entsprechenden Pyrimidine. Andere Reaktionsprodukte der Ketogruppe der Acyl-aryl-acetonitrile, wie das Oxim, das Semicarbazon und das Phenylhydrazon konnten nicht isoliert werden, weil sofort ein Ringschluß mit der Nitrilgruppe eintrat, wie durch die Aufnahme der UR-Spektren nachgewiesen wurde.Die Umsetzung der Nitrile mit Hydroxylamin führte zu den Amino-bzw. Imino-isoxazolen, die durch Säuren zu 5-Oxy-isoxazolen verseift wurden.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1197-1200 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ausgehend von der Furylvaleriansäure wurde über das Furocycloheptenon ein Oxy-furo-tropolon synthetisch gewonnen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1201-1205 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Während Alkylhydroperoxyde bei der katalytischen Zersetzung mit CoII-Salzen symmetrische Dialkyl-peroxyde geben, setzen sie sich i. Ggw. von Cycloalkenen und Hydroaromaten bei der gleichen Behandlung zu gemischten Dialkyl-peroxyden um.
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  • 46
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1219-1225 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Acetylen-Kohlenwasserstoffen R-C≡C-R' mit Peressigsäure erfolgt neben der oxydativen Spaltung zu R-CO2H+R'-CO2H eine mit Oxydation verknüpfte Umlagerung des Kohlenstoff-Gerüstes zu disubstituierten Essigsäuren RR'CH·CO2H. Aus Di-acetylen-Verbindungen erhält man α,α'-di-substituierte Dicarbonsäuren. Diese Reaktion, die vermutlich über die Ketene RR'C=C=O verläuft und in ihrem Wesen der Schröterschen und der Buckleyschen Umlagerung verwandt erscheint, ist ein neuer Weg zur Darstellung α-verzweigter Fettsäuren.
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  • 47
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die bi-homologe Reihe der symmetrischen Phenyl-dialkyl-methanole wurde bis zum Phenyl-di-eikosyl-methanol durch Kondensation von Phenyl-magnesiumbromid mit symmetrischen Dialkyl-ketonen hergestellt.
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  • 48
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Kondensation von 3-Chlor-butanon-(2) bzw.α-Brom-propanal mit Thiosemicarbazid führt in schwach saurem Medium zu den entsprechenden Thiosemicarbazonen Ia und Ib, die sich in alkoholischer Lösung zum 2-Amino-5.6-dimethyl- (IIa) bzw. 2-Amino-6-methyl-1.3.4-thiodiazin (IIb) cyclisieren. Letztere lagern sich beim Erhitzen mit starker Salzsäure in das 3-Amino-4.5-dimethyl (IVa) bzw. 3-Amino-5-methyl-thiazolon-(2)-imid (IVb) um. Beide Verbindungen werden durch Salpetrige Säure desaminiert. Der Nachweis der hierbei gebildeten, substituierten 2-Amino-thiazole erfolgt durch Diazotierung und Kupplung zu Azofarbstoffen. Bei Einwirkung von Benzaldehyd gehen die beiden obengenannten Thiodiazine in die Benzalverbindungen des 4.5-Dimethyl- (Va) bzw. 5-Methyl-thiazolyl-(2)-hydrazins (Vb) über. Auch diese lagern sich unter dem Einfluß von H-Ionen in die entsprechenden Thiazolon-(2)-imide um.Zum Strukturbeweis der bei den einzelnen intramolekularen Umlagerungen auftretenden Endprodukte werden diese auf anderem Wege synthetisch dargestellt. Ferner wird eine Synthese des 5.5'-Dimethyl-azothiazols beschrieben.Als brauchbarer Nachweis für Thiazolyl-(2)-hydrazine hat sich deren Dehydrierung mit Quecksilberoxyd unter Bildung der entsprechenden Thiazolderivate erwiesen.
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  • 49
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1179-1183 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird ein technisch anwendbares Verfahren zur Darstellung von Chinolinaldehyden durch katalytische Oxydation der entsprechenden Methylchinoline beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1184-1186 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Versuchsbedingungen für die Bildung der einzelnen bei der Einwirkung von Schwefelsäure auf 2-Acetylamino-thiophen entstehenden Sulfonsäuren wurden ausgearbeitet und diese in Form der freien Säuren isoliert. Aus 2-Amino-thiophen-disulfonsäure-(3.5) wurde über die Diazoverbindung Thiophen-disulfonsäure-(3.5), aus 2-Acetylamino-sulfonsäure-(5) die 2-Amino-thiophen-sulfonsäure-(5) dargestellt. Diese unterscheidet sich in ihren chemischen Eigenschaften deutlich von der Sulfanilsäure, dem entsprechenden Benzolderivat.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus der 2-Acetylamino-thiophen-sulfonsäure-(5) wurde das Sulfonsäurechlorid dargestellt, aus dem das Sulfonamid, das Sulfanilid, das Sulfonamidopyridin-Derivat und der Sulfonsäure-äthylester erhalten wurden.
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  • 52
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1449-1460 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reine geminale Chlor-nitroso-Verbindungen sowie durch Radikal-Reaktionen erzeugte Gemische dieser Stoffe werden durch katalytische Hydrierung, Lithiumaluminiumhydrid, Natriumborhydrid oder durch rotes Licht mit zum Teil sehr guten Ausbeuten zu den entsprechenden Ketoximen reduziert.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurden die Additionsprodukte von Phenanthrenchinon an d-Xylal und an Cellobial hergestellt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1511-1512 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Herstellung des Diphenylena mit verbesserter Ausbeute wird beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1513-1540 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enolisierbare β-Diketone zeigen, [amphotere Halochromie], d. h. das Absorptions-Maximum der Enolform wird sowohl in alkalischer Lösung wie auch in starker Schwefelsäure nach längeren Wellen verschoben (aci- bzw. Onium-Halochromie). Bei trans-fixierten β-Diketonen geben die Absorptionskurven im pH-Bereich zwischen etwa +15 und -10 durch einen mehr oder weniger ausgeprägten isosbestischen Punkt; bei offenkettigen und, [cis-fixierten] β-Diketonen überlagert das Keto-Enol-Gleichgewicht die amphoteren Neutralisierungs-Gleichgewichte. Durch Isolierung und Analyse kristalliner Perchlorate und Sulfate lieβ sich erweisen, daβ sich mit den genannten Säuren Enol-Oxonium-Salze bilden. Diese besitzen ein ähnliches mesomeres Chromophor-System wie die Enolate, was die Ähnlichkeit der Absorptions-Kurven erklärt.Die, Onium-[Halochromie] von enolisierbaren β-Benzoyl-ketonen führt zu einer größeren bathochromen Verschiebung und Intensitäts-Erhöhung des Absorptions-Maximums als die, aci-[Halochromie] der gleichen β-Diketone; als Grund dafür wird angesehen, daβ sich nur im ersten Falle die Phenylringe am Zustandekommen des neuen Chromophors beteiligen.Aus den optischen Daten in Schwefelsäuren verschiedener Konzentration wird die, [Basizität] der β-Diketone berechnet.Beim Stehenlassen der stark sauren Lösungen der β-Diketone treten Änderungen der Spektren ein, die auf einer Säure-Spaltung in je eine Molekel Mono-Keton und Carbonsäure beruhen.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Bromessigester-Kondensation läβt sich mit 1.3-Dioxo-8.10-dimethyl-dekalin ähnlich wie mit Dimedon ausführen. Sie führt zu einer C-substituierten Diketo-dekalin-essigsäure, die der Santonin-Reihe nahesteht. Deren Reduktion zu der wichtigen Monoketosäure gelingt katalytisch über die Enol-Acetate. Weiter wird gefunden, daβ sich auch die Enol-Äther cyclischer 1.3-Diketone katalytisch zu Monoketonen reduzieren lassen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1373-1377 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Anlagerung von Chlorjod an 1.2-Dialkoxy-äthene werden 1.2-Dichlor-1.2-dialkoxy-äthane und elementares Jod erhalten. In Gegenwart von Pyridin bilden sich äquimolare Mengen N,N'-[1.2-Dialkoxy-äthylen]-bis-pyridiniumchloride und -bis-pyridiniumjodide.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1711-1713 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die in der Literatur als „Dinaphthol“ bezeichnete, durch Schmelzen von 2-Oxy-naphthaldehyd-(1) mit Kaliumhydroxyd bzw. durch Erhitzen von 1-Diazo-naphthol (2) mit methanolischer Kalilauge erhältliche Substanz ist in Wirklichkeit Bis-[2-oxy-naphthyl-(1)]-methan.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Für die Enthalogenierung der vicinalen Dibromide mit Jodid-Ion wird ein kationischer Mechanismus vorgeschlagen. Die erhaltenen Versuchsergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß α,β-Dibrom-propyl-phenol-äther mit Jodid-Ionen unter Abspaltung des α-ständigen Brom-Atoms Carbenium-β-bromo-jodo-jodide ergeben, die z. Tl. intramolekular den Polyhaloid-Komplex abspalten und in die entsprechenden Olefine übergehen, z.Tl. sich aber einem Propenylphenoläther-Molekül unter Bildung von Dimeren anlagern. Das im letztgenannten Fall zuerst entstehende Verkettungsprodukt ergibt erst bei Berührung mit Wasser das entsprechende halogenfreie 2-Methyl-3-äthyl-1-phenyl-indan.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Enthalogenierung der α,β-Dibrom-propylphenoläther mit Kupfer verläuft anscheinend über das Radikal Ar-CH-CHBr-CH3 und führt teils zu dem entsprechenden Propenylphenoläther, teils zu einem 3α-brom-substituierten Methronol.Aus dem α,β-Dibromid des Isoeugenol-benzyläthers wurde mit Kupfer 3α-Brom-diisoeugenol-dibenzyläther (Va) erhalten, aus wel-chem das trans-cis-Racemat des Diisoeugenols (VIIa) hergestellt wurde.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1752-1759 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß in der aus Cyclopentadien-kalium (bzw. Cyclopentadienyl-magnesiumbromid) und Kohlendioxyd hergestellten Cyclopentadien-carbonsäure die Carboxygruppe nicht, wie bisher angenommen, in 5- sondern in 1-Stellung haftet.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1547-1552 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch katalytische Hydrierung von Lactosazon erhält man nebeneinander Lactosamin (2-Desoxy-2-amino-lactose) und Isolactosamin (1-Desoxy-1-amino-lactulose). Nach Peracetylierung und anschließender Ammonolyse wurden N-Acetyl-lactosamin (2-Acetamino-lactose) und N-Acetyl isolactosamin (1 Acetamino-lactulose) chromatographisch getrennt. Die so synthetisch gewonnene 2-Acetamino-lactose ist in allen Eigenschaften identisch mit dem durch partielle Hydrolyse von Blutgruppen-Substanzen erhaltener Disaccharid.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1600-1604 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unter Verwendung von Methylanilino-magnesiumbromid als Kondensationsmittel wurde aus Korksäure-dinitril das 1-Cyan-cycloheptanon-(2) in 75-proz. Ausbeute gewonnen, das u. a. durch Hydrazinhydrat in 5-Amino-3.4-pentamethylen-pyrazol, durch Monobromaceton cyclisierend in 5-Methyl-2.3-pentamethylen-furan übergeführt wurde.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 35-37 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Natriumverbindung anmethylierter Saccharose reagiert in ätherischer Lösung mit Dimethylsulfat schnell und vollständig unter Bildung von Oktamethyl-saccharose.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die bei der Reaktion von [Co(CO)4]2 mit Aminen und Alkoholen beobachtete Valenzdisproportionierung des Carbonylmetalls: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 3{\rm{Co}}^0 \to {\rm{Co}}^{ \oplus \oplus } + 2{\rm{Co}}^ \odot $$\end{document} tritt sinngemäß beim tetrameren Kobalt-tricarbonyl ein. Entsprechend: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 3\left[ {{\rm{Co}}\left( {{\rm{CO}}} \right)_3 } \right]_4 + 24{\rm{B}} \to 4\left[ {{\rm{CoB}}_6 } \right]\left[ {{\rm{Co}}\left( {{\rm{CO}}} \right)_4 } \right]_2 + 4{\rm{CO}}\left( {{\rm{B}} = {\rm{N - oder O - Base}}} \right) $$\end{document}Außer Aminen und Alkoholen sind andere N- und O-Basen, wie z. B. Nitrile, Säureamide, Ketone und cyclische Äther zu dieser Umsetzung befähigt. Zwischenstufen der Reaktion mit CO-haltigen Kationen konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Stärker basische Amine, wie z. B. Methylamin, Dimethylamin und Piperidin, werden durch das bei der Umsetzung entbundene CO carbonyliert.Der Chemismus der Reaktion wird mit der Struktur der mehrkernigen Carbonyle in Zusammenhang gebracht.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 38-45 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In der Tetramethyl-d-glucose und Tetramethyl-d-fructose konnte der Wasserstoff des Lactolhydroxyls durch Alkalimetall ersetzt werden. Konfiguration und Reaktionsfähigkeit der Alkalimetallverbindungen wurden durch Umsetzung mit Methyljodid und Dimethylsulfat, die zu den entsprechenden Glykosiden führte, ermittelt. Die Kalium-Verbindung der 2.3.4.6-Tetramethyl-d-glucose reagierte mit α-1-Tosyl-, α-1-Brom- und β-1-Chlor-2.3.4.6-Tetramethyl-d-glucose unter Bildung von Disacchariden des Trehalosetypus.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird eine allgemeine Methode zur Darstellung der 5-Amino-1.2.4-thiodiazole beschrieben, die sich auf die Umsetzung von N-Halogen-amidinen mit Rhodaniden gründet. Auf die Eigenschaften dieser Stoffe, einige Derivate - darunter die Sulfanilamide - und Abbaureaktionen wird näher eingegangen.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung der 5-Amino-1.2.4-thiodiazole mit Methyljodid oder durch Ringschluß-Synthesen werden die im Kern methylierten Imino-thiodiazoline erhalten. Die exocyclisch methylierten Amine sind über die 5-Chlor-Verbindung zugänglich, gelegentlich auch durch Umlagerung aus dem entsprechenden Thiodiazolin. Beide Klassen, von deren Hauptvertretern eine Anzahl Substitutions- und Abbauprodukte hergestellt wurden, unterscheiden sich charakteristisch in ihren Basizitäten, UV-Spektren und Polarogrammen. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die tautomeren 5-Amino-thiodiazole als Amine vorliegen.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Darstellung des 2-[d-gluco-Pentaoxy-pentyl]-4-phenyl-thiazols beschrieben.Aus der Literatur sind zahlreiche Verbindungen bekannt, bei denen der Einbau einer Zuckerkette in heterocyclische Ringsysteme in der Weise erfolgte, daß ein, zwei oder auch drei Kohlenstoffatome des Zuckermoleküls dem Heterocyclus angehören. Wir verweisen in diesem Zusammenhang auf das kürzlich erschienene Referat „Heterocyclische Verbindungen aus Zuckern“ von H. Vogel1). Danach und nach unserer Kenntnis ist es bisher nicht gelungen, einfache Zucker in den Thiazolkern einzubauen. Lediglich in einem Fall war es durch Kondensation von einfachen Zuckern mit Cystein möglich, zu Zuckerabkömmlingen der Thiazolidin-carbonsäure (4)2) zu kommen.Für die von uns geplanten Untersuchungen war die Arbeit von C. Neuberg und H. Wolff3) von Interesse, wonach bei der Einwirkung von Phenyl- bzw. Allyl-senföl auf d-Glucosamin in glatter Reaktion 1-Phenyl (bzw. Allyl)-2-mercapto-4-[d-arabo-tetraoxy-butyl]-imidazol entsteht. Als Zwischenprodukt bildet sich hierbei N-[Anilino-thioformyl]-[bzw. N-(Allylamino-thioformyl])-d-glucosamin, das anschließend unter Wasseraustritt in das Imidazolderivat übergeht. Demnach reagiert bei gleichzeitiger Anwesenheit einer Sulfhydryl- und einer sekundaren Aminogruppe bevorzugt die letztere. Würde sich die SH-Gruppe an der Wasserabspaltung beteiligen, so müßte ein Thiazolylzucker entstehen, in dem die C-Atome 1 und 2 des Glucosemoleküls dem Thiazolring angehören. Eine derartige Kondensation ließ sich bisher nicht realisieren. Ein weiteres Beispiel dafür, daß das lactolische Hydroxyl des Zuckers vornehmlich mit einer Aminogruppe reagiert, ist die Bildung des d-Glucose-thioharnstoffs4) aus der d-Glucose und Thioharnstoff in Gegenwart von Salzsäure.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die drei stereoisomeren Dihydro-santene werden dargestellt und optisch untersucht. Ein durch katalytische Hydrierung von Santen erhaltenes Dihydro-santen erweist sich in bezug auf die Methylgruppen als endo-cis-Verbindung. Die Anlagerung von Wasserstoff erfolgt sterisch “von der Brücke her” und stellt einen weiteren Fall von “exo-Addition” vor.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Während bisher ausschließlich die synthetisch schwer zugängliche 4-Nitro-salicylsäure als Ausgangsmaterial zur Herstellung von Dialkylaminoalkyl-estern der 4-Amino- und 4-Alkamino-2-alkoxybenzoesäuren diente, wird jetzt die Herstellung dieser Verbindungen ausgehend von der Stammsubstanz, der heute leicht erhältlichen 4-Amino-salicylsäure (PAS), beschrieben.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das noch nicht näher charakterisierte Proazulen der Schafgarbe (“M-Proazulen”) läßt sich durch alkalische Verseifung über eine Zwischenstufe in eine intensiv blaue, unbeständige Cham-Azulencarbonsäure überführen, die einen gut kristallsierenden, tiefblauen, stabilen Methylester gibt, dessen Analyse zeigte daß dem zugrundeliegenden Cham-Azulen - in Übereinstimmung mit einer kürzlich erschienen Arbeit von A. Meisels und A. Weizmann1) - die Formel C14H16 zukommt. Die Cham-Azulencarbonsäure geht unter den Bedingungen der Wasserdampfdestillation leicht in Cham-Azulen über.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Orthoesterbildung mit cis-Phloroglucit können Carboxygruppen vorübergehend gegen den Angriff von metallorganischen Verbindungen geschützt werden. Am Beispiel eines Halb-Orthoesters der Bernsteinsäure wird die präparative Bedeutung dieser Maskierung gezeigt.
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  • 74
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die p-Nitro-homohydratropasäure wird sowohl durch Umlagerung des 1-[p-Nitro-phenyl] -3-diazo-butanons-(2), als auch durch Verseifung und Decarboxylierung des α-[p-Nitro-benzyl]-α eyan-propion, säureesters, der durch Kondensation von p-Nitro-benzylchlorid mit Natrium-α-cyan-propionsäure-ester gut zugänglich ist, gewonnen. Für die m-Verbindung wird nur der zweite Weg beschrieben.
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  • 75
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2.3.4.6-Tetraacetyl-β-d-glucose läßt sich nach der Trifluoressigsäure-anhydrid-Methode von Stacey mit Benzoesäure zu einem Gemisch von α- und β-2.3.4.6-Tetraacetyl-benzoyl-d-glucose benzoylieren. Das Verhältnis α:β-Verbindung hängt von den Versuchsbedingungen ab. Aus Benzyl-β-d-glucosid ist durch Umsetzung mit Trifluoressigsäure-anhydrid und Natriumtrifluoracetat das 2.3.4.6- Tetrakis-trifluoracetyl-benzyl-β-d-glucosid vomSchmp. 102° leicht darstellbar; die Benzyl-Gruppe konnte aber durch katalytische Hydrierung nicht entfernt werden. Falls dies gelänge, wäre es durch Veresterung mit Carbonsäuren in 1-Stellung nach Stacey und Umesterung durch Erwärmen mit Methanol möglich gewesen, in 1-Stellung beliebig veresterte Glucosen (und andere Zucker) herzustellen. Schließlich wird die Pentakis-trifluoracetyl-β-d-glucose beschrieben.
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  • 76
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 209-211 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Darstellung von 3.3-Dimethyl-1.5-diphenyl-pentan-dion-(1.5) aus β.β-Dimethyl-glutarsäure auf zwei verschiedenen Wegen wird beschrieben.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Spaltung der p-Nitro-hydratropasäure in die optischen Antipoden beschrieben. Weiter werden sowohl die racemischen als auch die optisch-aktiven p-Amino-, p-Oxy- und p-Chlor-hydratropasäuren gewonnen.
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 221-222 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Darstellung des α-[m-Nitro-phenyl]-äthylamins und seine Spaltung in optische Antipoden wird beschrieben. Die Rotationsdispersion des Hydrochlorids und der Acetylverbindung wird mitgeteilt.
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 232-233 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die katalytische Hydrierung des 1-Cyanäthyl-naphthols-(2) (I) führt zu 1.2.3.4-Tetrahydro-5.6-benzochinolin (III).
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Kondensation von 1-Phenyl-thiosemicarbazid mit α-Halogenketonen führt in Abhängigkeit von der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration zu 2-Phenylhydrazino-thiazolen bzw. deren benzidinartig umgelagerten Produkten oder zu 2-Amino-4-phenyl-1.3.4-thiodiazinen. Es wird über die Darstellung einiger 2-Amino-4-phenyl-1.3.4-thiodiazine und des 2-Phenylhydrazino-4.5-dimethyl-thiazols berichtet. Eine Umlagerung der 2-Phenylhydrazino-thiazole durch Salzsäure in die 2-Amino-4-phenyl-1.3.4-thiodiazine trat nicht ein.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 228-231 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ausgehend von m-Nitro-benzaldehyd, wird unter Verwendung der Japp-Klingemann-Reaktion und der Fischer-Cyclisierung die Synthese der Indol-diessigsäuren-(3.4) und -(3.6) beschrieben. Die Säuren lassen sich zu den entsprechenden Dimethylindolen decarboxylieren.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Additionsprodukt von Phenanthrenchinon an Triacetyl-d-glucal wurde näher untersucht. Ausgehend von dieser Substanz wurde - als Modellversuch - Gentiobiose synthetisch dargestellt.
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  • 83
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 237-247 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Addition von Maleinsäure-anhydrid an α-Brom-styrol verläuft unter Abspaltung von Bromwasserstoff und führt in glatter Reaktion zur 1.2-Dihydro-naphthalin-dicarbonsäure-(1.2), die sich successive in die isomeren 1.4- und 3.4-Dihydro-säuren umlagern läßt. In der Literatur beschriebene und auf anderen Wegen gewonnene Präparate werden in ihrer Struktur bestätigt oder berichtigt.Durch Einwirkung von Acrylsäure auf α-Brom-styrol läßt sich auf die gleiche Weise die noch unbekannte 1.2 Dihydro-naphthoesäure-(1) darstellen.Versuche einer Addition von β-Brom-styrol, α.β-Dibrom-styrol und β.β-Dibrom-styrol an Maleinsäure-anhydrid werden beschrieben.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 248-256 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus aliphatischen Aminosäuren (Glykokoll und d, l-Alanin) bilden sich mit 2 Moll. Trifluoressigsäure-anhydrid gemischte Anhydride aus N-Trifluoracetyl-aminosäure und Trifluoressigsäure. Mit l-Alanin tritt hierbei Racemisierung ein. Diese gemischten Anhydride können in die symmetrischen N-Trifluoracetyl-aminosäure-anhydride über-geführt werden, die, wie die gemischten Anhydride, mit Anilin oder Glycinäthylester N-Triflucracetyl-aminosäure-anilide bzw. N-Trifluoracetyl-peptidester geben. Nach der Säurechlorid-Methode läßt sich aus N-Trifluoracetyl-l-alanin das N-Trifluoracetyl-l-alanyl-anilid herstellen. Von der Glutaminsäure ist das innere N-Trifluoracetyl-l-glutaminsäure-anhydrid ohne Racemisierung erhältlich. Aus p-Amino-benzoesäure werden über die 4-[N-Trifluoracetylamino]-benzoesäure und das Säurechlorid 4-[N-Trifluorcetylamino]-benzoesäure-peptide gewonnen mit Glycinäthylester, l-Glutaminsäure-diäthylester und p-Aminobenzoesäure-äthylester.Auf die ziemlich leicht erfolgende alkalische Verseifbarkeit von N-Trifluoracetyl-Verbindungen ist schon hingewiesen worden1).
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  • 85
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 262-266 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von ω-Brom-acetophenon mit Zink und Crotonaldehyd wurde Sorbophenon, C6H5·CO·CH:CH·CH:CH·CH3, erhalten. Die analoge Reaktion mit Sorbinaldehyd führte zum 1-Phenyl-octatrienon-(1), C6H5·CO·CH:CH·CH:CH·CH:CH·CH3. Es handelt sich um eine Modifikation der Reformatsky-Synthese, die nun auch zur Darstellung von Ketonen Verwendung finden kann.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 257-261 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Reduktion von 4.8-Dimethyl-azulen-carbonsäure-(6)-äthylester mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid werden 4.8-Dimethyl 6-oxy-methyl-azulen und hieraus 4.8-Dimethyl-azulen-aldehyd-(6) hergestellt. Die neuen Azulene werden durch Derivate und durch ihre Absorptionsspektren im Sichtbaren und im Ultrarot charakterisiert.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formamid und Formyl-guanidin kondensieren zu 2-Amino-1.3.5-triazin. Diese Reaktion ist jedoch nicht verallgemeinerungsfähig. Die verschiedenen anomalen Reaktionen des Aminotriazins und des 2-Amino-4.6-dimethyl-triazins führen zu dem Schluß, daß diese Verbindungen nicht die ihnen bisher zugeschriebene Struktur besitzen können, sondern als Imino-dihydro-triazine vorliegen müssen.
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  • 88
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kojisäure-monomethyläther läßt sich durch Oxydation mit Salpetersäure oder Luftsauerstoff i. Ggw. eines Platin-Katalysators in Komensäure-methyläther überführen. Auf einem neuen Wege wird die 5-Stellung der Oxy-Gruppe in den aus Mekonsäure und Kojisäure erhaltenen Pyron- und Pyridonderivaten bestätigt und damit eine neuerdings vertretene abweichende Auffassung widerlegt.
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  • 89
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 922-934 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dehydriert man unter geeigneten Bedingungen das 2.4.6-Tri-tert.-butyl-phenol, so erhält man eine tiefblaue Lösung, aus der sich das blaue, feste 2.4.6-Tri-tert.butyl-phenoxyl-(1) gewinnen läßt. Die Substanz ist paramagnetisch. Das chemische und physikalische Verhalten steht mit einer Formulierung als freies Radikal in Übereinstimmung.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 971-977 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der Arndt-Eistertsche Säureaufbau, ausgehend vom Diazomethyl-trichlorvinyl-keton und vom Diazomethyl-pentachloräthyl-keton, sowie die Umwandlung des letzteren in verschiedene halogenierte Methyl-pentachloräthyl-ketone werden beschrieben.Perchlorierte Diazoketone, bei denen das Silberoxydverfahren wegen der Alkaliempfindlichkeit oder wegen zu geringer Reaktionsfähigkeit versagt, lassen sich durch Zersetzung im UV-Licht nach Horner glatt in höhere Säuren bzw. Ester überführen.
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  • 91
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 985-990 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Reduktion einiger mono- bzw. disubstituierter Cyanessigsäure-äthylester zu den entsprechenden Aminoalkoholen beschrieben und dargelegt, daβ auch die aliphatisch gebundene Carbäthoxy-Gruppe wie die Keto-Gruppe bei einigen der angeführten Derivate einer vollständigen Reduktion zu der Methyl- bzw. Methylen-Gruppe unter relativ einfachen Bedingungen unterliegen kann, und daβ bei der Reduktion aliphatischer Nitrile auch sekundäre Amine entstehen können.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 997-1003 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Diensynthese von Cyclopentadien und α-Methyl-acrylsäure entstehen 2 diastereomere 2-Methyl-bicyclo-[1.2.2]-hepten-(5)-carbonsäuren-(2), die durch Hydrierung und anschließenden Curtiusschen Abbau in 2 diastereomere Amine übergeführt werden. Letztere liefern beim Behandeln mit Salpetriger Säure ohne Umlagerung, aber in einem Falle unter Waldenscher Umkehrung, denselben tertiären Alkohol, 2-Methyl-bicyclo-[1.2.2]-heptanol-(2) (= 2-Methyl-norborneol). Dessen Diastereomeres wird durch Grignard-Umsetzung des Norcamphers erhalten.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1032-1036 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Auf chemischem Wege wurde nachgewiesen, daβ im Alkaloid Meteloidin, dem Tiglinsäureester des 3.6.7-Trioxy-tropans, der Säurerest am Kohlenstoffatom 3 des Alkamins haftet.
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  • 94
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der Umsetzung von Indol mit Dialkylaminoacetonitrilen läßt erkennen, daß zuerst eine Transaminomethylierung zwischen den beiden Reaktionspartnern unter Bildung von Dialkylamino-skatol und Blausäure stattfindet, worauf sich das Dialkylamino-skatol z. Tl. mit unverändert gebliebenem Indol zu β.β'-Diindolyl-methan, zu einem anderen Teil mit der entstandenen Blausäure zu β-Indolyl-acetonitril umsetzt. Mit Acylamino-malonestern reagieren die Dialkylamino-acetonitrile unter gleichen Bedingungen nicht; sie besitzen also keine cyanomethylierende Fähigkeit. Scheinbare Cyanomethylierungen können erfolgen, wenn durch Transaminomethylierung zwischen Dialkylamino-acetonitril und dem Kondensationspartner  -  wie im Falle des Indols  -  eine tertiäre Mannich-Base gebildet wird, welche auf die gleichzeitig entstehende Blausäure C-alkylierend wirkt.
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  • 95
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Elektrolyse von wasserfreien Fettsäuren und der Zerfall von Diacylperoxyden wurde in Pyridin (bzw. α-Methyl-pyridin) durchgeführt. Die durch Entladung der Anionen bzw. durch den thermischen Zerfall der Diacylperoxyde auftretenden Radikale reagieren mit Pyridin (bzw. Pyridinhomologen) unter Bildung von 2- und 4-Alkylpyridinen (bzw. 2.6-Dialkyl- und 2.4-Dialkyl-pyridinen). Der Peroxydzerfall in Pyridin ist zur präparativen Darstellung von Alkylpyridinen verwendbar.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Michael-Addition von 1-Methyl-cyclohexandion-(2.6) und 1-Allyl-cyclohexandion-(2.6) an Acrylnitril und Acrylsäureester in absol. Alkohol konnten unter gleichzeitiger Alkoholyse die Ester der offenkettigen δ-Ketosäuren erhalten werden, die durch Verseifung und Wolff-Kishner-Reduktion γ-Methyl-azelainsäure und γ-Allylazelainsäure ergaben.
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  • 97
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1003-1007 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die früher für verschiedene Derivate des cis- und trans-l-Methyl-cyclopentanols-(2), dessen Darstellungsverfahren verbessert wurde, angegebenen Schmelzpunkte werden z. Tl. korrigiert; die Einheitlichkeit der erhaltenen p-Nitrobenzoate wurde durch Chromatographie erwiesen. Die p-Toluolsulfonate wurden erstmalig kristallin erhalten; die cis-Form ist zersetzlicher als die trans-Form und wandelt sich bei der Alkoholyse teilweise in letztere um.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1025-1032 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Ehrlich'sche Reaktion wurde auf p-Dimethylamino-zimtaldehyd ausgedehnt und es wurde gefunden, daβ sich dieses Reagens für den Nachweis von Pyrrolen mit freier α- und besonders mit freier β-Stellung eignet. Die hierbei entstehenden, gut kristallisierten Farbstoffe zeichnen sich durch charakteristische Absorptionsbanden aus. Zum Vergleich wurden auch analog gebaute Farbstoffe, ausgehend von Phenylpolyenalen, dargestellt.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die symmetrischen Dialkyl-glykolsäuren bis zur Di-n-octadecyl-glykolsäure wurden durch Kondensation von Oxalsäure-monoäthylester-chlorid mit Alkyl-zinkjodiden dargestellt.
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  • 100
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Napthole setzen sich wie Phenole mit Kalium-nitrosodisulfonat zu Chinonen um. Aus Naphthol-(1) entsteht Naphthochinon-(1.4), aus Naphthol-(2) entsprechend Naphthochinon-(1.2). Dioxynaphthaline bilden Oxynaphthochinone. Sowohl 1.5 als auch 1.8-Dioxynaphthalin gehen in Juglon über. 1.5-Dioxy-naphthalin liefert außerdem das isomere 5-Oxy-naphthochinon-(1.2); ausnahmsweise werden hier p- und o-Chinon nebeneinander gebildet. 2.6-Dioxy-naphthalin wird nicht zu amphi-Naphthochinon dehydriert, sondern zu 6-Oxynaphthochinon-(1.2) oxydiert. 2-Oxy-anthracen verhält sich wie Naphthol-(2); 8-Oxy-chinolin geht in Chinolinchinon überDer Beweis für die o-Chinon-Struktur wird jeweils durch die Umsetzung mit o-Phenylendiamin zum entsprechenden Phenazin und in geeigneten Fällen durch das Absorptionsspektrum erbracht.
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