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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 164-165 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Electronics for processing random event trains may contain some elements which are paralyzable in combination with others which are nonparalyzable. An expression is derived which gives the counting efficiency or live time of such a system when its input is a Poisson random arrival process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 4611-4619 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We demonstrate a multilayer circuit board that has two orthogonal serpentine delay lines on different layers to read out event positions from a microchannel plate (MCP). The top serpentine is directly bombarded by the MCP. The orthogonal buried serpentine receives its charge through thousands of vias that connect to the top surface. Event X and Y positions are decoded with a timing circuit for each axis. The spatial resolution is much finer than the via spacing because every event's charge footprint spans several vias, and because the timing circuit senses the centroid of the event's position on each delay line. This construction method eliminates fabrication problems encountered in previous multilayer designs and eliminates the need for crossed conducting fingers with their concomitant degradation of the otherwise excellent phase delay characteristic of serpentine delay lines. Performance data are presented for an anode of this new type. Formulas and graphs are given to assist in creating a variety of anodes of this type. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 294-301 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a charge pulse amplifier developed for the medium energy neutral atom experiment aboard the IMAGE geophysical observatory. Its purpose is to receive and amplify event pulses from a large area microchannel plate detector. Its design emphasizes low input impedance (∼20 Ω), good dynamic range (〉10 000:1), and timing accuracy (〈1 ns) sufficient for neutral-atom time-of-flight determination in the 1–30 keV energy range. The design is robust and free of adjustments, and is expected to tolerate a space radiation environment in which a 300 krad dose will be accumulated. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 58 (1987), S. 2298-2305 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a photon-counting readout system for microchannel-plate spectrometers that uses a delay line and timing circuit for the wavelength coordinate and a wedge–wedge charge division system for the orthogonal spatial coordinate. A novel zigzag layout allows these two anode patterns to coexist on a common planar substrate and share the charge from each photoevent, thereby simultaneously localizing the photon in each of its two dimensions. Unlike wedge-and-strip or resistive anode encoders, the delay line offers a spatial resolution that is relatively independent of the format length. Unlike discrete anode systems, the delay line readout system's complexity is also independent of the field of view size. These facts make the delay line readout system advantageous in large format detectors. We have assembled a testbed detector having a delay line propagation speed of 2.2 mm/ns and a time resolution of 33 ps FWHM. Ultraviolet testing shows a Gaussian event distribution having a 70 μm FWHM width; the readout system blur contribution is less than 50 μm FWHM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 230 (1971), S. 448-449 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the I keV band, the efficiency of a detector is equal to the transmission of its window, T(E). We shall represent the continuous X-ray spectrum as a power law over the J keV band: I(E)=I0 o (E/Ek)-2 photons per (cm2 s ster keV), where Ek is the carbon K absorption edge energy (284 eV). The index ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 225 (1970), S. 1125-1127 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Three parameters are needed to specify the X-ray scattering from grains: the number of scattering grains, N; the average size of these grains, a0; and the grain material. X-rays undergo Thompson scattering by electrons in the grains, and the grain material specifies the number density of electrons. ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3577-3584 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a time-to-digital converter able to measure intervals as great as 100 ns with a resolution of 4 ps rms. It achieves this large dynamic range by simultaneously sampling four sinusoidal wave forms (sine and cosine waves at 200 and 6.25 MHz) derived from a single quartz oscillator. Twelve-bit analog-to-digital conversion of the 200 MHz waves yields the high time resolution. Eight-bit conversion of the 6.25 MHz samples removes the cycle ambiguity of the 200 MHz data. The digital words are pipelined in a fully parallel data flow architecture. A first-in first-out stage in the pipeline derandomizes the random event arrival times. A subsequent stage in the pipeline uses an arctangent function to convert the sine and cosine pairs into linearized measures of event time. These are subtracted to yield start–stop time interval sizes for individual photoevents. The minimum start–stop interval is 50 ns, set primarily by the cycle time. Because the same processing is employed for the start and stop events, a large class of potential error and drift phenomena are eliminated. The digitizer provides an accurate way to decode the outputs of delay line detectors, offering high event throughput and extremely good long-term timing accuracy. As a side benefit, the pipeline data flow architecture permits simple breadboarding and low-throughput testing of the system stages with the arctangent work implemented in a personal computer. This arrangement is also very convenient for logging diagnostic evaluation data. The same front-end and data flow architecture is directly applicable to very high-speed applications where the event processing is implemented in a digital signal processor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 1506-1509 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have devised a method to obtain a high-resolution Y-axis event position determination from microchannel plate delay-line detectors. The method is based on the double-delay-line wedge–wedge charge partition principle of Lampton et al. [M. Lampton, O. H. W. Siegmund, and R. Raffanti, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 37, 1548 (1990)], where the X axis is read out by a pair of side-by-side delay lines and the Y-axis coordinate is determined by comparing the charges on the two parallel delay lines. However, our new method abandons the common field return path of the two delay lines, and splits them into two adjacent but independent transformer coupled timing circuits having no common ground connection except via the charge-measurement amplifiers. Thus we eliminate the large electrostatic capacitance of the delay lines from the input of the charge-measuring system. Due to the very low output return capacitance of the split delay lines, the Y-axis noise performance is improved enormously. Over its limited working field, the spatial resolution in the Y coordinate can easily equal the resolution provided in the X coordinate by the delay line. Applications to extreme and far ultraviolet photon-counting spectroscopy are envisioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 1906-1908 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Microchannel plates for spaceborne detectors need to be firmly gripped to survive vibration environments. A variety of materials commonly employed in the fabrication of microchannel plate retaining structures were studied. We present data on the frictional properties of microchannel plates and these materials to guide detector developers in choosing the proper gripping force for a given detector mass and peak acceleration. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Advances in Space Research 3 (1983), S. 105 
    ISSN: 0273-1177
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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