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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (8,422)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,701)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,195)
  • Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
  • Seismology
  • 1975-1979  (5,555)
  • 1950-1954  (3,054)
  • 1920-1924
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Years
Year
  • 101
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    A far-infrared photometer for the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A high-angular-resolution multiaperture far-IR photometric instrument for multicolor observations of a variety of objects at effective wavelengths of 40 to 160 microns is described which is ideal for use on NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The operational principles of the instrument are discussed, along with the far-IR radiometer and the offset guiding module. System performance is evaluated on the basis of the noise-equivalent flux of the radiometer, guiding accuracy capability, the suitability to the scientific objectives of the filter bandpasses and focal-plane aperture sizes, the ease of operation, and operating efficiency. Some examples of recent observations with this instrument are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 102
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    A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer for far infrared astronomical observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer has been developed for low-resolution far-infrared spectrometric measurements of astronomical sources conducted by the 30-cm NASA Lear Jet telescope. Simple MOSFET coupled transimpedance preamplifiers were adopted for the spectrometer design. The infrared spectrometer has resolving powers from 10 to 150 over the wavelength range from 45 to 115 microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 103
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    Design of an extended-range, three-wavelength distance-measuring instrument (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes an extension of current multiwavelength electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) techniques which should allow the range of multiwavelength measurements to be extended to approximately 50 km. The basic modification needed is the replacement of the retroreflector commonly used by an active station containing lasers and a microwave source. Because the system will always be operated as a full three-wave-length instrument, accuracies of about 5 x 10 to the -8th at 50 km should be obtainable on a routine basis under reasonably clear weather conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Tectonophysics; 52; 1979
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  • 104
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    Sealed position sensitive hard X-ray detector having large drift region for all sky camera with high angular resolution (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A sealed position sensitive proportional counter filled with two atmospheres of 95% xenon and 5% methane, and containing a drift region of 24 atm cm, has operated in a stable manner for many months. The detector contains G-10 frames to support the anode and cathode wires. The detector was sealed successfully by a combination of vacuum baking the G-10 frames at 150 C for two weeks followed by assembly into the detector in an environment of dry nitrogen, and the use of passive internal getters. The counter is intended for use with a circumferential cylindrical collimator. Together they provide a very broad field of view detection system with the ability to locate cosmic hard X-ray and soft gamma ray sources to an angular precision of a minute of arc. A set of instruments based on this principle have been proposed for satellites to detect and precisely locate cosmic gamma ray bursts.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 105
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    A drift multiwire proportional counter for cosmic soft X-ray imaging (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Multiwire proportional counters with 1 micrometer polypropylene windows, of dimensions 75 mm x 75 mm and 100 mm x 100 mm, have been built to map soft cosmic X-rays. The counters are constructed with a large drift region which makes it possible to use the center-of-gravity technique to improve the counter's efficiency and position resolution. Using 330 torr of propane as the gas fill and an anode plane composed of 20 micrometer diameter, gold-plated tungsten wire spaced 1mm apart, a position resolution of better than 280 micrometers (FWHM) in two orthogonal directions at an X-ray energy of 0.94 keV was achieved.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 106
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    Continuous discharge Penning source with emission lines between 50 A and 300 A (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present paper deals with a modified Penning discharge lamp developed specially to cover the soft X-ray and extreme UV spectral regions. The source produces a total of nearly 40 intense lines in the 50 to 300 A range. The lamp is quiet, continuous, and stable over most of the cathode lifetime (which is sufficient for long calibration runs). When the cathodes become exhausted, the refurbishment procedure is so simple that the source can be back on line in an hour or less
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Mar. 1
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  • 107
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    Kitt Peak speckle camera (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The speckle camera in regular use at Kitt Peak National Observatory since 1974 is described in detail. The design of the atmospheric dispersion compensation prisms, the use of film as a recording medium, the accuracy of double star measurements, and the next generation speckle camera are discussed. Photographs of double star speckle patterns with separations from 1.4 sec of arc to 4.7 sec of arc are shown to illustrate the quality of image formation with this camera, the effects of seeing on the patterns, and to illustrate the isoplanatic patch of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Apr. 1
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  • 108
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    Correction of instrumental distortion by analytical deconvolution of data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A general analytical theorem developed by van de Hulst (1946) for inverting the convolution integral is reviewed and illustrated both with synthetic data and with experimental data from time-of-flight measurements. If the undesired influence of an instrument used in an experimental measurement can be represented by the convolution integral, the original undistorted or true distribution may sometimes be recovered in postprocessing the data by means of deconvolution. Analytical deconvolution is achieved by using the coefficients from a power series representation of the distorted output distribution and a set of 'solving polynomials' which may be readily derived from the response function of the instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 70; Mar. 1
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  • 109
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    Optimum frequencies of passive microwave radiometer for tropospheric path-length correction (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radio-astronomical observations require accurate calibration of tropospheric path length. Such calibration can be achieved by microwave radiometers operating near the 22-GHz water vapor line. However, the performances of current passive microwave radiometers are meteorology-profile dependent. This is due mainly to incorrect frequency combinations and to saturation of brightness temperatures. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair and removing the saturation effect, the dependency is alleviated and can be further adjusted by surface measurements alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Simulation analysis indicates that calibration for the tropospheric water-vapor path-length error is better than 0.3 cm at zenith and better than 2 cm for an elevation angle as low as 10 deg.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-27; Mar. 197
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  • 110
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    Geometries and focal properties of two electron-lens systems useful in low-energy electron or ion scattering (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Geometries and focal properties are given for two types of electron-lens system commonly needed in electron scattering. One is an electron gun that focuses electrons from a thermionic emitter onto a fixed point (target) over a wide range of final energies. The other is an electron analyzer system that focuses scattered electrons of variable energy onto a fixed position (e.g., the entrance plane of an analyzer) at fixed energy with a zero final beam angle. Analyzer-system focusing properties are given for superelastically, elastically, and inelastically scattered electrons. Computer calculations incorporating recent accurate tube-lens focal properties are used to compute lens voltages, locations and diameters of all pupils and windows, filling factors, and asymptotic rays throughout each lens system. Focus voltages as a function of electron energy and energy change are given, and limits of operation of each system discussed. Both lens systems have been in routine use for several years, and good agreement has been consistently found between calculated and operating lens voltages.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Mar. 197
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  • 111
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    Improvement of scanning radiometer performance by digital reference averaging (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Most radiometers utilize a calibration technique in which measurements of a known reference are subtracted from measurements of an unknown source so that common-mode bias errors are cancelled. When a radiometer is scanned over a varying scene, it produces a sequence of outputs, each being proportional to the difference between the reference and the corresponding input. A reference averaging technique is presented that employs a simple digital algorithm which exploits the asymmetry between the time-variable scene inputs and the nominally constant reference input by averaging many reference measurements to decrease the statistical uncertainty in the reference value. This algorithm is, therefore, optimized by an asymmetric chopping sequence in which the scene is viewed for more than one-half of the duty cycle (unlike the analog Dicke technique). Reference averaging algorithms are well within the capabilities of small microprocessors. Although this paper develops the technique for microwave radiometry, it may be beneficial for any system which measures a large number of unknowns relative to a known reference in the presence of slowly varying common-mode errors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement; IM-28; Mar. 197
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  • 112
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    Optical design of the ATMOS Fourier transform spectrometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The optical system design of the ATMOS Fourier transform spectrometer to be operated from Spacelab for the measurement of stratospheric trace molecules is described. The design contains features which can achieve the required fringe contrast of 80% and spectral resolution of 0.02/cm over a spectral range of 2-16 microns. In particular, the design is based on the following features which alleviate the usual requirements for alignment precision: (1) 'cat's eye' mirror configuration in the two arms of the interferometer for retroreflection stability, (2) tilt-compensated system of beamsplitter, compensator, and fold mirrors for wavefront directional stability, (3) paraboloidal 'cat's eye' primary mirror for wavefront stability against shear, (4) rotatable compensator for matching chromatic dispersion, and (5) wedged refractive components to avoid channel spectra due to the Fabry-Perot effect.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical systems engineering; August 27, 28, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 113
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    The charge injection device /CID/ as a stellar tracking sensor (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A 128 x 128 element CID imager was operated in a simulated stellar trackling environment and evaluated for temporal and pattern noise and spectral response over a temperature range of -40 C to +25 C. The test devices were fabricated on long-lifetime bulk silicon material and utilized very thin upper-level polysilicon electrodes for enhanced spectral response. A standard microcomputer was used to generate all control signals and to collect and process performance data. The results of this program were used to predict the performance of a 400 x 400 CID array designed specifically for stellar-tracking.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Recent advances in TV sensors and systems; August 27, 28, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 114
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    Making real-time sun reflectance measurements with a microprocessor-based spectroradiometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A standard high-speed, field-portable spectroradiometric measurement system built around a programmable microprocessor has been adapted to the form of a Reflectometer/Comparator. In this configuration, the instrument makes passive measurements of the absolute reflectance of agricultural plant canopies over a spectral range of 0.4 to 2.5 micrometers. Real-time absolute measurements are made possible by an optical chopper which constantly compares the target with the sun, and makes extensive measurements of solar reflectance from a variety of these targets. The paper describes the instrumentation and measurement procedures, reviews the software programming and discusses the results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Real-time signal processing II; April 19, 20, 1979; Washington, D. C.
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  • 115
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    Electronic heterodyne recording of interference patterns (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An electronic heterodyne technique is being investigated for video (i.e., television rate and format) recording of interference patterns. In the heterodyne technique electro-optic modulation is used to introduce a sinusoidal phase shift between the beams of an interferometer. For phase modulation frequencies between 0.1 and 15 MHz an image dissector camera may be used to scan the resulting temporally modulated interference pattern. Heterodyne detection of the camera output is used to selectively record the interference pattern. An advantage of such synchronous recording is that it permits recording of low-contrast fringes in high ambient light conditions. The application of this technique to the recording of holograms is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Interferometry; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 116
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    Space Telescope Digicon (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The Digicon, chosen by NASA as the detector for the High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS) and the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) is a 512 parallel output channel vacuum photodetector. There are two HRS Digicons with spectral sensitivity ranges from 1050 A to 1800 A and 1150 A to 3000 A respectively, and two FOS Digicons, which have spectral ranges extending to 7000 A. The significant requirements for these devices are 0.01 counts per second background count rate per diode, state-of-the-art Digicon pulse height resolution (typical 15%) and a high degree of imaging precision and stability. The results of a manufacturing and test program to develop the Digicons coupled with extensive prior work has shown that these requirements can be met. The Digicon because of its inherent ruggedness is particularly well suited to space applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Recent advances in TV sensors and systems; August 27, 28, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 117
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    Electronic recording of holograms with applications to holographic displays (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper describes an electronic heterodyne recording which uses electrooptic modulation to introduce a sinusoidal phase shift between the object and reference wave. The resulting temporally modulated holographic interference pattern is scanned by a commercial image dissector camera, and the rejection of the self-interference terms is accomplished by heterodyne detection at the camera output. The electrical signal representing this processed hologram can then be used to modify the properties of a liquid crystal light valve or a similar device. Such display devices transform the displayed interference pattern into a phase modulated wave front rendering a three-dimensional image.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Advances in display technology; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 118
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    Narrow-field radiometry in a quasi-isotropic atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: If a radiometer having a narrow field of view is used to measure the radiance of a source such as a quasi-isotropic atmosphere, a knowledge of the out-of-field responsivity is critical. For example, if a radiometer with a field of view of 5 deg (full-angle) has a relative responsivity of 0.0001 for the out-of-field radiation, the contribution of the out-of-field radiation (assuming an isotropic source subtending 2 steradians) is 10.5% of the total signal. Either the stray light suppression of the radiometer must be extremely high or methods of determining the out-of-field response must be developed. A description of one method of determining the effect of out-of-field response and its application to a planetary atmospheric radiometer is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Measurements of optical radiations; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 119
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    Multiband radiometer for field research (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A multiband radiometer for field research with 8 bands between 0.4 and 12.5 micrometers is described. The data acquisition system will record the results from the radiometer, a precision radiation thermometer, and ancillary sources. The radiometer and data handling systems will be adaptable to helicopter, truck, to tripod platforms; the system will also be suitable for portable hand-held operation. The general characteristics of this system are that it will be (1) inexpensive to acquire, maintain, and operate, (2) simple to calibrate, (3) complete with data handling hardware and software, and (4) well-documented for use by researchers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Measurements of optical radiations; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 120
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    Image processing via ultrasonics - Status and promise (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Acousto-electric devices for electronic imaging of light are discussed. These devices are more versatile than line scan imaging devices in current use. They have the capability of presenting the image information in a variety of modes. The image can be read out in the conventional line scan mode. It can be read out in the form of the Fourier, Hadamard, or other transform. One can take the transform along one direction of the image and line scan in the other direction, or perform other combinations of image processing functions. This is accomplished by applying the appropriate electrical input signals to the device. Since the electrical output signal of these devices can be detected in a synchronous mode, substantial noise reduction is possible
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical processing systems; May 22, 23, 1979; Huntsville, AL.
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  • 121
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    Focus compensation techniques for reconnaissance (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: To maintain optimum resolution under varying environmental conditions, a focusing compensation system has been developed. The system is capable of detecting not only changes in pressure (altitude) and the general lens temperature but also the radial thermal gradients in the lens. Theoretical considerations show that the lens is most affected by these factors. The developed system uses a laser measurement system with environmental sensors to generate a focus correction for environment and range changes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne reconnaissance IV; April 17, 18, 1979; Washington, D. C.
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  • 122
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    Ge photocapacitive MIS infrared detectors (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An undoped Ge photocapacitive detector is reported which has peak normalized detectivities at wavelengh 1.4 microns and chopping frequencies 13-1000 Hz of 9 x 10 to the 12th, 4 x 10 to the 9th cm Hz to the 1/2th/W operating respectively at temperatures 77, 195, and 295 K. The observed temperature, spectral, and frequency response of the signal and noise are explained in terms of the measured space charge and interface state properties of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 50; Dec. 197
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  • 123
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    Preliminary design and development of a reflectance spectrometer instrument (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An improved design for the reflectance spectrometer is described to be used on various terrestrial body missions. These improvements were made on the original Lunar Polar Orbiter design. These include a larger entrance mirror, rectangular aperture, multiple optical beams, spatial resolution, and a bandwidth extension to 5 microns. In addition, detailed electronic designs were produced for a charge amplifier and an amplifier/demodulator/integrator. Design of a microprocessor driven test system was begun. Laboratory tests were performed on a tuning fork chopper.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-158467
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  • 124
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    Apparatus for providing a servo drive signal in a high-speed stepping interferometer (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analog voltage approximately linearly proportional to a desired offset from the present null position of a moving mirror in an interferometer is applied to the mirror moving means. As the mirror moves to the next null position, as determined by the analog voltage, the fringes of a laser reference interference pattern are detected. At the occurrence of each fringe the analog voltage is reduced proportionally so that when the next null position is reached, this driving analog is effectively zero. A binary up/down counter, by its internal count, causes a digital/analog converter to supply the analog voltage to the mirror moving means. Fringe detection and direction of movement logic cause the binary up/down counter to be decremented from its offset count as the mirror is moved to the new null position. Undesirable movement of the mirror due to vibration or other sources causes a correcting drive signal to be applied to the mirror moving means that is proportional to the distance of movement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 125
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    Active cavity radiometer type IV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new cavity pyrheliometer, the active cavity radiometer type IV (ACR IV), has been developed for the measurement of total solar optical irradiance. Analysis predicts its ability to measure at the solar constant level with 0.1% uncertainty in SI units. In comparison tests ACR IVs have consistently demonstrated 0.3% higher results than the World Radiometric Reference scale. A prototype has been tested, and a flight instrument has been developed and flown in a sounding rocket experiment to determine the solar constant. ACR IV instrumentation is being developed for flight experiments on the Spacelab I and Solar Maximum missions to monitor the total solar output of optical radiation as part of a long-term program to detect variations of climatological significance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Jan. 15
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  • 126
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    Delay compensation - Its effect in reducing sampling errors in Fourier spectroscopy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An approximate formula is derived for the spectrum ghosts caused by periodic drive speed variations in a Michelson interferometer. The solution represents the case of fringe-controlled sampling and is applicable when the reference fringes are delayed to compensate for the delay introduced by the electrical filter in the signal channel. Numerical results are worked out for several common low-pass filters. It is shown that the maximum relative ghost amplitude over the range of frequencies corresponding to the lower half of the filter band is typically 20 times smaller than the relative zero-to-peak velocity error, when delayed sampling is used. In the lowest quarter of the filter band it is more than 100 times smaller than the relative velocity error. These values are ten and forty times smaller, respectively, than they would be without delay compensation if the filter is a 6-pole Butterworth.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Jan. 1
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  • 127
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    Evaluation of miniature single-wire sheathed thermocouples for turbine blade temperature measurement (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Chromel Alumel thermocouples were used, with sheath diameters of 0.15 and 0.25 mm. Tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 750 to 1250 K. Both steady state and thermal cycling tests were performed for times up to 200 hours. Initial testing was performed in a low velocity gas stream for long time periods using a Meker-type burner. Additional testing was done in a high velocity gas stream for short time periods using a hot gas tunnel and also in a J75 jet engine. A total of eleven 0.15 mm diameter thermocouples and six 0.25 mm diameter thermocouples were tested. Drift rates up to 2.5% in 10 hours were observed. Photomicrographs show that this design is near the limit of miniaturization based on present manufacturing capabilities. Results indicate that the effects of miniaturization on reliability and accuracy must be considered when choosing thermocouples for a particular application.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-79173 , E-068
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  • 128
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    Design, development, and test of a laser velocimeter for a small 8:1 pressure ratio centrifugal compressor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The instrument was designed as a diagnostic tool for the basic fluid dynamics of the inducer, impeller, and diffuser regions of this type compressor. The LV instrumentation was optimized to measure instantaneous velocities up to approximately 500 m/s, measured in absolute coordinates, within the rotating compressor impeller and in the two dimensional radial plane of the diffuser. Some measurements were made within the diffuser and the impeller inlet flows; however, attempts to make detailed measurements of the velocity field were not successful. Difficulties in maintaining high seed particle rates within the probe volume and the improper operation of the blade gating optics may explain the lack of success. Recommendations are made to further pursue these problems. At 100% speed the stage attained a total static pressure ratio of 7.5:1 at 75% total-static efficiency. Flow range from choke-to-surge was 6.8% of choking mass flow rate. Performance was lower than the design intent of 8:1 pressure ratio at 77% efficiency and 12% flow range. Detailed measurements of the stage components are presented which show the reasons for the stage performance deficiencies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134781 , CREARE-TN-289
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  • 129
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    Fine particulate capture device (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: To capture fine particulate matter in a gas such as air, a dielectric fluid is directed to the center of whichever face of a rotating disc is exposed to the air flow. The disc is comprised of two or more segments which bear opposite electrostatic potentials. As the dielectric fluid is centrifuged towards the periphery of the rotating disc, the fluid becomes charged to the same potential as the segment over which it is passing. Particulate matter is attracted to the charged segment and is captured by the fluid. The fluid then carries the captured particulate matter to a collection device such as a toroidal container disposed around the periphery of the disc. A grounded electrically-conductive ring may be disposed at the outer periphery of the disc to neutralize the captured particles and the fluid before they enter the container.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Conditional replenishment using motion prediction (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Conditional replenishment is an interframe video compression method that uses correlation in time to reduce video transmission rates. This method works by detecting and sending only the changing portions of the image and by having the receiver use the video data from the previous frame for the non-changing portion. The amount of compression that can be achieved through this technique depends to a large extent on the rate of change within the image, and can vary from 10 to 1 to less than 2 to 1. An additional 3 to 1 reduction in rate is obtained by the intraframe coding of data blocks using a 2-dimensional variable rate Hadamard transform coder. A further additional 2 to 1 rate reduction is achieved by using motion prediction. Motion prediction works by measuring the relative displacements of a subpicture from one frame to the next. The subpicture can then be transmitted by sending only the value of the 2-dimensional displacement. Computer simulations have demonstrated that data rates of 2 to 4 Mega-bits/second can be achieved while still retaining good fidelity in the image.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applications of digital image processing III; Aug 27, 1979 - Aug 29, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 131
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    Multi-anode microchannel arrays (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Multi-Anode Microchannel Arrays (MAMA's) are a family of photoelectric, photon-counting array detectors being developed for use in instruments on both ground-based and space-borne telescopes. These detectors combine high sensitivity and photometric stability with a high-resolution imaging capability. MAMA detectors can be operated in a windowless configuration at extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelengths or in a sealed configuration at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. Prototype MAMA detectors with up to 512 x 512 pixels are now being tested in the laboratory and telescope operation of a simple (10 x 10)-pixel visible-light detector has been initiated. The construction and modes-of-operation of the MAMA detectors are briefly described and performance data are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Los Alamos Conference on Optics; May 23, 1979 - May 25, 1979; Los Alamos, NM
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  • 132
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    A parametric model for multispectral scanners (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A set of test statistics are specified and the corresponding output quantities computed by the characteristic function. Two sets of classification accuracies, one at the input and one at the output are estimated. The scanner's instantaneous field of view is changed and the variation of the output classification performance is monitored.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Machine processing of remotely sensed data; Jun 27, 1979 - Jun 29, 1979; West Lafayette, IN
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  • 133
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    Cryogenic wind tunnel force instrumentation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper outlines the work that has been accomplished at Langley Research Center (NASA) while investigating the effects of cryogenic environment on one-place multicomponent strain-gage balances. Particular emphasis is placed on cryogenic balances for use in the National Transonic Facility (NTF).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Symposium on Cryogenic Wind Tunnels; Apr 03, 1979 - Apr 05, 1979; Southampton
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  • 134
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    Improved microwave radiometry for remote sensing (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Significant improvements in the gain stability and overall performance of microwave radiometers have been achieved with the use of a self-balancing gain modulation technique. This technique, in combination with automatic thermal calibration, is particularly well suited for remote sensing radiometric applications. The essential features of such a radiometer, including typical data obtained from a spaceborne satellite, is presented to show the instrument's utility.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: European Microwave Conference; Sep 04, 1978 - Sep 08, 1978; Paris; France
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  • 135
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    Thermographic measurement of fatigue damage (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents a thermographic technique developed to measure the extent of fatigue damage in composite materials during fatigue loading. It is noted that heat generated by cyclic loading of fatigue damaged material raises the surface temperature. These temperatures were measured with an infrared camera and were used as boundary conditions in a finite element heat transfer program, which has been developed especially to calculate the extent of the heat generation zone, and thereby to define the fatigue damage zone. It is reported that the finite element program was verified by comparing calculated heat generation with the actual heat generation for a simple heat transfer problem that had a closed form solution. Damage zones are calculated for several boron/epoxy fatigue specimens from thermograms of specimens. The calculated damage zones were compared with damage detected by C-scan, X-ray, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations. It is concluded that the analysis was effective in locating the boundaries of the fatigue damage zones.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Composite materials: Testing and design; Mar 20, 1978 - Mar 22, 1978; New Orleans, LA
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  • 136
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    VLSI system for synthetic aperture radar /SAR/ processing (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper discusses an SAR problem based on actual requirements set forth by NASA for a spaceborne application. The requirements for high resolution and high quality necessitate a data sampling rate of 7.5 MHz. For each data value 1,025 4-bit complex multiply + add operations are needed, which is equivalent to 7.7 GHz complex multiply + add operation rate. Since this rate is much too high for general purpose systems, a special-purpose device was sought. This paper discusses two architectures based on parallel operation of 1,025 identical cells, each of which is capable of performing arithmetic, storage, and several control operations. The operation rate in each device is only 7.5 MHz, which is quite manageable, especially with the help of a substantial degree of pipelining. A computational-mathematical analysis is used as a primary tool for evaluating the design and some of its tradeoffs. Two different approaches are discussed and compared; both are based on having 1,025 identical cells working in parallel, but differ in their dual approaches to the flow of data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Digital processing of aerial images; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 137
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    Imaging proportional counter for X-ray astronomy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A position-sensitive proportional counter capable of imaging X-rays (0.1-3 keV) over a 10 cm x 10 cm aperture has been constructed. Positioning is obtained by sensing the signals induced by an X-ray event on the two orthogonal sets of cathode wires. Each cathode is divided into a series of cathode strips, each 0.5 cm wide. An X-ray event induces signals on several adjacent strips. Signals from each cathode strip are amplified separately and then added in an equally weighted and an unequally weighted summing amplifier. The position in each direction is obtained by dividing the output of the unequally weighted summer by that of the equally weighted summer. At 0.94 keV, the accuracy of the position sensing is 190 microns. At the same energy, the energy resolution is approximately 65% (FWHM). The proportional counter system is currently being incorporated into a sounding rocket payload having metal mirror optics, which is being constructed by the X-ray astronomy group at the California Institute of Technology.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 138
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    Thematic mapper design description and performance prediction (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The new generation of satellite-borne earth resources scanners, the Thematic Mapper, is being built for launch on the Landsat-D spacecraft. It will gather data for applications such as crop inventory, land use planning, forest management, and geology. This paper gives an overall design description, further discussion of principal design features, performance achievements where data are available, and system performance predictions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 139
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    Multispectral Resource Sampler - An experimental satellite sensor for the mid-1980s (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An experimental pushbroom scan sensor, the Multispectral Resource Sampler (MRS), being developed by NASA for a future earth orbiting flight is presented. This sensor will provide new earth survey capabilities beyond those of current sensor systems, with a ground resolution of 15 m over a swath width of 15 km in four bands. The four arrays are aligned on a common focal surface requiring no beamsplitters, thus causing a spatial separation on the ground which requires computer processing to register the bands. Along track pointing permits stereo coverage at variable base/height ratios and atmospheric correction experiments, while across track pointing will provide repeat coverage, from a Landsat-type orbit, of every 1 to 3 days. The MRS can be used for experiments in crop discrimination and status, rock discrimination, land use classification, and forestry.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 140
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    Selenium immersed thermistor bolometer study (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The noise characteristics of thermistor bolometers immersed in layers of arsenic/selenium glass uniform in composition were examined. Using a controlled deposition technique, layers of glass were deposited, thermistor bolometers immersed, and their electrical characteristics measured after various thermal treatments. Markedly improved stability of the detector noise was observed using this new technique.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-160013 , BEC-2774
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  • 141
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    Efficient laser anemometer for intra-rotor flow mapping in turbomachinery (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A fringe type laser anemometer is described. Features of the anemometer include; a rapid and efficient data acquisition process; a detailed real time graphic display of the data being accumulated; and input laser beam positioning that maximizes the size of the intrarotor region being mapped. Results are presented that demonstrate the anemometer's capability in flow mapping within a transonic axial flow compressor rotor. A velocity profile, derived from 30,000 measurements along 1000 sequential circumferential positions covering 20 blade passages, was obtained in 30 seconds. The use of fluorescent seed particles allowed flow measurements near the rotor hub and the casing window.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-79320 , E-276 , ASME 25th Ann. Intern. Gas Turbine Conf.; Mar 09, 1980 - Mar 13, 1980; New Orleans
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  • 142
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    Spectral feature classification and spatial pattern recognition (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper introduces a spatial pattern recognition processing concept involving the use of spectral feature classification technology and coherent optical correlation. The concept defines a hybrid image processing system incorporating both digital and optical technology. The hybrid instrument provides simplified pseudopattern images as functions of pixel classification from information embedded within a real-scene image. These pseudoimages become simplified inputs to an optical correlator for use in a subsequent pattern identification decision useful in executing landmark pointing, tracking, or navigating functions. Real-time classification is proposed as a research tool for exploring ways to enhance input signal-to-noise ratio as an aid in improving optical correlation. The approach can be explored with developing technology, including a current NASA Langley Research Center technology plan that involves a series of related Shuttle-borne experiments. A first-planned experiment, Feature Identification and Location Experiment (FILE), is undergoing final ground testing, and is scheduled for flight on the NASA Shuttle (STS2/flight OSTA-1) in 1980. FILE will evaluate a technique for autonomously classifying earth features into the four categories: bare land; water; vegetation; and clouds, snow, or ice.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Annual International Technical Symposium and Instrument Display; Aug 27, 1979 - Aug 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 143
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    Ge:Ga testing at Cornell (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The spiking and memory behavior of a number of Ge:Ga detectors was studied. The detectors were manufactured at a number of locations using several different contacting techniques. Two detectors manufactured for the IRAS program by Rockwell International were studied more extensively than the others. These detectors IRD 1981 and IRD 1982 were 'witness sample' detectors for the IRAS bands 4 and 3, respectively. During the testing period both the apparatus and the test procedures were changed numerous times. At each change consistency checks were made. The data are believed to be internally consistent from end to end.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-158348 , CRSR-716
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  • 144
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    A versatile burst generator for LDV (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) burst generator developed for calibration of an LDV before an actual test is described. This generator uses voltage-controlled oscillators to produce the information frequency up to 1 MHz and the pedestal frequency up to 10 MHz. The amplitude and the frequency of each signal can be adjusted independently, and the generator is capable of producing a single burst or a variety of periodic and aperiodic bursts. Variable symmetry in the burst signal can be introduced to the point of producing the 'double-pulse' burst. An LED display is used for the readout of the information and the pedestal frequencies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SOUTHEASTCON ''79; Region 3 Conference and Exhibit; Apr 01, 1979 - Apr 04, 1979; Roanoke, VA
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  • 145
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    Alternative signal processing techniques for a pulsed laser Doppler velocimeter system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The laser Doppler velocimeter system (LDV) being tested at NASA MSFC, Alabama, relies on a bank of classical filters for processing the returned lidar signal. Due to the complexity of this conventional filter system, alternative signal processing methods have been proposed for obtaining the Doppler spectrum. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the pulse-pair estimator are two techniques which appear to offer some advantages over the existing system. The work reported employs digital computer simulation to compare and evaluate these two processing methods for determining the first and second moments of the LDV velocity spectrum.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SOUTHEASTCON ''79; Region 3 Conference and Exhibit; Apr 01, 1979 - Apr 04, 1979; Roanoke, VA
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  • 146
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    Laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry measurements in transonic flows (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of the transonic flow about a two-dimensional airfoil have been made with holographic interferometry and laser velocimetry. Quantitative data obtained with the interferometer are compared to the laser velocimeter and surface pressure measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the technique. Good agreement in the results confirmed the two-dimensionality of the flow and the potential of the interferometer in making unsteady transonic flow measurements in the future.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Laser velocimetry and particle sizing; Third International Workshop; Jul 11, 1978 - Jul 13, 1978; West Lafayette, IN
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  • 147
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    Laser Doppler velocity measurements in subsonic, transonic, and supersonic turbulent boundary layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recent measurements have used laser Doppler velocimetry to make direct measurements of the Reynolds stress in turbulent boundary layers in the Mach number range 1.5 to 3.0. A serious anomaly, however, is exhibited in these measurements in that the maximum of -u-prime v-prime occurs much farther from the wall than is reasonable for flow at constant pressure. The purpose of the present experiments was to obtain redundant data over a substantial range of Mach numbers (0.1-2.2) in an effort to resolve the anomaly in turbulent shearing stress.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Laser velocimetry and particle sizing; Third International Workshop; Jul 11, 1978 - Jul 13, 1978; West Lafayette, IN
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  • 148
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    Time-dependent local density measurements in unsteady flows (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A laser-induced fluorescence technique for measuring the relative time-dependent density fluctuations in unsteady or turbulent flows is demonstrated. Using a 1.5-W continuous-wave Kr(+) laser, measurements have been obtained in 0.1-mm diameter by 1-mm-long sampling volumes in a Mach 3 flow of N2 seeded with biacetyl vapor. A signal amplitude resolution of 2% was achieved for a detection frequency bandwidth of 10 kHz. The measurement uncertainty was found to be dominated by noise behaving as photon statistical noise. The practical limits of signal-to-noise ratios have been characterized for a wide range of detection frequency bandwidths that encompasses those of interest in supersonic turbulence measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-1088 , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Thermophysics Conference; Jun 04, 1979 - Jun 06, 1979; Orlando, FL
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  • 149
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    The application of laser Rayleigh scattering to gas density measurements in hypersonic helium flows (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of the mean static free-stream gas density have been made in two Langley Research Center helium facilities, the 3-inch leg of the high-Reynolds-number helium complex and the 22-inch hypersonic helium tunnel. Rayleigh scattering of a CW argon ion laser beam at 514.5 nm provided the basic physical mechanism. The behavior of the scattered signal was linear, confirmed by a preliminary laboratory study. That study also revealed the need to introduce baffles to reduce stray light. A relatively simple optical system and associated photon-counting electronics were utilized to obtain data for densities from 10 to the 23rd to 10 to the 25th per cu m. The major purpose, to confirm the applicability of this technique in the hypersonic helium flow, was accomplished.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-1086 , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Thermophysics Conference; Jun 04, 1979 - Jun 06, 1979; Orlando, FL
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  • 150
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    A study of density measurements in hypersonic helium tunnels using an electron beam fluorescence technique (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A series of experiments have been conducted at Langley Research Center to determine the feasibility of using electron-beam fluorescence to measure the free-stream static density of gaseous helium flow over a wide range of conditions. These experiments were conducted in the Langley hypersonic helium tunnel facility and its 3-inch prototype. Measurements were made for a range of stagnation pressures and temperatures and produced free-stream number densities of 1.53 x 10 to the 23rd to 1.25 x 10 to the 24th molecules/cu m and static temperatures from 2 K to 80 K. The results showed the collision quenching cross section to be 4.4 x 10 to the -15th sq cm at 1 K and to have a weak temperature dependence of T to the 1/6. With knowledge of these two values, the free-stream number density can be measured quite accurately.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-1085 , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Thermophysics Conference; Jun 04, 1979 - Jun 06, 1979; Orlando, FL
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  • 151
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    The search for the ultimate gimbal (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The need for higher accuracy in pointing systems continues to grow. Fundamental limitations are inherent in the components used for gimbals. This paper discusses some developments which are expected to make it possible to achieve higher accuracy and stability. Ironless armature torque motors are described which exhibit zero hysteresis and no preferred position. Non-contacting signal and power transfer devices to eliminate friction and cable-wrap torques have also been developed. Magnetic bearings can eliminate the last remaining source of erratic frictional effects. Controllers using Kalman estimation techniques can accommodate constant residual effects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-1760 , Guidance and Control Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 08, 1979; Boulder, CO
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  • 152
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    Performance verification and system parameter identification of spacecraft tape recorder control servo (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Design adequacy of the lead-lag compensator of the frequency loop, accuracy checking of the analytical expression for the electrical motor transfer function, and performance evaluation of the speed control servo of the digital tape recorder used on-board the 1976 Viking Mars Orbiters and Voyager 1977 Jupiter-Saturn flyby spacecraft are analyzed. The transfer functions of the most important parts of a simplified frequency loop used for test simulation are described and ten simulation cases are reported. The first four of these cases illustrate the method of selecting the most suitable transfer function for the hysteresis synchronous motor, while the rest verify and determine the servo performance parameters and alternative servo compensation schemes. It is concluded that the linear methods provide a starting point for the final verification/refinement of servo design by nonlinear time response simulation and that the variation of the parameters of the static/dynamic Coulomb friction is as expected in a long-life space mission environment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Annual Simulation Symposium; Mar 14, 1979 - Mar 16, 1979; Tampa, FL
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  • 153
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    Transverse vorticity measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A technique, involving programmed digital calculations, is proposed for evaluating transverse vorticity in typical laboratory shear flows from an array of four hot-wire probes. The computing scheme successfully recovers the velocity vector information from a wide range of velocity magnitudes and a wide range of pitch angles. It is readily implemented in a batch process mode on a digital computer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Dynamic measurements in unsteady flows; Proceedings of the Dynamic Flow Conference; Sep 11, 1978 - Sep 14, 1978; Marseille; France
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  • 154
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    Hot-wire anemometry for turbulence measurements in helium-air mixtures (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of extended hot-wire anemometry involving an interfering probe is shown to permit measurements of variable density turbulence such as arises in the mixing of helium and air. The methods of calibration and data reduction leading to time series in one or more velocity components, in the mass fraction of helium, and in the mixture density are described. Typical results in various flows to which the technique has been applied are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Dynamic measurements in unsteady flows; Proceedings of the Dynamic Flow Conference; Sep 11, 1978 - Sep 14, 1978; Marseille; France
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  • 155
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    Multispectral histogram normalization contrast enhancement (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A multispectral histogram normalization or decorrelation enhancement which achieves effective color composites by removing interband correlation is described. The enhancement procedure employs either linear or nonlinear transformations to equalize principal component variances. An additional rotation to any set of orthogonal coordinates is thus possible, while full histogram utilization is maintained by avoiding the reintroduction of correlation. For the three-dimensional case, the enhancement procedure may be implemented with a lookup table. An application of the enhancement to Landsat multispectral scanning imagery is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing; Aug 28, 1978 - Aug 31, 1978; British Columbia; Canada
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  • 156
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    Effects of 1-MeV gamma radiation on a multi-anode microchannel array detector tube (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A multianode microchannel array (MAMA) detector tube without a photocathode was exposed to a total dose of 1,000,000 rads of 1-MeV gamma radiation from a Co-60 source. The high-voltage characteristic of the microchannel array plate, average dark count, gain, and resolution of pulse height distribution characteristics showed no degradation after this total dose. In fact, the degassing of the microchannels induced by the high radiation flux had the effect of cleaning up the array plate and improving its characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; June 197
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  • 157
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    Lexan coating to eliminate the UV sensitivity of soft X-ray proportional counters with a polypropylene window (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; June 197
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  • 158
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    A variable optical target simulator (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A crucial experiment, relative to determining the ability of an imaging seeker to track a target and generate accurate terminal guidance, requires an optical device which can provide imagery that grows in size as a real-time estimate of true missile flight conditions. The basic components of an Optical Contrast TV Imaging Seeker are reviewed to establish the need for an optical target simulator. An optomechanical device called a Variable Optical Target Simulator (VOTS) which generates end game scene situations is discussed. The organization of optical components and their control for providing an image which grows in size as a linear estimate of real world situations is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 18; May-June
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  • 159
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    Optical correlation of surface displacement (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A coherent optical correlation technique is used to measure surface displacements. In the event that the surface roughness of the test object is invariant during the object's translation, the correlation intensity peak remains constant. A simple relationship between the displacement of the surface and the displacement of the peak correlation signal is found and experimentally verified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 18; May-June
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  • 160
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    Analysis of suspended solids by single-particle scattering (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Light scattering by individual particulates is used in a multiple-detector system to categorize the composition of suspended solids in terms of broad particulate categories. The scattering signatures of red clay and taconite tailings, the two primary particulate contaminants in western Lake Superior, along with two types of asbestiform fibers, amphibole and chrysolite, were studied in detail. A method was developed to predict the concentration of asbestiform fibers in filtration plant samples for which electron microscope analysis was done concurrently. Fiber levels as low as 50,000 fibers/liter were optically detectable. The method has application in optical categorization of samples for remote sensing purposes and offers a fast, inexpensive means for analyzing water samples from filtration plants for specific particulate contaminants.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; May 15
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  • 161
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    A low-energy gamma-ray imaging detector (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We describe a hard-X-ray/soft-gamma-ray imaging detector, incorporating a microchannel-plate (MCP) electron multiplier for possible use in future telescopes. In contrast to previous attempts using MCP's this approach promises to achieve high quantum detection efficiencies in addition to high spatial and temporal resolution. Preliminary results indicate not only the capability of simultaneous imaging and single-photon counting, but also coarse energy resolution.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: PB80-210834 , Space Science Instrumentation; 4; Apr. 197
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  • 162
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    An instrument to measure the spectrum of cosmic ray iron and other nuclei to above 100 GeV/nucleon (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne instrument system for the study of cosmic ray composition in the energy region beyond 100 GeV/nucleon is described. The large area detector incorporates an ionization spectrometer or calorimeter to determine the energy of the incident particles which is calibrated in flight by a gas Cerenkov counter filled with freon 12 at 20 psi. Calibration of calorimeter response indicates that the effects of ionization energy loss and nucleon fragmentation are correctly accounted for in a Monte Carlo simulation. A charge measuring module consisting of five scintillators and a lucite Cerenkov counter is used to determine the charge and position of the incoming particles. A spatial resolution of 5 to 10 cm has been obtained by using the ratios of pulse heights in different photomultiplier tubes aimed at the same scintillators within the module. The detector represents the heaviest cosmic ray experiment that can be flown over 30 km using the dynamic launching technique commonly employed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 4; Apr. 197
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  • 163
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    Technique for remotely measuring surface pressure from a satellite using a multicolor laser ranging system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The optical path length from a satellite to the earth's surface is strongly dependent on the atmospheric pressure along the propagation path. It is shown that surface pressures can be measured by the use of a multicolor laser ranging system to observe the change with wavelength in the optical path length from the satellite to a ground target. Equations are derived which relate surface pressure to the differential path lengths. In addition, the accuracy of the pressure measurement is evaluated in terms of the ranging system parameters. It is concluded that the results indicate that pressure accuracies of a few millibars appear feasible.
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    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Sept. 15
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  • 164
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    Fiber optic rotation sensor /FORS/ signal detection and processing (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The recent development of low-loss single-mode optical fiber waveguides for light has made possible a new class of inertial reference devices built on the principle of a closed loop interferometer. Light circulating through the loop in both directions experiences a relative phase delay proportional to rotation rate about the loop axis. This paper derives the phase delay and discusses signal detection, signal processing techniques and error sources. It is concluded that synchronous modulation and demodulation and an active gain control at the signal calculation level are required to eliminate drift errors. Potential performance is extraordinarily good; rotation rate sensitivity of a few milli-arc seconds per second and angular position random walk errors of an arc second per square root hour appear feasible.
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  • 165
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    Emissivity correction for interpreting thermal radiation from a terrestrial surface (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A general method of accounting for emissivity in making temperature determinations of graybody surfaces from radiometric data is presented. The method differs from previous treatments in that a simple blackbody calibration and graphical approach is used rather than numerical integrations which require detailed knowledge of an instrument's spectral characteristics. Also, errors caused by approximating instrumental response with the Stephan-Boltzman law rather than with an appropriately weighted Planck integral are examined. In the 8-14 micron wavelength interval, it is shown that errors are at most on the order of 3 C for the extremes of the earth's temperature and emissivity. For more practical limits, however, errors are less than 0.5 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Sept
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  • 166
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    Low-distortion resistive anodes for two-dimensional position-sensitive MCP systems (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Microchannel plates (MCPs) are frequently used with resistive anodes to detect charged particles or photons and yield analog signals from which event positions can be decoded. The paper discusses a four-corner concave circular arc terminated resistive anode that permits theoretically distortionless encoding of Cartesian event positions into pulse charge ratios. The theory of the circular arc terminated anode is discussed along with anode design and performance. Electron beam images obtained by using such an anode are presented to confirm the usefulness of the approach.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Sept
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  • 167
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    Differential capacitance sensor as position detector for a magnetic suspension densimeter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the present work, which consists of adapting a magnetic suspension densimeter for use at pressures up to 350 bars, a differential capacitance sensor is developed for use in the servosystem of a magnetic suspension densimeter for detecting the position of a magnetic buoy. This type of sensor has not been used previously in magnetic suspension densimeters. Its design, performance, and advantages are outlined. A cutaway drawing and a schematic diagram of the capacitance sensor and magnetic buoy are presented and described. The concentric-disk design of the sensor capacitor plates and the high degree of symmetry which results from the printed circuit fabrication approach minimize the sensor sensitivity to lateral displacement of the buoy and to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. A high-power microscope is necessary to monitor the position of the buoy relative to the support coil.
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    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Sept
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  • 168
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    Synchronization of clocks by very-long-baseline interferometry (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two hydrogen-maser clocks, one at Haystack Observatory and one at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, were synchronized by means of observations of several extragalactic radio sources on March 28, and again on September 23, 1977. Observations were made sequentially in eight 360-kHz bands distributed between about 8.4 and 8.5 GHz with spacings designed to enable the group-delay difference between the signals received at the two observatories from a given source to be estimated unambiguously, within an uncertainty of less than 1 ns set by receiver noise. The epoch and the rate differences between the observatories' clocks for each experiment were estimated by analysis of observations that spanned several hours. The application of corrections for the contributions to the delays of the antennas, feeds, receiver systems, and recorders yielded absolute determinations of the clock epoch differences. During each experiment, portable cesium clocks were flown from the U.S. Naval Observatory to the observatories and back. The traveling-clock data, analyzed in each case after the VLBI synchronization had been completed, confirmed the VLBI results to within 18 and 14 ns for the first and second experiments, respectively.
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    Type: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement; IM-28; Sept
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  • 169
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    Study of a stereo electro-optical tracker system for the measurement of model deformations at the national transonic facility (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An electro-optical method to measure the aeroelastic deformations of wind tunnel models is examined. The multitarget tracking performance of one of the two electronic cameras comprising the stereo pair is modeled and measured. The properties of the targets at the model, the camera optics, target illumination, number of targets, acquisition time, target velocities, and tracker performance are considered. The electronic camera system is shown to be capable of locating, measuring, and following the positions of 5 to 50 targets attached to the model at measuring rates up to 5000 targets per second.
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    Type: NASA-CR-159146
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  • 170
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    Fourier emission infrared microspectrophotometer for surface analysis. I - Application to lubrication problems (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A far-infrared interferometer was converted into an emission microspectrophotometer for surface analysis. To cover the mid-infrared as well as the far-infrared the Mylar beamsplitter was made replaceable by a germanium-coated salt plate, and the Moire fringe counting system used to locate the moveable Michelson mirror was improved to read 0.5 micron of mirror displacement. Digital electronics and a dedicated minicomputer were installed for data collection and processing. The most critical element for the recording of weak emission spectra from small areas was, however, a reflecting microscope objective and phase-locked signal detection with simultaneous referencing to a blackbody source. An application of the technique to lubrication problems is shown.
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  • 171
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    The Addition of EI/CI Capability to the Mattauch-herzog Spectrograph with EOID (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A modification was made to the Mattauch-Herzog Spectrograph with an electro-optical ion detector (EOID) previously designed and constructed, so that it would be capable of operating not only in the electron-impact (EI) mode of ionization, but also in the chemical ionization (CI) mode. This modification necessitated an effort in three specific design areas: (1) sample inlet; (2) ion source and analyzer regions; and (3) the pumping system. In addition, an appropriate electronics package had to be designed to control and operate the combined EI/CI source.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-162363
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  • 172
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    Design fabrication and installation of a yaw measuring device (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of work performed in the development and testing of a yaw measuring device are summarized. A review of the yaw measurement method; and the techniques and hardware needed for its implementation are presented. A description and summary of the tests performed at the U.S. Bureau of Mines Bruceton facility are included. Conclusions are summarized and recommendations for a unit capable of operation in a mine environment are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-161300 , REPT-210-1006
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  • 173
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    Moderate temperature detector development (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of (Hg, Cd)Te detectors for 8 to 12 micrometer wavelength regions capable of achieving significantly improved sensitivity at noncryogenic temperatures is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-160306
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  • 174
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    Biocontamination and particulate detection system (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method for determining the characteristics and amount of microscopic contaminants lodged on a photographed surface is disclosed. An image enhanced full color photographic negative and print are taken of the contaminated surface. Three black and white prints are developed subsequently from red, green and blue separation filter overlays of the color negative. Both the color and three monochromatic prints are then scanned to extract in digital form a profile of any contaminant possibly existing on the surface. The resulting profiles are electronically analyzed and compared with data already stored relating to known contaminants.
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  • 175
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    Investigation of a laser Doppler velocimeter system to measure the flow field around a large scale V/STOL aircraft in ground effect (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The flow field measured around a hovering 70 percent scale vertical takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft model is described. The velocity measurements were conducted with a ground based laser Doppler velocimeter. The remote sensing instrumentation and experimental tests of the velocity surveys are discussed. The distribution of vertical velocity in the fan jet and fountain; the radial velocity in the wall jet and the horizontal velocity along the aircraft underside are presented for different engine rpms and aircraft height above ground. Results show that it is feasible to use a mobile laser Doppler velocimeter to measure the flow field generated by a large scale V/STOL aircraft operating in ground effect.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-152212 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D568
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  • 176
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    Magnetic suspension and pointing system (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Apparatus for providing accurate pointing of instruments on a carrier vehicle and for providing isolation of the instruments from the vehicle's motion disturbances is presented. The apparatus includes two assemblies, with connecting interfaces, each assembly having a separate function. The first assembly is attached to the carrier vehicle and consists of an azimuth gimbal and an elevation gimbal which provide coarse pointing of the instruments by allowing two rotations of the instruments relative to the carrier vehicle. The second or vernier pointing assembly is made up of magnetic suspension and fine pointing actuators, roll motor segments, and an instrument mounting plate around which a continuous annular rim is attached which provides appropriate magnetic circuits for the actuators and the roll motor segments. The vernier pointing assembly provides six degree-of-freedom isolation from carrier motion disturbances.
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  • 177
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    Design study for future satellite microwave scatterometers, part 3 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computerized simulation analysis for a number of scatterometer antenna configuration and polarization modes including the Seasat scatterometer (SASS) is presented. The results of the simulations were expressed in terms of performance statistics. These statistics relate to the wind direction alias removal capability and to the rms sensing errors for friction velocity and wind direction X. The statistics are analyzed, and optimum scatterometer configurations are recommended. The accuracy of the SASS in measuring U* and X, and its capability to resolve wind direction aliases are assessed.
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    Type: NASA-CR-159079 , FWA79-003-PT-3
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  • 178
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    Simulated electronic heterodyne recording and processing of pulsed-laser holograms (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The electronic recording of pulsed-laser holograms is proposed. The polarization sensitivity of each resolution element of the detector is controlled independently to add an arbitrary phase to the image waves. This method which can be used to simulate heterodyne recording and to process three-dimensional optical images, is based on a similar method for heterodyne recording and processing of continuous-wave holograms.
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    Type: NASA-TP-1444 , E-9813
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  • 179
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    Apparatus for measuring an aircraft's speed and height (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An apparatus for measuring aircraft horizontal speed and height above ground without the need for airborne cooperative devices is presented. Two ground level TV cameras separated by a measured distance and pointed at zenith are placed in line with the projection of the expected path of the aircraft. Speed is determined by measuring the time that it takes the aircraft to travel between the fields of view of the two TV cameras using zenith crossings as the reference points. Height is determined by correlating the speed with the time required to cross the field of view of either of the two cameras.
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  • 180
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    Time-dependent local density measurements in unsteady flows (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A laser-induced fluorescence technique for measuring the relative time-dependent density fluctuations in unsteady or turbulent flows is demonstrated. Using a 1.5-W continuous-wave Kr(+) laser, measurements have been obtained in 0.1-mm-diameter by 1-mm-long sampling volumes in a Mach 3 flow of N2 seeded with biacetyl vapor. A signal amplitude resolution of 2% was achieved for a detection frequency bandwidth of 10 kHz. The measurement uncertainty was found to be dominated by noise behaving as photon statistical noise. The practical limits of signal-to-noise ratios have been characterized for a wide range of detection frequency bandwidths that encompasses those of interest in supersonic turbulence measurements.
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    Type: NASA-TM-78555 , A-7720
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  • 181
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    Holography through optically active windows (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: By using two orthogonally polarized reference beams, holograms can be recorded through stressed windows and the reconstructed virtual image will show no stress pattern. As shown analytically, the stress-pattern-free hologram is recordable for any polarization state of the object illumination. Hence, the more efficient nondepolarizing diffuser can be used in performing holography through stressed windows if two reference beams are used. Results are presented for a pair of machined polysulfone windows intended for use in a holographic flow-visualization setup in a single-stage-compressor test rig.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1414 , E-9808
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  • 182
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    Proposed smart integrated-optical preprocessor using holographic subtraction (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper presents a proposed integrated-optical preprocessor with a holographic subtraction. It is based on an optical analog of a set of N analog voltages formed by passing an optical plane wave, confined in an electrooptic waveguide, under a set of N electrodes to which the voltages are applied; in the limit in which diffraction is ignored, the wavefront of the emerging guided wave will have superimposed upon it N discrete phase shifts. Processors which operate upon voltages encoded in this manner are being fabricated; they include a comparator in which incoming data are compared to a holographic record of the optical analog of a reference set, and a 'smart' system based upon holographic self-subtraction, in which the processor can independently adapt to changes in background information. The preprocessor operation is described in the screening, identification, and the self-subtraction modes, and implementation of devices in an integrated optical configuration is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Smart sensors; April 17, 18, 1979; Washington, D. C.
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  • 183
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    Thin-film scintillators for extended ultraviolet /UV/ response silicon detectors (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The preparation and radiometric properties of silicon detectors coated with fluorescent thin films are described. The films are deposited from solutions of clear plastics, such as acrylic resins, polyvinyl toluene or polystyrene, and of organic laser dyes in a common solvent. They are optically clear, mechanically and chemically stable, yet easily applied and removed. Multiple doped films of a few microns thickness exhibit broad-band absorption from less than 250 nm to about 450 nm and narrow band emissions with peaks ranging from 380 nm to 600 nm. Internal quantum efficiencies are close to 100 percent and fluorescence decay times are in the nanosecond range. When deposited on optically denser media, a large fraction of the fluorescent emission is trapped in the substrate. Silicon photodiodes coated with multiple doped films exhibit high external quantum efficiencies and virtually flat photon response in the near UV.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Measurements of optical radiations; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 184
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    Laboratory simulation of tropospheric pollution sensing with a pressure modulator radiometer /PMR/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The optical properties of carbon monoxide gas uniformly distributed in the atmosphere have been simulated in a 20.48 cm long cell in the laboratory. The altitude of the peak of the weighting function for several concentrations was found using a Pressure Modulator Radiometer (PMR). The effect of a fluctuating background radiance and gaseous nitrous oxide on the carbon monoxide signals were examined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric effects on radiative transfer; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 185
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    A rocket-borne faint object spectrograph with a codacon detector (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A rocket payload, consisting of a Rowland circle spectrograph with a multi-anode, microchannel plate detector, located at the focus of a 40 cm mirror, has been constructed to observe faint astronomical objects in the 900 to 1800 A spectral region. It can obtain the spectrum of an unreddened, V = 10m OB star with 3 A resolution and + or 3% precision in a 60 second observation.
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  • 186
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    Electrographic instrumentation for ultraviolet imaging and spectrography (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The latest results in the NRL program of far-UV electrographic camera development, and application of these cameras to astrophysical and upper-atmospheric investigations, are presented. A new large electrographic Schmidt camera, of 15 cm aperture and f/2 focal ratio, has been successfully used in two sounding rocket flights, one for direct imagery in the 1230-2000 A wavelength range and the second for objective spectrography in the 950-2000 A range, of stars and nebulae in the Cygnus region of the sky. The camera has an 11 deg field of view and better than 30 arcsec resolution (2 A spectral resolution with 600 line/mm objective grating). A nebular spectrograph, based on a microchannel-intensified electrographic Schmidt camera, is the payload of a May 1979 rocket flight. It will reach emission line features as faint as 5 Rayleighs in 100 second exposures in the 1050-2000 A range, with 5 A spectral resolution.
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    Wide-field electrographic cameras for imagery and spectrography at visual and middle-UV wavelengths (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The use of a Kron electrographic detector for wide-field, narrow-band imagery of faint emission nebulosity in the near-UV and visual (3100-6000 A) wavelength interval is described. As an example of the photometric quality of the imagery and of the sensitivity of the instrumentation to diffuse, low-contrast objects, imagery of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant in the high excitation forbidden line of Ne V 3426 A is presented. In addition, a program to develop electrographic detectors which use cesium telluride photocathodes for broad-band imagery and spectrography in the middle-UV (1650-3100 A) wavelength range is described.
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  • 188
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    Two-dimensional ultraviolet imagery with a microchannel-plate/resistive-anode detector (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An imaging ultraviolet detector has been designed for use with a precision pointed telescope flown on a sounding rocket. Resolution of better than 80 microns over a field of 5 mm has been achieved. The ultraviolet image is converted to electrons at the front surface of a CsI coated chevron microchannel-plate electron multiplier. For each photoelectron, the multiplier produces a burst of about 3,000,000 electrons, which impinges on a tellurium-coated resistive anode with four evaporated hyperbolic readout electrodes. The sizes of the four resulting output pulses are digitized to 10 bit accuracy and telemetered to the ground, where they are divided in pairs to give the x and y coordinates of the photoelectron event. The coordinates are used to generate a picture in real time, and are recorded for computer processing later. The detector was successfully flown in December 1978. Good images of Jupiter and Capella in hydrogen Lyman alpha emission were obtained.
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  • 189
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    The International Ultraviolet Explorer spectral image processing system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The International Ultraviolet Explorer spectral image processing system is an on-line interactive system which provides data on the UV spectra of astronomical objects in the wavelength range 1000 to 3200 A. In operation for one year, the image processing system accepts two-dimensional images transmitted digitally from the satellite's SEC vidicon cameras. The system extracts spectral intensity as a function of wavelength and removes background, scattered light, halation and echelle effects.
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    Tests of low background photo conductors (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: In support of two infrared astronomy space projects, the IRAS satellite and the IRT on Spacelab 2, low-background tests were carried out on the performance and characterization of Si:Ga, Si:As, Si:Sb and Ge:Ga photoconductive detectors. These test results represent a useful appraisal of this family of detectors when operated at 1.8-4.2 K and at background power levels of 10 to the -14th to 10 to the -13th W. In addition to detector performance data, results are also presented on cryogenically cooled MOSFET amplifiers operated in the source follower and in the balanced-dc-TIA configurations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 191
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    Germanium and germanium-diamond bolometers operated at 4.2K, 2.0K, 1.2K, 0.3K and 0.1K (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The design, construction, and performance of state of the art germanium and germanium-diamond bolometers operated at 4.2, 2.0, 1.2, and 0.3 K are discussed. These detectors have a broad range of applications, and are particularly important for the long wavelength (far infrared to millimeter) regions. Current results may be extrapolated to lower temperatures and higher levels of performance. A system which will operate at 0.1 K using a He-4-He-3 dilution refrigerator is under development.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 192
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    An airborne remote sensing 4.5 to 7.2 gigahertz stepped frequency microwave radiometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A microwave stepped frequency radiometer operating from 4.5 to 7.2 gigahertz has been designed, fabricated and flight tested in an airborne remote sensing mission by NASA Langley Research Center. This paper describes the design of this precision microwave Dicke-switched noise feedback radiometer, calibration techniques and presents typical results from remote sensing mission employing this radiometer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 193
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    Experimental study of the vidicon system for information recording using the wide-gap spark chamber of gamma - telescope gamma-I (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The development of the gamma ray telescope is investigated. The wide gap spark chambers, used to identify the gamma quanta and to determine the directions of their arrival, are examined. Two systems of information recording with the spark chambers photographic and vidicon system are compared.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75644 , PR-436
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 194
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    Light Airplane Crash Test at Three Pitch Angles (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Three similar twin-engine general-aviation airplane specimens were crash tested at the Langley Impact Dynamics Research Facility at 27 m/sec, a flight-path angle of -15deg, and pithch angles of -15deg, 0deg, and 15deg. Other crash parameters were held constant. The test facility, instrumentation, test specimens, and test method are briefly described. Structural damage and accelerometer data for each of the three impact conditions are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TP-1481 , L-13051 , L-1262
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  • 195
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    Use of piezoelectric multicomponent force measuring devices in fluid mechanics (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The characterisitics of piezoelectric multicomponent transducers are discussed, giving attention to the advantages of quartz over other materials. The main advantage of piezoelectric devices in aerodynamic studies is their ability to indicate rapid changes in the values of physical parameters. Problems in the accuracy of measurments by piezoelectric devices can be overcome by suitable design approaches. A practical example is given of how such can be utilized to measure rapid fluctuations of fluid forces exerted on a circular cylinder mounted in a water channel.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75444
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  • 196
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    Spectral transformation in the SOFI complex for processing photographic images on the ES computer, part 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A description is given of three programs catalogued in the form of object modules in the library of a system for processing photographic images computer. PFT is the subprogram of the multi-dimensional BPF of real-valued information, in the operative computer memory. INRECO is a subprogram-interface between the real and complex formats for representing two-dimensional spectra and images. FFT2 is a subprogram for calculating the correlation functions of the image using the previous subprograms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75632-PT-1 , PR-394
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  • 197
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    Block adaptive rate controlled image data compression (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A block adaptive rate controlled (BARC) image data compression algorithm is described. It is noted that in the algorithm's principal rate controlled mode, image lines can be coded at selected rates by combining practical universal noiseless coding techniques with block adaptive adjustments in linear quantization. Compression of any source data at chosen rates of 3.0 bits/sample and above can be expected to yield visual image quality with imperceptible degradation. Exact reconstruction will be obtained if the one-dimensional difference entropy is below the selected compression rate. It is noted that the compressor can also be operated as a floating rate noiseless coder by simply not altering the input data quantization. Here, the universal noiseless coder ensures that the code rate is always close to the entropy. Application of BARC image data compression to the Galileo orbiter mission of Jupiter is considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NTC ''79; National Telecommunications Conference; Nov 27, 1979 - Nov 29, 1979; Washington, DC
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  • 198
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    The quantum limit for gravitational-wave detectors and methods of circumventing it (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Heisenberg uncertainty principle prevents the monitoring of the complex amplitude of a mechanical oscillator more accurately than a certain limit value. This 'quantum limit' is a serious obstacle to the achievement of a 10 to the -21st gravitational-wave detection sensitivity. This paper examines the principles of the back-action evasion technique and finds that this technique may be able to overcome the problem of the quantum limit. Back-action evasion does not solve, however, other problems of detection, such as weak coupling, large amplifier noise, and large Nyquist noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Sources of gravitational radiation; Jul 24, 1978 - Aug 04, 1978; Seattle, WA
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  • 199
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    Future trends in image processing software and hardware (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: JPL image processing applications are examined, considering future trends in fields such as planetary exploration, electronics, astronomy, computers, and Landsat. Attention is given to adaptive search and interrogation of large image data bases, the display of multispectral imagery recorded in many spectral channels, merging data acquired by a variety of sensors, and developing custom large scale integrated chips for high speed intelligent image processing user stations and future pipeline production processors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Machine processing of remotely sensed data; Jun 27, 1979 - Jun 29, 1979; West Lafayette, IN
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  • 200
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    Vertical resolving power of a satellite temperature sounding system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper examines the vertical resolving power of satellite temperature retrieval systems. Attention is given to sounding instrument proposed by Kaplan, et al., (1977) which has been conceived to have greatly improved vertical resolving capabilities. Two types of tests are reported. The first, based on the work of Conrath (1972), involves a theoretical assessment of the manner by which the ambient temperature profile is averaged over height in order to produce an estimate of temperature at a given level. The second test is empirical involving the actual retrieval of temperature signals superimposed on a standard atmosphere with an emphasis on determining the minimum separation of the signals for which the sounder system is still capable of distinguishing individual signals.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Remote sounding of the atmosphere from space; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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