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  • 1
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    Microwave radar and radiometric remote sensing measurements of lake ice (1980)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Measurement of ocean temperature and salinity via microwave radiometry (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Sea-surface temperature with an accuracy of 1 C and salinity with an accuracy of 1% were measured with a 1.43 and 2.65 GHz radiometer system after correcting for the influence of cosmic radiation, intervening atmosphere, sea-surface roughness, and antenna beamwidth. The radiometers are a third-generation system using null-balancing and feedback noise injection. Flight measurements from aircraft over bay regions and coastal areas of the Atlantic resulted in contour maps with spatial resolution of 0.5 km.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Multifrequency radiometer detection of submarine freshwater sources along the Puerto Rican coastline (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The surface area above submarine springs of fresh water exhibit temperatures and salinities lower than the surrounding sea waters. A multifrequency radiometer system which earlier demonstrated an accuracy of 1 degree C and 1 part per thousand in remotely detecting the surface temperature and salinities, respectively, was used to detect submarine freshwater springs. The first mission on February 4, 1978, consisted of overflight measurements over three fourths of the coastal areas around the Island of Puerto Rico. During the second mission on February 6, 1978, special attention was directed to the northwest portion of Puerto Rico where several submarine springs had been reported. The previously reported spring locations correlated well with the locations detected by the radiometers. After separating the surface runoffs such as rivers, lagoons, marshes, and bays, 44 submarine freshwater springs were identified which indicates that the submarine freshwater outflow locations are more numerous around the island than had earlier been estimated. The majority of the submarine springs are located at the northwest and southeast portion of the Puerto Rican coastline. The success of detecting the same submarine springs during both missions at the northwest portion of the island was 39%.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Microwave radar and radiometric remote sensing measurements of lake ice (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simultaneous microwave radar and spectral radiometric data were collected over Lake Erie during March 1978. A theoretical development is presented which interprets the data collected at nadir in terms of changes in the ice thickness and the electromagnetic attenuation coefficient. The theory also addresses the failure of the spectral radiometer to determine ice thickness through observations of quarter wavelength excursions in the reflectivity. Radar data collected off-nadir showed a substantially different behavior compared to that collected near nadir. This difference is attributed to a change in propagation characteristics from quasi-specular return from the ice-water interface to scattering from the rough air-ice interface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Ocean experiments and remotely sensed images of chemically dispersed oil spills (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of experiments was performed at sea where the effectiveness of dispersants applied from a helicopter was tested on fresh and weathered crude oils released from a surface research vessel. In conjunction with these experiments, remote sensing measurements using an array of airborne optical and microwave sensors were performed in order to aid in the interpretation of the dispersant effectiveness and to obtain quantitative images of oil on the sea under controlled conditions. Surface oil thickness and volume are inferred from airborne measurements using a dual-channel microwave imaging radiometer, aerial color photography, and an airborne oceanographic lidar. The remotely sensed measurements are compared with point sampled data obtained using a research vessel. The mass balance computations of surface versus subsurface oil volume using remotely sensed and point sampled data are consistent with each other and with the volumes of oil released. Data collected by the several techniques concur in indicating that, for the oils used and under the sea conditions encountered, the dispersant and application method are primarily useful when applied to fresh oil.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-21; Jan. 198
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) scanner instrument anomaly investigation (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of an ad-hoc committee investigation of in-Earth orbit operational anomalies noted on two identical Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Scanner instruments on two different spacecraft busses is presented. The anomalies are attributed to the bearings and the lubrication scheme for the bearings. A detailed discussion of the pertinent instrument operations, the approach of the investigation team and the current status of the instruments now in Earth orbit is included. The team considered operational changes for these instruments, rework possibilities for the one instrument which is waiting to be launched, and preferable lubrication considerations for specific space operational requirements similar to those for the ERBE scanner bearings.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-87636 , NAS 1.15:87636
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Submarine fresh water outflow detection with a dual-frequency microwave and an infrared radiometer system (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Since infrared measurements are only very slightly affected by whitecap and banking angle influences, the combined multifrequency radiometric signatures of the L-band, the S-band, and an infrared radiometer are used in identifying freshwater outflows (submerged and superficial). To separate the river and lagoon outflows from the submarine outflows, geographical maps with a scale of 1:100,000 are used. In all, 44 submarine freshwater springs are identified. This is seen as indicating that the submarine freshwater outflow locations are more numerous around the island than had earlier been estimated. Most of the submarine springs are located at the northwest and southeast portion of the Puerto Rican coastline; the success in detecting the submarine springs during both missions at the northwest portion of the island is 39%. Salinity and temperature distribution plots along the flight path in longitude and latitude coordinates reveal that runoff direction can be determined.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Oceanography from space; May 26, 1980 - May 30, 1980; Venice; Italy
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Sea-surface temperature and salinity mapping from remote microwave radiometric measurements of brightness temperature (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technique to measure remotely sea surface temperature and salinity was demonstrated with a dual frequency microwave radiometer system. Accuracies in temperature of 1 C and in salinity of part thousand for salinity greater than 5 parts per thousand were attained after correcting for the influence of extraterrestrial background radiation, atmospheric radiation and attenuation, sea-surface roughness, and antenna beamwidth. The radiometers, operating at 1.43 and 2.65 GHz, comprise a third-generation system using null balancing and feedback noise injection. Flight measurements from an aircraft at an altitude of 1.4 km over the lower Chesapeake Bay and coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean resulted in contour maps of sea-surface temperature and salinity with a spatial resolution of 0.5 km.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1077 , L-11763
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    An airborne remote sensing 4.5 to 7.2 gigahertz stepped frequency microwave radiometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A microwave stepped frequency radiometer operating from 4.5 to 7.2 gigahertz has been designed, fabricated and flight tested in an airborne remote sensing mission by NASA Langley Research Center. This paper describes the design of this precision microwave Dicke-switched noise feedback radiometer, calibration techniques and presents typical results from remote sensing mission employing this radiometer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Microwave radiometric aircraft observations of the Fabry-Perot interference fringes of an ice-water system (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Airborne stepped-frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) observations of the Fabry-Perot interference fringes of ice-water systems are discussed. The microwave emissivity at normal incidence of a smooth layered dielectric medium over a semi-infinite dielectric medium is examined for the case of ice over water as a function of ice thickness and attenuation coefficient, and the presence of quarter-wavelength oscillations in emissivity as the ice thickness and frequency are varied is pointed out. Experimental observations of pronounced quarter-wavelength oscillations in radiometric brightness temperature due to the Fabry-Perot interference fringes over smooth sea ice and lake ice varying in roughness as the radiometer frequencies were scanned are then presented.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Symposium on Oceanography from Space; May 26, 1980 - May 30, 1980; Venice; Italy
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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