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  • Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption  (90)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (69)
  • Springer  (159)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1975-1979  (159)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (159)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel-cementum-morphology ; Immunocytochemistry ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The continuously erupting rabbit incisor tooth is normally thought of as having an enamel covered “crown” on its labial surface and a cementum covered “root” on its lingual surface. We have examined both surfaces of continuously erupting rabbit incisor teeth taken from near term embryos by a variety of means, including transmission and scanning electron microscopy, biochemical fractionation, and immunohistochemistry. In all cases, we could detect no qualitative difference in the early extracellular matrices taken from the labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth. Both matrices were shown to be composed of dentin and enamel, although the thickness and geometry of the enamel matrix on the lingual surface was somewhat different from that on the labial surface.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Avena ; Immunocytochemistry ; Phytochrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytochrome of oat (Avena sativa L., cv. Garry) coleoptile cells in the red-light-absorbing form, Pr, is diffusely distributed while after conversion to the far-red-light-absorbing form, Pfr, it is observed only in very small areas within the cell. Comparison of phytochrome photoversibility measurements to the distribution of the pigment within the cell indicates that the spectral assay is not influenced by the observed compartmentalization of the chromoprotein. However, the observed compartmentalization of phytochrome is correlated with a loss in spectrophotometrically detectable Pr.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Lacertilian reptiles ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of lizards was studied with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level. It was shown that vasotocin and mesotocin are synthesized in separate neurons. The vasotocinergic as well as the mesotocinergic perikarya are of different sizes. Both cell types occur in close juxtaposition, but without a distinct pattern of distribution. The external zone of the lacertilian median eminence contains numerous immunoreactive vasotocinergic fibers and only few immunoreactive mesotocinergic fibers. The general organization of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of lizards, as revealed by immunocytochemistry, is essentially similar to that revealed with unspecific staining methods.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Ecdysteroids ; Prothoracic gland ; Insect hormones ; Galleria mellonella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixation of prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella with a solution containing saponin permits immunocytochemical staining of the entire gland. By this means ecdysteroids were demonstrated electron microscopically to be present in the hyaloplasm and microtubules.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin neurons ; Vasotocin neurons ; Isotocin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Goldfish (Carassius)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system in the goldfish hypothalamus reveals enkephalin (ENK)-containing neurons interspersed among the vasotocin (VT)- and isotocin (IT)-containing neurons of the preoptic nucleus. The perikarya of the ENK, VT, and IT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy and are not located preferentially within the nucleus. Separate ENK, VT and IT fibers course laterally and ventrally through the hypothalamus as they descend toward the pituitary gland. All three fiber types form terminals around blood vessels in the neurohypophysis.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) ; Neurones ; Central nervous system ; Peripheral nervous system, gut ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammals ; Birds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a candidate hormone of unknown physiological significance. It is produced by a population of endocrine cells in the pancreas. In the present study a PP-like peptide was found to occur in the mammalian and avian central and peripheral nervous systems. Immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies were widely distributed in the brain. Dense accumulations of nerve fibres occurred in the following areas: nucleus accumbens, interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, para- and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and medial preoptic area. In addition, nerve fibres were regularly seen in cortical areas. Immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the following regions: cortex, nucleus accumbens, neostriatum and septum. In the gut, immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in the myenteric plexus, in smooth muscle, around blood vessels, and in the core of the villi. Immunoreactive perikarya occurred in the submucosal and myenteric plexus, suggesting that PP immunoreactive nerves are intrinsic to the gut. In the species examined, the neuronal PP-like peptide could be demonstrated with an antiserum raised against avian PP, but not with those raised against bovine or human PP. Thus, neuronal PP is distinct from the PP that occurs in pancreatic endocrine cells.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Dexamethasone ; ACTH ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 3H-Dexamethasone (10 μg/kg) was injected intravenously in adrenalectomized rats and after survival times of 5, 30, 60, and 180 min its uptake within the pituitary was studied by autoradiography. Radioactivity was concentrated in cell nuclei in the pars nervosa and pars distalis. Within the pars intermedia, only cells of the marginal zone were labeled. In the pars distalis, some cells showed a weak nuclear accumulation of radioactivity as early as 5 min after injection. The tissue radioactivity was nearly maximal at 5 min, and the proportion of radioactivity in nuclei reached a maximum of 60–70% by 30 min. In competition experiments, non-radioactive steroids (1 mg/kg) were injected 5 min before 3H-dexamethasone and sacrifice was 30 min later. Dexamethasone markedly diminished the nuclear accumulation in the pars distalis, but corticosterone and progesterone did not. In the pars nervosa, corticosterone and progesterone competed for nuclear uptake of 3H-dexamethasone, although less effectively than dexamethasone itself. Different cell types in the pars distalis were characterized by treating autoradiograms with an immuno-peroxidase bridge procedure. Cells treated with anti-ACTH 17–39 had the greatest nuclear concentration of radioactivity, and those stained with anti-TSH were least heavily labeled. Cells treated with antisera to GH, PRL, and hCG were moderately labeled.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat posterior pituitary ; Neurophysin-vasopressinergic and neurophysin-oxytocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was demonstrated that the hormones of the neural lobe of the rat hypophysis are located in separate neurophysin-vasopressinergic and neurophysin-oxytocinergic nerve fibres. These observations confirm the results of our previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone ; Somatostatin ; Hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Utilizing the unlabeled antibody enzyme method, we investigated the distribution of hypothalamic elements immunoreactive with antibodies to growth hormonerelease inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH). Immunostained elements, resembling neural processes, are distributed along a pathway corresponding to a portion of the tuberoinfundibular tract. However, GH-RIH fibers are caudal, dorsal and medial to LH-RH fibers detected by the same technique. Similar topographic arrangements are noted in coronal and sagittal sections. Comparable results were obtained with two different preparations of antisera to GH-RIH. No cell bodies specifically stained by anti-GH-RIH were detected. Our data agree with those of other investigators using immunohistochemical techniques.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Cell types ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dry-mount autoradiography was combined with peroxidase immunocytochemistry to examine estrogen uptake in four pituitary cell types. Quantification by silver grain counts was used to compare 3H-estradiol uptake in nuclei of pituitary cells 60 min after i.v. injection into short-term (control) and long-term ovariectomized and in long-term thyroidectomized rats. Under all three hormonal states, the order of labeling intensity was: gonadotropes 〉 somatotropes 〉 lactotropes 〉 thyrotropes. Long-term ovariectomy caused a significant increase in estrogen uptake of gonadotropes, somatotropes and lactotropes, while uptake in thyrotropes decreased. Long-term thyroidectomy decreased uptake in somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes while gonadotropes remained unchanged.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Submandibular gland mice ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve growth factor (NGF) was localized in the submandibular gland of adult male mice by a direct immunocytochemical method using highly purified antibodies against NGF coupled to horseradish peroxidase. In light microscopic sections the reaction product was entirely confined to the cells of the secretory tubules. The acinar part of the gland was free of reaction product. This finding was confirmed by electron microscopy. Within the cells NGF was localized exclusively in the apical secretory granules. No reaction was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi region or in the granules of the basal part of the cells. This observation favours the assumption that NGF is derived from a precursor molecule and that the precursor is transformed into immunologically active NGF within the secretory granules during their transport from the basal to the apical part of the tubular cells. Stimulation of the submandibular gland with carbachol (2 mg/kg) led to a massive release of the content of the secretory granules, including NGF, into the salivary duct.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary LH-RH was localized at the ultrastructural level in axons and nerve terminals of the median eminence of the male guinea pig. LH-RH positive neuronal profiles were most concentrated in the medial-dorsal aspect of the infundibular stalk and in the post-infundibular median eminence at the level immediately following separation of the stalk from the base of the brain. LH-RH containing axon profiles were most abundant in the palisade zone; nerve terminals in contact with the hypophysial portal vasculature were relatively rare. The hormone was present within granules that measured 900–1,200 Å in axons of the palisade zone and 400–800 Å in nerve terminals abutting on the portal plexus. The differently sized granules represent heterogeneous populations.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 263-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fetal pituitary ; Cell differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adenohypophysial primordia of rat embryos at 13 to 15 days gestation were cultured in Parker 199 synthetic medium for 2 to 11 days. At the end of the culture period their fine structure and the presence of immunoreactive trophic hormones using the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique were investigated. The degree of differentiation in the glands depends largely on the age of the embryos furnishing the explants. Cultured pituitaries explanted on the 13th day of gestation contain only ACTH-positive cells and about 15% of the cells are granular. The granules are 50–100 nm in diameter in some cells, while in other cells they range from 50 to 200 nm. In cultivated adenohypophysial primordia of embryos on the 15th day of intrauterine life ACTH, prolactin, LH and TSH cells are evident, but only the same two kinds of granular cells can be observed with the electron microscope. The extent of cytodifferentiation in the glands explanted on the 14th day of gestation is intermediate between the two other groups. The data suggest that the fetal rat pituitary has the capacity of self-differentiation but to a lesser extent than that of the in situ hypophysis.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysin ; Vasopressin ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of tissue prepared by freeze-substitution and the unlabelled antibody enzyme technique, neurophysin and vasopressin were localized at the ultrastructural level in the posterior pituitary and median eminence of the guinea pig. In the posterior pituitary neurophysin was found in the large neurosecretory granules (1300–1500 Å) of axons, Herring bodies, and nerve terminals. In some of these axons immunoreactive neurophysin was found outside of granules in the axoplasm. By light microscopy neurophysin was found in both the zona interna and zona externa of the median eminence; this was confirmed by electron microscopy. In the zona interna as in the posterior pituitary, neurophysin was localized both inside and outside the large neurosecretory granules. In the zona externa, immunoreactive deposit was primarily located in granules with a diameter of 900–1100 Å in nerve terminals abutting on the primary portal plexus. The distribution of vasopressin paralleled that of neurophysin except that the hormone was rarely extragranular. These results demonstrate for the first time that both neurophysin and vasopressin are present in granules of axons that are in contact with the hypophysial portal vasculature.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 543-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei ; Fetal and neonatal pigs ; Anti-porcine neurophysin serum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Slab gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunoperoxidase cytochemical reaction was applied to the localization of neurophysin-containing elements in the fetal and adult pig hypothalamus. In the 60 day fetal pig, cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were the only structures in the hypothalamus in which neurophysin was detected. However, by 87 days the cell bodies in both the SON and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained neurophysin-like material. The distribution of immunoreactive material in the 111 day fetal animal was similar to that found in the adult pig. In transverse section of the mature pig the SON exists in two discrete components; an antero-lateral group of cells connected by scattered cells to a smaller postero-medial group. Anteriorly, the PVN appears as a line of cells bordering the third ventricle but as we proceed posteriorly the dorsal aspect expands laterally to give a wedge-shaped group of cells. In mid-sagittal sections, the cells of the PVN are distributed over a wide area of the anterior hypothalamus in a triangular profile. The borders between the SON and PVN became more difficult to define in medial sections than in lateral sections. Continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out on the neural lobe extracts from fetal, newborn and adult pigs. Proteins with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of porcine neurophysins-I,-II and -III were present in the newborn and 98 day fetal pig. It is concluded that material immunoreactive with anti-neurophysin serum is present in the hypothalamus of the 60 day fetal pig. Furthermore, at late fetal development and during the postnatal period it is tentatively suggested that the neurophysin present in the pituitaries of these animals is chemically identical with that of adult neurophysin.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amphibian hypothalamus ; Vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic neurons ; Neurophysins ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it was demonstrated that, in the amphibian magnocellular hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system, vasotocin and mesotocin are synthesized in separate neurons. A tendency to preferential location of the two kinds of neuronal perikarya is described. The neurosecretory perikarya are the origin of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic axons. In the neural lobe, the pattern of distribution of the two types of axons is different. The coarse ventricular “dendrites” of both kinds of neurons are hormone-containing processes. Staining with anti-bovine neurophysin I serum suggested that the vasotocinergic and the mesotocinergic neurons synthesize different neurophysins.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 17-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myosin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Adrenal medulla ; Exocytosis ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myosin was isolated in high purity from the bovine adrenal medulla by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified myosin was analyzed by electrophoresis in gels containing SDS and found to contain a 200,000 molecular weight heavy chain and major light chains of molecular weights 20,000 and 17,000 in a 1∶1∶1 molar ratio. At high ionic strength the myosin had high Ca-ATPase and K-EDTA-ATPase activities and low Mg-ATPase activity. At low ionic strength, the Mg-ATPase was activated to a low level by rabbit muscle actin. The myosin was found to decorate F-actin in the absence, but not the presence of ATP. In low ionic strength solutions, the myosin assembled into characteristic bipolar filaments. The distribution of this myosin in the adrenal medulla and of cross-reacting myosin in several other bovine tissues was determined with the use of antimedullary myosin immunoglobulin G as a specific stain that was detected by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. In the medulla strong staining was seen between the chords of chromaffin cells indicating the presence of a highly muscular vasculature that may perform functions analogous to those of the myoepithelium of exocrine glands. The chromaffin cells showed weak positive staining around the nuclei and in a pattern radiating toward adjacent blood vessels. Cells of the inner zone of the adrenal cortex showed strong staining in the peripheral cytoplasm while cells in the intermediate and outer zones did not stain. In a blood smear, platelets and the cytoplasm of leukocytes stained strongly while erythrocytes did not stain. In striated muscle and the gray and white matter of the cerebrum only the capillaries and larger vessels stained. In the liver the phagocytic cells bordering vascular sinuses stained strongly while the hepatocytes were separated from one another by a 2 micron trilaminar band possibly representing the microfilament web surrounding the bile canaliculi and associated with junctional complexes. The results suggest that myosin is present in several highly differentiated, non-motile tissue cells where it may play a role in secretion or other specialized functions.
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  • 18
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 100-101 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen, Mangan, Kobalt in Serum ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schwermetallen in Wasser, Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; verbesserter Gas-stop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 20
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Einfluß von Wertigkeit, Säuren, Liganden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Wertigkeit des Titans, von Mineralsäuren und von verschiedenen organischer Komplexliganden auf die Ti-Absorption in N2O-Acetylen-Flammen wurde ausführlich untersucht. Die thermischen Prozesse in den trockenen Aerosolpartikeln scheinen für die Atomisierung wichtiger zu sein, als die Komplexbildungsgleichgewichte in der Lösung. In Gegenwart von Chromotropsäure ist die Titanbestimmung mit AAS empfindlicher und selektiver als bei der bisherigen Ausführung.
    Notes: Abstract The atomic absorption method for the determination of titanium in N2O-acetylene flames is studied from the point of view of the valence state of titanium, the effect of mineral acids and various organic complexing ligands in solution. It seems evident that the thermal procedures within the dry aerosol particle are rather more deciding for the atomisation processes than the complexation equilibria in solution. In the presence of chromotropic acid the sensitivity and selectivity of the method are increased in comparison with the usual procedure in pure solutions.
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  • 21
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Reextraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Vorversuchen wurde gezeigt, da\ beim Aufbewahren der organischen APDC/MIBK-Extrakte starke Bleiverluste auftraten. Daher war es notwendig, das Blei mit SalpetersÄure in die wÄ\erige Phase zu reextrahieren. Wiederfindungsversuche bestÄtigten, da\ Extraktion und Reextraktion quantitativ verlaufen. Das Blei wird dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Es werden mittlere Standardabweichungen für vier Konzentrationsbereiche angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde eine Konzentration von 0,16 mg Pb/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,03 mg Pb/l gesenkt wird. Arbeitsvorschriften für das Verfahren sind angegeben.
    Notes: Summary Preliminary investigations have shown, that considerable losses of lead occur during storage of the organic APDC/MIBK-extracts. Therefore, it was necessary to reextract lead into the aqueous phase by nitric acid. Investigations of recoveries confirmed, that extraction and reextraction of lead were quantitative. In this way the concentration of lead is increased by a factor of five. Mean standard deviations for four concentration ranges are given. A detection limit of 0.16 mg of Pb/l is obtained, which is lowered by the preceding enrichment to about 0.03 mg of Pb/l. Details of the procedure are given.
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  • 22
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut, Cadmium, Thallium in Gesteinen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; fraktionierte Destillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The analysis of bismuth, cadmium and thallium in rock samples can be performed by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, after separation and preconcentration by a volatilization technique. This method has the major advantage that small amounts of substance can be used with a minimum consumption of chemicals, so that sources of contamination are reduced. The detection limit for Bi and Tl is about 1 ppb and for Cd about 0.1 ppb in the rock. Depending on the content in the rock samples, the relative standard deviation is between 2 and 30%. Several attempts have been made to determine the yields of Bi, Cd and Tl from synthetic and natural samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung von Wismut, Cadmium und Thallium in Gesteinen kann mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie nach verdampfungsanalytischer Abtrennung erfolgen. Die Verdampfungsnalyse hat den Vorteil, daß bei geringem Reagentienverbrauch kleine Mengen analysiert werden können. Die Gefahr der Einschleppung von Verunreinigungen wird erheblich vermindert. Die Nachweisgrenze bezogen auf die Probe beträgt für Wismut und Thallium ca. 1 ppb und für Cadmium ca. 0.1 ppb. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration liegt die relative Standardabweichung zwischen 2 und 30 %. An synthetischen und natürlichen Proben sind die Ausbeuten an diesen Elementen bestimmt worden.
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  • 23
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 355-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Geolog. Material, Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Serious systematic errors inherent in the determination of lead in geological and biological samples by flameless atomic-absorption spectrometry are demonstrated. The reduced absorption of lead is due to partial interaction with alkaline, alkaline-earth and iron chlorides during the atomization stage. Incomplete dissociation of the volatile monochloride of lead in the gaseous phase reduces the absorption signal. An addition of 20% hydrogen to nitrogen (purge gas) diminishes signal suppression by removing the chlorine in form of volatile HCl. The detection limit is about 0.6 ppm in rocks and about 0.3 ppm in plant materials. Depending on the content in the samples the relative standard deviation is between 1 and 12%. The accuracy of the method was tested on 39 international standard reference samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwerwiegende systematische Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Blei in geologischen und biologischen Materialien mit der Graphitrohrküvette werden aufgezeigt. Die Reaktion von Blei mit Alkali-, Erdalkali- und Eisenchloriden während der Atomisierungsphase führt zur Bildung von Bleimonochlorid, das nur unvollständig dissoziiert und eine Signalunterdrückung zur Folge hat. Ein Zusatz von 20% Wasserstoff zu Stickstoff als Spülgas vermindert die Signalunterdrückung, indem überschüssiges Chlor als Chlorwasserstoff entfernt wird. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 0,6 ppm für Gesteine und bei ca. 0,3 ppm für Pflanzenmaterialien. Je nach der Konzentration beträgt die relative Standardabweichung 1–12%. Die Genauigkeit der Methode wurde an 39 internationalen Standardreferenzproben überprüft.
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  • 24
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Zähnen, Knochen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; HNO3/HF-Aufschluß, Kaltdampfverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Quecksilber in Zahnwurzeln und Kieferknochen beschrieben. Die homogenisierten Proben werden in Teflonbomben unter Druck mit einem Gemisch von HNO3/HF aufgeschlossen. Die Quecksilberbestimmung erfolgt mit einem Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometer nach dem Kaltdampfverfahren. Unter Einsatz von 200 mg Probe können Quecksilbergehalte bis zu 0,1 μg/g bestimmt werden. Die relativen Standardabweichungen liegen im Arbeitsbereich von 10–100 ng Quecksilber zwischen 2,7 und 5,6 %. Es wurden Quecksilbergehalte von 〈0,1–187 μg/g in den Proben gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The homogenized samples are decomposed with a mixture of HNO3/HF in teflon vessels under pressure. The determination of mercury is carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer by means of the cold-vapour technique. The limit of detection is 0.1 μg/g for a 200 mg sample. A relative standard deviation of 2.7–5.6% is achieved in the working range of 10–100 ng mercury. Mercury contents of 〈0.1–187 μg/g were found in the samples.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 402-404 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Antimon in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Nanospuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine selektive Bestimmung von Antimon durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie ist durch elektrothermale Atomisierung von Antimonwasserstoff in einem Argonspülgasstrom möglich. Das Verfahren erfordert eine hohe und reproduzierbare Geschwindigkeit der Reduktion des Antimons zu Antimonwasserstoff in der wäßrigen Probelösung. Geeignete Bedingungen für diese Reduktion erreicht man, wenn man in der Lösung zunächst einen Komplex von Antimon(III) mit Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure bildet; dieser Komplex reagiert mit Natriumborhydrid in der geforderten Weise zu Antimonwasserstoff. Bei der Mineralisierung des organischen Materials ist auf genaue Temperaturführung zu achten.
    Notes: Summary High selectivity in measuring antimony by atomic absorption spectrometry is obtained by electrothermal atomisation of stibine in a stream of argon purging gas. This procedure requires a fast and reproducible reduction to stibine of the total antimony present in an aequeous solution. Optimum conditions for this reduction are reached by first transforming all antimony in the solution to an EDTA-chelate of antimony(III) which then reacts uniformly with sodium boron hydride to give stibine. Close temperature control is essential in decomposition of biological samples.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Benzin ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; emulgierte Proben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 110-115 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zr-beschichtete Graphitrohre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, nach einer Anreicherung von Cadmium durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure, die stark salpetersaueren Reextrakte direkt in Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohren bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption zu vermessen. Diese Rohre zeigten eine gute Lebensdauer (150–300 Analysen). Durch eine Behandlung der Rohre mit einer Fe3+-Lösung konnten Beeinflussungen der Cadmiumsignale durch Begleitstoffe verhindert werden. Cadmium wird bei der Extraktion und Reextraktion um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Bei hohen Cadmiumgehalten in den Proben kann die Analyse bei gleicher Probenvorbereitung mit Hilfe der Flammenatomabsorption durchgeführt werden. Die Arbeitsbedingungen für die flammenlose, sowie für die Flammen-Atomabsorption werden angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenzen bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption wurden im Mittel 0,53 μg Cd/l, für die Flammenatomabsorption 19,4μg Cd/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,1, bzw. 4 μg Cd/l gesenkt werden.
    Notes: Summary Cadmium is enriched by an extraction with APDC/MIBK and subsequent reextraction with nitric acid. A procedure is described for analyzing these solutions directly by means of flameless atomic absorption, inspite of the high concentration of nitric acid in a zirconium coated graphite tube. These tubes, proved to be very resistant (150–300 analyses). After treatment of the tubes with a Fe3+-solution no interference by accompanying anions and cations could be observed. By the extraction and reextraction procedure described cadmium is enriched by a factor of five. Samples of higher cadmium concentrations were analyzed by means of flame atomic absorption after the same sample preparation. Working conditions for flameless and flame atomic absorption are given. Detection limits have been calculated as 0.53 μg Cd/l in the case of flameless, 19.4 μg Cd/l in the case of flame atomic absorption. These values are further decreased by the above enrichment procedure to 0.1 and 4 μg Cd/l, respectively.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber, Kupfer, Wismut, Blei, Cadmium, Tellur in Wasser ; Röntgenfluorescenz-Spektrometrie ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren, Anreicherung an Sulfidschichten, Fällungsaustausch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Verbesserung des Nachweisvermögens und der Zuverlässigkeit von röntgenfluorimetrischen und atomabsorptiometrischen Bestimmungsverfahren für geringe Spurengehalte von Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co und Ni in wäßrigen Lösungen wurde die Eignung einer der Bestimmung vorgeschalteten Anreicherungsmethode durch Fällungsaustausch an einer dünnen Sulfidschicht systematisch untersucht. Die wäßrige Probe (0,1–61, pH 3–6) wird durch eine auf einem Membranfilter (Cellulosenitrat bzw. PTFE, Porenweite ≤1 μm) frisch präparierte homogene Metallsulfidschicht (ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS u.a., Dicke: 300–400 nm) filtriert. Dabei werden mit Ausnahme des Arsens die Elemente praktisch vollständig aus der Lösung zurückgehalten, die schwerlösliche Sulfide mit einem kleineren Löslichkeitsprodukt als das der austauschenden Schicht bilden. Nach dem Austausch kann die Bestimmung der Elemente entweder simultan durch RFA direkt auf dem Filter oder nach Lösen des Niederschlages in wenig Säure durch AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung erfolgen. Durch erhebliche Voranreicherung können Nachweisgrenzen im ng/l-Bereich erzielt werden. Eichung, Störungen durch Begleitsubstanzen und Güteziffern des Verbundverfahrens werden beschrieben, das vor allem für die simultane und zuverlässige Bestimmung von Spuren, Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd und Te in Trink-, Oberflächen- und Schneeschmelzwasser empfohlen werden kann.
    Notes: Summary For the improvement of the power of detection and the reliability of X-ray fluorimetric and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination procedures for very low levels of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co and Ni in aqueous solutions the applicability of a pre-concentration method by precipitate-exchange on thin sulphide layers which preceds the actual determination has been investigated systematically. The aqueous sample (0.1–61, pH 3–6) is filtered through a freshly prepared homogeneous metal sulphide layer (e.g. ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS, thickness: 300–400 nm) which is placed on a membrane filter (cellulose nitrate or PTFE, pore size ≤1 μm). In this way with the exception of As, the elements forming sparingly soluble sulphides with a lower solubility product than the corresponding sulphides of the layer are practically completely retained from the solution. The exchanged elements can be determined either simultaneously directly on the filter by RFA or sequentially after dissolution of the precipitate in a small volume of acid by AAS with electrothermal atomization. By a considerable pre-concentration detection limits in the ng/l range can be obtained. Calibration, interferences by concomitant elements, and quality grades of the multi-stage procedure are described, which can be recommended for the simultanous and reliable determination of traces of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, and Te in potable, surface, and snow-melting water.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 352-354 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösungsmittel für die Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The utility of various organic solvents, such as acetates and ketones, for the CuDBC chelate extraction and subsequent atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination is studied. Methyl propionate was found to be the most sensitive solvent. Data for the different substances are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verwendbarkeit verschiedener Lösungsmittel (Acetate und Ketone) für die Extraktion des CuDBC-Komplexes und anschließende atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrische Bestimmung wurde systematisch untersucht. Werte für die verschiedenen Substanzen werden angegeben. Die größte Empfindlichkeit kann mit Methylpropionat erzielt werden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 282-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut in Aluminiumlegierungen, Lötlegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for the extraction and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination of bismuth with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZnDBC) has been developed for aluminium alloys and solder alloys. Bismuth is extracted from relatively strong acidic solution into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as BiDBC complex and its concentration is determined by spraying the MIBK extract into an air-acetylene flame. Iron and copper up to 1 mg resp. 100 μg did not interfere with the extraction of bismuth in the range of 0–80 μg. The limit of detection was about 0.12 ppm in MIBK.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein empfindliches Verfahren zur Wismutbestimmung mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat wurde ausgearbeitet. Wismut wird dabei aus relativ stark saurer Lösung als Bi-DBC-Komplex mit Methylisobutylketon extrahiert und zur Messung der Extrakt direkt in die Luft-Acetylen-Flamme gesprüht. Bis zu 1 mg Fe und 100 μg Cu stören die Bestimmung von 0–80 μg Bi nicht. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,12 ppm in Methylisobutylketon.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Kaltdampf, Vergleich der Reduktion mit NaBH4-Tablette oder SnCl2-Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An atomic-absorption spectrophotometric method for the rapid and precise determination of mercury has been studied by using the sodium borohydride tablet reduction and cold-vapour atomicabsorption procedure coupled with amalgamation on gold. The comparison of the sodium borohydride tablet and tin(II) chloride solution reducing systems are described in detail. The use of the sodium borohydride tablet wrapped in a wafer sheet is very simple and gives more precise results. From the comparison of the effect of diverse ions, it is obvious that both reducing systems have their merits and demerits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrisches Kaltdampf-Verfahren zur schnellen Quecksilberbestimmung wird beschrieben, das auf der Reduktion mit Hilfe der Natriumborhydridtablette und der Amalgamierung mit Gold beruht. Der Vergleich mit der Zinn(II)-Chloridmethode wird diskutiert. Genaue Ergebnisse werden durch einfaches Einhüllen der Reduktionstablette in ein Waffelblatt erzielt, wodurch der Reaktionsbeginn verzögert wird. In bezug auf Störelemente ergeben sich für beide Verfahren Vor- und Nachteile.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 278-281 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Algen, Diatomeen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine nasse HF-HClO4Veraschungsmethode von biologischem Material in offenen PTFE-Reagensgläsern beschrieben. In anschließenden flammenlosen AAS-Messungen mit Hilfe der Deuterium-Untergrundkompensation und des automatischen Probenwechslers AS-1 konnte gezeigt werden, daß Silicium vollständig entfernt worden, kein meßbarer Matrix-Effekt festzustellen war und die Bleikonzentrationsbestimmung durch eine Eichgerade und durch Standard-Addition zu gleichen Werten führte. Die Methode ist mit einem Variations-Koeffizient von 0,45% behaftet.
    Notes: Summary A wet HF-HClO4 decomposition method for biological material in open PTFE-test-tubes is described. Flameless AAS measurements with the aid of deuterium background compensation using the auto sampling system AS-1 showed that Si was completely eliminated by the decomposition, that no measurable matrix effect could be detected, and that the values found for the lead concentration by calibration curve and standard addition were identical. The coefficient of variation for the method was V=0.45%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 362-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Siliciumorganoverbindungen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktionsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An extraction technique is described for the determination of ppm concentrations of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic methylsiloxane compounds in water, based on a single extraction with a mixed solvent of (1∶1) l-pentanol and methyl isobutyl ketone followed by the determination of the silicone compounds extracted into the mixed solvent by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method is applicable over the concentration range 0.3–30 ppm Si. Standard deviation in the case of 10 ppm Si is 0.313.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von ppm-Konzentrationen an hydrophoben und hydrophilen Methylsiloxanverbindungen im Wasser wird ein Extraktionsverfahren beschrieben. Hierbei wird nach einfacher Extraktion mit l-Pentanol/Methylisobutylketon (1∶1) das Silicium im Extrakt mit Hilfe der AAS bestimmt. Der erfaßbare Konzentrationsbereich liegt bei 0,3–30 ppm Si. Die Standardabweichung beträgt bei 10 ppm Si 0,313.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 9-11 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Luft ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; neues Spektrometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Atomabsorptions-Spektrometer wird beschrieben, das zur Bestimmung des Quecksilbergehaltes in Luft die Absorption der im vakuumultravioletten Spektralbereich gelegenen Hg-Resonanzlinie 184,9 nm benutzt. Die Kombination einer Hg-Niederdruckdampflampe mit einer Photozelle mit CsI-Kathode gestattet einen Spektrometer-Aufbau ohne Monochromator oder Filter. Zur Messung der HgKonzentration in Gasen wird das Quecksilber einer Probe zunächst auf einem Goldblech gesammelt, durch Ausheizen des Goldes wieder freigesetzt und die Absorption durch die Dampfwolke bestimmt. Das Eichverfahren und Meßbeispiele werden erläutert.
    Notes: Summary An atomic absorption spectrometer is described using the absorption of the vacuum ultraviolet resonance line 184.9 nm to determine the amount of mercury in air. The use of a mercury low-pressure discharge lamp combined with a CsI photocell makes it possible to omit monochromator or filter. For measuring the concentration of mercury in all sorts of gases the mercury of the sample is collected on sheet gold. By heating the sheet mercury is set free and the absorption of the mercury vapour can then be measured. The calibration procedure and some analytical results are described.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular neurosecretory system ; Activation ; Rat ; Vasopressinergic neurons ; Oxytocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Cytology ; Pars tuberalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Luteinizing hormone
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    Notes: Summary The objective was to acquire evidence regarding the secretory capacity of cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat pituitary by the application of immunocytochemical staining. For this purpose the conjugated antibody and immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge techniques were utilized with antisera to the following hormones of the pars distalis: human somatotropin, human thyrotropin, human β-melanotropin, ovine luteinizing hormone (LH), porcine β17–39-corticotropin, and β1–24-corticotropin. Only LH-containing cells were demonstrated. They were exceedingly rare in the cephalic pars tuberalis beneath the median eminence. The frequency of LH-cells was greater in the pars tuberalis associated with the infundibulum and increased distally. LH-cells were most common ventrolateral to the infundibular stem and occurred singly and in clusters. These results indicate that following hypophysectomy the portion of the pars tuberalis that remains in situ has the capacity to secrete only LH of all the pars distalis hormones.
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  • 37
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    Keywords: Amphibian posterior pituitary ; Vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was demonstrated that the hormones of the posterior pituitary of Rana temporaria are located in separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. This observation confirms the results of our previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level.
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    Cell & tissue research 175 (1976), S. 165-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pig ; Neurophysin-I ; Neurophysin-II ; Immunocytochemistry ; Specific neurophysin neurosecretory systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies raised against porcine neurophysin-I and porcine neurophysin-II using an injection regime in rabbits over a short time period, were used to localize neurophysin-I and neurophysin-II in hypothalamic neurosecretory elements of the domestic pig. In transverse section, neurophysin-II containing cells were more abundant in the dorsal medial region of the rostral supraoptic nucleus (SON) as compared with the distribution of neurophysin-I neurons. The main bulk of the cells of the SON were heavily stained for neurophysin-I with neurophysin-II containing cells positioned dorsal from the edge of the optic chiasma. Neurosecretory cells of the SON as seen in sagittal section also showed a differential staining for neurophysins-I and -II. Rostral regions of the pig paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained magnocellular elements near the third ventricle which were stained predominantly for neurophysin-II. In regions corresponding to the caudal PVN there appeared two populations of neurosecretory neurons: (a) an area of cells adjacent to the third ventricle which contained neurophysin-II antigen and (b) a group of densely populated cells in the dorsal-lateral region which was stained for neurophysin-I. The results support the existence in the pig of at least two distinct populations of neurosecretory neurons corresponding to the neurophysin-I and neurophysin-II neurosecretory system.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Somatostatin cells ; Rat stomach ; Paracrine action ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatostatin cells in the stomach of the rat have a characteristic shape and distribution. In the antral mucosa they occur together with gastrin cells and enterochromaffin cells at the base of the glands. In the oxyntic mucosa they are scattered along the entire glands with some predominance in the zone of parietal cells. Throughout the gastric mucosa the somatostatin cells possess long and slender processes that emerge from the base of the cell and end in clublike swellings. Such processes appear to contact a certain proportion of neighbouring gastrin cells in the antral mucosa and parietal cells in the oxyntic mucosa. Exogenous somatostatin given by intravenous infusion to conscious rats counteracted the release of gastrin stimulated by feeding, elevated antral pH or vagal excitation. Gastrin causes parietal cells to secrete HCl and endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa to mobilise and synthesise histamine. Somatostatin is known to block the response of the parietal cells to gastrin. In contrast, somatostatin did not block the response of the histamine-storing endocrine cells to gastrin, perhaps because these endocrine cells lack receptors to somatostatin. Conceivably, somatostatin in the gastric mucosa has a paracrine mode of action. The observations of the present study suggest that somatostatin may affect some, but not all of the various cell types in the stomach. Under physiological conditions this selectivity may be achieved in the following ways: 1) Communication may be based on direct cell-to-cell contact. 2) Only certain cell types are supplied with somatostatin receptors.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 399-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Dog ; Pars distalis ; Thyrotropin (TSH) ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (β) subunits of bovine and rat TSH1, selective immunocytochemical staining was localized in a specific cell population in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland. These TSH cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. With the performic acidalcian blue (pH 0.2) -PAS-orange G procedure these cells stained blue-purple, demonstrating FSH/LH cells (blue or turquoise), ACTH/MSH cells (redpurple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The TSH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunocytochemical double staining. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the TSH cells were mostly shown to be smaller in size and less numerous than in bitches in the anestrous phase of the sexual cycle. Moreover, cytological alterations in the immunoreactive thyrotrophs in the pituitary of male and female dogs generally paralleled the spontaneous changes in thyroid function associated with thyroid atrophy and/or pituitary insufficiency, and thyroid hyperplasia or goiter. In conclusion, because of their specificity and high potency, the antisera to the β-subunits of bovine and rat TSH represent an effective tool for the selective immunocytochemical localization of TSH in the dog pituitary. This allows the study of the morphology and function of TSH cells under different physiological, pathological and experimental conditions.
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 99-106 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH-neurosecretion ; Avian hypothalamus ; Vasotocin neurosecretion ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fluorescent technique applying specific LHRH and vasotocin antisera was used for the immunocytochemical localization of the respective neurosecretory systems in the hypothalamus of gonadectomized, testosteronetreated and/or serotonin injected male domestic ducks. An immunoreactive (IR) LHRH-producing system, with perikarya located in the preoptic nucleus, could be traced through the ventral hypothalamus down to the external layer of the rostral and caudal ME, in close vicinity to the hypophysial portal system. An IR-vasotocin system originating in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei ran through the ventral hypothalamus, but terminated in (i) the external layer of the rostral ME, and (ii) in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysin ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Sheep ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum cross-reactive against ovine neurophysins-I-II and -III has been used in conjunction with the immunoperoxidase histochemical procedure to localize the cells of the sheep paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON). In order to describe the topographical distribution of the SON and PVN a study was made on the serial sections cut (a) transversely from rostral to caudal positions and (b) sagittally from lateral to medial positions of the hypothalamus. The cells of the SON, when examined in the transverse aspect, extended approximately 1900 μ caudally and when examined in the sagittal plane were contained within a lateral-medial distance of 4830 μ. In each case the SON cells lay adjacent to the optic chiasm. As sections were cut transversely, the cells of the PVN first appeared in a rostral position defined as 0 μ and close to the ventral lining of the third ventricle. This general ventral and ventro-lateral distribution of cells maintained up to a caudal distance of approximately 840 μ. From positions 1260–2310 μ there was a dramatic dorsal shift of the PVN cells which by this time had also extended laterally. The total rostral-caudal distance occupied by the PVN cells was 3150 μ. That the lateral-medial distance occupied by the PVN was small (1050 μ) was determined on examining the magnocellular nuclei in sagittal section.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 315-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Post-natal development ; Neurohypophysial peptides ; Magnocellular and parvocellular neurons
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical localization of vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OXY) and neurophysins I and II (NI and NII) in the hypothalamus of growing rats revealed several new features. Hormones and neurophysins were present in magnocellular neurons of newborn rats: VP and NII in a first neuronal population, OXY and NI in a second neuronal population. For the first three days after birth, the ratio of detected VP to detected NII increased whereas the ratio of detected OXY to detected NI appeared constant. It was obvious that maturation of the OXY/NI magnocellular system occurred later than maturation of the VP/NII magnocellular system. During the first three weeks of development, VP/NII fibres in the median eminence were separated into two distinct groups: the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract in the internal part of the median eminence, and pericapillary endings heavily loaded with VP and NII in the external part of median eminence. OXY/NI fibres did not show this particular distribution. Therefore, during this post-natal period, loading of infundibular VP endings was related to the increase of ACTH synthesis demonstrated by various authors. Therefore, we suppose that simultaneous participation of VP and corticotropin-releasing hormone does not only appear during experimental and chronic stimulation of ACTH synthesis (after adrenalectomy, for example) but that it also exists during physiological stimulation of corticotropic function. At birth, parvocellular suprachiasmatic neurons were devoid of VP and NIL A slight immunological reactivity appeared in 6-to 10-day-old rats and it became equivalent to the immunological staining in the adult rat during the third post-natal week. Thus, the appearance of suprachiasmatic VP preceded the differentiation of the rhythmic activity of the pituitary adrenal axis. These chronological relationships suggest the involvement of the suprachiasmatic VP-related-peptide in the circadian periodicity of the corticotropic function.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area and in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Somatostatin ; Luteining hormone releasing hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamic hormones arginine-vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXT), somatostatin (SOM), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were localized in the rat neurohypophysis by the use of semithin serial sections and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Clusters of AVP fibres are present within the central region of the neural lobe, clusters of OXT fibres mainly in the peripheral part. The AVP fibres enter bilaterally into the neural lobe. The results call into question previous reports on the presence of AVP on receptors in the pars intermedia cells, since incubation with anti-AVP resulted in similar staining in the pars intermedia of the Wistar and homozygous Brattleboro rat, a mutant strain deficient in AVP. The same intermediate lobe cells are stained after incubation of serial sections with anti-AVP and anti-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). This staining of anti-AVP could be removed by solid phase absorption to α-MSH and is thus most probably due to cross reaction with α-MSH. SOM fibres appear to be present in the peripheral parts of the proximal neurohypophysial stalk and mainly lateral in its more distal parts. In the neural lobe they rapidly decrease in number, although some fibres continue into the distal part of the neural lobe, running bilaterally and situated adjacent to the pars intermedia. The SOM staining within magnocellular elements, which has been reported in the literature, can most probably be explained by cross reaction of anti-SOM with neurophysins. LHRH fibres are very scarce in the neurohypophysial stalk and absent in the neural lobe.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; ACTH ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Neurohormone ; Neurotransmitter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two giant neurons (diameter 130 μm) were identified immunocytochemically by means of the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique with anti ACTH 1–39 and 1–24 in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The cells are located in the visceral and the right parietal ganglion, respectively. They contain moderately electron dense elementary granules (diameter 150–160 nm). By means of the intracellular horseradish peroxidase injection technique it was shown that the cells send fibres into the neuropiles of various ganglia and into nerves. Synapses occur on the fine fibre branches in the neuropile. Synapse-like structures were found on the cell bodies and on the major fibres. The giant neurons are electrotonically coupled. With toluidine blue staining for small peptides it was demonstrated that in the central nervous system of the pond snail numerous peptidergic neurons occur in addition to those identified with the classical staining methods for neurosecretion.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Isotocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Intracellular recording ; Goldfish (Carassius)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isotocinergic (IT) neurons show physiological and morphological characteristics that are similar to those of other preoptic neuroendocrine cells in the goldfish. Preoptic IT cells show resting membrane potentials of 20–55 mV, action potentials of up to 100mV, and physiological evidence of axonal branching. Dye-marked IT cells measure 14–56 μm, their dendrites projecting to the ependyma and into the hypothalamic neuropil, their multiple beaded axons projecting to the pituitary. Indirect immunofluorescence identifies these dyemarked cells as IT. By combining electrophysiological, dye-marking and immunocytochemical techniques we can now, for the first time, study single, antidromically-identified peptidergic neurons of a specific type in vertebrate and invertebrate species.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Human fetus ; Oxytocin ; Neurophysin ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The use of antibodies against oxytocin or neurophysin enabled the detection by immunocytochemistry of oxytocin-neurophysin neurons in the hypothalamus in the human fetus. The perikarya of these neurons are located in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Immunoreactive neurons occur in the median eminence. The neurophysin immunoreactive neurons were more numerous than the oxytocin immunoreactive neurons. The specificity of the immunocytological reaction was controlled. The first oxytocin-neurophysin neurons are seen as early as the 14th week of gestation.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 465-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin cells ; Pancreas ; Gut ; Immunocytochemistry ; Comparative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatostatin cells are numerous in the pancreas and digestive tract of mammals as well as birds. In the pancreas of chicken, cat and dog they occur in both the exocrine parenchyma and in the islets. In the rat and rabbit, somatostatin cells have a peripheral location in the islets, whereas in the cat, dog and man the cells are usually more randomly distributed. In the stomach of rabbits and pigs, somatostatin cells are more numerous in the oxyntic gland area than in the pyloric gland area, whereas the reverse is true for the cat, dog and man. In the cat, pig and man, somatostatin cells are fairly numerous in the duodenum, whereas in the rat, rabbit and dog they are few in this location. In the remainder of the intestines somatostatin cells are few but regularly observed. Somatostatin cells are numerous in the human fetal pancreas and gut. In the fetal rat, somatostatin cells first appear in the pancreas and duodenum (at about the 16–17th day of gestation) and subsequently in the remainder of the intestine. Somatostatin cells do not appear in the gastric mucosa until after birth. Three weeks after birth, somatostatin cells show the adult frequency of occurrence and pattern of distribution. In the chicken, somatostatin cells are numerous in the proventriculus, absent from the gizzard, abundant in the gizzard-duodenal junction (antrum), infrequent in the duodenum and virtually absent from the remainder of the intestines. No immunoreactive cells can be observed in the thyroid of any species nor in the ultimobranchial gland of the chicken. In the chick embryo, somatostatin cells are first detected in the pancreas and proventriculus (at about the 12th day of incubation). They appear in the remainder of the gut much later, in the duodenum at the 16th day, in the antrum at about the 19th day and still later in the lower small intestine. The ultrastructure of the somatostatin cells was studied in the chicken, rat, cat and man; the cells were identified by the consecutive semithin/ultrathin section technique. The somatostatin cells display the properties of the D cell. There was no difference in granule ultrastructure between somatostatin cells in the gut and the pancreas. The granules, which are the storage site of the peptide, are round, supplied with a tightly fitting membrane and have a moderately electron-dense, fine-granulated core. The mean diameter of the somatostatin granules is smallest in rat (155–170 nm) and largest in the chicken (270–290 nm).
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 251-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Growth hormone ; Mouse Fetus ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The objective of the present study was to determine, by means of immunocytochemistry, the age in fetal development at which GH is first detectable in the pituitary gland and somatostatin in the median eminence, and to correlate temporally the development of these two hormones throughout the remainder of pregnancy. Mice were studied at 15–19 days of gestation with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique of Sternberger. Somatotropes in the pars distalis were initially detected at 16 days of gestation and by 17 days they were a prominent component of the parenchymal cell population of the hypophysis. These cells were ovoid and distributed uniformly throughout the pars distalis; many were located adjacent to sinusoidal capillaries. Their number and staining intensity increased by 19 days. Somatostatin was not consistently observed in the median eminence until 19 days of gestation. Reaction product indicative of the presence of somatostatin in presumptive nerve endings was located on the ventral surface of the median eminence and in the external lamina of the infundibulum in proximity to the superficial portal capillaries. Results of the present investigation support the concept that the potential for neuroendocrine control of GH secretion exists in the mouse by the end of fetal development. Several hypotheses concerning the temporal relationship between the appearance of somatostatin in the hypothalamus and of GH in the anterior pituitary gland are discussed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphor in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, ZrC-beschichtete Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A flameless atomic-absorption method for determination of phosphorus is developed, employing zirconium treated graphite tubes. The great improvement of the sensitivity with these tubes eliminates the necessity of adding La(NO3)3. The sensitivity does not vary from tube to tube and its maximal value is attained within the first 2–3 firings. The atomization signal is practically the same within the range of 2,600–2,800° C when the rise of the temperature is high (〉 1,500° C/s). The best signal to noise ratio is obtained at 2,600° C. The detection limit is 0.05 ppm with injection of 50 μl. The method is applied to the analysis of a standard steel sample.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Verwendung einer ZrC-beschichteten Graphitrohrküvette wurde eine wesentliche Erhöhung der Empfindlichkeit erzielt, ohne daß eine Zugabe von La(NO3)3 nötig wäre. Bei Küvettenwechsel ändert sich die Empfindlichkeit nicht. Das maximale Signal wird während der ersten 2–3 Bestimmungen erreicht. Das Atomisierungssignal bleibt im Bereich zwischen 2600 und 2800 °C praktisch unverändert. Das Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis ist bei 2600 °C am größten. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,05 ppm bei 50 μl. Die Methode wurde zur Analyse von Stahlstandardproben angewendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer, Blei, Zink ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, chromatogr. Trennung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The sample of seawater (51) is freed from solid particles, buffered at pH 5.6 and percolated through a column filled with ED3A. After sample passage 15 ml 1 M hydrochloric acid solution are pumped through the column to dissolve the concentrated ions. The final measurement using flame atomic absorption is carried out in the hydrochloric acid solution. The total labour time is less than 15 min. The standard deviations (4 analyses) for the determination of Cu, Pb and Zn (in the normal concentration range of 2–6 μg · l−1) were 2–5%, 5% and 1–10%, the recoveries 100%, 102% and 104%, respectively. A concentration coefficient of 300–500 was obtained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Probe Meereswasser (51) wird nach Entfernen der festen Teilchen auf einen pH-Wert von 5,6 gepuffert und durch eine Trennsäule mit ED3A geführt. Die angereicherten Metallionen werden mit 15 ml 1 M HCl-Lösung eluiert. Anschließend erfolgt die Bestimmung durch Flammenatomabsorption. Die Methode erfordert insgesamt weniger als 15 min Arbeitszeit. Die Standardabweichungen (4 Best.) betragen für Cu, Pb und Zn (im normalen Bereich von etwa 2–6 μg·l−1) etwa 2–5%, 5% und 1–10%, die Wiederfindungsraten 100%, 102% bzw. 104%. Der Konzentrationskoeffizient beträgt 300 bis 500.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Störung durch Fremdelemente
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The interfering effect of thirty six metal salts on chromium absorbance in the air-acetylene flame has been studied. The interference does not depend on the boiling point of the added foreign metals or particle size as previously assumed but is postulated to result from the formation of mixed oxides or bimetallic species or from suppression of ionized gaseous chromium pressure. The effect of the alkali sulphates as releasing agents in the determination of chromium has been tested and results show that they can be used to eliminate both suppressive and enhancing interferents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Störungsmöglichkeiten von 36 verschiedenen Metallsalzen bei der AAS-Bestimmung von Chrom mit Hilfe der Luft-Acetylen-Flamme wurden systematisch untersucht. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß der Einfluß dieser Salze nicht — wie früher angenommen — vom Siedepunkt der betreffenden Metalle oder der Teilchengröße abhängt, sondern von der Bildung von Mischoxiden, Bimetallverbindungen oder von der Herabsetzung des Chromdampfdrucks. Weiterhin wurde die Wirkung von Alkalisulfaten als Releasing-Reagentien untersucht und gefunden, daß diese sowohl bei abschwächender als auch verstärkender Wirkung angewendet werden können.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Arbeitsbedingungen, Einflüsse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Vielfältigkeit der Einflüsse von Mineralsäuren, Lösungsgenossen, Brennererwärmung und der Wertigkeit des Ions, welche insgesamt die Bestimmung von Chrom mittels AAS sehr problematisch gestalten, systematisch untersucht. Durch Verwendung einer brenngasarmen Acetylen-Lachgasflamme werden diese Schwierigkeiten weitestgehend beseitigt, was an hochprozentigen Normstählen demonstriert wird.
    Notes: Summary The variety of influences, such as mineral acids, heating of the burner head, solvent components and valency of the ion, was examined systematically. By use of a lean acetylene-nitrous oxide flame these difficulties can by eleminated extensively, and this is demonstrated on high chromium standard steels.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lithium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Isotopie-Effekte
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren, Hydrid, Elementquerstörungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Natriumborhydrid-Reduktionsmethode zur Austreibung des Selens aus sauren Probenlösungen in Kombination mit einer AAS-Bestimmung des Selens in einer geheizten Quarzküvette (Hydridsystem MHS-1 der Firma Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer, Überlingen) wird durch die Gegenwart zahlreicher Begleitelemente selbst im Spurenbereich gestört. Bei der Bestimmung von 5–100 ng Se in 20 ml 0,3 N salzsaurer Probenlösung verursachen ca. 0,7 μg Ag+;1,5 μg Sb3+;3 μg Au3+; 5 μg Cu2+; 6 μg As3+; 25 μg Sb5+; 30 μg As5+; 60 μg Ni2+; 200 μg Pt4+ bzw. Mn7+; 700 μg Co2+; 1,5 mg Pb2+; 3 mg Cr6+ und 5 mg Hg2+ jeweils Erniedrigungen des Se-Signals um 50%. 4 μg Sn2+/Sn4+ bzw. 6 μg Bi3+ führen zu einer 30 %igen Erniedrigung. Fe2+/Fe3+ stören ab Mengen ≥400 μg. Te4+ ≤ 300 μg, Alkali- und Erdalkalimengen≤25 mg sowie Mengen ≤ 5mg Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+ und Zn2+ waren ohne Einfluß auf die Ausbeute der Selenhydrid-Bildung. Die Störungen sind stark abhängig von der vorgegebenen HCl-Konzentration in der Probenlösung. Weitere Quellen für systematische Fehler des Verfahrens wurden untersucht und teilweise behoben. Das Hydrid-AAS-Verfahren kann nicht zur direkten Bestimmung von Selenspuren (ng/g-Bereich) in metallischen, geologischen und biologischen Matrices empfohlen werden, wenn die Gehalte der störenden Begleitelemente in der Probe bestimmte Grenzkonzentrationen überschreiten, die numerisch stark von der apparativen Anordnung und den Versuchsparametern abhängen.
    Notes: Summary The sodium boro hydride-reduction method for the liberation of selenium from acid sample solutions in connection with its determination by AAS using a heatable optical cell made of quartz (hydride system MHS-1, Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer, Überlingen, F.R.G.) is interfered with by numerous concomitant elements occurring even in the trace range in the sample solution. In the determination of 5–100 ng of selenium in 20 ml sample solution 0.3 N in HCl, 0.7 μg of Ag+; 1.5 μg of Sb3+; 3 μg of Au3+; 5 μg of Cu2+; 6 μg of As3+;25 μg of Sb5+; 30 μg of As5+; 60 μg of Ni2+; 200 μg of Pt4+ and Mn7+; 700 μg of Co+; 1.5 mg of Pb2+; 3 mg of Cr6+ and 5 mg Hg2+ cause a depression of the Se-signal of 50%. 4 μg of Sn2+/Sn4+ and 6 μg of Bi3+ cause a depression of 30%. Fe2+ /Fe3+ interfere only if present in quantities ≥400 μg. Te4+ in quantities ≤300 μg, alkali metals and alkaline earths ≤25 mg, and Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ ≤5 mg do not affect the selenium hydride formation. The interferences depend very strongly on the used HCl concentration in the sample solution. Further sources of systematic errors are investigated and partly eliminated. The hydride-AAS procedure cannot be recommended for the determination of traces of selenium (ng/g-range) directly in metallic, geological or biological matrices, if the levels of the interfering concomitants reach above a certain threshold concentration, which numerically depend strongly on the apparatus and the parameters of the analysis.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 374-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Aluminium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verflüchtigung aus Reinstaluminium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung kleinster Mengen Cadmium beschrieben, bei dem Cadmium zunächst aus Reinstaluminium verflüchtigt und dann im Wasserstoffstrom entweder on-line oder off-line mit der flammenlosen AAS bestimmt wird. 23 ppb Cadmium konnten bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of low concentrations of cadmium. In the first step cadmium is volatilized out of very pure aluminium and subsequently determined in a H2 stream either off-line or on-line with flameless AAS. 23 ppb of cadmium could be determined.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 377-379 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in Blei, Bleilegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Red. zu Arsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von μg/g- bis mg/g-Gehalten Arsen in Blei und Bleilegierungen beschrieben. Das Arsen wird dazu mit NaBH4 als AsH3 aus der Probenlösung ausgetrieben und atomabsorptions-spektrometrisch in einer geheizten Quarzküvette bestimmt. Durch geeignete Arbeitsbedingungen werden Störungen durch die Matrix ausgeschaltet. Für den gesamten Arbeitsbereich beträgt die relative Standardabweichung etwa 3% (N=12); die Nachweisgrenze (3 σ-Grenze) wurde zu 0,1 μg/g As ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of μg/g to mg/g concentrations of As in lead and lead alloys. For that purpose arsenic is blown out from the sample solutions as AsH3 by use of NaBH4 and determined by AAS in a heated quartz cuvette. Using suitable conditions disturbances caused by the matrix are eliminated. The relative standard deviation over the whole working range is about 3% (N=12); the detection limit (3 σ) was found to be 0.1 μg/g As.
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  • 59
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Silber, Cadmium, Blei, Zink in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Ta-Streifen ; Best. von Zink neben Albumin in Serum ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Ta-Streifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple and efficient tantalum strip atomizer is described suitable for use in the atomic absorption determination of trace elements in water. The cell operates with an inexpensive Powerstat-transformer unit to provide the necessary electrothermal heat for atomization. It can be easily fitted in the place of the burner in atomic absorption instruments. The atomizer has been used to determine Ag, Cd, Pb, and Zn in tap water samples and Zn in the presence of albumin.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die elektrische Erhitzung des Tantalstreifens wird mit Hilfe einer preisgünstigen Energiequelle (Powerstat/Transformator) vorgenommen, die leicht anstelle des Brenners in den üblichen Geräten untergebracht werden kann. Das Verfahren wurde zur Bestimmung von Ag, Cd, Pb und Zn in Leitungswasser sowie von Zink neben Albumin angewendet.
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  • 60
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 114-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen, Schwermetallen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Bodensee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Monatliche AAS-Messungen im Jahre 1977 auf die Elemente As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Se, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Al und B im Rohwasser und im Trinkwasser des Zweckverbandes Bodenseewasserversorgung sowie an ausgewählten Tiefenprofilen im Überlinger See werden diskutiert. Die angewandten Untersuchungsmethoden werden eingehend erläutert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Gehalt der toxischen Metalle im Bodenseewasser unter 1% der laut Trinkwasserverordnung zulässigen Grenzkonzentrationen liegt. Die höchsten Konzentrationen mit maximal 7% des Grenzwertes wurden beim Element Arsen gefunden — eine für die Bodenseetrinkwasserwerke jedoch immer noch beruhigende Zahl. Dennoch soll speziell diesem Element in weitergehenden Untersuchungen erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.
    Notes: Summary A survey is given based on monthly measurements over a one-year period (1977) to determine the trace metals in the raw and drinking water and in two vertical profiles of the Lake of Constance (Überlinger See) by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The methods used are discussed in detail. The results showed that the content of the toxic metals Hg, Se, Pb, Cr and Cd amounts to less than 1% of the concentration limits due to German law. The highest concentrations were found for the element As, which reached about 7% of the limiting concentration. Further investigations are therefore concerned with this element.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 551-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: C-cells ; Thyroid gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calcitonin antibody ; Mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the thyroid glands of the horse, pig, deer, mole, and rat, C-cells could be demonstrated by means of the immunocytochemical PAP-technique using rabbit antisera against human calcitonin. Only in ruminants, the crossreaction between the intracellularly stored antigen and the antibodies used appeared to be incomplete.
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 317-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Lamprey ; Vasotocinergic system ; Adenohypophysis ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it was shown that the preoptico-hypophysial neurosecretory system of the adult migrating Lampetra fluviatilis is a vasotocinergic system. It does not synthesize vasopressin. The results are entirely consistent with earlier chromatographic and pharmacological indications that it produces little or no oxytocin-like peptide hormone. In the adenohypophysis, immunoreactive neurohypophysial peptidergic fibres are absent.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Pars intermedia of hypophysis ; Rana temporaria ; Mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method at the electron microscopic level, it has been shown that the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria contains a diffuse intercellular network of separate mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic nerve fibres.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 211-224 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin (rat) ; Hypothalamus ; Fibers and perikarya ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the immunoenzyme bridge-technique at the light and electron microscopic levels, somatostatin can be demonstrated in the perikarya of the anterior periventricular nucleus, in the median eminence and in the parvocellular hypothalamic nuclei of the rat. In the latter regions the perikarya are negative, whereas a positive reaction for somatostatin is found in a delicate network of fibers and middle-sized granules of very small axons. In light of these results, the double function of somatostatin — as release inhibiting hormone and as transmitter — is discussed. The positive staining reaction in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis of male and female rats as well as in the subfornical organ, the nucleus dorsalis thalami and the nucleus medialis habenulae in female controls and pregnant rats is not due to somatostatin-containing structures, but partly to substance P and partly to a substance which could not be defined.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: External region of median eminence (Rat) ; Vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic fibres ; Hypothalamic lesions ; Adrenalectomy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence was investigated by means of hypothalamic lesions, adrenalectomy and immunocytochemistry. The results obtained in bilaterally adrenalectomized animals with complete, or incomplete, destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei showed that, at least, the great majority of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence do not originate from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. From the observations obtained in bilaterally adrenalectomized animals with total or subtotal destruction of both paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, it appears that the paraventricular nuclei must be the origin of (nearly) all the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence. The results strongly suggest that both types of fibres originate from all parts of the paraventricular nuclei.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 491-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pig ; Oxytocin ; [8-Lysine]-Vasopressin ; Specific localization ; Immunocytochemistry ; One hormone, One Neurophysin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synthetic oxytocin and [8-arginine]-vasopressin conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin were used to induce specific antibodies in rabbits. The specificity of the anti-oxytocin serum, and the suitability of the anti-[8arginine]-vasopressin serum for the detection of [8-lysine]-vasopressin, was evaluated by immunofluorescent studies of the respective hormones bound to Sepharose 4B particles. Oxytocin and [8-lysine]-vasopressin were specifically localized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the pig hypothalamus using the immunoperoxidase staining technique. After an examination of serial transverse and sagittal sections stained for either of the hormones we observed that: 1. In the rostral SON, oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurons were uniformly distributed; 2. In the caudal SON, most of the neurons contained oxytocin, but there were still a few ‘vasopressin’ neurons; 3. In the rostral PVN, the two hormones were evenly spread in neurons close to the third ventricle; 4. In the caudal PVN, the oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurons were differentially distributed, with ‘oxytocin’ neurons adjacent to the third ventricle, and ‘vasopressin’ neurons lateral to these and concentrated in the dorso-caudal PVN. In the cells of the PVN, there was evidence that the distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin is similar to the distribution of porcine neurophysin-II and porcine neurophysin-I respectively. This similarity is consistent with the one hormone — one neurophysin concept in the pig.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human hypothalamus ; Magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei ; Suprachiasmatic nuclei ; Vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human hypothalamic-neurohypophysial hormone-producing nuclei were investigated with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level. The size, shape and location of the supraoptic, paraventricular, accesssory supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei were determined. It was demonstrated in the human hypothalamus, as well as in the hypothalamus of other mammals, that vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in separate neurons. In each of the nuclei of the magnocellular neurosecretory system, the distribution, ratios and structural features of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons were determined. It was shown that the human suprachiasmatic nuclei contain numerous neurophysin-vasopressin-producing neurons.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine cells ; Gut ; Neurotensin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Comparative studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endocrine cells displaying neurotensin immunoreactivity are found scattered in the jejuno-ileum of all mammals studied, including man. They are rather scarce in rat, guinea pig, rabbit and pig and fairly numerous in cat, dog and man. In most mammals the neurotensin cells predominate on the villi. Only in the dog are they more numerous in the crypts. In the chicken, neurotensin cells occur all along the intestinal tract. They are particularly numerous in the zone that joins the gizzard with the duodenum. The ontogeny of the neurotensin cells in the gut was studied in rats and chickens. In the rat, the cells are first observed in the jejuno-ileum immediately before birth. The adult frequency is reached 4–5 days later. In the chicken, neurotensin cells first appear in the colon in the 18 day old embryo and in the small intestine two days later (i.e. one or two days before hatching). A few days after hatching, the gut has achieved the adult number of neurotensin cells per unit area.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 491-497 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to identify clearly the nervous structures containing somatostatin in the human hypothalamus, an immunohistochemical localization of this neurohormone was performed at light-microscopic level. Using a antiserum specific to somatostatin and the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, we have found somatostatin in neurons with cell bodies in an area in the anterior hypothalamus corresponding to the infundibular nucleus. Somatostatin-containing fibers were also detected in the neurovascular zone of the pituitary stalk, suggesting that somatostatin is released in that region to reach the capillaries in the pituitary portal plexus. A large bundle of somatostatin fibers extending from the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus up to the posterior portion of the mammillary bodies has also been detected. The role of these fibers still remains to be clarified.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Thyroglobulin ; Petromyzon marinus L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies made against thyroglobulin (TG) were used in an immunocytochemical study for the light and electron microscopic localization of TG in the thyroid gland of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, during its upstream migration. TG was found in the follicular lumen and in some colloid droplets within the follicular cells. Except for an immunoreactive product observed in a small portion of the interstitial connective tissue, the location of TG in the lamprey was similar to that in the thyroid of the rat.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein ; Duodenum ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the duodenum of rat was studied using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining methods. Specific positive reaction product, indicative of the presence of CaBP, was exclusively located within the villous part of the duodenal mucosa. Moreover, CaBP was detected mainly within the supranuclear region of the cytoplasm of absorptive cells and also at the level of their basal laminae. CaBP was not demonstrable either in the nuclei or associated with the brush border membrane of absorptive cells. Also, CaBP was neither detectable in goblet cells nor in sub-epithelial layers. When the specific anti-CaBP antiserum was replaced by nonimmune rabbit serum or when it was preabsorbed on a CaBP-Sepharose conjugate, no positive immunostaining was seen. Together with recent biochemical data our observations agree well with the view that CaBP may act as an intracellular “buffer” by protecting the cell against too high Ca2+ concentrations.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 295-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; C cells ; Ultimobranchial body ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroid tissue of 300 routine autopsies was processed in a standardized manner. So-called solid cell nests (SCN) were found in 21 patients (7 %). These cases were investigated carefully by serial step sectioning. In order to explore the correlation of SCN to the C-cell system, the sections were stained by silver impregnation and the immunoperoxidase method. Morphometric analyses revealed a significant increase in the density of C cells in the proximity of the SCN. With progressive distance from the SCN, the C-cell density decreased and reached normal values. In 30 % of the cases argyrophilic and calcitonin-positive cells were found lying within the SCN. Occasionally, mixed follicles could be discerned: These were lined on the one side by a multilayered squamous epithelium, on the other side by normal monolayered cubic follicular epithelium, and contained a peculiar granular material. In one case, SCN were associated with intrathyroid portions of the parathyroids and adult adipose tissue, in a second case with adipose tissue only. Most probably SCN are vestiges of the ultimobranchial body and should be interpreted as such, despite the fact that other authors have expressed different views. The lack of disturbances in the calcium metabolism of the patients and the absence of medullary carcinoma in their family histories led us to interpret locally confined C-cell hyperplasia not as reactive nor premalignant, but rather as normal.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: β-Endorphin ; LH-RH neurons ; Fetal human hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A peptide immunochemically related to β-endorphin was detected in some LH-RH neurons of the fetal human hypothalamus by comparison of adjacent sections stained for β-endorphin and for LH-RH. In the same section, by successive staining and after antibody elution, both peptides were again revealed in the same neuron. The significance of the presence of the β-endorphin-like material in LH-RH neurons is discussed.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 415-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colon ; Human fetus ; Endocrine cells (distribution) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ontogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 9 fetuses, 9 to 24 weeks-old, the occurrence and relative distribution of argentaffin cells, as well as of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin (SRIF), glucagon-like polypeptide (GLI), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and substance P (SP) were studied in five segments of the colon (appendix, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectosigmoid). For each colonic segment, data concerned with the occurrence of endocrine cells were expressed either as mean absolute numbers of specific cells per entire mucosal section, or as cell densities per mm3 of mucosa after calculation of the mucosal volume of the sections. Argentaffin, GLI, SRIF and PP immunoreactive cells are all present in relatively large numbers, scattered along the entire length of the colonic mucosa as early as the 9th–10th week of gestation, whereas substance P-containing cells occur sporadically and first appear during the 14th–17th week. Until the 20th week, with progressing embryonic development, an increase was determined in absolute numbers per section of all types of endocrine cells in all segments of the colon. This observation is clearly related to the general growth of the colonic mucosa, since cell densities per mm3 of mucosa do not greatly change or even decrease during gestation. However, it is possible that densities of argentaffin, GLI and BPP cells increase in the appendix around the 14th–17th week of gestation. Between the 20th and 24th week, absolute numbers of cells per section remain stable or slightly increase, while cell densities tend rather to decrease in all segments. These data demonstrate that some endocrine cells are present very early in the human fetal colon, but their functional significance remains to be elucidated.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Median eminence ; Hypophysis ; Rana temporaria ; Vasotocinergic fibres ; Mesotocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was shown that both the internal and the external regions of the median eminence of the frog contain separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. This observation confirms the results of previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level. The mean size of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the external region of the median eminence is significantly smaller than that of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the internal region of the median eminence. No significant difference could be found between the mean granule size of the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of either the internal or the external region of the frog median eminence.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: Cyproterone acetate ; 17β-Oestradiol ; 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol ; Prostate gland ; Pituitary gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dog (beagle)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (CPA), prevents development of prostatic hyperplasia, induced in castrated dogs by a 6 month-treatment with 5α-androstane-3α,l 7β-diol (A)alone or in combination with 17β-oestradiol (E 2). The immunoperoxidase technique was used to study functional cell types in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland and to detect growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) target sites in the prostate gland. Homologous radioimmunoassays for estimation of serum canine GH and PRL concentrations were also performed. Treatment with the combinations A + E 2 and A + E 2 + CPA resulted in morphological indications of stimulated GH and PRL cells and depressed gonadotrophs. This correlates well with an increase in PRL-dependent staining in glandular epithelium and fibromuscular tissue of the prostate gland. However, basal serum PRL and GH levels were not significantly affected. Treatment with A and A + E2 stimulated, while additional treatment with CPA clearly suppressed adrenocorticotrophin/melanotrophin (ACTH/MSH) cells. These findings indicate that an endocrine imbalance in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function may be involved in induction and prevention of prostatic hyperplasia in the dog.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Dipnoi (Protopterus) ; Neurohypophysial hormones ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it has been shown that, in the dipnoan preoptico-hypophysial neurosecretory system, vasotocin and mesotocin are synthesized in separate neurons. In the preoptic nuclei, the perikarya of these two types of neurosecretory neurons are not located preferentially. The two types of neurosecretory perikarya give rise to separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic axons, respectively. The dipnoan median eminence and neural lobe contain separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres, the general distribution of which is described. In the pars distalis and the pars intermedia of the hypophysis, neurohypophysial hormone-containing nerve fibres have not been found.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Cyproterone acetate ; d-Norgestrel ; Progesterone ; Pars distalis ; adenohypophysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dog (Beagle)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of short-term (8 weeks) treatment with different doses of cyproterone acetate (CPA), d-norgestrel (d-N) and progesterone on cells of the pars distalis, as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique, were studied in cycle-synchronized beagle bitches (first anoestrus). Pituitary glands from non-treated primiparous beagle bitches at the 6th and 9th week of pregnancy were also included. For immunochemical staining specific antisera to the following hormones were used: canine GH, canine PRL, porcine ACTH, bovine TSHβ, bovine LHβ and human FSHβ. Morphological features of high secretory activity in GH cells were evident even after the human oral contraceptive doses of CPA and d-N, and after a dose as low as 0.1 mg/kg/day subcutaneously (s.c.) of progesterone. In contrast, PRL cells did not show any significant treatment-related effects except in those animals which received the highest dose of d-N (0.5 mg/kg/day per os). In this group, as well as in all pregnant bitches, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of PRL cells were found. In the animals treated with the highest doses of CPA (4.0 mg/kg/day per os) and progesterone (42.5 mg/kg/day s.c.) as well as in pregnant bitches, ACTH/MSH and TSH cells showed marked atrophy and regressive changes. Similar morphological signs of depressed secretory activity were also observed in the cells shown to contain FSHβ and/or LHβ as a result of treatment with the highest dose of progesterone and at the 9th week of pregnancy. These structural responses indicate that quantitative and/or qualitative differences may exist between progesterone, the synthetic progesterone derivative CPA and the nortestosterone type progestagen d-N with regard to their effect on pituitary hormone secretion in the beagle bitch.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 79-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum ; Endocrine cells ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development and cytodifferentiation of endocrine cells that produce the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin have been studied by a combined fluorescence-cytochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural approach. The results show that, during development, several ultrastructurally distinct cell types exhibit COOH-terminal gastrin and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity. Furthermore, some cells simultaneously contain both gastrin- and cholecystokinin-specific antigenic determinants. Studies on the time course of development of gastrin and cholecystokinin cells, together with the above-mentioned data, suggest that gastrin cells may be converted into cholecystokinin cells in development. During this period, gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin cells store the biogenic monoamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine a feature not displayed by the adult counter-parts of these cells. In the adult duodenum, characteristic enterochromaffin (EC) cells store 5-hydroxytryptamin for which, evidence for a possible hormonal role has been presented. Taken together, our data indicate that the differentiation of duodenal endocrine cells occurs in distinct steps, each involving a restriction in the biosynthetic repertoire of the cell.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Gut ; Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells in the pancreas and gut of chickens were studied by immunocytochemistry. In the pancreas PP cells were numerous and disseminated in the exocrine parenchyma. In this location they were first seen at the 9th day of incubation, i.e. several days after the appearance of glucagon, insulin and somatostatin cells. Very large numbers of these cells occurred from about the 14th day until shortly after hatching when the PP cell frequency was somewhat reduced. At the 17th day of incubation PP cells appeared in the duodenum. Subsequently the number of PP cells in the duodenum increased, and PP cells began to appear also in the jejunum-ileum (19th day) and in the proventriculus and colon (21st day). At hatching and a few days thereafter, PP cells were relatively numerous in the small intestines but much less frequent in the proventriculus and colon. One week after hatching PP cells had disappeared from the colon but remained in the proventriculus and small intestines. Ultrastructurally the PP cell was clearly distinguishable from the insulin, glucagon and somatostatin cells. It was characterized by the presence of spherical cytoplasmic granules which were membrane-bound and moderately electron dense. Areas of firm adhesion between PP cells and acinar cells in the form of desmosomes and possibly also gap junctions were observed.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Mexican axolotl ; Prolactin ; Somatotropin ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The indirect immunofluorescence procedure was used to identify prolactin (LTH)-and somatotropin (STH)-producing cells in the pituitary of the Mexican axolotl. Histological staining techniques were employed to corroborate immunocytological results. The LTH cells are large, orange-staining cells (acidophils 1) distributed in the posterior two-thirds of the pars distalis. The STH cells are small, erythrosinophilic elements (acidophils 2) principally concentrated in the dorsal part of the pars distalis.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin neurons ; Oxytocin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Magnocellular neuroendocrine system ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine cells in the cat hypothalamus reveals a mixture of vasopressin (VP)- and oxytocin (OT)-containing neurons in the supraoptic (NSO), the paraventricular (NPV) and in five accessory nuclei (NAC). We describe the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (NLH), a new accessory nucleus, lying at the junction of the internal capsule and pallidum, and possibly involved in drinking behavior. Previously characterized incompletely in mammals, the four other accessory nuclei consist of the circularis (NC), anterior fornical (NAF), posterior fornical (NPF) and retrochiasmatic (NRC). The two peptidergic cell types, VP and OT, are equally mixed in the NPV and the NAC, but in the NSO VP neurons predominate. The perikarya of these VP and OT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy. The organization of magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the cat hypothalamus closely resembles that described in other mammals with the exception of the unique presence of the lateral hypothalamic accessory nucleus.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (Man) ; Vasopressin-neurophysin neurons ; Oxytocin-neurophysin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of immunocytochemistry, it was shown that both the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in humans contain at least two different neurophysins. These two human neurophysins are immunologically related to bovine neurophysin I and neurophysin II, respectively. One human neurophysin is associated with vasopressin, the other with oxytocin. Human vasopressin-neurophysin and oxytocin-neurophysin are located separately in two different types of neurons, which correspond respectively to the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons of both the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurophysin of the human vasopressinergic suprachiasmatic neurons appears to be closely related to or identical with neurophysin of the vasopressinergic neurons of the human magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 177-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cyproterone acetate ; Pars distalis ; Adenohypophysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dog (Beagle)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of oral administration of 100 mg per kg per day cyproterone acetate (CPA) for four weeks on cells of the pars distalis, as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique and chemical staining, were studied in the ovariectomized beagle bitch. For immunochemical staining antisera to the following hormones were used: canine GH, canine PRL, porcine ACTH, bovine TSHβ, bovine LHβ and human FSHβ1. The most striking effects of the treatment were an overall increase in the relative proportion of GH cells and a marked morphological indication of high secretory activity in these cells. In contrast, PRL cells were not affected significantly. In all ovariectomized control bitches a marked atrophy of the cells stained for FSHβ (FSH cells) and hypertrophy of the cells shown to contain LHβ(LH cells) were observed. FSH cells became enlarged, while LH cells appeared reduced in size by administration of CPA. In some treated bitches ACTH/MSH cells showed atrophy and regressive changes, whereas TSH cells seemed to become enlarged and were more densely arranged. These structural responses indicate that, in addition to its partial antigonadotropic properties, CPA as a synthetic progesterone derivative may stimulate GH secretion and possibly suppress CRH-ACTH activity in the ovariectomized beagle bitch.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 319-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Human fetus ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical techniques have enabled us to characterize the hypothalamic somatostatin system in the human fetus and to study its ontogenesis. Somatostatin-containing neurons appear as early as the 16th week of fetal life. Their perikarya belong to two distinct cell populations: some of them, of large size, form clusters in the magno-cellular nuclei (S.O.N.-P.V.N.); they seem to be neurophysin-positive. The others, parvo-cellular, lie scattered in ventral periventricular areas; they are neurophysin-negative. Most of the immunoreactive fibers pass through the M.E. and terminate in two distinct territories: on the one hand close to the vessels of the primary portal plexus (these territories being neurophysin-negative) and on the other hand, in the peripheral regions of the neural lobe (these territories being neurophysin-positive). The staining reactions obtained with the anti-somatostatin and anti-neurophysin I.S. suggest the existence of 2 hypothalamic somatostatin systems. The former (neurophysin-negative) which appears to originate from the parvocellular perikarya and which terminates in the M.E., controlling adenohypophyseal cells, the latter (neurophysin-positive) originating from one of the S.O.N. and P.V.N. cell populations appears to terminate in the neural lobe. The existence of the latter system suggested by the results of the present and the preceding studies on other species has yet to be fully established.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 525-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: ACTH ; Human hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using an antiserum to porcine ACTH and the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, we have found that ACTH is present in neuronal cell bodies located exclusively in the arcuate nucleus of the human hypothalamus. ACTH-containing fibers are distributed extensively throughout the hypothalamus with the greatest density in the periventricular nucleus. No concentration of ACTH fibers could be observed in the neurovascular zone of the pituitary stalk.
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    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Gonadotrophic hormones (FSH, LH) ; Pituitary gland ; Dog (Beagle)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (β) subunits of FSH and LH1, selective immunochemical staining was localized mostly in the same cell type in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of the dog pituitary gland. However, some cells were consistently shown to react solely with antisera to either LHβ or FSHβ. The cells stained for FSHβ were at least 1.5 times less numerous than those shown to contain LHβ. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the immunoreactive gonadotrophs varied greatly in their relative proportion and were mostly shown to be much less numerous than in bitches in the anestrus phase of the sexual cycle. These cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. The performic acid-alcian blue (pH 0.2)-PAS-orange G procedure stained the FSH/LH cells blue or turquoise, demonstrating TSH cells (blue-purple), ACTH/MSH cells (red-purple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The FSH/LH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunochemical double staining. These observations support the concept that the one cell-one hormone theory may not apply to gonadotrophic hormones, although some cells seem to be the source of either FSH or LH.
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  • 88
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    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ; Pituitary gland ; Duck
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cells binding anti-bovine TSH β serum were found exclusively in the rostral lobe of the adenohypophysis of the drake using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex unlabelled antibody method. The specificity of the binding of the anti-serum to TSH cells was established by relating the morphology and relative abundance of immunochemically stained cells to the TSH content of the adenohypophysis after experimentally altering the activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. The TSH activity of the adenohypophysis was assessed indirectly, by the weight of the thyroid glands, and directly, by bioassay. As determined by bioassay, the TSH content of the rostral lobe of the adenohypohysis was much greater than that of the caudal lobe. Compared with control drakes, immunochemically stained cells in birds fed a goitrogen, methimazole, seemed to be enlarged and were closer together, while the stained cells in drakes injected with thyroxine were shrunken and less intensely stained. The TSH content of the adenohypophysis was increased in drakes fed methimazole. Castration did not alter the TSH content of the adenohypophysis or change the morphology of immunochemically stained cells. These observations suggest that in the drake: 1) anti-bovine TSH β serum binds specifically to TSH cells; 2) the TSH cells occur in the rostral and not in the caudal lobe of the adenohypophysis; and 3) the activity of TSH cells is not inhibited by the feedback effects of gonadal steroids.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rhesus monkey ; Immunocytochemistry ; Luteinizing hormone ; Thyroid stimulating hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitary glands from juvenile (pre-pubertal) and adult male and female rhesus monkeys were examined following immunocytochemical staining with antisera to the beta subunits of ovine luteinizing hormone (LHβ) and of human thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHβ). The LHβ antiserum reacts with a cell that is PAS-positive, occurs singly and is randomly distributed throughout the pars distalis. The diameter of these cells is approximately 11.5 μm. They do not seem to vary in number in either juveniles (pre-pubertals) or adults, or in males or females. There appears to be fewer LH cells in the pituitary glands of pregnant and lactating females. In addition to staining cells in the pars distalis, the antiserum also reacts with a population of cells located in the pars tuberalis. The cells that stain with the anti-TSHβ serum are confined primarily to the pars distalis. They are approximately 15.8 μm in diameter and are generally found in groups or clusters located in the anterior and medial regions of the gland. The TSH cells vary in number from one animal to another; however, this variability is unrelated to the age or the sex of the animals. No demonstrable changes occur in the number of TSH cells during pregnancy or lactation.
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 211-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 17β-estradiol ; Pituitary gland ; Dog (Beagle) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Glycoprotein hormones (FSH, LH, TSH)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of long-term treatment (52 weeks) with high doses of 17β-estradiol (1.28 mg/kg/week intramuscularly) on gonadotrophs was studied in the pituitary gland of the beagle bitch. For immunochemical staining the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (β) subunits of FSH and LH were employed. For control purposes antisera to the following hormones were also used: bovine TSHβ, canine GH, canine PRL and porcine ACTH1. In the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of control bitches, in addition to the cells which react solely with antisera to either LHβ or FSHβ, most cells were reactive to both antisera. The cells stained for FSHβ were less numerous than those shown to contain LHβ. TSHβ, PRL, GH and ACTH/MSH were localized in distinctly different cell types in the pars distalis of all control animals. In the treated bitches, almost complete regression of cells classically identified as gonadotrophs and stained for LHβ was observed. On the other hand, using the antiserum to FSHβ, selective immunochemical staining was localized in cells fitting the morphological characteristics of TSH cells. All these cells were also stained for TSHβ. However, a few cells were also shown to react solely with the antiserum to TSHβ. These cells, which seem to contain both TSHβ and FSHβ, were further clearly differentiated from PRL, GH and ACTH/MSH cells on the basis of their cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunochemical double staining. These observations support the concept that the one cell-one hormone theory may not necessarily apply to the glycoprotein hormones of the dog pituitary gland.
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 327-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin ; Growth hormone ; Ovine pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Granule size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical staining technique, prolactin and growth hormone cells have been identified and described in the ovine pituitary. The image analysing computer, Quantimet 720, was used to assess accurately the size range of the secretory granules in these cell types. The area size distributions of the prolactin and growth hormone granules are similar. An increased proportion of larger granules was observed in the prolactin cells post-partum. Serial sections stained alternately for prolactin or growth hormone confirmed that the cells contain either prolactin or growth hormone but not both.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Median eminence ; Immunocytochemistry ; Domestic mallard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the hypothalamus of the adult domestic mallard, small to medium-sized perikarya are stained specifically with rabbit antiserum against cyclic somatostatin (PAP technique of Sternberger). The somatostatin-immunoreactive material is located in neurons different from those containing immunoreactive LHRH, vasotocin or mesotocin. Somatostatin-containing perikarya are observed 1) in a chain-like arrangement extending from the area of the median division of the supraoptic nucleus to the caudal end of the paraventricular nucleus; 2) as single cells in the preoptic region; and 3) as a conspicuous formation in the optic tract division of the supraoptic nucleus. In the rostral portion of the median eminence, somatostatin-immunoreactive axons penetrate into the external zone. Fine accessory fiber bundles project to the neural lobe.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 307-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary-Intermediate lobe ; Immunocytochemistry ; α, MSH, ACTH, Endorphin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The question is examined whether α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), met-enkephalin and β-endorphin are detectable by enzyme immunocytochemistry in the cells of the intermediate lobe (PI) of the rat pituitary. By applying antibodies against αMSH, ACTH and β-endorphin on light microscopic sections, intense immunostaining was found in all PI-cells. At the ultrastructural level, after treatment of consecutive serial sections with these three antibodies the immunoreactivity was localized in the same secretory granules. No specific metenkephalin immunoreactivity could be detected in the cells of the intermediate lobe.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammalian secretin cell ; Distribution ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemically, secretin cells have been demonstrated to occur in the duodenum and jejunum of several mammals. Calculations on the relative frequency of such cells indicate that the bulk of secretin occurs in the jejunum, a fact supporting the view that secretin may be released by physiological stimulants other than hydrochloric acid. Electron microscopical identification of cat and pig secretin cells confirmed their identity with the ultrastructurally defined S cells, and staining experiments revealed that secretin cells were argyrophilic both with the method of Grimelius and with that of Hellerström and Hellman. Secretin cells are detected already in the 17-day old fetal rat duodenum and show a developmental pattern similar to that displayed by the gastrin cells. It is suggested that secretin may play a role in the early regulation of growth of the fetal gastrointestinal tract.
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    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 467-473 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysin ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Neurosecretory granules ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localization of neurophysin in neurons of the supraoptic nucleus was accomplished using an unlabeled-antibody, post-embedding, immunoperoxidase technique. Neurophysin was exclusively associated with neurosecretory granules within cell bodies of supraoptic neurons and their processes.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: β-Lipotropin ; Hypothalamus ; Hypophysial portal capillaries ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary β-Lipotropin (β-LPH) has been localized in hypothalamus and pituitary of sheep and ox by the immunoperoxidase technique. In both species β-LPH was found in perikarya of arcuate neurons as well as in cells of the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary. A large number of immunoreactive axons were found in the arcuate region; some appeared to innervate other neurons and others projected to portal capillaries. Stained fiber segments were also scattered throughout the hypothalamus. The presence of β-LPH in hypothalamic neurons supports the possibility that brain β-LPH may be a precursor for opiate-like or other peptides which may be involved in neuromodulation or neurohormonal activities.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 103-104 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohröfen, Präzision u. Richtigkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kupfer, Kupfersalzen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Ausfällen der Matrix als CuS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der Elementspuren Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl und Zn in reinem Kupfer und Kupfersalzen wird die Matrix als CuS mit Thioacetamid als Fällungsreagens ausgefällt. In 3 N salzsaurer Lösung werden die Elemente mit Ausbeuten ≥ 90 %, Tl zu 75 %, im Filtrat wiedergefunden. Nach Zusatz von HNO3 und Einengen des Filtrats, erhält man ein praktisch rückstandsfreies Spurenkonzentrat, in dem die angereicherten Elemente durch Flammen-Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt werden. Die relative Standardabweichung s/¯x liegt im allgemeinen bei Werten um 0,03. Für Einwaagen von 1 g Kupfer werden Nachweisgrenzen erzielt, die, je nach Element, zwischen 0,2 und 3 ppm liegen.
    Notes: Abstract For the determination of traces of elements such as Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn in pure copper and copper salts the matrix is precipitated as CuS using thioacetamide as precipitating reagent. In solutions containing 3 N hydrochloric acid, the recovery of the elements is ≥90 % (Tl 75%). By addition of HNO3 and evaporation of the filtrate to dryness a trace concentrate is received which is practically free of a salt residue and in which the preconcentrated elements are determined by flame AAS. The relative standard deviation s/¯x is generally about 0.03. Using samples of 1 g of copper the limit of detection for different elements was found to be between 0.2 and 3 ppm.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barium in Mineralwasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zweistufentrennung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method for the determination of barium in strongly mineralised waters was developed. Two-step separation of barium is used for its final determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. Coprecipitation with lead chromate separates barium from the bulk of accompanying elements; final isolation and concentration to a small volume of solution is achieved by subsequent cation-exchange chromatography. Thus, barium can be determined by conventional AAS technique using air-acetylene flame down to 5 μg per liter. The method permits barium determination in water samples containing up to e. g. 40 g of Na+, 40 g of K+, 10 g of Ca2+, 20 g of SO4 2− per liter.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine zweistufige Abtrennung des Bariums wird vor der eigentlichen Bestimmung durchgeführt. Die Hauptmenge an Begleitionen wird durch Mitfällung an Bleichromat entfernt, die endgültige Isolierung und Konzentrierung in einem kleinen Volumen erfolgt durch nachfolgenden Kationenaustausch. So kann Barium mit Hilfe der üblichen AAS-Technik unter Verwendung einer Luft-Acetylen-Flamme bis herab zu 5 μg/l bestimmt werden. Neben Barium können bis 40 g Na+, 40 g K+, 10 g Ca2+ sowie 20 g SO4 2−/l vorhanden sein.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Wasser ; Gesteinen, Kohle, Erdöl ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method for the quantitative determination of Hg in water, rocks, coal and petroleum is described. The Hg is separated from the sample by volatilization and formation of Au amalgam, redissolved and concentrated by electrolysis on gold cathodes. The gold cathodes are heated in the graphite atomizer such that the Hg is volatilized but the cathodes are preserved. The sensitivity of the method is high (0.05 ng/1 % absorption). A certain disadvantage is the long time required for the electrolysis. This, however, can be compensated, first, by the short time (a few minutes) required for the AAS measurement and second, by a rational working rhythm.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Hg wird verdampfungsanalytisch abgetrennt, gelöst und elektrolytisch an Goldkathoden angereichert. Die Goldkathoden werden in der Graphitrohrküvette so aufgeheizt, daß das Hg abdampft, die Goldkathoden jedoch für weitere Messungen erhalten bleiben. Das Verfahren ist mit 0.05 ng/1 % Absorption sehr nachweisempfindlich. Während die Hg-Messung nur wenige Minuten dauert, muß mit Elektrolysezeiten von mindestens 10 h gerechnet werden. Bei hinreichend vielen Elektrolyseeinheiten und einem sinnvollen Arbeitsrhythmus fällt dieser Nachteil nicht so stark ins Gewicht.
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