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  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The discussion about the observed vertical ozone distribution and the factors by which it is influenced requires a possibly definite knowledge of the photochemical formation and destruction of the ozone in the atmosphere. Therefore we examine the factors decisive for the photochemical theory (oxygen- and ozone absorption), constants of reaction, spectral distribution of intensity of sunlight etc. in respect of their present certainty and discuss their influence on the resulting ozone distribution. According to the examination and discussion we can realise the ozone distribution resulting from the photochemical theory with the present basis only with comparative uncertainty. The height of the ozone maximum as well as the total ozone amount are no suitable criterion for the examination of the photochemical hypothesis for which reason the observed ozone distributions in greater altitudes — above 25–30 km — must be considered too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Diskussion der beobachteten vertikalen Ozonverteilung und der sie beeinflussenden Faktoren ist eine möglichst sichere Kenntnis der photochemischen Bildung und Zerstörung des Ozons in der Atmosphäre erforderlich. Dazu werden die für die photochemische Theorie massgeblichen Faktoren (Sauerstoff- und Ozonabsorption) Reaktionskonstanten, spektrale Intensitätsverteilung des Sonnenlichtes usw. in Bezug auf ihre heutige Sicherheit untersucht und ihr Einfluss auf die resultierende Ozonverteilung diskutiert. Danach kann die aus der photochemischen Theorie folgende Ozonverteilung mit den heutigen Grundlagen erst verhältnismässig unsicher erfasst werden. Für die Prüfung der photochemischen Voraussetzungen stellen die Höhe des Ozonmaximums sowie der totale Ozonbetrag keine geeigneten Kriterien dar, so dass die beobachteten Ozonverteilungen in grösseren Höhen — oberhalb von 25–30 km — herangezogen werden müssen.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mean ozone distribution for various geographical latitudes is derived from ozone distributions measured by means of balloon ascents, eclipses of the moon and the «Umkehreffekt» and compared with the theoretically calculated photochemical distributions, whereby the full scope of the latter is considerably limited. —The discrepancy between the calculated and the measured ozone distribution below the ozone maximum at 23 km altitude is a sign of a considerable effect of mass exchange in the troposphere and lower stratosphere which increases towards the equator. In the mean and higher latitudes we find — especially in spring — a second lower ozone maximum at 16 km altitude which cannot be explained photochemically but is probably due to advection, to ozone transported down from polar latitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den bei Ballonaufstiegen, bei Mondfinsternissen und durch den Umkehreffekt gemessenen Ozonverteilungen werden für verschiedene geographische Breiten gemittelte Ozonverteilungen abgeleitet und mit den theoretisch photochemisch berechneten Verteilungen verglichen, wodurch der Spielraum der letzten erheblich eingeengt wird. — Die Diskrepanz zwischen der berechneten und der gemessenen Ozonverteilung unterhalb des Ozonmaximums in 23 km Höhe lässt auf eine bedeutende Wirkung des Massenaustausches in der Troposphäre und in der unteren Stratosphäre schliessen, der nach den Aequator hin stark zunimmt. — In mittleren und höheren Breiten tritt — vornehmlich im Frühjahr — ein zweites tieferes Ozonmaximum in 16 km Höhe auf, das photochemisch nicht zu erklären ist, sondern advektiv, durch aus polaren Breiten herzugeführtes Ozon bedingt wird.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Numerous investigations have shown that the frequency of lightning strokes also depends on the geological conditions of the ground. In Saxonia most damages caused by lightning did not occur in the higher parts of this country. Damage in areas of primeval rocks was twice as high as in areas of younger formations (Fig. 1 and Table A). It has been observed that some areas were especially frequently struck by lightning (lightning centres). In most cases these are situated above geologic discontinuities (Fig. 2). In Austria lightning statistics were explored. The «danger factor» («Gefährdungszahl») was deducted with the formula $$\ll danger factor \gg = \frac{{damages from lightning \times 1000}}{{area of district in 100 km^2 \times mean number of thunderstorms}}.$$ These figures are registered in a map (Fig. 3). They are small in the Central Alps but in areas of old geologic formations and in some parts of the border of the Alps they reach rather high values.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 214-217 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with some results of the observations on the ablation done on the Sarenne Glacier (Grandes Rousses) in the last two seasons. In June and August's 1950 the effects of the «warmth's share» has been greater than during the same months of 1949.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 210-213 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experiments to determine the thickness of glaciers by high frequency prospecting were carried out on the Austrian glacier Hintereisferner in 1938. After the war electrohydrographical measurements on glacier rivulets were carried out in the Kaprun Valley. The resistance of the glacier water fluctuates according to the time of season. It depends on the respective composition of these waters (Fig. 2). Therefore the geologic and mineralogic properties of the glacier-water may be deducted from the electric resistance. Especially the amount of surface water may be deducted (Fig. 3). An example is shown in Fig. 4.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some regularities in the yearly variation of the air-pressure, as related with the height above the sea level, have been reported byConrad. These regularities are confirmed by the air-pressure data from the meteorological Observatories of the Monte Rosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene esteso agli Osservatori del Monte Rosa lo studio di alcune regolarità quantitative segnalate daConrad nell'andamento annuo della pressione atmosferica in funzione dell'altezza sul mare, con risultati probativi.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After some general considerations, there are described some particular phenomena noticed about the glacier of Mandrone (Adamello). They are due to the swift retirement of the front and to the diminution of the thickness of the glacier as following: the strangling of the icetongue, glacier rigenerated, glacier dead, lake at the glacier-mouth, round ice-crevices, valley like U. They are done some suppositions on the future alpine-climatical proceeding.
    Notes: Riassunto Premesse alcune considerazioni generali si descrivono alcuni particolari fenomeni osservati al ghiacciaio del Mandrone e dovuti al rapido arretramento della fronte e assottigliamento del ghiaccio come: strozzatura della lingua ghiacciaio di rimpasto, ghiacciaio morto, lago alla bocca, crepacci circolari, valle ad U. Si fanno alcune considerazioni sul futuro andamento climatico alpino.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 234-237 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The writer wants to emphasize the necessity of reorganizing rationally the system of the meteorologic observatories in the Western Alps, especially of the ones on the highest mountains which are the most important for the study of the variations of glaciers. For that reorganization it is necessary to remember the variety of the climatic regions into which the Western Alps may be divided. The writer proposes the institution of other observatories employing the new important aerial-ropeways of Breauil and of Mount Blanc, and the new big and high-situated hotels and shelters which are opened all year round. The author insists particularly, on the necessity of doing up the observatories of “Col d'Olen” and “Margherita” on Mount Rosa which have not worked any more since ten years.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After having recalled the extension to a spatial potential field ofLegender's formulae solving the first fundamental problem in Geodesy, the author applies such formulae toSomigliana's field, which admits the ellipsoid as one of the equipotential surfaces of the family. Such application represents the most natural extension to a three-dimensional field of the classical ellipsoidal surface formulae, and agrees with the international adoption ofSomigliana's field in dynamic Geodesy.
    Notes: Sommario Dopo aver richiamato l'ampliamento ad un campo potenziale spaziale delle formule diLegendre che risolvono il primo problema fondamentale della Geodesia, l'A. applica tali formule al caso del campo diSomigliana, che ammette l'ellissoide come una delle superfici equipotenziali della famiglia; tale applicazione rappresenta la più naturale estensione ad un campo tridimensionale delle classiche formule ellissoidiche superficiali, e si accorda con l'adozione internazionale del campo diSomigliana per tutte le speculazioni della Geodesia dinamica.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starting from the general comprehensive conception that exists for us human beings, a deduction of fundamental intuition is produced. The knowledge resulting from it may be designated as short of any hypothesis, as absolute. A continuation of the specialisation is supposed to lead to branches of knowledge existing already, e. g. mathematics or physics.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von dem allgemeinsten, umfassendsten Begriff, den es für uns Menschen geben kann, wird eine Deduktion fundamentaler Erkenntnisse erbracht. Das sich dabei ergebende Wissen ist als Voraussetzungslos, als absolut zu bezeichnen. Eine Fortsetzung der Spezialisierung kann auf bestehende Disziplinen wie z. B. Mathematik oder Physik hinauslaufen.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 18-37 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Where the interaction between the magnetic field of the Sun, due to the Solar spots and the phenomena of the corona, and the magnetic field of the Earth is considered; the influence on the motion of rotation of the Earth is examined, and the formulae which give the variation of its angular velocity of rotation and of the angles of nutation and of precession are fixed.
    Notes: Riassunto Si considera l'interazione fra il campo magnetico del Sole, dovuto alle macchie e ai fenomeni della corona solare, e il campo magnetico terrestre. Se ne studia l'influenza sul moto di rotazione della Terra e si stabiliscono le formule che dànno la variazione della sua velocità angolare di rotazione e degli angoli di nutazione e di precessione.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au sujet de la connection géodésique du continent Européen au continent Américain par rapport à l'intérêt géophysique, la triangulation avec des lumières mouvantes a de bonnes chances de succès. Pour aider la réalisation il faut expliquer un sujet jusque là omis. Pour la jonction des deux parts de la figure principale au lieu des lumières d'une exactitude plus grande, la condition deLaplace a été spécialisée à trois points successives de la figure, résultant ainsi la formule pour la «correction de torsion». En outre la technique des observations a été traitée, jointe aux conclusions générales.
    Notes: Summary To connect the continents, especially the European with the American one by geodetic measurements with regard to geophysical interest, the triangulation with movable high lights seems to be of a good prospect. In this method a single matter hitherto has not yet been sufficiently treated. To bring together the two parts of the principle figure on the place of the flares with higher accuracy, theLaplace' condition for three following points of the figure is specialized here, furnishing so a formula for the «bowing correction». Furthermore the technical observation methods are explained and some conclusions are added.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary By means of the increased gravity measurements it is possible to compute gravimetrically the undulationsN of the geoid with regard to the used reference ellipsoid as well as the «absolute» deflection of the vertical components ξ g and η g . The quantities ξ g and η g enable us to transfer the astronomically observed coordinates of any points from the geoid to the reference ellipsoid and in this way compute without any triangulations the distances along the reference ellipsoid. And still more. With the aid ofN, ξ g and η g we can obtain a general Geodetic World System and convert the existing many systems to it.—The geoid study is no more any academical pastime, it can solve the most important problems of the practical geodesy.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article contains the numerical computation of the Earth's flattening and the equatorial gravity on the basis of the definition of the reference ellipsoid, given by the author in a former work, and the mean isostatic anomalies computed byL. Tanni. The results, γ e =978.055, α=1/296.3, show that the method of least squares is accurate enough under the present conditions; the flattening computed is bounded by the values derived byA. Véronnet from the terrestrial precession.
    Notes: Résumé Il s'agit de la détermination de l'aplatissement de la Terre et de la pesanteur équatoriale en utilisant la définition de l'ellipsoïde de référence donnée par l'auteur dans une publication antérieure et les anomalies isostatiques moyennes calculées parL. Tanni. Les résultats obtenus, γ e =978.055, α=1/296.3, sont sensiblement égaux à ceux qui proviennent de la méthode habituelle des moindres carrés; l'aplatissement calculé est compris entre les limites déduites parA. Véronnet de la précession terrestre.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Geodesy is at present faced with tremendous tasks of world-wide scope. Main triangulations constituting the basis for a reliable determination of the earth's figure, the establishment of absolute coordinates and consistent large-scale mapping have, in the course of the past 150 years, been completed only to a very limited extent. In order to speed up efforts the customary methods and instruments of observation should be revised on the grounds of recent experiences made in the field of physics. Numerous nations have already made valuable contributions and an appreciable increase of results has been reached by means of the optical micrometer, theodolites with photographic registration, steel towers etc. In order to overcome obstacles due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions, the electric eye has been designed, replacing visual observation by photo-electric indication. The present note is in particular a report on the present stage of experiments made by the Institut für angewandte Geodäsie. These experiments have proved that generally speaking the new device is well suited for the purpose on hand. However, further efforts will be required for creating an apparatus thoroughly reliable also in the field.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die internationale Geodäsie steht noch heute vor gewaltigen Aufgaben. Das Hauptdreiecksnetz, das die Grundlage der sicheren Bestimmung der Erdfigur, der Schaffung absoluter Koordinaten für die gesamte Erdoberfläche und klaffungsfreier grossmasstäblicher Karten dient, ist in den letzten 150 Jahren nur zu einem geringen Bruchteil fertiggestellt. Moderne physikalische Erkenntnisse müssen die klassischen Beobachtungsmethoden und-instrumente reformieren, um die Leistungen zu beschleunigen. Viele Nationen haben hier wertvolle Beiträge geliefert. Optisches Mikrometer, photographisch registrierende. Theodolitc, stählerne Beobachtungstürme usw. haben schon bedeutende Leistungssteigerungen erzielt. Zur Ueberwindung der Hindernisse, die durch ungünstige atmosphärische Verhältnisse erzeugt werden, ist das elektrische Auge konstruiert worden, das die visuelle Beobachtung durch elektrische Anzeigegeräte ersetzt. Es wird über den neuesten Stand der im Institut für angewandte Geodäsie durchgeführten Versuche berichtet, die bereits die grundsätzliche Eignung des Gerätes im erstrebten Sinne beweisen liessen. Fernere Versuche und Vervollkommnungen werden notwendig sein, um das Gerät zu einem nie versagenden, feldmässig einsatzfähigen Gerät zu gestalten.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown how is possible to give pratical applications toEötvös' formulas on relations between gravitational and magnetic anomalies, in such a way as to obtain informations on magnetic properties of rocks that cause the anomaly. It follows the opportunity of executing together with torsion balance measures, in as much as possible, also magnetic measurements.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene mostrato come sia possibile dare pratiche applicazioni alle formule diEötvös sulle relazioni fra anomalie gravimetriche e magnetiche, in modo da ricavare le proprietà magnetiche delle rocce che causano l'anomalia. Da ciò l'opportunità di eseguire sempre unitamente a misurazioni con la bilancia di torsione anche misure magnetiche.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 132-142 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il campo geomagnetico si può formalmente scomporre in due parti: quella simmetrica di rotazione e la parte da questa residua. E' probabile che tale scomposizione abbia un fondamento reale: la parte simmetrica di rotazione, ossia il cosìdetto «campo del nucleo», dipende verosimilmente dallo stato molecolare della materia nel nucleo terrestre e viene generato con la rotazione della Terra; la parte residua, ovvero il «campo della crosta«, ha la sua sede nella corteccia rocciosa della Terra e risulta generato dai processi che ivi hanno luogo. Alle molte possibilità di spiegazione del campo del nucleo ne viene aggiunta una nuova, dimostrando teoricamente che una massa cosmica ad alta temperatura, rotante attorno a se stessa, quando è fortemente ionizzata, a causa dei moti termo-cinetici degli elettroni liberi, deve originare un campo magnetico, il cui senso corrisponde a quelli che si osservano per la Terra e per il Sole. La discussione dei risultati quantitativi dimostra che è possibile ascrivere a questo effetto il campo magnetico del nucleo. — II campo magnetico della crosta, nella sua parte sostanziale, viene spiegato come azione magnetica di correnti stazionarie spostantesi nelle parti inferiori della medesima crosta, nonchè con quella della magnetizzazione degli strati rocciosi esterni. La distribuzione delle componenti del campo della crosta permette di dedurre due sistemi di correnti nell'interno della crosta medesima: 1) il vortice di correnti americano con verso orario, e 2) il vortice di correnti africo-australiano con senso antiorario. La rappresentazione cartografica dei sistemi di correnti elettriche che ne derivano rivela una stretta relazione con le tettonica in grande della crosta terrestre: i sistemi di correnti coincidono globalmente con le grandi zone geosinclinali, circumpacifica e mediterranea. Ciò consente di dedurre che in queste zone vi è la sede delle cause delle correnti telluriche, ovvero anche che le correnti elettrotelluriche della crosta sono generate dai processi geotettonici che si verificano in queste zone geosinclinali. — La variazione secolare viene spiegata come una proprietà del campo della crosta e ricondotta alle lenti variazioni delle correnti elettriche che accompagnano i grandi processi geotettonici. Effettivamente, secondo quanto conferma il materiale empirico sinora disponibile, la variazione secolare rivela grandi differenze regionali e le regioni ove tali variazioni sono massime coincidono con quelle nelle quali l'azione elettromagnetica delle correnti elettro-telluriche è massima.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird theoretisch nachgewiesen, dass eine um sich selbst rotierende kosmische Masse von hoher Temperatur, welche stark ionisiert ist, infolge der thermisch-Brown'schen Bewegungen der freien Elektronen ein magnetisches Feld besitzt, dessen Richtungssinn den an Erde und Sonne beobachteten allgemeinen Feldern entspricht. Daserdmagnetische Kernfeld wird ursächlich auf diesen Effekt zurückgeführt. Daserdmagnetische Rindenfeld wird in seinem wesentlichsten Teil erklärt als magnetische Wirkung stationärer, innerhalb der Erdkruste fliessender Ströme, in zweiter Linie durch die Gesamtheit des Gesteinsmagnetismus. Das Bild der Verteilung der Kraftkomponenten des erdmagnetischen Rindenfeldes lässt auf zwei ausgeprägte Stromsysteme innerhalb der Erdkruste schliessen: 1. deramerikanische Stromwirbel mit einer Stromrichtung im Uhrzeigersinne, und 2. derafrikanisch-australische Stromwirbel mit einer dem Uhrzeigersinne entgegengesetzten Stromrichtung. Trägt man den Verlauf der sich ergebenden erdelektrischen Stromsysteme kartenmässig ein, so werden Beziehungen zu der grosstektonischen Gliederung der Erdkruste deutlich erkennbar: Die Stromsysteme fallen in ihrem wesentlichen Teil mit den grossen geosynklinalen Zonen der Erde — der zirkumpazifischen und der mediterranen Zone — zusammen. Das lässt darauf schliessen, dass in diesen Zonen der Sitz der Ursachen des Erdstromes ist, d. h. also, dass der innerhalb der Erdkruste fliessende elektrische Strom erzeugt wird durch die in diesen geosynklinalen Zonen im Ablauf begriffenen geotektonischen Vorgänge. — DieSäkularvariation wird auf allmähliche Veränderungen der Erdströme zurückgeführt.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 160-161 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Use is made of a differentiation's formula for surface integrals in showing aV. Bjerknes' meteorological theorem.
    Notes: Riassunto Si fa uso di una formula di derivazione di un integrale di superficie per dimostrare un teorema meteorologico diV. Bjerknes.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A review is given of the investigations on variations in the general circulation in middle latitudes made byWillett andPetterssen. According toWillett a «high-index» type of circulation pattern with a strong zonal flow has probably caused the recent climatic improvement in the northern latitudes while the «low-index» type with meridional flow would create a cooling off in the same areas. According toPetterssen an other type of «low-index» pattern with a weak zonal flow and strong meridional exchange of air has been the essential cause of the warming up of the northern latitudes in Europe. This implies that the definition of the «low-index» type is not clear and gives rise to misunderstanding. Making use of our experience on glacier retreat in northern Scandinavia it is concluded that thePetterssen type of circulation more probably than the «high-index» type has caused the warming-up in the North Atlantic area from which the retreat of the glaciers has followed.
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 198-208 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1949 and 1950 four earthquakes were felt on the Lower Rhine. Out of these the earthquake of March 3, 1950, was the strongest one. Near Euskirchen the intensity VII of the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg-Scale was atteined. The evaluation of the seismograms resulted the epicentre 50° 47′ N, 6° 50′ E (4 km E of Euskirchen). The microseismic and macroseismic data resulted a depth of the hypocentre of nearly 6 km. Curves of the arrival times ofP- andS-waves are given. Acustic phenomena are discussed and there is pointed out, that the microclimatic conditions may have a decisive signification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1949 und 1950 sind am Niederrhein 4 Erdbeben gespürt worden. Von diesen war das Beben vom 8. März 1950 das stärkste. Im Herdgebiet, in der Nähe der Stadt Euskirchen, wurde die Stärke VII der Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg-Skala erreicht. Die Auswertung der Seismogramme ergab als Epizentrum 50° 47′, 6° 50′ E (4 km östlich von Euskirchen). Die Herdtiefe ergab sich makroseismisch und mikroseismisch zu rund 6 km. Es werden Laufzeitkurven der Vorläuferwellen mitgeteilt. Die Schall-wahrnehmungen werden eingehend diskutiert und darauf hingewiesen, dass den mikroseismischen Verhältnissen dabei möglicherweise eine entscheidende Bedeutung zukommt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 52-59 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The five cold front types adopted by the author, with the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the frontal area as the essential characteristic, and stable und unstable warm frontal systems are distinguishable in the weather maps by specific weather phenomena connected with them. Based on the weather maps for Hamburg Germany, in 1950, the annual mean coefficient of vertical exchange at the 35-m level and the oxydation value of the surface air layer were determined for each of these frontal types. The results obtained are confirming as justified the adopted classification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vom Verfasser aufgestellten fünf Typen von Kaltfronten, die als wesentliches Unterscheidungsmerkmal die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich benutzen, sowie stabile und labile Warmfronten zeichnen sich in den Wetterkarten durch typische Wettererscheinungen aus. Für jeden dieser Fronttypen, die nach diesen Erscheinungen aus den Wetterkarten des Jahres 1950 für Hamburg ausgesucht wurden, wurde das Jahresmittel des vertikalen Austauschkoeffizienten in 35 m Höhe und der Oxydationswert der Bodenluft bestimmt. Die Ergebjisse bestätigen die Berechtigung der gegebenen Frontenklassifikation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 60-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An investigation is made into the possibility of replacing the normal magnetic needle jewelled bearings by a torsion suspended needle. The needle is suspended between two wires (ribbons) under torsion. The object is to make practical use of the new magnetic material, with practical reference to permanently magnetic materials, in magnetic measuring instruments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden systematisch die physikalischen Grundlagen untersucht, um die bisherigen gewöhnlichen Magnetnadeln mit Steinlagerung durch eine solche Torsionsmagnetnadel zu ersetzen, deren Torsionsaufhängung beiderseitig gespannt ist. Das Ziel ist, für magnetische Messinstrumente die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe, hier vorerst die Dauermagnetwerkstoffe, nutzbar zu verwenden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 100-104 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 75-91 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It follows from the geophysical facts that in prospecting, especially for ore, an universal magnetic instrument with a relative measuring accuracy of 0.1 p. c. is completely adequate. The field components are compensated by means of bar magnets. A magnetic needle suspended under tension serves here as the zero indicator. The vertical component is determined by means of deflectors. Apart from research into their scientific basis, the new magnetic materials are being examined in respect of their most suitable practical application. The temperature coefficients of the magnetic moment of permanent bar magnets are measured. The theory of deflectors is given. The experimental research on various highly permeable newer alloys shows that the magnetic induction in deflectors composed of such materials is in actual fact dependent only on their geometrical proportions. In particular descriptions are given of prospecting apparatus with offset-scales (Ablenkungsschienen) and of the type known as Kohlrausch-variometers (Einstabvariometer). The desired accuracy of 0.1 p. c. inH andZ is already being achieved by direct indicator reading of the torsion needle.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den geophysikalischen Gegebenheiten folgt, dass für die Prospektion, vornehmlich auf Erz, ein magnetisches Universalinstrument mit einer relativen Messgenauigkeit von 0.1 % völlig ausreicht. Die Feldkomponenten werden durch Stabmagnete kompensiert. Als Nullindikator dient dabei eine Spannbandmagnetnadel. Die Vertikalkomponente wird mittels Deflektorstäbe bestimmt. Neben den theoretischen Grundlagen werden die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe auf ihre zweckentsprechende Verwendung hin untersucht. Die Temperaturkoeffizienten des magnetischen Moments von Stabdauermagneten werden magnetometrisch gemessen. Die Theorie der Deflektorstäbe wird gegeben. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen an verschiedenen neueren hochpermeablen Legierungen zeigen, dass die magnetische Induktion in kurzen Deflektorstäben aus solchen Materialien praktisch nur noch von dem geometrischen Dimensionsverhältnis abhängt. Im einzelnen werden Prospektorgeräte mit Ablenkungsschienen und als Einstabvariometer beschrieben. Die angestrebte Genauigkeit von 0.1 % inH unZ wird bereits mit Zeigerablesung der Spannbandmagnetnadel erreicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 92-99 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to close the clefts in subsoil of dams, cement is pressed into them. A geoelectrical method of measuring is now described, with which the following data may be determined: the open volume of the clefts before injection of cement, the volume that has been filled with cement during injection and the still open volume after injection. Further we can state, whether cement has flows to distant spaces. The method was esamined by some hundred injections in Austria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um den Kluftraum im Baugrunde von Staumauern zu schliessen, presst man in diesen Zementmilch. Es wird nun ein geoelektrisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem folgende Angaben bestimmt werden können: Das offene Kluftvolumen vor der Injektion; das durch die Injektion gefüllte Kluftvolumen; die Menge von Injektionsmilch, die aus dem für die Injektion bestimmten Raume nach entfernten Räumen ausfloss. Das Verfahren wurde in Oesterreich an mehreren hundert Einzelinjektionen erprobt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 105-107 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 108-108 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 109-111 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 111-116 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 124-128 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some simple relations between the formation of the mountains and the gravity are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einige einfache Beziehungen zwischen den Schwere-Werten und der Formung der Gebirge werden gezeigt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 40-45 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A photoelectric device is illustrated which, being fit for computation of double integrals, and for squaring a great number of functions of function, is suitable to determine the correlation coefficient.
    Notes: Riassunto Si illustra un apparecchio fotoelettrico che, essendo atto al calcolo degli integrali doppi e degli integrali di numerose funzioni di funzione, si presta per determinare il coefficiente di correlazione.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 1-12 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Supposing that: A) radioactive heat generation is constant in a superficial layer of thicknessH and no radioactive heat is generated in deeper layers, or B) radioactive heat generation in the depthz is const. e−αz ,Jeffreys has computed thatH and 1/α are nearly 13 km. This figure is rather small.Jeffreys has taken a temperature of commencement that tends to infinity likez and has neglected the diminution of radioactive substances by disintegration. If one takes a temperature of commencement that, with increasingz, approaches a fixed value and considers the half-lives of radioactive elements, one gets the valuesH=23 and 1/α=20 km. New results ofBullard indicate, that radioactive heat generation in rocks is less than was accepted till now. Taking his values one estimates that values of 45 to 50 km forH and 1/α are possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Annahme, dass: A) die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in der obersten Erdschicht von der DickeH konstant ist und in tieferen Schichten keine radioaktive Wärme erzeugt wird, oder B) die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in der Tiefez gleich const. e−αz ist, hatJeffreys berechnet, dassH und 1/α ungefähr 13 km betragen. Diese Zahl ist recht niedrig.Jeffreys hat eine mitz lineare Anfangstemperatur angenommen und die Abnahme der radioaktiven Substanzen vernachlässigt. Nimmt man eine Anfangstemperatur an, die bei wachsendemz einem festen Wert zustrebt, und berücksichtigt man die Halbwertszeiten der radioaktiven Elemente, so kommt man aufH=23 und 1/α=20 km. Neue Ergebnisse vonBullard zeigen an, dass die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in den Gesteinen geringer ist, als man bisher annahm. Mit seinen Zahlen schätzt man ab, dass Werte von 45 bis 50 km fürH und 1/α möglich sind.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 46-49 
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    Notes: Summary The comparison of the geomagneticK-indices for Mogadiscio with the correspondingK p for the whole earth, during the 2.nd Intern. Polar Year 1932–33, allows to deduce some features of the equatorial geomagnetic activity. Furthermore, evidence is adduced indicating that the geomagnetic disturbance at Mogadiscio is normal inH andD, while it appears slightly abnormal inZ.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 204-209 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The articledeals with a preliminary evaluation of observations of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway during a period of ten years. The numerous observations show clearly the variation of the depth of a snow cover in between a small area in high mountains. The stations were located 100 meters and less apart from each other. 800 observation stations have been established extending 46 km along the highway. Observations were made once a week. Mean values obtained from 6 measurements in a 120 m broad profile rectangular to the road give a representative annual average of snow depth for different elevation and different orographic areas. Two types of annual variations can be distinguished according to the exposure of the considered area. The great variation of the mean snow depth at each of the six stations of one profile—there are variations of several meters-and variations of the same order of magnitude for stations of the same profile for different years show that the observations of a single station in high mountains are by no means representative. Therefore the evaluation of mean values over a certain small area must be recommended in order to obtain accurate results. In general a derivation of the amount of precipitation from the snow depth for a single station cannot be justified. The variation of snow depth can also be recognized from the average snow profile along the highway and from the difference of this quantity between the center and the border of the road. The results of frequent measurements of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway can be also used with success for considerations on the economy of glaciers and for an estimation of the water contents of a snow cover in winter which may be of particular interest for hydrology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine vorläufige Bearbeitung zehnjähriger Beobachtungen der Schneehöhen auf der Grossglockner-Hochalpenstrasse berichtet, die durch die Häufung von Beobachtungsstellen vor allem einen Einblick in die Veränderlichkeit der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke auf kleinem Raum im Hochgebirge gewähren. Die Messtellen lagen in Entfernungen von 100m und weniger. Aus je sechs Messungen in 120m breiten Profilen quer zur Strasse berechnete Mittelwerte erlauben, repräsentative durchschnittliche Jahresgänge der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke für verschiedene Höhen und orographische Lagen abzuleiten. Es lassen sich zwei Typen der Jahresgänge unterscheiden, die durch den Grad der Exposition des Messgebietes bestimmt werden. Die grossen Unterschiede der mittleren Schneehöhen an jeder der sechs Messtellen der einzelnen Profile, die mehrere Meter übersteigen können, und die ähnlich grossen Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Schneehöhen auf die einzelnen Messtellen der Profile in den verschiedenen Jahren lassen erkennen, wie wenig repräsentativ für ein weiteres Gebiet im allgemeinen eine einzelne Schneehöhenmesstelle im unebenen Gelände des Hochgebirges ist. Zur Gewinnung repräsentativer Werte der Schneehöhen ist im Hochgebirge die Bildung von Gebietsmittel aus mehreren über einen kleinen Raum verteilten Messtellen zweckmässig. Ein Rückschluss auf die Niederschlagsmengen aus den Schneehöhen einer Messtelle ist im allgemeinen im Hochgebirge nicht gerechtfertigt. Die grosse Veränderlichkeit der Schneehöhe im Hochgebirge wird auch aus durchschnittlichen Schneeprofilen entlang der Hochalpenstrasse und aus den Unterschieden der durchschnittlichen Schneehöhen zwischen Strassenmitte und Strassenrand ersichtlich. Die Ergebnisse der gehäuften Schneehöhenmessungen auf der Grossglocknerstrasse erscheinen für die Beurteilung der Nährgebiete der Gletscher und für die Abschätzung des Wasserwertes der winterlichen Schneedecke des Hochgebirges für die Zwecke der Wasserwirtschaft von grosser Bedeutung.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 221-223 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the precipitation-runoff system they are distinguished the 3 cases according to it goes from the precipitation to the runoff directly or by the snow or by ice. Particular consideration is given to this last case. Then is brought in evidence the inertial property of the ice. Applying these considerations to the present conditions, it is forecast for the next years a nearly normal runoff.
    Notes: Riassunto Nel sistema precipitazione-deflusso si distinguono i 3 casi secondo che si passa dalla prima al secondo direttamente, o mediante la neve, oppure mediante il ghiaccio. Si considera in particolare questo ultimo caso mettendo in evidenza le proprietà inerziali dell'elemento intermedio. Facendo applicazione alle condizioni glacioclimatiche attuali si prevede per i prossimi anni un deflusso d'ablazione normale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 230-233 
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    Notes: Summary The writer deals with the relations of the variations of the Italian glaciers and the state of the climate in its two elements of the precipitations and temperature in these twenty-five years. From the study of eighty glaciers, it appears that the considerable regress which has characterized the Italian glaciers is caused by a deficiency in winter falls rather than by the increase of summer temperature. Only after 1946 the average summer temperature seems to increase too; that should explain the more frequent phenomenon of the regress, in the years from 1947 to 1950.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 4-5 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 238-245 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author explains how it is necessary to the urbanistic science expecially in a mountainous district the study of the microclimatology for the choice of the places to be appointed for building. Therefore it is necessary to create a system of little meteorologic stations all around towns. The Author explains how for a good planning is necessary to get meteorologic data and how those data must be considered for the 24 hours. The above mentioned stations, even if commited by private people, should be supervised by technicians. The Author explains how we must choice the places for building according to the insolation, putting in evidence the lack of idoneous means and wishes the creation in every country of a laboratory, of experiences of polisclimatology that should be a center of studies and a source of this new discipline.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. fa presente come all'urbanistica sia necessario, specialmente in montagna, lo studio microclimatologico per la scelta dei luoghi da destinarsi all'edificazione, e perciò occorra creare una rete di stazioncine moteorologiche all'intorno degliabitati. L'A. fa presente i peculiari bisogni dell'urbanistica di dati meteorologici, e come i rilevamenti debbano riguardare tutte le 24 ore. Le dette stazioncine, pur affidandole ai privati, dovrebbero essere sorvegliate nella strumentazione da personale tecnico. L'A. fa presente come si proceda alla scelta dei luoghi da destinare all'edificazione sotto l'aspetto dell'insolazione, mettendo in rilievo l'inesistenza di mezzi idonei, ed auspica la creazione in ogni nazione, di un laboratorio di ricerche ed esperienze di polisclimatologia che sia centro di studi e seminario di questa nuova disciplina.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 38-44 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical solvings bySchweydar are resumed, with some variations, considering general formulas for rigidity and internal density, to reach the differential equation of sixth degree with polynomial coefficients, for the tides.Prey's studies on this subject, and of the Author, are mentioned.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene riportata in forma riassuntiva e con alcune varianti lo svolgimento teorico seguito dalloSchweydar, considerando per la rigidità e per la densità interne, funzioni della profondità affatto generali, per giungere alla equazione differenziale del sesto ordine a coefficienti polinomiali per la marea. Vengono inoltre ricordati gli studi diprey e dell'A. su questo argomento.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 64-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Given a random variable X following the normal probability law, with expectation a and standard error p, the author considers another random variable $$\overline X $$ , that takes the entire value r when r−1/2〈X〈r+1/2 and the value r+1/2 when X=r+1/2. He calculates the expectation $$\bar a$$ and the standard error $$\bar \mu $$ of $$\overline X $$ , which are found to be periodical functions of i, the period of both being = 1 (Obiously $$\bar a$$ and $$\bar \mu $$ are also functions of μ). From the comparison of these two random variables the author draws out some consequences concerning the errors of observation, and particularly determines a boundary-zone between the effective and the illusory precision obtainable in a set of observations. At last he gives an experinlental verification of the theoretical results.
    Notes: Riassunto Data una variabile casuale X che segue la legge normale di probabilitl con valor medio a ed error medio y 1'A. considera un'altra variabile casuale $$\overline X $$ che prende il valore intero r quando r−1/2〈X〈r+1/2 e il valore r+1/2 quando X=r+1/2. Calcola il valor medio $$\bar a$$ e l'error medio $$\bar \mu $$ di $$\overline X $$ , che risultano funzioni periodiche di α, entrambe con periodo = 1 (ovviamente $$\bar a$$ e $$\bar \mu $$ sono anche funzioni di μ). Dal paragone delle due variabili casuali l'A. trae alcune conseguenze riguardanti gli errori d'osservazione, e in particolare determina una zona di confine tra la precisione effettiva ottenibile in una serie di osservazioni e quella illusoria. Infine dB una verifica sperimentale dei risultati teorici.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 131-137 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Formal similarity of refraction indices for light and for ultrashort radio waves permits developing common viewpoints of light and of short wave propagation. Thus, anomalous refraction of radio waves, especially superrefraction, is easily explained. With the existing close relations to the structure of the appropriate ground layer, ground based ducts will be traced back to internal limiting layers immediately above the earth's surface, and elevated ducts to anomalous refraction within the peplopause of a Type A, B and/or C ground layer. Ground layers with more elevated peplopause (Types D and/or E) are out of the question for ducts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der formalen Aehnlichkeit des Brechungsquotienten (refraction index) für Licht und Ultrakurzwellen (short radio waves) lassen sich gemeinsame Gesichtspunkte für die Ausbreitung des Lichtes und der UK-Wellen (short waves propagation) entwickeln. Anomale Refraktion der Radiowellen insbesondere aussergewöhnliche Reichweite (superrefraction) lassen sich auf diese Weise leicht deuten. Es bestehen hierbei enge Beziehungen zum Aufbau der jeweiligen Grundschicht, wobei erdgebundene Führungen (ground based ducts) auf interne Grenzschichten dicht über der Erdoberfläche, abgehobene Führungen (elevated ducts) auf anomale Refraktion in der Peplopause einer Grundschicht vom Typ A, B oder C zurückzuführen sind. Grundschichten mit einer höher gelegenen Peplopause (Typ D oder E) kommen für eine Führung (duct) nicht mehr in Frage.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 138-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verteilung der Kondensationskerne auf der Messplatte des kleinenScholz-Zählers untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sind die folgenden: 1) Mit zunehmender Expansionsgeschwindigkeit und Kerndichte verstärkt sich die Wirbelbildung im Rezipienten und führt zu einer ungleichmässigen Verteilung der Kerne auf der Messplatte. 2) Der Einfluss der Expansionsgeschwindigkeit kann dann vernachlässigt werden, wenn die Luftprobe so dosiert wird, dass etwa 5–8 Tropfen auf den Quadratmillimeter fallen. 3) Der Rührflügel ist notwendig. Er muss jedoch so angebracht werden, dass er keine zusätzliche Wirbelbildung verursacht.
    Abstract: Riassunto Nella presente ricerca si studia la distribuzione dei nuclei di condensazione sulla lastra di misura del piccolo contatoreScholz. I risultati sono i seguenti: 1) Con l'aumento della velocità di espansione e della densità dei nuclei, si rafforza la formazione di vortici nel recipiente e si ha una distribuzione irregolare dei nuclei sulla lastra di misura. 2) L'influenza della velocità di espansione può essere trascurata quando il provino d'aria vien dosato in modo che su un millimetro quadrato cadano pressapoco 5–8 gocce. 3) La paletta per rimescolare l'aria è necessaria. Deve però essere applicata in modo che non provochi una formazione supplementare di vortici.
    Notes: Summary In this paper results of researches which have been carried out on the distribution of the condensation nucleus on the ruled plate of the small counter-Scholz are presented. They are as follows: 1) The quicker the expansion and the greater the number of the nucleus, the stronger the vortex in the receiver. This vortex causes an irregular distribution of the nucleus on the ruled plate. 2) The influence of the velocity of expansion can be disregarded when the quantity of dust-laden air is chosen in such a manner, that no more than 5–8 droplets fall upon the ruled plate. 3) The stirrer is absolutely necessary, but its construction must not cause any new vortexes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 128-131 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent experiments on the radioactivity of potassium 40 give as result: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ λ K being the constant of decay byK-electron capture, λ=λβ+λ K the total decay constant. If we make following assumptions: 1st) the atmospheric argon is the decay product of potassium 40 in the earth, which has undergoneK-capture; 2nd) the potassium existing in the earth is practically all contained in the external crust, 10 miles thick; 3rd) the age of the solid crust does not exceed ∼3.109 years: we come to the conclusion that the earth as a whole must have remained in a fluid state for ∼ 109 years at least.
    Notes: Riassunto Da esperienze recenti risultano per le costanti radioattive del potassio 40 i valori seguenti: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ dove λ=λβ+λ K è la costante di disintegrazione totale λ K la costante di catturaK. Se si ammette che: 1°) l'argon atmosferico abbia origine dal potassio 40 contenuto nella terra, che ha subìto la catturaK; 2°) la massa di potassio disponibile nella terra sia praticamente quella contenuta nella crosta, di 16 km di spessore; 3°) la crosta si sia solidificata da non più di ∼ 3.109 a: si conclude che la terra deve essere rimasta allo stato fluido per un tempo dell'ordine di 109 anni almeno.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 120-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The oscillation of the sight point picture in telescope and simultaneously the difference of the air temperatures between the hights of 0.5 and 2.5 meters have been observed every two hours through two clear days and nights. Hereby the following results have been obtained. Short after the sunrise the sight point picture is quite immovable. Soon after it beginns to vibrate, at first slightly and slowly (one time in second) and then more violently and quickly (five times in second). The vibration attains its maximum short after the noon, then it decreases and becomes zero not long before the sunset. From now till the sunrise the sight point picture is swaying very slowly (in periods of several minutes). The vibration is proportional to the 1.68-power of the sight length. It correlates the vertical temperature gradient, and the vibration is e. g. for the sight of 75 m:F 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, where ϱ means the temperature increase from 0.5 to 2.5 m (here negative). The swaying is proportional to the 2.05-power of the sight length. It correlates the gradient, and the swaying is e. g. for the sight of 125 m:S 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, where ϱ has the same meaning as above. Between the sight errorZ and the vibrationF a relation:Z=0.11+0.029F mm is to be seen. Thus the accuracy of the sighting is not very sensitive to the vibration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In zwei Beobachtungsserien von 24 Stunden ist jede zweite Stunde die Schwankung des Zielbildes beobachtet und gleichzeitig die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m gemessen worden. Aus diesen Beobachtungen gehen folgende Resultate hervor. Kurz nach Sonnenaufgang ist das Zielbild unbeweglich. Bald beginnt es zu flimmern, zuerst schwach und langsam (einmal in der Sek.) später stärker und schneller (5 mal in der Sek.). Das Flimmern erreicht sein Maximum etwas nach Mittag, vermindert sich dann und wird Null kurz vor Sonnenuntergang. Von hier an beginnt das Zielbild sehr langsam (in Perioden von Minuten) zu schweben. Der Betrag des Flimmerns ist proportional der 1.68-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 75 m beträgtF 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m bezeichnet. Der Betrag des Schwebens ist proportional der 2.05-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 125 m beträgtS 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die obenangegebene Bedeutung hat. Zwischen dem ZielungsfehlerZ und dem FlimmernF besteht die BeziehungZ=0.11++0.029F mm. Das Schweben wirkt sehr stark auf die Zielungsgenauigkeit ein, obgleich beim Vorkommen des Schwebens das Zielbild nach dem Augenmass unbeweglich erscheint.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 155-157 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El método del equilibrio de irradiación utilízase en 2 series de observaciones.
    Notes: Summary The method of the equilibrium of radiation is demonstrated on two observed series of observations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 148-154 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A comparative study of the geomagnetic bays at the Observatories of Cuajimalpa and Teoloyucan (Mexico) and Tortosa, shows: 1) that the grouping of the bays into a certain number of fundamental types, and that the tendency of their frequency maxima to recur in a cyclical order during the day, are general features of geomagnetic bays, at least for all middle geomagnetic latitudes; 2) that the relative importance of the different types and the hour of their maxima varies according to the geomagnetic latitude of the Observatory where the bays are recorded.
    Notes: Résumé En comparant les baies géomagnétiques enregistrées aux Observatoires de Cuajimalpa et Teoloyucan (Mexique) avec celles observées à Tortosa, on examine la validité générale de la classification des baies établie à l'Observatoire de l'Ebre et de la loi de succession des différents types le long du jour. L'on arrive aux conclusions suivantes: 1o La classification des baies géomagnétiques en un certain nombre de types fondamentaux, de même que la tendence à l'apparition de leurs maxima de fréquence dans un ordre cyclique pendant la journée, a un caractère général, tout au moins pour les latitudes géomagnétiques moyennes; 2o L'importance relative des différents types et l'heure d'apparition de leurs maxima varie d'un Observatoire à l'autre, d'après leur latitude géomagnétique.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 158-159 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the conservation equation of potential vorticity in the barotropic atmosphere $$\frac{d}{{dt}}\left( {\frac{{f + \zeta }}{{\Delta p}}} \right) = 0$$ holds good, even in the baroclinic atmosphere, if it is permissible to introduce the isentropic and mass-conservation approximations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 162-169 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während dem 13. und 14. Juni 1949 wurde in Nord-Amerika weitauseinanderliegende abnormaleE-Region Aktivität beobachtet bei oblique einfallenden Ionosphären-Beobachtungsstellen. Die Information wurde von einer kooperierenten Gruppe Radio-Amateuren erhalten. Auf diesem Wege war es möglich eine Schätzung der Breite und Bewegung des sporadischenE′s zu erhalten. DreiE S Wolken wurden festgestellt, jede deren einen Geschwindigkeitskomponenten vom Osten her besass. Die Geschwindigkeiten waren ungefähr SO 90 km/Stunde, NO 140 km/Stunde und SSO 190 km/Stunde (im meteorologischem Sinn, d. h. vom SO, NO, und SSO).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 170-174 
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    Notes: Summary Thirty years ago, when no easy and efficient process of sounding could reveal them the true depth of a glacier,C. Somigliana tried to help the glaciologist with a formula giving them the maximal thickness of any transverse section. Requisites were: breadth, maximal velocity, slope and coefficient of internal friction to be known. Commanding condition: no gliding of the ice on the glacier-bed. Numerous recent soundings of Swiss ice-streams did afford the opportunity of verifying the pertinency of the formula. Therefore the writer selected sixteen of the most reliable soundings and reckoned the values of the coefficient of viscosity μ. The results have been deceptive: if however the mean value of μ differs not much from 1014 CGS usually accepted (afterLagally), the divergencies are very great, extending from less than the half to almost the double (The same is been shown for the recent formulae ofHaefeli andKoechlin). Therefore no secure number can be derived for the required depth. The condition of no gliding is mostly not realized and the μ are therefore lessened. If however the real value of μ for the ice can ever be ascertained it will be possible to reckon the velocity of the up to now unmeasured gliding of the ice on the bed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 192-197 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observations, made in August 1950, on the distribution and the characteristic features of ice-cones on Lys-glacier, are described.
    Notes: Riassunto Si dà conto delle osservazioni compiute, durante l'agosto 1950 sul plateau del ghiacciaio del Lys, circa la distribuzione e le caratteristiche dei coni di ghiaccio.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 179-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A survey is given on various methods of measuring strength and hardness of snow. Besides older well known instruments newer ones are described. A suggestion is made for a rough hardness scale whos application does not require any particular instruments. Measurements taken in a snow profile with different instruments show a good agreement in the general course of hardness and strength. A more elaborate investigation on the subject will be published later.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Uebersicht wird gegeben über verschiedene Methoden der Härte- und Festigkeitsmessung an Schnee. Neben älteren, bekannten Instrumenten werden auch neuere beschrieben. Eine Anregung für eine rohe Härteskala wird gegeben, deren Anwendung keiner besonderer Hilfsmittel bedarf. Vergleichende Messungen an einem Schneeprofil zeigen, dass alle Methoden den groben Verlauf der Verbandsfestigkeit übereinstimmend wiedergeben. Ueber eine genauere Untersuchung wird später berichtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 209-214 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Numerous observations of the dip of the horizon which have been carried out at the Institute for Geophysics and Geodesy of the University of Genoa (55.334 m), are discussed by using the monthly means. Using simultaneous measurements of the temperatures of the air and of the sea water at the coast, the formula ofFreiesleben was applied. Furthermore it was possible to show that the empirical formula set up by the Japanese admiralty is quite in agreement with the observations of Genoa.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden anhand von Monatsmitteln die zahlreichen Beobachtungen der Kimmtiefe diskutiert, die am Geophysikalischen und Geodätischen Institut der Universität von Genua (55.334 m) gemacht worden sind. Unter Benützung von gleichzeitigen Messungen der Lufttemperatur und der Temperatur der Meeresoberfläche an der Küste, wurden die Formeln vonFreiesleben angewandt. Es zeigte sich auch, dass die von der japanischen Admiralität aufgestellte empirische Formel gut mit den Beobachtungen von Genua übereinstimmt.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono discussi i risultati, espressi con le medie mensili corrispondenti, delle numerose osservazioni dell'angolo di depressione dell'orizzonte marino eseguite all'Istituto Geofisico e Geodetico dell'Università di Genova (m 55.334), ricorrendo alla formola diFreiesleben e valorizzando le contemporanee misure della temperatura dell'aria e di quella superficiale del mare, eseguite sulla costa. Si dimostra inoltre che la formola empirica dell'Ammiragliato Giapponese fornisce un buon accordo con le osservazioni di Genova.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 84-88 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author describes a new highly sensitive recording instrument for the measurement of the atmospheric electric field, which enables a separated registration of the plus and minus fields. Furthermore the author presents some registrations of the atmospheric electric field obtained in the most various conditions at the Institute for terrestrial physics of the University of Naples.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene fatta la descrizione di un nuovo sensibile apparecchio registratore per la misura del campo elettrico atmosferico che offre la possibilità di una registrazione differenziata dei campi positivi e negativi. Vengono presentate inoltre alcune registrazioni di campo elettrico atmosferico nelle più varie condizioni, ottenute col discritto apparecchio nell'Istituto di Fisica Terrestre dell'Università di Napoli.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 97-107 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We confirm with a new septennium of observations the value that has been already other times determined by the author of the critical temperature of ≪antèsi≫ for the ≪Taxus baccata≫ and with a period of twenty years of observations we determine the value of the analogous biologic element for the ≪Punica granatum≫.
    Notes: Riassunto Si conferma, con un nuovo settennio di osservazioni, il valore già altre volte determinato dall'A. dellatemperatura critica di antèsi per ilTaxus baccata. E con un ventennio di osservazioni si determina il valore dell'analogo elemento biologico per ilPunica granatum.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 129-132 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 108-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En utilisant les observations de 50 ans, faites par 4 stations météorologiques au sud des Alpes, on a étudié: le nombre de jours avec gel; le début et la fin du gel, la durée de la période avec danger de gel et la durée de la période sans danger de gel, le nombre des jours de gelée, le minimum absolu de la température pour les mois avec gel, les sommes mensuelles et annuelles des degrés de froid. Pour deux stations on a aussi déterminé la longueur des périodes avec gel et la fréquence des valeurs de la température minimale. La comparaison avec deux stations au nord des Alpes met en évidence les conditions particulières du sud des Alpes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Hand fünfzigjähriger Beobachtungen von vier meteorologischen Stationen südlich der Alpen wurde folgendes untersucht: Anzahl der Frosttage, Beginn und Ende des Frostes, Dauer der Frostgefahr, bezw. der frostfreien Zeit, Anzahl der Eistage, absolute Minima der Temperaturen in den Frostmonaten, Monats-und Jahressummen der Kältegrade. An zwei Stationen wurden auch die Länge der Frostperioden und die Häufigkeit bestimmter Minimaltemperaturen ermittelt. Ein Vergleich mit zwei Stationen am Alpennordfuss lässt die besonderen Verhältnisse südlich der Alpen klar hervortreten.
    Notes: Summary On the strength of observations covering 50 years, carried out by four meteorological stations on the South side of the Alps, the following points were investigated: Number of days of frost, beginning and end of the frost, duration of the danger of frost or of the time free of frost, number of the days of ice, absolute minimums of temperatures in the month of frost, monthly and yearly sums of the degrees of cold. Two stations also ascertained the duration of the periods of frost and the frequency of determined minimum temperatures. A comparison with two stations on the North base of the Alps clearly shows up the special condition prevailing South of the Alps.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 147-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'objet principal de l'article se rapporte à des propositions de l'auteur ayant le but de modifier le bienconnu appareil à fil (FP), construit parBessel en 1826 à Königsberg. Les propositions tendent à l'introduction de méthodes et de matériaux physiques modernes. La méthode est probablement la seule comparable en exactitude aux pendules de reversion (RP). En outre la méthode de la “chute libre” (FF) a été discutée relativement aux erreurs moyennes expectables, au but de la comparaison avec les deux autres. La méthode FF est trouvée incapable à contrôler les mesures RP.
    Notes: Summary The chief object treated here relates to the proposals of the author, to modify the wellknown thread-pendulum apparatus (FP), constructed byBessel 1826 at Königsberg, aiming at the introduction of modern physical methods and materials. This method seems to be the single one comparable in exactitude with reversion pendulum (RP). Further more the “free fall” method (FF) has been shortly discussed with regard to the expectable mean errors, for purpose of comparison with the two others. The FF-method seems not to be able to control the RP-measurements.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 171-173 
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    Notes: Summary The movements of whirlwinds are discussed along the line of the phugoid theory, and it is concluded that the path of whirlwinds has the shape of a trochoid.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 71-85 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In climatic therapeutics sea climate ist most important besides the high altitude climate. This is primarily caused by the specific qualities of the maritime nucleus aerosol. Practically for climate treatment only a small transition zone of a few kilometers between the open ocean and the continent is usefull. It comprimes besides the islands only a stripe of nearly 5 km of the coast. This is the zone of the ≪Isle- and Coast-Climate≫. Within this zone the qualities of the climate are changing very much. Therefore it does not care, where one builts hospitals. Especially the temperatures and the qualities of the aerosol are changing to very different values along the beach from the waterline to the dunes (about 300 m). To the treatment are suitable primarily kinds of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (tuberculosis of bones, joints and glands), and certain kinds of pulmonary tuberculosis of adults and allergic and constitutional eczema. Beyond it the ≪Isle- and Coast-Climate≫ is most important for recreation and strengthening. The effect is always caused by ≪tuning anew≫ the organism. Organ defects and special infections are a contraindication, they must be repaired before beginning a climate cure. Not the illness is subdued, but in the ill organism forces are alarmed, which let him win the victory over the sickness. Therefore it is important to know the types of reaction of men, which are supposed to have a tuning anew of the organism by the Isle- and Coast-Climate. Only these types of men are fit for a climate cure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Klimatherapie kommt neben dem Höhenklima dem Meeresklima eine besondere Bedeutung zu, die wesentlich in den spezifischen Eigenschaften des maritimen Kernaerosols begründet liegt. Praktisch kommt für die Klimakuren nur eine wenige Kilometer breite Uebergangszone vom offenen Meer zum Festland in Frage, die neben den vorgelagerten Inseln lediglich einen kaum 5 km breiten Küstenstreifen umfasst. Das ist die Zone des ≪Insel- und Küstenklimas≫. Innerhalb dieser Zone ändern sich die Klimaeigenschaften sehr stark, so dass es nicht gleichgültig ist, wo man Heilstätten baut. Insbesondere nehmen die Temperaturverhältnisse und die Aerosoleigenschaften längs der von der Wasserlinie bis zu den Dünen reichenden Strandzone auf einer Strecke von etwa 300 m ganz andere Werte an. Für die Therapie kommen vor allem Formen der extrapulmonalen Tuberkulose (Knochen-, Gelenk- und Drüsentuberkulose), dann auch bestimmte Formen der Lungentuberkulose Erwachsener und allergische und konstitutionelle Ekzeme in Frage. Darüber hinaus hat das Insel-und Küstenklima besondere Bedeutung für die Erholung und für die Kräftigung. Die Wirkung läuft immer auf eine Umstimmung des Organismus hinaus. Organdeffekte und Herdinfektionen stellen eine Kontraindikation dar, sie müssen vor einer Klimakur saniert werden. Nicht die Krankheit wird angegangen, sondern es werden im kranken Organismus Kräfte geweckt, die ihn mit der Krankheit fertig werden lassen. Deshalb ist es von Bedeutung, die Reaktionstypen zu kennen, bei denen das Insel- und Küstenklima eine Umstimmung des Organismus hervorrufen kann. Nur solche Typen sind für eine Klimakur geeignet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 127-130 
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    Notes: Summary The A. describes the meteorological service of the Italian merchant ship organised after 1-1-1950 by the Istituto Idrografico di Genova, according to the resolutions of the Meteorological Conference, Washington 1947. The actual effort to overcome the difficulty of some observations at sea is emphasised.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 110-126 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It seems that there is no absolute «critical wind speed» for air-sea boundary processes. From our observations it may, however, be referred that there are relative values of the «critical wind speed» which seem to depend on the fetch. These relative values of the «critical wind speed» are characterized by the following marks: The sea surface pattern is changed (smooth-rough);, the boundary layer in water turns from laminar to turbulent flow; the gravity waves break; the resistance coefficient of the sea surface has a minimum.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eineabsolute «kritische Windgeschwindigkeit» für Prozesse an der Grenzfläche Wasser-Luft scheint nicht zu existieren. Unsere Beobachtungen liefern jedoch Anzeichen für das Vorhandenseinrelativer «kritischer Windgeschwindigkeiten, die vom Ueberströmungsweg, bzw. von der Wellenlaufstrecke abzuhängen scheinen. Diese relativen «kritischen Windgeschwindigkeiten» sind durch folgende-Merkmale gekennzeichnet: Aenderung der Struktur der Meeresoberfläche (glatt-rauh); Umschlag der laminaren Wassergrenzschicht zur Turbulenz; Ueberbrechen der Schwerewellen; Minimum des Widerstandskoeffizienten der Meeresoberfläche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 131-132 
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    Notes: Summary The A. points out that the confirmation of the theory ofNeumann's significative waves, which differ from those ofSverdrup andMunk, would require observations of an accuracy not yet available. The existence of these waves would not change, anyhow,Sverdrup andMunk's conclusions out of the wind area.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 142-146 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of photocells and Schott's glass-filters the intensity of the reflected radiations from a surface of the sea have been determined for every sun-height between 10o and 80o. For the incident angles less than 60o, the effective reflection resulted 2–3 times greater than the theoretic reflection, for greater angles it resulted remarkably inferior. The greatest differences between the determined and the theoretic values have been found for the blue and violet radiations.
    Notes: Riassunto Mediante cellula fotoelettrica e vetri-filtri selezionatori si determinarono le intensità delle radiazioni riflesse da una superficie acquea in condizioni naturali per ogni altezza solare fra 10o e 80o. Per angoli d'incidenza minori di 60o circa la riflessione effettiva risultò 2–3 volte maggiore di quella teorica, per angoli più grandi risultò notevolmente minore. Massimi scostamenti dai valori teorici si ebbero per le radiazioni azzurre e violette.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 159-168 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the recording of sea-wave motion is described and explained. It consists in having the vertical movement of the sea surface transformed into compression or expansion of a volume of air enclosed in a tube which is carrying on its upper part a sensitive membrane. This self-recording instrument, set up at Prà (Genoa) by the ≪Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova≫ is functioning since several months already without giving rise to objections. Some first results obtained up now are also examided, from which it appears the importance of the passage of cold fronts.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neues Verfahren für die Registrierung der Meereswellenbewegung beschrieben und erläutert. Es besteht darin, dass der vertikale Gang der Meeresoberfläche umgewandelt wird in Kompression oder Expansion einer in einem Rohre befindlichen Luftmasse, welche am oberen Teil von einer empfindlichen Membran geschlossen ist. Dieser Gerät, vom ≪Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova≫ in Prà (Genua) aufgestellt, arbeitet bereits seit einigen Monaten einwandfrei. Einige vorläufige Ergebnisse werden dann erläutert, wofür auf die Bedeutung des Durchganges von Kaltfronten hingewiesen wird.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene descritto ed illustrato un nuovo procedimento di registrazione del moto ondoso marino, il quale consiste sostanzialmente nel trasformare l'escursione verticale che subisce la superficie del mare nella compressione o dilatazione di una massa d'aria sovrastante racchiusa in un tubo verticale munito superiormente di opportuna membrana sensibile. Un tale apparecchio, installato a Prà (Genova) dal-l'Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova, funziona con successo da alcuni mesi. Segue un esame dei primi risultati ivi conseguiti, dal quale appare l'importanza del passaggio dei fronti freddi sul moto ondoso del mare.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 135-140 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Unpublished observations allow the etablishment of a new cross section of the thunderstorm frequency in the western Alps of Switzerland. The number of thunderstorm days is much more frequent than has yet been admitted, diminishing from the outer towards the inner region of the alpine massive as far as the extreme southern chain. Some statistics record the diurnal and annual variations of the activity of thunderstorms in Valais.
    Notes: Résumé Des observations inédites permettent d'établir un nouveau profil des fréquences orageuses dans les Alpes occidentales de la Suisse. Le nombre de jours d'orage, notablement plus élevé qu'on ne l'admettait jusqu'ici, décroit de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur du massif alpin et jusque dans sa chaine la plus méridionale. Quelques données numériques documentent la variation diurne et annuelle de l'activité orageuse en Valais.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 141-202 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The first part of the paper is devoted to the theory of the partial differential equation which is the mathematical foundation of the computer, as well as to the deduction of its general solution. The basic equations of our hydrodynamical theory of perturbations are first of all derived and then associated with the equations of motion and continuity, thus giving the fundamental system of the equations of the atmospheric perturbations. A new form of the kinematical condition on the sea level surface is then derived and applied to give the final equation of the pressure variations. This equation, with its advective and development terms, has two horizontal vectorial coefficients: the one is an advection vector defined as the geostrophic velocity associated with the field of the mean temperature (for a period such that the time variations of the corresponding mean are negligible compared with the variations of the observed temperature); the other coefficient is an horizontal vector having the dimensions of a length, varying as cotg ϕ, directed towards north, its streamlines being the geographical meridians. The same partial differential equation can also be deduced by a pure analytical method based on some properties of the Fourier transform of the pressure perturbation. This method also shows that other functions than pressure (temperature, wind, for instance) fulfill the same basic equation on any level surface of gravity. The solution of this equation can be written both in the analytical and in the general non analytical cases, and the second part of the paper shows that the mathematical operations appearing in its expression (advection operation by an horizontal vector field, weighted meridional intergration and its inverse) can be rapidly and simultaneously performed by electronic means, thus leading to the construction of an analogue computer for the short and extended range mathematical weather forecasting.
    Notes: Résumé On montre d'abord que la théorie des perturbations, due à l'un de nous, conduit à une équation aux dérivées partielles pour les variations de pression au niveau de la mer. Cette même équation peut aussi être déduite par une méthode purement analytique en se basant sur quelques propriétés générales de l'intégrale de Fourier de la perturbation de pression. La méthode utilisée montre d'ailleurs que d'autres fonctions (température, vent, etc.) satisfont aussi à l'équation dont il s'agit. Cette équation de base peut être résolue dans le cas analytique et dans le cas général non analytique et les opérations mathématiques que comporte la solution (opération d'advection par un champ vectoriel horizontal, opération d'intégration pondérée suivant les méridients et son inverse) peuvent être effectuées rapidement et simultanément par l'électronique, ce qui nous a conduit à la construction d'un calculateur analogique approprié à la prévision mathématique du temps à courte et assez longue échéance.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 1-9 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new relativistical theory of a time-variable Universe is proposed, founded on the hypothesis of a constant total mass. Results are deduced in better agreement whith astronomical data than byA. Friedmann theory founded on the hypothesis of vanishing electromagnetical pressure.
    Notes: Riassunto L'ipotesi di costanza della massa totale dell'Universo, sostituita a quella diA. Friedmann di pressione elettromagnetica nulla, conduce a una densità materiale ed a una età dell'Universo più conformi ai risultati astronomici.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 10-15 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Fermat's principle states that a given ray of waves follows a particular path so that it travels from a given point to a second point in a minimum amount of time. In geometrical optics the basic laws of refraction and reflexion are a consequence of this principle. In homogeneous media the raypaths are straight lines. In inhomogeneous media (as it is the case in seismic prospecting) the raypaths are curved lines. The solutions of these problems take place with integral calculus (variational calculus). — Also in astronomy exist similar problems like in seismic prospecting. The path which a lightray follows in “concave world” leads likewise to a problem of variational calculus. — In the case of a linear increasing in velocity with the depth of waves, the raypaths are circles. — If velocity increases linear with the distance from a centre the raypaths are spirals. — In “concave world” the velocity is proportional to the square of the distance from a centrepoint and not linear, as an other author supposed it. That follows out of the circular raypaths. — It is stated that in case of the circular paths of lightrays in “concave world” the centre is an uncertainty. Here are no definit paths of lightrays. This deficiency can be eliminated by absuming a sphere around the centre on the surface of which the raypaths end. The equation for this case is determinated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Lichtstrahlengang der Hohlwelt führt auf bekannte seismische Probleme, die Mittels der Variationsrechnung gelöst werden. Die Wellengeschwindigkeit im Hohlweltmodell ist bei kreisförmigen Lichtwegen nicht linear, wie bisher irrtümlich angenommen wurde, sondern quadratisch von der Entfernung vom Zentrum abhängig. Die Formel der Hohlweltoptik, welche die Singularität im Weltzentrum vermeidet, wird aufgestellt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 67-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Among the manifold possibilities of realization of Matranslog, the Author develops that which enables to come to a Matranslog of highest effectiveness. Indeed, the Eltrans-functions, that the Author reckons, result to be of type having a time cours from zero to an absolute maximum (with «surtension»), up to asymptotic values of regime. This type of Trans-diagraphy is the most complete one that can be reached. The analyses of such diagraphies present the highest resolutive power of the Geomatrans-parameters, measurable in well holes.
    Abstract: Résumé Entre les différentes possibilités de réalisation de «Matranslog» (toujours à plus grand pouvoir résolutif des caractéristiques geoélectriques que non les anciens méthodes à régime), l'Auteur décrit un Matranslog à plus grand rendement, pour les interprétations des diagraphies trans. Les fonctions trans, en effect, résultent du type plus complet, avec une démarche de zero à un maximum absolu (surtension) jusqu'aux valeurs asymptotiques de régime.
    Notes: Riassunto Tra le diverse possibilità di realizzazione di Matranslog (costantemente a maggior potere risolutive delle caratteristiche geoelettriche nei fori di sonda che non i procedimenti a «regime»), l'A. illustra quello a massimo rendimento, agli effetti interpretativi delle diagrafie transitorie. Le funzioni trans infatti risultano del tipo più completo, con decorso da zero ad un massimo assoluto (a «sovratensione») fino a valori asintotici di regime.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 97-111 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By evaluating the hourly measurements of the precipitations of 1500 stations in the USA, the forms of extension and the time variations of intensity of the precipitations of 32 North American cyclones during the years 1949 and 1950 are examined. It results that on an average the precipitation areas of these cyclones have their larger surface and yield to the left of the way of the centres. A closed spur of the precipitation area is led around to the left of the low pressure. The fronts and their precipitations have no direct connection to the real precipitation area of the cyclones. The structure of the cyclone part left to the way of the centre is discussed, and for the explanation considerable upslide phenomenons are requested for the air masses in this part. By theoretic consideration and the proof of probability of other elevation moments in this part of the cyclones this conception is supported. The precipitation intensity gets, when the cyclone core passes, strong variations with characteristics partly showing a pronounced tendency of persistence. For the explanation of these results the existence of wave trains within the boundary surface of the air masses is considered to be probable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Auswertung der stündlichen Niederschlagsmessungen von 1500 Stationen in den USA werden die Ausbreitungsformen und die zeitlichen Intensitätsvariationen der Niederschläge von 32 nordamerikanischen Zyklonen während der Jahre 1949 und 1950 untersucht. Es ergibt sich, daß im Durchschnitt die Niederschlagsgebiete dieser Zyklonen ihre größere Fläche und Ergiebigkeit links von der Zugbahn des Zentrums haben. Ein geschlossener Ausläufer des Niederschlagsgebietes wird auf der linken Seite des Tiefs herumgeführt. Die Fronten und ihre Niederschläge haben keinen verbindlichen Zusammenhang mit dem eigentlichen Niederschlagsgebiet der Zyklone. Es wird der Aufbau des Zyklonenteils links von der Zugbahn des Zentrums diskutiert und zur Deutung werden für die Luftmassen in diesem Teil erhebliche Aufgleitvorgänge gefordert. Durch theoretische Betrachtungen und den Nachweis der Wahrscheinlichkeit anderer Hebungsursachen in diesem Teil der Zyklone wird diese Vorstellung unterstützt. Die Niederschlagsintensität erfährt bei Durchzug des Zyklonenkerns starke Variationen mit charakteristischen Merkmalen, die zum Teil ausgeprägte Erhaltungstendenz zeigen. Zur Deutung dieser Ergebnisse wird die Existenz von Wellenzügen innerhalb der Grenzfläche als wahrscheinlich angesehen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 273-284 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Maps of hourly precipitation were drawn for two hurricanes of North-America. The development of precipitation areas can be shown in the course of the development of the hurricane. The precipitation area is rather circular only in the beginning. It changes very quickly: The rain area ends suddenly on the rear; moreover it is not large on the left side of the path. But there is extended precipitation ahead and on the right side. In the last stage the precipitation area leaves the center of the hurricane. A dynamical explanation is tried; influences of different air masses are rejected; influences of the surface of the earth are supposed to be very small. Convergences which may lead to the formation of clouds or to precipitation are formed on the one hand by deviation from geostrophic wind with the deepening of the vortex and because of the falling of pressure in front of the hurricane, on the other hand by convergences of flow in the area of entrance («Einzugsgebiet»). Divergences are formed in filling up and in the rising of pressure behind the moving center and in the delta of the isobars. The changing of precipitation areas may be explained by superposition of these facts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für zwei nordamerikanische Hurrikane wurden aufeinanderfolgende Karten der stündlichen Niederschlagsmengen gezeichnet. Sie lassen eine Beurteilung der Entwicklung der Niederschlagsgebiete im Laufe der Entwicklung des Hurrikans zu. Nur anfangs ist das Niederschlagsgebiet annähernd kreisförmig. Sehr rasch deformiert es in der Art, daß auf der Rückseite das Regengebiet sehr rasch abbricht und auch links von der Zugrichtung keine sehr große Ausdehnung hat. Dagegen ist der Niederschlag sehr ausgedehnt nach vorn und nach rechts in der Zugrichtung gesehen. Im letzten Stadium löst sich der Niederschlag sogar vom Kern des Hurrikans ab. Eine Erklärung für diese Entwicklung wird dynamisch versucht, Einflüsse von Luftmassengegensätzen werden abgelehnt, solche des Untergrundes gering eingeschätzt. Konvergenzen, die zur Wolken-und Niederschlagsbildung führen können, entstehen einmal durch Abweichungen vom Gradientwind bei der Vertiefung des Wirbels und infolge des raschen Druckfalles vor dem wandernden Wirbelsturm, zum anderen als Strömungskonvergenzen im Einzugsgebiet. Divergenzen entstehen beim Auffüllen, ferner beim Druckanstieg hinter dem wandernden Kern und im Delta der Isobaren. Durch Ueberlagerung dieser Vorgänge lassen sich prinzipiell die Aenderungen des Niederschlagsgebietes erklären.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 11-21 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper a new direct method for calculating the wave velocityc(z) from the recorded travel-time-curves is developed. Further a comparison of the well-known average ofc(z) is made with the exact average. Finally a concrete example is given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 57-70 
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    Notes: Summary Some results are given of the thermo-magnetic behaviour of typical dolerites. It includes some work on the stability of their thermo-remanent magnetism and their variation in susceptibility, with temperature up to the Curie point, which was, also, determined for a number of samples.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 167-167 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 155-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit beschreibt einen neuartigen Instrumentensatz für Messungen von Strahlung verschiedener Art. Der komplete Satz ist zum leicht beweglichen Betrieb bestimmt und besteht aus drei Einheiten, nämlich (A) Photozelle und optischer Teil, (B) Verstärker, und (C) Galvanometer. Nach einer eingehenden Einführung zu den vorliegenden Problemen ist jede Einheit in einzelheiten beschrieben, und entsprechende Abbildungen sind ebenfalls beigefügt. Ein weiterer Abschnitt der Arbeit behandelt Halbstandardgeräte, die für das beschriebene und ähnliche Instrumente Verwendung finden können, um kontrollierbare Messungen zu jeder Zeit zu erhalten. Abschließend werden mehrere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten erwähnt.
    Notes: Summary The paper describes a new instrument combination for the measurement of various kinds of radiation. The complete set-up is for mobile use and consists of three units, namely: (A) Phototube and Optical part, (B) Amplifier, and (C) Galvanometer. After a comprehensive introduction to the problems involved, each unit is described in detail and appropriate figures are also included. Another section of the paper covers semi-standard adaptors, useful for this instrument and similar ones, in order to allow controllable readings at all times. Finally, various applications are mentioned.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 168-177 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The continuous recording during a year of condensation nuclei with the automatic counter ofVerzár at Payerne, situated in a typical agricultural country, shows the following results: 1) The number of nuclei reaches a first maximum in April and a second in October. 2) The diurnal variation of nuclei shows two high peaks at sunrise and at sunset. 3) Typical changes in nuclear content with airmass are founded but these relations depends highly from season.
    Abstract: Résumé La mesure des noyaux de condensation à Payerne pendant l'année 1953 avec le compteur automatique et enregistreur deF. Verzár a donné les résultats suivants: 1) Le nombre des noyaux de condensation est beaucoup plus grand pour les mois d'avril à octobre que pour le reste de l'année. Ceci est en contradiction avec les mesures faites à ce jour dans les villes. 2) Le nombre des noyaux de condensation subit un rythme journalier très prononcé avec des maxima après le lever et le coucher du soleil. 3) Le nombre des noyaux pour une masse d'air distincte varie avec la saison.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kondensationskernzählung in Payerne mit dem automatisch registrierenden Kernzähler vonF. Verzár ergab folgende Resultate: 1) Im Jahresverlauf weisen die Monate April bis Oktober bedeutend grössere Kernzahlen auf als die restlichen Monate, dies im Gegensatz zu städtischen Messungen. 2) Es besteht ein ausgesprochen deutlicher Tagesgang der Kernzahl mit Maxima nach Sonnenaufund Untergang. 3) Die Kernzahl der Luftmassen ist von der Jahreszeit abhängig.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 212-217 
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    Notes: Summary Temperature records of a long period (1858–1952) for Athens, in the form of overlapping 30-year intervals, are analyzed with a view to be investigated temperature trends. While the winter temperature has been rising almost continously during the period under consideration, the increase of summer temperature — to which the annual temperature and the annual temperature range as well are rather similar — has occured altogether during the second half of the record. During the first half the summer and annual temperatures and the annual range were all decreasing. The oceanicity increased during the first half and decreased during the second. The total change has been a rise of 0.90 deg. in winter temperature, a fall of 0.7 followed by a rise of 1.00 deg. in summer temperature, and a fall of 0.3 then a rise of 0.70 deg. in annual temperature. The rapid increase of population and also variations in solar activity seem to have partly influenced the Athens temperature trends.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 234-235 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 139-146 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La Lune artificielle, comme projet d'une science sérieuse moderne, présente, quand même préalablement sans réalité, un grand nombre de problèmes théoriques intéressantes. Avant tout la figure elle même de sa route dans le champs variant de la gravité et de la force centrifuge, de plus l'observation par angles et distances relatives à la terre et au ciel, et les reconclusions à la figure de la terre et au mouvement de la Lune naturelle. Cette dernière se trouvant perpétuellement dans une position de distance trop grande, la première peut aider sans doute la solution de problèmes différents de géodésie et astronomie.
    Notes: Summary The artificial moon, projected from serious scientists, presents, whenever previously without reality, a field of interesting theoretical problems. At first the figure of movement of the body itself within the varying gravity field, further more its observation by angles and distances relative to earth's body and to sky and the possible reconclusions to earth's figure and to natural moons movement. The latter beeing in a too far distance from the earth, the former surely will help to solve different problems of geodesy and astronomy.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 166-170 
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    Notes: Summary The study deals with expansion waves in fluids, with particular reference to hydrodynamic earthquake effects. The current assumption of steady harmonic motion is compared with the assumption that the motion is discontinuous in the sense that it starts from the initial condition of rest. A numerical example shows that the impulsive start may have a considerable influence on the dynamic water pressure.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 189-194 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A waterdrop, falling from an earthed injection-needle within an earthed screening-cage is influenced by the electric space charge of the surrounding air. The drop therefore leaves the point with a true electric charge proportional to the spacecharge of the air. A method for measuring electric charge on waterdrops is described. Recording of the space-charge is rendered possible as sensitive as about ± 10 electronic charges/cm3. Volta potentials cause a zero-uncertainty of ± 25 electronic-charges/cm3. Three measures can be reached in a second.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Wassertropfen an einer geerdeten Tropfspitze im Innern eines geerdeten Drahtkäfigs wird von der elektrischen Raumladung der ihn umgebenden Luft influenziert. Der Tropfen löst sich daher mit einer wahren Eigenladung ab, die der Raumladungsdichte der Luft proportional ist. Eine Methode zur Messung der elektrischen Ladung auf Wassertropfen wird beschrieben. Die Anordnung gestattet eine fortlaufende Registrierung der Raumladung mit einer Empfindlichkeit bis etwa 10 Elementarladungen/ccm. Volta-Effekte bedingen eine Nullpunktsunsicherheit von ± 25 Elementarladungen/ccm. Die zeitliche Auflösung beträgt etwa 0.3 sec.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 251-254 
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    Notes: Summary The equation of motion of wind vane in a wind fluctuating both in direction and speed is integrated by the graphical method of isocline and isocurvature. Two examples are given, one for the wind fluctuating only in speed and the other for the wind fluctuating both in direction and speed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 255-261 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two examples of retrograde displacement of depressions in the Mediterranean are being examined, explaining their causes. For one of them the energetic elements are calculated showing how the ratioK/P between the kinetic and the potential energy of the depression constitutes an index of its capacity to continue the motion along the preceding course.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei Fälle rückläufiger Bewegungen, von Mittelmeerdepressionen untersucht und die Ursachen derselben erläutert. Für einen dieser Fälle werden die Grössen der Energie berechnet: und es wird gezeigt, dass das VerhältnisK/P zwischen kinetischer und potentieller Energie massgebend ist für die Fähigkeit der Depression, ihre Bewegung in der ursprünglichen Richtung fortzusetzen.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono esaminati due esempi di spostamento retrogrado di depressioni nel Mediterraneo, illustrandone le cause. Per uno di essi si calcolano gli elementi energetici, dimostrando come il rapportoK/P fra l'energia cinetica e quella potenziale della depressione costituisca un indice della sua capacità di proseguire il moto lungo la rotta precedente.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 1-5 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on the recordings of the free oscillations of a seismometer, an approximate method is developed for calculating the non-linear terms of the corresponding indicator equation. An equivalent linear indicator equation is calculated with the results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 60-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author reports synthetically the results of an investigation concerning the characteristics of ionospheric storms at Buenos Aires. In winter, the positive phase of the storms in the F2 region appears considerably large, and a close negative correlation is observed between the foF2 and the horizontal component of the terrestrial magnetic field.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. espone in forma sintetica i risultati di uno studio sulle caratteristiche delle perturbazioni ionosferiche in Buenos Aires. Durante i mesi invernali la fase positiva delle perturbazioni nella regione F2 appare notevolmente ampia e si nota una stretta correlazione negativa fra la foF2 e la componente orizzontale del campomagnetico terrestre.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 36-42 
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    Notes: Summary The present paper is a continuation of a previous study by the author(1), dealing with expansion waves in fluids. Relating to hydro-dynamic effects due to harmonic vibrations, with special reference to earthquakes, it contains solutions for some rigid-walled vessels of geometrically determined shape. A salient feature of the problem is that the motion is assumed discontinuous in the sense that it starts from the initial condition of rest.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 65-68 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author reports the results of ionospheric observations made at Deception (Antarctics, 63.0°S; 60.7°W); during summer, the foF2 has a minimum about noon and a maximum at nearly 2300 (60°W M.T.).—It was seen that in summer the foF2 shows at midnight a gradual and considerable increase with the southern latitude, abouth the 60° meridian.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. riferisce i risultati di osservazioni ionosferiche eseguite nell'isola di Decepción (63° S, 60.7° W): nei mesi estivi la frequenza critica della regione F2 presenta un minimo attorno al mezzodì e un massimo verso le 23 h . Si è rilevato che detta frequenza critica, a mezzanotte, d'estate, presenta un progressivo e notevole aumento procedendo verso il polo Sud, lungo il meridiano di 60° W.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 124-129 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le 5 mai 1950 un halo solaire remarquable a attiré l'attention d'une grande partie des habitants de l'Ile de Cuba. Les photographies en couleurs prises par l'auteur démontre qu'il s'agit d'un halo circulaire de 22 degrés circonscrit par un ovale osculateur en deux points, calculé, avec d'autres, parA. Wegener. L'auteur, au moyen de plusieurs dessins, donne une explication détaillée de l'origine de ce phénomène, qui est du à la grande hauteur du soleil (65°) et à la prédominance horizontale des cristaux de glace allongés constituant le cirrus.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Am 5. Mai 1950 beobachteten viele Bewohner der Insel Kuba einen auffälligen Sonnenhalo. Die vom Verfasser aufgenommenen Farbphotographien zeigen, dass es sich um einen Kreishalo von 22 Grad handelte, der von einem in zwei Punkten berührenden Oval umschrieben war, so wie dies vonA. Wegener und andern Autoren bereits eingehend beschrieben und auch berechnet wurde. Mit Hilfe mehrerer Zeichnungen gibt der Autor eine eingehende Erklärung der Ursache dieser Erscheinung, die auf dem hohen Sonnenstand (65°) und auf der Vorherrschaft länglicher, horizontal orientierter Eisflimmerchen der Zirrenwolke beruht.
    Notes: Summary On May 5th 1950 a conspicuous solar halo attracted the interest of many of the inhabitants of the Isle of Cuba. The colour photographs taken by the author prove that it was a circular halo of 22 degrees, circumscribed by a doubly osculating oval, as theoretically studied byA. Wegener and others. By means of several drawings, the author gives a detailed explanation of the origin of this phenomenon, due to the high elevation of the sun (65°) and the prevalence of elongated horizontal ice crystals which constitute the cirrus.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 151-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Answer to the apprehensions of Dr.Schüepp regarding the errors of the executed measurements of the sun's radiation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 153-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude concerne la température de la surface des mers de la Grèce. La distribution générale de cet élément pour les mois de Février, Mai, Août et November est donnée et les facteurs qui contrôlent la température de la mer sont examinés. De plus la variabilité mensuelle de la température de la surface de la mer ainsi que la différence qui existe entre la température de la surface de la mer et la température de l'air dans trois différentes régions des mers Grecques.
    Notes: Summary This study deals with the surface temperature of Greek seas. The general distribution of this element for the months February, May, August and November is given and the factors controlling the sea-surface temperature are examined. In addition the annual variation and the monthly variability of the sea surface temperature are studied, as well as the difference between the sea-surface and air temperature in three different regions of Greek waters.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 223-231 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 236-238 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After recollecting a study published a year ago by himself about the possibility of constructing aMatranslog (electromagnetic measures of transients in boreholes), Author develops the relative theory, considering an e. m. generator of limited dimensions. Bothmatrans dipole andmatrans bipole offer similar time behaviour. Writer shows the properties of the pulse characteristics of theMatranslog for homogeneous grounds. He hints to the equivalent frequency characteristics deducted by means of an adequatePhaselog.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A., dopo ricordato un suo studio pubblicato un anno addietro circa la possibilità di realizzazione di unMatranslog (misure transitorie e. m.-elettromagnetiche nei fori sonda), sviluppa la teoria considerando un emittore e. m. di dimensioni finite. Sia il dipolomatrans che il bipolomatrans presentano analoghi comportamenti temporali. L'A. mostra le proprietà delle caratteristiche impulsive delMatranslog per suoli uniformi. Accenna quindi alle equivalenti caratteristiche di frequenza coll'ideazione d'un adeguatoPhaselog.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The principles of theH-balance for magnetic deep-sea measurements are mentioned, and the qualities of the balance are discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A description is given for two patterns of a mechanically indicating anemograph for slight winds combined with a thermo-hygrograph. To measure the velocity of wind pressure plates are employed: the first pattern according to the principle ofWild, at the second one plates turning round vertical axes. A method is proposed to record all elements rectilinear on the drum of a self-recording instrument.
    Abstract: Résumé Deux modèles d'anémomètre indiquant les vents faibles, combinées avec un thermo-hygromètre enregistreur, sont décrites. Comme indicateur de la vitesse du vent, des plaques à pression sont employées: dans la première forme selon le principe deWild, tandis que dans la seconde forme les plaques tournent autour des axes verticals. Une construction est proposée pour deplacer les styles en ligne droite sur le cylindre enregistreur au but de représenter plusieurs éléments en même temps.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei Formen eines mechanischen Windschreibers für schwache Winde in Kombination mit Thermohygrographen beschrieben. Als Messorgane für die Geschwindigkeit sind Druckplatten verwendet: in der ersten Form nach demWild'schen Prinzip, in der zweiten als Schwenkplatten um senkrechte Achsen. Für die Registrierung mehrerer Elemente auf einer Schreibtrommel wird eine geeignete Geradführung der Schreibstifte vorgeschlagen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 114-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theory of Part I is extended to take account of vertical motion and frictional drag. Surface friction is found not to affect appreciably the propagation speed of troughs and wedges. It is found, further, that the speed of a disturbance at the surface is not appreciably affected by the pattern of vertical motion. However, if the upper part of the perturbation moves at the same speed as the surface wave, a certain pattern of vertical motion is necessary, depending on the morphology of the perturbation, and of the mean flow.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 123-129 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Complying with the proposals of the Committee on Mean Sea Level of the International Association of Physical Oceanography, they were calculated, by the least square method; the values of the secular variation and of the standard deviation of the mean sea levels of eleven Italian stations. The mean value of the variation for the Italian seas corresponds to an encrease of 16 cm/100 years of the sea level; that of the whole seas of the Earth is of 11 cm/100 years. The highest value for the Italian seas it is due to a contemporaneous sinking of Neaple and Venice coasts.
    Notes: Riassunto Aderendo alle proposte del Comitato del Livello Medio Marino della Associazione Internazionale di Oceanografia Fisica, sono stati calcolati, col metodo dei minimi quadrati, i valori dellavariazione secolare e dellavariazione standard dei livelli medi marini relativi ad 11 porti italiani. Il valore medio della variazione per i mari italiani corrisponde ad un aumento del livello marino di 16 cm/secolo, quello di tutti i mari della Terra è di 11 cm/secolo. La differenza in più per i mari italiani è dovuta ad un contemporaneo abbassamento delle zone costiere di Napoli e di Venezia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 203-206 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The frequency of days having an uninterrupted sea breeze and of numbers of such consecutive days with sea breeze is given for all months and the year as a whole.—Some given characteristic elements, such as true azimuth, resultant run and velocity, and steadiness of the July sea breeze and uninterrupted Etesians were calculated with the aid ofLambert's formulas for 16 directions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 25 (1953), S. 221-222 
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