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  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • nitrogen
  • Springer  (105)
  • Springer Nature
  • 1980-1984  (105)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
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  • 2
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    Journal of solution chemistry 13 (1984), S. 335-348 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Solubility ; Henry's law coefficients ; Ostwald coefficients ; aqueous solutions ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solubility of nitrogen in pure liquid water was measured in the pressure range 45 to 115 kPa and in the temperature range 5 to 50°C. These data are used to obtain Henry coefficients H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) at the vapor pressure P s,1 of water. The temperature dependence of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) is accounted for by both a Clarke-Glew (CG) type fitting equation, and a power series in T−1, as suggested by Benson and Krause (BK). The imprecision of our measurements is characterized by an average deviation of ±0.038% from a four-term CG equation, and by an average deviation of ±0.042% from a three-term BK equation. From the temperature variation of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) partial molar quantities referring to the solution process, such as enthalpies and heat capacities of solution, are obtained. They are given in tabular form, together with H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) and derived Ostwald coefficients L∞, at rounded temperatures. Finally, experimental results are compared with values calculated via scaled particle theory.
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  • 3
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ryegrass ; Oscinella frit ; Geomyza tripunctata ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have carried out experiments aimed at explaining the observed variations in transformation frequencies when Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces carlbergensis are transformed with chimeric plasmids that contain one of 4 possible EcoRI fragments of the yeast 2-μm circle. These plasmids fall into 2 classes when used to transform 2 different yeast his3 auxotrophs, one (strain LL20) harbours indigenous 2-μm circle, and the other (strain YF233) is devoid of this plasmid. Hybrid plasmids containing either the 2.4 mega-dalton (mD) R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF88) or the l.4 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF177) of 2-μm circle transform either of the two hosts at a high frequency (50,000 colonies per Mg in LL20 and 10,000 colonies per μg in YF233). Hybrid plasmids containing the 1.5 mD R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF87) or the 2.5 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF178) of the 2-μm circle transform LL20 at a reduced frequency (6,000–16,000 colonies per μg) and YF233 at extremely low frequencies (1–5 colonies per μg). All plasmids retrieved from strain YF233 that had been transformed with pYF88 or pYF177 were identical to the original transforming plasmid. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF87 and pYF178, approximately half had acquired an extra copy of the 2-μm circle. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF88 and pYF177, an average of only approximately 13% had acquired an extra copy of 2-μm circle. Taken together, these observations indicate that the transformation of yeast by a plasmid lacking the ability to replicate (pYF87 and pYF1780) occurs by the recombinational acquisition of 1 copy of the host 2-μm circle, which serves to supply the incoming plasmid with missing essential sequences. A comparison of 2-μm circle DNA fragments carried by pYF88 and pYF177 indicates that the region of 2-μm circle required for high frequency transformation is a 1.2 mD segment that is common to the 2.4 mD R-form and 1.4 ml) L-form EcoRI fragments. This region extends from the EcoRI cut site adjacent to the PstI site, through to the end of the inverted repeat. However, the inverted repeat sequence alone is not sufficient to bestow high frequency transformation of yeast.
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  • 7
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Galactose fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Regulatory mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel type of regulatory mutation for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The mutation named gal11 was recessive, non-allelic to GAL4, GAL80, GAL2, or GAL3, and unlinked to the gene cluster of GAL1, GAL10, and GAL7. It caused a ‘coordinate’ reduction of galactokinase, galactose-1-P uridylyl transferase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase by a factor of more than 5, rendering the mutant cells galactose-nonfermenting. The effect of the mutation was manifested not only in cells grown on galactose but also in cells constitutively synthesizing the galactose-metabolizing enzymes.
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  • 8
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transcriptional Units ; GAL Genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of the transcriptional unit of the structural genes for three galactose-metabolizing enzymes which form a cluster on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by the ultraviolet light (UV)-mapping technique. Thus the size of the primary transcripts of GAL7 for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase, GAL10 for uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase, or GAL1 for galactokinase were estimated to be 0.81 x 106, 1.1 x 106, or 1.3 x 106 respectively. In the light of these data together with the known directions of transcription of the genes, we concluded that each of three genes was transcribed from its own promoter.
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  • 9
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
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  • 10
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; potassium ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartzite ; podzol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In young spruce plantations on mineral soils the growth of the trees is improved by N application only in rare cases, and by P or K application only on sites over parent rock, which is poor in available fractions of these nutrients. Interpretation of a field trial showed that on extremely poor quartzitic soils potassium deficiency limited growth during the first years of crop development. Potassium deficiency ended at pole stage (about 15 years after planting). N deficiency began at sapling stage (about 8 years after planting) and increased later. On quartzitic and similar sites with a low cation-exchange capacity, appropriately phased applications of K and N markedly improve the site index and yield level of young spruce stands. Thus, it was shown that the stock of stemwood can be raised from 3 to 13 m3 per ha up to an age of 16 years.
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  • 11
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 37-62 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium-N ; distillation ; fertilizers ; mass spectrometer ; nitrate-N ; nitrogen ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although the stable isotope15N is an indispensable tool in research to trace the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in soil/plant systems, the analytical methods used in this research are time consuming and prone to many errors. This paper outlines the methods used in an international program of nitrogen research coordinated by the International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC). The different steps in the digestion, distillation, and isotope ratio analysis of15 N-labeled soils, plant material, and fertilizers are described. Details on the use of a series of controls to check the precision and accuracy of the methods are also given. It is hoped that this comprehensive description of procedures will encourage the expanded and proper use of15N.
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  • 12
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 379-383 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: band placement ; computer modelling ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model was developed to describe the distribution of mineral nitrogen when applied in a fertilizer band, taking into account nitrification and diffusion. Good agreement was found between the calculated values and those measured in a field experiment.
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  • 13
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
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  • 14
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Immobilization of yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ethanol production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was immobilized in gels made of prepolymerized, linear, water soluble polyacrylamide, partially substituted with acylhydrazide groups. Gelation was effected by the addition of controlled amounts of dialdehydes (e.g. glyoxal). The immobilized yeasts retained full glycolytic activity. Moreover, the entrapped cells were able to grow inside the chemically corsslinked gel during continuous alcohol production. Glyoxal was found to be the most favourable crosslinking agent for this system. the system employed allowed for the free exchange of substrate and products. The gel surrounding the entrapped cells had no effect on temperature stability profile. On the other hand, substantial enhancement in survival of cells in presence of high ethanol concentrations was recorded for the entrapped yeast. The capability of the immobilized yeast to carry out continuous conversion of glucose to ethanol was demonstrated.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Multiple mutants of DNA repair ; Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard and to radiation ; Thermoconditional DNA repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three haploid yeast mutants (snm) sensitive or thermoconditionally sensitive to the DNA cross-linking agent nitrogen mustard (HN2) were crossed with four rad strains representing mutations in the three pathways of DNA dark repair. The resulting haploid double and triple mutant strains were tested for their sensitivity to UV, HN2 and HN1. From the observed epistatic or synergistic interactions of the combinations of mutant alleles we could derive the relation of the SNM1 and SNM2 genes to the postulated repair pathways. Alleles snm1-1 and snml-2 ts were found epistatic to genes of the rad3 group, whereas snm2-1 ts was epistatic to rad6. The snm1 and snm2 mutant alleles interacted synergistically. From these data it is concluded that the SNM1 gene product plays a cross-link specific role in excision repair while the SNM2 gene product may be involved in a system of error-prone repair.
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  • 16
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 165-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial hybrid vector ; Nuclear association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hybrid vector pCP2, consisting of the bacterial plasmid pBR325, the nuclear gene Leu-2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a fragment of mitochondrial DNA from Cephalosporium acremonium, was found to associate with the nucleus in a transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was inducted by (1) efficient expression of the Leu-2 gene as evidenced by a short generation time on selective medium; (2) independence of Leu-2 gene expression from mitochondrial protein synthesis, since pCP2 was shown to replicate and to be expressed in petite mutants; (3) association of pCP2 with isolated DNA from nuclei as proved by transformation experiments with E. coli.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Catalase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heme ; Posttranscriptional control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Compared to wild type cells, strains bearing the pleiotropic regulatory mutations cgr4 or cas1 synthesize apocatalase T at a high rate when grown on high glucose. Like heme-deficient ole3 single mutants, ole3 cgr4 and ole3 cas1 double mutants accumulate no catalase T protein in vivo. This defect introduced by the ole3 mutation is cured by the addition of ALA. By use of the inhibitor actinomycin D we confirm previous findings that ole3 mutants lack catalase T mRNA and show that (i) the ole3 cgr4 and ole3 cas1 double mutants do accumulate catalase T mRNA or mRNA precursor, and (ii) the processing or translation of this RNA or the accumulation of apocatalase T depends on the presence of home.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G1 cdc mutants ; tα-factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants in four G1 cdc strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated which failed to show division arrest in the presence of α-factor. The cell cycle properties, terminal arrest morphology and mating competence of these mutants at the restrictive temperature were examined. The G1 specific arrest of the cdc 36 and cdc39 mutants is dependent upon the availability of an intact mating factor response system in Mat a cells. Cdc28 and cdc37 mutants exert their cell cycle blocks independently of the mating factor pathway. It is likely that the nature of the primary growth defect in cdc36 and cdc39 mutants is such that the α-factor pathway is activated in the absence of the pheromone at the restrictive temperature and that G1 arrest is a secondary consequence of a non-cycle specific event in such mutants.
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  • 19
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 235-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA replication ; Shuttle vectors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic segregation of three 2 μm-pBR322 chimaeric plasmids (YEp6, YEp21, and YEp24) was studied in yeast. Each displayed a characteristic rate of loss: YEp6 was lost at approximately twice the rate of YEp21 and YEp24. The loss rates were not significantly increased when two chimaeric plasmids were coresident, nor was the endogenous 2 μm plasmid itself displaced. Therefore these plasmids appear to be compatible in yeast.
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  • 20
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 559-566 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three overlapping plasmids were isolated from a YEp24 library, which restore Rad+ functions to rad6-1 and rad6-3 mutants. Different subclones were made and shown to integrate by homologous recombination at the RAD6 site on chromosome VII, thus verifying the cloned DNA segments to be the RAD6 gene and not a suppressor. The gene resides in a 1.15 kb fragment, which restores Rad+ levels of resistance to U.V., MMS and γ-rays to both rad6-1 and rad6-3 strains. It also restores sporulation ability to rad6-1 diploids. Integrative deletion of the RAD6 gene was shown not to be completely lethal to the yeast. Our results suggest that the RAD6 gene has some cell cycle-specific function(s), probably during late S phase.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: α-Pheromone-inactivating glycoproteins ; bar1-1 ; Barrier proteins ; Purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of a-mating-type-specific proteins inactivating α pheromone (α factor) were purified from heat shock extract of MATa cells. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 400,000 and 200,000 by gel filtration. Both proteins were detected in MATa SST1 cells but not in MATα SST1, MATa sst1-1 and MATa/MATα SST1/SST1 cells. In addition, the proteins were detected in matα2-1 SST1 cells but not in matα1-2 SST1 cells. From these results, it is concluded that these proteins are synthesized under the control of the SST1 gene and responsible for the Barrier action of MATa cells. The relationship of these proteins to the secreted Barrier protein having a higher molecular weight is discussed.
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  • 22
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    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear isolation ; Percoll ; in vitro Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure has been developed for the rapid isolation of yeast nuclei in high yield using Percoll gradients. The nuclei are substantially free of cytoplasmic contamination as measured by alcohol dehydrogenase activities, have the typical chromatin digestion pattern when digested with nucleases, are useful for isolation of nuclear proteins and for in vitro transcription experiments.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DEL1 ; rad ; ste7
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In DEL1 strains of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the iso-1-cytochrome c (CYC1) region is flanked on either side by Tyl elements in direct orientation which promote cyc1 deletions of the bracketed DNA in the haploid cell. In this study, we asked which genes might control this event by testing the possibility that the DEL1 mutation mechanism requires an enzyme (or enzymes) that is also utilized in the repair of damaged DNA. To this end, we independently coupled eight repair mutations, rad3–2, rad4–4, rad6–1, rad6–3, rad9–1, rev3–1, rad50–1, and rad51-1, toDEL1 and asked whether DEL1 was still functional. We found that none of these rad mutations significantly affects the mutation frequency of 10−6-10−5 established in DEL1 strains for the CYC1 locus. Furthermore, we determined that ste7, a temperature-sensitive sterile allele known to alter gene regulation in Ty-mediated mutations, is not required for DEL1 function. Finally, DEL1 is not temperature-sensitive at 23° or 37 °C.
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  • 24
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Isoenzymes ; Induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tetrad analysis indicates that α-isopropylmalate synthase activity of yeast is determined by two separate genes, designated LEU4 and LEU5. LEU4 is identified as a structural gene. LEU5 either encodes another α-isopropylmalate synthase activity by itself or provides some function needed for the expression of a second structural gene. The properties of mutants affecting the biosynthesis of leucine and its regulation suggest that the expression of LEU1 and LEU2 (structural genes encoding isopropylmalate isomerase and β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, respectively) is controlled by a complex of a-isopropylmalate and a regulatory element (the LEU3 gene product). Similarities and differences between yeast and Neurospora crassa with respect to leucine biosynthesis are discussed.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Deletion analysis ; Enzyme function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two sets of deletions, entering the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the 3′- and the 5′-end were constructed. Complementation analysis with chromosomal trp3A, trp3B and trp3C mutations was done by introducing the 3′- and 5′-truncated gene on a multicopy 2 μm-vector. The N-terminal glutamine amido transferase function is encoded by a DNA fragment of 600–700 bp, and the C-terminal indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase function by a DNA fragment of about 900 bp, whereas both functions together are encoded by a contiguous DNA fragment of about 1,500 bp. The bi functional TRP3-peptide thus could be dissected into two catalytically independent peptides in vivo. For the indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity, independent catalytic activity was also demonstrated in vitro: deletions entering the TRP3 gene from the 5′-end, and lacking large parts of the sequence coding for the glutamine amidotransferase function, still are able to ex press a peptide exhibiting functional indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase activity in vitro. Deletion plasmids pME505·De1C102·2μm and DelC10·2μm exhibited shorter TRP3 transcripts according to the deleted DNA-fragments (150 and 426 by respectively) but yielded peptides of invariable Mr of 35,000 d. Transcription and translation of these peptides, which probably represent the independently folding indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase core are discussed.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Autonomous replication sequence ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Notes: Summary A fragment of DNA which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast was cloned from Cephalosporium acremonium. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from an industrial strain of C. acremonium (08G-250-21) highly developed for the production of the antibiotic, cephalosporin C. Size, 27 kb, and restriction pattern indicated this DNA was identical to mtDNA previously isolated (Minuth et al. 1982) from an ancestral strain (ATTC 14553) which produces very low amounts of cephalosporin C. A 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment of the Cephalosporium mtDNA was inserted into a Pst1 site of the yeast integrative plasmid, Ylp5, to produce a 7.5 kb plasmid, designated pPS1. The structure of pPS1 was verified by restriction analysis and hybridization. PS1 transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DBY-746) to uracil prototrophy at a frequency of 272 transformants/μg DNA. Transformation frequencies of 715 transformants/μg DNA and zero were obtained for the replicative plasmid, YRp7, and the integrative plasmid YIp5, respectively. Southern hybridization and transformation of E. coli by DNA from yeast transformed by pPS1 verified that pPS1 replicates autonomously in yeast. The uracil-independent pPS1-yeast transformants were mitotically unstable. The average retention of pPS1 after three days growth in selective and non-selective medium was 4.5% and 0.4%, respectively, compared to retentions of 4.6% and 0.5% for YRp7. The properties of pPS1 were compared to those of a related plasmid, pCP2. pCP2 was constructed (Tudzynski et al. 1982) by inserting the C. acremonium 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment into the yeast integrative plasmid, pDAM1.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast vectors ; Cosmids ; nif genes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two vectors, termed pG63.11 (7.6 Kb) and pHCG3 (9.6 Kb), suitable for yeast transformation have been constructed. The pHCG3 vector has cosmid properties. Both vectors contain a single 3.3 Kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment of yeast origin which carries the yeast URA3 gene (1.1 Kb) and the origin of replication of the 2 µm plasmid (2.2 Kb). They confer ampicillin resistance and they contain 5 unique EcoRI,HpaI,HindIII,BamHI and SalI restriction sites. Cosmid pHCG3 was used to clone the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae carried by twoHindIII fragments of 17 and 26 Kb, respectively. The resulting cosmid, termed pGPC875 (53 Kb) which conferred a Nif+ phenotype to Escherichia coli, was introduced in yeast by transformation. No acetylene reduction activity was detectable in the transformants. However it was shown that the entire information for nitrogen fixation can be replicated and maintained intact in yeast for more than 50 generations of growth.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Suppressors-tRNA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleotide modification
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    Notes: Summary We have examined the tRNAs of two related strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ψ + and ψ −, which differ with respect to an extrachromosomal genetic element that modulates the expression of genotypic and phenotypic suppression. Both the pattern of tRNAs synthesized and the level of nucleotide modification of several selected tRNA species were found to be the same in the ψ + and ψ − strains.
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  • 29
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    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Hybridization ; Polyethylene glycol ; Nuclear transfer ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Viable hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained by transfer of isolated diploid nuclei into haploid protoplasts using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) fusion procedure.
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  • 30
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trehalose ; Glycogen ; Sporulation ; Germination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants with specific lesions were used to differentiate between the functions of glycogen and trehalose in S. cerevisiae. Diploids which harbor the glc1/glc1 mutation depend upon the phosphorylated, less active form of glycogen synthase and show a more active, phosphorylated form, of the enzyme trehalase. These conditions are due to a lesion in the regulating subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Such cells are unable to sporulate. Diploids which contain the sst1/sst1 mutation have normal glycogen metabolism but their trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is not active. Such strains sporulate but germination is poor and only one-spore tetrads are formed. These results confirm that glycogen is needed to trigger sporulation while trehalose plays a role in the germination process. Different systems, I and II, of trehalose accumulation were proposed. System I would require the UDPG-linked trehalose synthase, whereas system II would constitute an alternative pathway, specifically induced or activated by the expression of a MAL gene. The presence of system II in its constitutive form in the constructed diploids would favour trehalose synthesis during growth on glucose, however, it did not overcome the glycogen deficiency during sporulation nor the lack of trehalose for germination. It seems that only system I, namely trehalose 6-P-synthase, plays a role in the germination process.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Oversecretion mutants ; Protease defect ; Wall glucan defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two chromosomal mutations in yeast that result in oversecretion of the K1 killer toxin protein were examined. A recessive mutation in gene ski5 appears to lead to toxin oversecretion through a defect in a cell surface, PMSF-inhibited protease. A wild type killer strain degraded toxin following synthesis, and degradation could be partially prevented by addition of PMSF to the growth medium. The ski5 mutation caused an approximate ten fold oversecretion of toxin, similar to that seen in a PMSF-treated wild type culture, and no increased oversecretion in the presence of PMSF. The ski5 mutation caused oversecretion of other low molecular weight secreted proteins and appeared to oversecrete the α-factor pheromone, as judged by activity tests. The ski5 mutation was complemented by mutations in ski genes 1–4, and the mutant was not supersensitive to mating pheromones or K2 killer toxin. We also examined killer strains with a mutation in the nuclear gene krel which results in a defective (1→6)-β-D-glucan cell wall receptor for killer toxin. Such strains oversecrete toxin into the growth medium, but also, unexpectedly, oversecrete most other secreted proteins. The defect in (1→6)-β-D-glucan in these mutants appears to perturb the partitioning of secreted proteins between the cell wall and the medium.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-aminolevulinate synthase ; Cloned gene
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    Notes: Summary We have cloned the structural gene HEM1 for 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by transformation and complementation of a yeast hem1–5 mutant which was previously shown to lack ALA synthase activity (Urban-Grimal and Labbe Bois 1981) and had no immunodetectable ALA synthase protein when tested with yeast ALA synthase antiserum. The gene was selected from a recombinant cosmid pool which contained wild-type yeast genomic DNA fragments of an average size of 40 kb. The cloned gene was identified by the restauration.of growth on a non fermentable carbon source without addition of exogenous ALA. Sub cloning of partial Sau3A digests and functional analysis by transformation allowed us to isolate three independent plasmids, each carrying a 6 kb yeast DNA fragment inserted in either orientation into the single BamHI site of the vector pHCG3 and able to complement hem1–5 mutation. Analysis of the three plasmids by restriction endonucleases showed that HEM1 is contained within a 2.9 kb fragment. The three corresponding yeast trans formants present a 1, 2.5 and 16 fold increase in ALA synthase activity as compared to the wild-type strain. The gene product immunodetected in the transformant yeast cells has identical size as the wild-type yeast ALA synthase and its amount correlates well with the increase in ALA synthase activity.
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  • 33
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    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Gene subcloning
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    Notes: Summary We have developped a procedure to delimit the boundaries of a cloned gene carried on a DNA fragment as large as 4 to 5 kilobases. The method consists in the following. Two series of limit digest products generated with a tetranucleotide recognition sequence endonuclease and originating from either of the two ends of this DNA segment are tested for their complementing capacity by yeast transformation. The gene is then delimited by the overlap of the two shortest complementing fragments.
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  • 34
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    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μm minichromosomes ; Metrizamide gradients
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two micrometer minichromosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated without detergent using metrizamide gradients. 2 μm minichromosomes showed a lower density in metrizamide gradients relative to genomic chromatin. Our results suggest a lower ratio of proteins to DNA in 2-μm minichromosomes as compared with genomic chromatin. The procedure described herein yields minichromosomes free of cellular chromatin and ribosomal protein contamination. This method may be useful for the isolation and characterization of other yeast minichromosomes.
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  • 35
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 427-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA ; Alkaline elution
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    Notes: Summary The method of analysis of DNA in mammalian cells by alkaline elution from filters (Kohn et al. 1974) was adapted for studies on yeast DNA. By this technique spheroplasts obtained from yeast cells are lysed on filters and single-stranded DNA fragments selectively eluted by alkaline solutions. The procedure was applied to monitor the occurrence of replication intermediates and production of DNA single-strand breakage by MMS, and its repair in growth medium.
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  • 36
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial genes ; Vegetative segregation ; Uniparental inheritance
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    Notes: Summary Zygotes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are heteroplasmic for mitochondrial alleles produce diploid progeny that are homoplasmic for one allele or the other, judged by the criterion that upon further subcloning they produce daughter cells of only one phenotype or the other. Here we show that when such cells are subjected to strong selection for the missing allele, it cannot be detected, so that it is probably not present in even a single copy.
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  • 37
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    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Gene cloning ; Transfer RNA
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    Notes: Summary We have studied the organization and expression of a group of tRNA genes located on a 2,700 base pair portion of the yeast mitochondrial genome between the genetic markers cap (chloramphenicol resistance) and oxil (cytochrome oxidase subunit II). This region is spanned by mitochondrial DNA inserts of two recombinant plasmids, pYm162 and pYm267, which have been extensively mapped and sequenced. This tRNA group is composed of six tRNA genes, coding for tRNA AAR Lys , tRNA AGR Arg , tRNA GGN Gly , tRNA GAY Asp , tRNA AGY Ser , and tRNA CGN Arg . We report the sequence for the majority of the 2,700 base pair region including the genes for all six tRNAs. All six genes are oriented in the same direction and are, therefore, transcribed from the same DNA strand. Further, a comparison of the organization of this region with the analogous region of a related wild type strain shows that the tRNA gene order in the two strains is the same. Five of the six tRNA genes have corresponding transcripts in wild type RNA. Although a potential structural gene for tRNA CGN Arg is present, we do not detect a tRNA CGN Arg gene transcript.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP2 gene ; TRP3 gene ; Cloning in yeast
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes the isolation of the TRP2 and the TRP3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two pools of plasmids consisting of BamHI and Sa1GI yeast DNA inserts into the bifunctional yeast — Escherichia coli vector pLC544 (Kingsman et al. 1979) were constructed in E. coli and used for the isolation of the two genes by selection for functional complementation of trp2 and trp3 mutations, respectively, in yeast. The TRP2 gene was isolated on a 6.2 kb BamHl and a 5.8 kb Sa1GI yeast DNA fragment which shared an identical 4.5 kb BamHI-SaIGI fragment. The TRP3 gene was located on a 5.2 kb BamHl fragment. By physical, genetic and physiological experiments it could be shown that the cloned yeast DNA fragments contained the whole structural sequences as well as the regulatory regions of the TRP2 and the TRP3 genes.
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  • 39
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 433-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast transformation ; Yeast autonomously replicating sequences ; Ribosomal RNA genes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that the loss of Rcp-CEN3, a centromeric plasmid containing yeast rDNA autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) is as high as around 50% per generation for most yeast strains. In this study we have attempted to elucidate mechanisms underlying the high mitotic instability of Rcp-CEN3. For this purpose a tandem duplication of a rDNA ARS was constructed in Rcp-CEN3. The new plasmid having two ARSs possesses a markedly higher mitotic stability as compared to a monoARS Rcp-CEN3. The mitotic stability of this centromere-containing plasmid which has two replicators corresponds to the calculated value for the mitotic stability of two monoARS plasmids Rcp-CEN3 in given cells. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that both plasmids having one or two ARSs are maintained in the single copy state. These results demonstrate that the mitotic instability of centromeric plasmid Rcp-CEN3 carrying a rDNA ARS is associated with the absence of stringent control of replication from the rDNA ARS. A possible mechanism of replication of the chromosomal rDNA repeats in yeast is discussed in the light of this data.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Iso-1-cytochrome c ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heme ; Transcription
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    Notes: Summary A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (hem1 cycl-1) was transformed with plasmids bearing a chromosomal centromer (CEN3) and a 2 μm DNA replication origin. In one of the plasmids a functional CYC1 gene was present, in a second plasmid an XhoI fragment located between bases -245 and -678 upstream from the translation initiation codon had been deleted, in a third plasmid this region had been inverted. Results of hybridization experiments carried out with mRNA isolated from heme-deficient and heme-containing transformants indicated that heme controls transcription of the CYC1 gene and that DNA sequences located within the upstream XhoI fragment are involved in activation of the gene by heme.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Sequence analysis ; Enzyme function
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    Notes: Summary The structure and function of the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed. Subcloning of an original 4.8 kb BamHI DNA fragment, carrying the yeast TRP3 gene, allowed for a localization of the gene on a 2.5 kb ClaI/BamHI fragment. Transcription was found to proceed from the ClaI site towards the BamHI site. Three major transcription start sites were determined at positions −92, −87, and −81 by S1-mapping. The synthesis of the TRP3 gene is regulated by the general control, and was found to take place- at the transcriptional level. The sequence of the 5′-noncoding region up to position −400 and part of the coding region to position 840 were determined. The 5′-noncoding region contains sequences common to most amino acid biosynthetic genes known so far, namely a presumptive ribosome binding site, “Goldberg-Hogness boxes”, and a consensus sequence, possibly involved in the general control. For the coding region a single open reading frame was found. The deduced amino acid sequence was aligned with homologous amino acid sequences of Neurospora crassa, Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli. The exceptionally high homology (40–60%) between these sequences led us to postulate that the TRP3 gene product is of the structure NH2-glutamine amidotransferase-indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase-COOH.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning ; Suppressor
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    Notes: Summary A plasmid, pYsup1-1, containing a DNA fragment able to suppress the recessive mutant phenotype of the suppressor locus sup1 (allele sup1-ts36) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from a bank of yeast chromosomal DNA cloned in cosmid p3030. The complementing gene was localized on a 2.6 kb DNA fragment by further subcloning. Evidence is presented that the cloned DNA segment codes for the sup1 structural gene (chromosome IIR).
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  • 43
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 575-580 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Candida utilis ; Protoplast fusion
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    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis were hybridized through protoplast fusion. Spontaneous, UV- and FPA-induced mitotic segregation indicated that after cell fusion, exclusion of the S. cerevisiae nucleus or nuclear fusion followed by preferential loss of S. cerevisiae chromosomes can take place. Some of the hybrids were stable. One of them, expressed mating and sporulation functions of the S. cerevisiae parent. Thus, markers from both parents could be recovered as mitotic and meiotic segregants.
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  • 44
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lactobacillus brevis ; Streptococcus lactis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Concanavalin A ; Symbiosis ; Tibi
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    Notes: Abstract Tibi grains consist of a unique and very stable symbiotic association of Lactobacillus brevis, Streptococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae embedded in a dextran matrix. The structural organization of the grain was examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The grain was constituted of an outer compact layer and an inner spongy structure. The outer layer was more densely populated by the microorganisms than the inner layer but dextran, stained on frozen thin sections with fluorescein-conjugated concanavalin A, was more abundant in the inner layer.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: a Pheromone ; α Pheromone ; Hansenula wingei ; Inducible mutant ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Sexual agglutinability ; Shmoo ; Synthetic analogues
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    Notes: Abstract Three analogues of the peptidyl pheromone, α pheromone of Saccharomyces kluyveri, synthesized based on the amino acid sequence proposed by Sato et al. (Agric Biol Chem 45:1531–1533, 1981) were tested for both shmoo-inducing and agglutinability-inducing actions. Purified natural α pheromone of the yeast showed the highest activity among the peptides tested. When methionine in the peptides was oxidized, the activity decreased significatly. α Pheromone of S. kluyveri induced sexual agglutinability in a cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and shmoo in a cells of S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri. a Pheromone of S. kluyveri had no agglutinability-inducing action on α cells of S. cerevisiae. a Cells of S. kluyveri inactivated only α pheromone of the same species, but a cells of S. cerevisiae inactivated α pheromones of both S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Borrelidin ; Aspartokinase ; Feedback regulation ; Threonine pool ; Homoserine pool ; S-Adenosylmethionine
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    Notes: Abstract Borrelidin is a specific inhibitor of the threonyl-tRNA-synthethase. A class of dominant borrelidin resistant mutants (BOR1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was biochemically characterized. The mutants possess an altered aspartokinase which is insensitive to threonine inhibition. The threonine and homoserine pools in these mutants are 22 times larger than in the wild type. By feeding aspartate under a variety of conditions the homoserine pool is increased even 57 times whilst the threonine pool is reduced.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Mating reaction ; Microtubules ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Notes: Abstract Effects of ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC) on the mating reaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied, with special attention on the effect on the α pheromone action. EPC inhibited zygote formation at a concentration which promoted induction of sexual agglutinability. EPC enhanced agglutinability induction by α pheromone, but inhibited α-pheromone-induced formation of large pearshaped cells in a mating type. The enhancement of agglutinability induction was accompanied with increased production of a agglutination substance and inhibition of α pheromone inactivation. EPC arrested the cell cycle of a cells probably in the step controlled by CDC19, CDC35, cAMP etc., just before the step controlled by CDC28, α pheromone etc.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glucan synthetase ; EDTA ; Magnesium ; Sucrose ; Fluoride
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    Notes: Abstract Yeast β(1–3) glucan synthetase is stimulated and stabilized by EDTA. Sucrose protects the enzyme from selfinactivaton. Preincubation of cell free extracts at low sucrose concentrations indicates a slow transition of the enzyme towards dissociation. Transition kinetics at 30° C and 0° C in the presence and in the absence of sucrose are interpreted assuming that a subunit is thermolabile in the free state and that sucrose increases its stability. Magnesium is deletereous for glucan synthetase in cell-free extracts. Chaotropic agents inactivate glucan synthetase according to their capacity to solubilize and depolymerize biological compounds. Fluoride plays a special role in the activation of glucan synthetase. Its action appears to be dependent on the presence of GTP (or other nucleotides). The role of all these agents on the activity and stability of the enzyme is interpreted in a unified scheme.
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  • 49
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    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Killer toxin ; Extracellular glycoprotein
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    Notes: Abstract A total of 13 killer toxin producing strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia were tested against each other and against a sensitive yeast strain. Based on the activity of the toxins 4 different toxins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2 different toxins of Pichia and one toxin of Candida were recognized. The culture filtrate of Pichia and Candida showed a much smaller activity than the strains of Saccharomyces. Extracellular killer toxins of 3 types of Saccharomyces were concentrated and partially purified. The pH optimum and the isoelectric point were determined. The killer toxins of S. cerevisiae strain NCYC 738, strain 399 and strain 28 were glycoproteins and had a molecular weight of Mr=16,000. The amino acid composition of the toxin type K2 of S. cerevisiae strain 399 was determined and compared with the composition of two other toxins.
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  • 50
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    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sulfur dioxide ; Sulfite ; Air polluting substances ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Active agent of irreversible cell inactivation
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    Notes: Abstract After a short period of tolerance, living cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were irreversibly damaged by low concentrations of sulfite. The length of the period of tolerance and the rate of the damaging effect depended on the concentration on sulfite, pH-value, temperature, the physiological state of the cells, and incubation time. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and mitochondrial ATP synthesis did not alter the deleterious effect of sulfite on living cells. Furthermore, cell damage leading to inhibition of colony formation occured under aerobic as well as under anaerobic conditions. Prior to cell inactivation sulfite induced the formation of respiratory deficient cells. The active agent was shown to be SO2.
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  • 51
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ; Gluconeogenesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutant
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    Notes: Abstract A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32) was isolated. The mutant did not grow on gluconeogenic sources except glycerol. The mutation was recessive and apparently affected the structural gene of the enzyme. Intracellular levels of metabolites related to the metabolic situation of the enzyme were not significantly affected after transfer of the mutant from a medium with glycerol to a medium with ethanol as carbon source. In these conditions only AMP decreased 3 to 5 times. A search for mutants affected in the other gluconeogenic enzyme, fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, remained unsuccessful.
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  • 52
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    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 146-149 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase ; Mode of action of tryptophan analogues ; Tryptophan analogue degradation
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of the tryptophan analogue 4-methyltryptophan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated. 4-Methyltryptophan inhibits the aminoacylation of tryptophan specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNATrp). The mode of inhibition is competitive and the analogue is not charged onto tRNATrp. Thus 4-methyltryptophan application depletes the cells from charged tRNATrp. As a consequence cell growth and protein synthesis are strongly reduced. 4-Methyltryptophan is degraded efficiently in culture media inoculated with the wild type strain; the effects of 4-methyltryptophan were therefore found to be transient.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Phosphofructokinase ; Antagonistic enzymes ; Glycolytic intermediates ; ATP ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Notes: Abstract The intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate and several glycolytic intermediates were determined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to the presence of the metabolically antagonistic enzymes phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Phosphofructokinase is synthesized constitutively in cells grown in the presence of glucose and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase derepression occurs upon the exhaustion of glucose from the growth medium. Transcriptional regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was suggested based on experiments with wild type cells using 8-hydroxyquinoline, a known inhibitor of nuclear transcription, and with the S. cerevisiae mutant strain A364A (ts-136) blocked in the transport of nuclear RNA at non-permissive temperature. The level of phosphofructokinase was reduced more than 25-fold under conditions of high citrate accumulation in an aconitaseless, glutamate requiring mutant strain, MO-1-9B. There was a rapid decrease in the levels of adenosine triphosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate at the end of log-phase of culture growth when both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphofructokinase were present in the cells simultaneously. The changes in the levels of key glycolytic intermediates, but not the changes in adenosine triphosphate, during the simultaneous presence of these two enzymes, can be explained without involving any futile cycling.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula wingei ; Induction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Sex pheromone ; Sexual agglutinability ; Sexual agglutination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast, Hansenula wingei has two mating types designated 5 and 21. Cells of each mating type were found to produce mating type-specific sex pheromone which induces sexual agglutinability of the opposite mating type. Crude fractions of these pheromones were prepared by using an Amberlite CG 50 (H+ type) column. The agglutinability-inducing action of the pheromones required glucose as carbon source, but no external nitrogen source. The action of the pheromones was inhibited by 5 μg/ml cycloheximide. The optimum pH for the pheromone action was 4.0. α Pheromones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kluyveri induced sexual agglutinability of 5 mating type cells but did not that of 21 mating type cells. a Pheromones of the Saccharomyces yeasts had no effect on both 5 and 21 mating type cells. The sex pheromones of H. wingei had no effect on the sexual agglutinability of inducible a cells of S. cerevisiae. From the experimental results obtained so far, we propose to call 5 and 21 mating types in H. wingei a and α mating types, respectively.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Bud scar ; Scar ring ; Glucan ; Chitin ; Mannan ; Cytology ; Electron and X-ray diffractions ; Physico-chemical characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scar rings (SR) from scarless cells at the early stages of budding and mature bud scars from Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated by both chemical and enzymic treatment of cell walls were observed by selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy with simultaneous physico-chemical characterization (including molar mass, intrinsic viscosity and crystallite size) of α-chitin and glucan. The SR, composed of glucan with strong 0.608; 0.397 and 0.293 nm X-ray reflections, was formed at the start of budding. The SAED patterns of α-chitin both in the adjacent circular zone and in the parts of newly formed primary septum (PS), observed when the development of the PS started, did not differ from those of α-chitin in the single mature bud scar. The bud scar consisted of α-chitin, glucan and mannan and their content, as well as the crystallite size of chitin, depended on the mode of preparation.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; Cell-cell recognition ; Glycoprotein ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An a-mating-type-specific substance responsible for sexual agglutination was purified to 397-times in specific activity (units/mg protein) from the cytoplasm of a-mating type cells. The purified substance gave a single band stained with PAS reagent but not with both Coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining reagent by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 M urea. However, incorporation of [35S]methionine and Lowry reaction clearly indicate that the substance is a glycoprotein. The substance specifically masked sexual agglutinability of cells of the opposite mating type α, indicating univalent action. The substance is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 90%, a pI of 4.5, and a molecular weight of 130,000. The substance was inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and proteolytic enzymes but not by glycolytic enzymes. The substance formed a complementary complex having no biological activity when mixed with α-agglutination substance from the wall or cytoplasm of α-cells in vitro.
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  • 57
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 298-301 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Protoplast ; Compartmentation ; Vacuole ; Trehalose ; Trehalase ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesized and degraded trehalose when they were incubated in a medium containing traces of glucose and acetate. Such protoplasts were gently lyzed by the polybase method and a particulate and soluble fraction was prepared. Trehalose was found in the soluble fraction and the trehalase activity mostly in the particulate fraction which also contained the vacuoles besides other cell organelles. Upon purification of the vacuoles, by density gradient centrifugation, the specific activity of trehalase increased parallel to the specific content of vacuolar markers. This indicates that trehalose is located in the cytosol and trehalase in the vacuole. It is suggested that trehalose, in addition to its role as a reserve may also function as a protective agent to maintain the cytosolic structure under conditions of stress.
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  • 58
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 242-248 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tryptophan degradation to tryptophol ; Degradation-defective mutant strain ; Aromatic aminotransferases ; Tryptophan accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tryptophan was found to be degraded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mainly to tryptophol. Upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose two aminotransferases were identified: Aromatic aminotransferase I was constitutively synthesized and was active in vitro with tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine as amino donors and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptors. The enzyme was six times less active with and had a twenty times lower affinity for tryptophan (K m=6 mM) than phenylalanine or tyrosine. It was postulated thus that aromatic aminotransferase I is involved in vivo in the last step of tyrosine and phenylalanine biosynthesis. Aromatic aminotransferase II was inducible with tryptophan but also with the other two aromatic amino acids either alone or in combinations. With tryptophan as amino donor the enzyme was most active with phenylpyruvate and not active with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor; its affinity for tryptophan was similar as for the other aromatic amino acids (K m=0.2–0.4 mM). Aromatic aminotransferase II was postulated to be involved in vivo mainly in the degradation of tryptophan, but may play also a role in the degradation of the other aromatic amino acids. A mutant strain defective in the aromatic aminotransferase II (aat2) was isolated and its influence on tryptophan accumulation and pool was studied. In combination with mutations trp2 fbr, aro7 and cdr1-1, mutation aat2 led to a threefold increase of the tryptophan pool as compared to a strain with an intact aromatic aminotransferase II.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; G1 arrest ; Hansenula wingei ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Shmoo
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell cycle of a (5) mating type cells of Hansenula wingei was arrested in the G1 phase by α pheromone of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not by α(21) pheromone of H. wingei, although both the α pheromones are known to induce sexual agglutination ability of a mating type cells of H. wingei. Cells of α mating type of H. wingei became shmooed or arrested in the G1 phase in response to neither a pheromone of H. wingei nor α pheromone of S. cerevisiae.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Catabolite repression and inactivation ; Inhibition of protease B
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpruvate carboxykinase and malate dehydrogenase in intact cells could be prevented by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride added 40 min prior to the addition of glucose. Protein synthesis, fermentative and respiratory activity and catabolite repression were not affected. Elimination of catabolite inactivation by the addition of PMSF revealed that catabolite repression started at different times for different enzyme.
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  • 61
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cycloheximide ; Inducible a strain ; Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Temperature-sensitive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When α pheromone-pretreated cells of an inducible a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying the inducible gene saa1 were incubated in a growth medium at 28°C, induction of sexual agglutinability began after a 10 min lag period. If the cells were incubated at 38°C during the lag period, no induction occurred even after incubation at 28°C. Contrary to this, if the cells were incubated at 28°C during the lag period, almost complete induction occurred, even after transfer to 38°C. Temperature shift experiments revealed that 5 min incubation at 28°C was necessary for the initiation of the temperature-sensitive period and further 5 min incubation for the completion of the period. The temperature-sensitive period was sensitive to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Zygosaccharomyces bailii ; Compartmentation ; Vacuoles ; Internal pH ; Phosphate ; Glycolysis ; Nuclear magnetic resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 31P NMR spectra were obtained from suspensions of Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii grown aerobically on glucose. Direct introduction of substrate into the cell suspension, without interruption of the measurements, revealed rapid changes in pH upon addition of the energy source. All 31P NMR spectra of the yeasts studied indicated the presence of two major intracellular inorganic phosphate pools at different pH environments. The pool at the higher pH was assigned to cytoplasmic phosphate from its response to glucose addition and iodoacetate inhibition of glycolysis. After addition of substrate the pH in the compartment containing the second phosphate pool decreased. A parallel response was observed for a significant fraction of the terminal and penultimate phosphates of the polyphosphate observed by 31P NMR. This suggested that the inorganic phosphate fraction at the lower pH and the polyphosphates originated from the same intracellular compartment, most probably the vacuole. In this vacuolar compartment, pH is sensitive to metabolic conditions. In the presence of energy source a pH gradient as large as 0.8 to 1.5 units could be generated across the vacuolar membrane. Under certain conditions net transport of inorganic phosphate across the vacuolar membrane was observed during glycolysis: to the cytoplasm when the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration had become very low due to sugar phosphorylation, and into the vacuole when the former concentration had become high again after glucose exhaustion.
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  • 63
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Anaerobic growth ; Hungate technique ; Tween 80 ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nontrachet strain 522 was successfully grown anaerobically on various glucose concentrations in Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) medium (pH 3.5) prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2). This growth occurred in the absence of Tween 80 and ergosterol. The medium, prepared using the Hungate technique for cultivation of strictly anaerobic bacteria, contained the reducing agent cysteine·HCl·H2O (0.03%). Anaerobic growth was stimulated by the addition of Tween 80 and ergosterol to the anaerobic medium.
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  • 64
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetate growth medium ; Anti-microtubule agent ; Bud initiation ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Meiosis ; Mitotic cell cycle ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation induction
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated in acetate growth media containing 2.5 mM ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC), bud initiation was inhibited preferentially, and eventually overgrown, unbudded cells accumulated. During subsequent incubation, meiosis and ascospore formation occurred at high frequencies. The behavior of EPC-treated cells was essentially the same as that of cells transferred to a starvation sporulation medium. EPC thus has a pronounced effect on the mitotic growth of yeast cells, which leads to meiotic development. Our observations indicate that EPC has a decisive function in the initiation of meiosis in rich growth media.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nucleotide pools ; Continuous cultivation ; Synchronized growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High pressure liquidd chromatography has been used to study the acid soluble nucleotide pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under different conditions of growth. ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD, GTP, UTP, UDP, CTP, CDP, and UDP-sugars plus UMP could be separated and were found in concentrations higher than 0.1 μmol per g yeast cell dry weight (=detection limit). During glucose-limited continuous culture the levels of individual nucleotides depended on the growth rate, which was most pronounced with pyrimidine (uridine, cytidine) nucleotides. The energy charge (E.C.) remained high (0.9) at all growth rates (0.07–0.3 h-1). During synchronized growth at a constant growth rate (0.11 h-1) almost all nucleotide levels and the E.C. remained at constant values with the only exception of UDP-sugars and UMP of which increased levels were found during the phase of budding. Under conditions of metabolic stress (addition of antimycin A, deoxyglucose plus iodoacetate) pronounced changes in the levels of purine (adenine and guanine) nucleotides and the E.C. were observed. All other nucleotides were less influenced by these conditions. Only under these conditions IMP accumulation was observed. The results strongly argue against the significance of purine nucleotide or E.C. measurements under viable conditions. In contrast, changes in the levels of pyrimidine nucleotides seem to be indicative of changes in the flux through the metabolic pathways where they act as coenzymes.
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  • 66
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    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 285-287 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heat killing ; Membrane damage ; Genetic damage ; Growth temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance of exponentially growing yeast cells to killing by exposure to 52°C increased markedly as the growth temperature was increased. Identical killing curves were obtained for cells suspended in growth medium or in 0.9% saline. Cells resistant to killing at 52°C were quite sensitive to killing at slightly higher temperatures. These results suggest a primary role for membrane damage in the mechanism of heat killing.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Glycoprotein ; Inducible strains ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Tunicamycin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of tunicamycin (TM) on the sexual agglutinability and zygote formation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied using the two kinds of haploid strains, inducible and constitutive for sexual agglutinability. Induction of sexual agglutinability by opposite mating type sex pheromone of inducible strains was inhibited by TM in α mating type but not in a mating type. The recovery by temperature-shift-down from the temperature-suppressed sexual agglutinability of constitutive strains was enhanced by TM in a mating type but rather inhibited in α mating type. Pretreatment with TM of constitutive strains enhanced sexual agglutinability in a mating type but not in α mating type. The above-mentioned a-mating-type-specific agglutinability-enhancing actions of TM were discussed in relation to the action mechanism of α pheromone which induces or enhances the sexual agglutinability of a cells. Zygote formation was inhibited by TM in both constitutive and inducible strains at concentrations which showed only partially inhibitory effect on sexual agglutinability.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptopilinaheterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; host-habitat searching ; chemoreception ; fermentation products ; ethanol ; ethyl acetate ; acetaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical stimuli play an important role in the process of searching for a host habitat by parasitic wasps. Volatile compounds originating from host habitats and/or hosts are the cues that enable such a location.Leptopilina heterotoma, a larval parasite ofDrosophila, is attracted to the food of its host, baker's yeast. Analysis of the fermentation products of baker's yeast, using a mass spectrometer, and olfactometer studies indicate that three fermentation products of this yeast, the main component of the host habitat in our laboratory, attractL. heterotoma: ethanol (5%), ethyl acetate (10−2, 10−3%), and acetaldehyde (1%). A combination of these three compounds, however, cannot compete with baker's yeast in attracting the parasites. Thus other factors, such as different compounds, concentrations, and/or combinations, also, play a role and remain to be tested.Leptopilina heterotoma does not use host-related olfactory cues in long-distance habitat location as it cannot distinguish between host habitat and host habitat with hosts.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: electron probe X-ray microanalysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ethidium ; brontophenol blue ; cationic dye ; cytolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary K+ efflux provoked by ethidium proceeds partially as an all-or-none effect by which the diffusion barrier for K+ is disrupted and partially from still intact cells, presumably by exchange against ethidium. This is shown by the application of an electron probe microanalysis X-ray technique by which the K+ content of a number of individual cells is analyzed.
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  • 70
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    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; sodium ; nitrate ; sulphate ; micronutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The specific gravity and dry matter content of 193 tuber samples (cultivars: Arran Banner, Spunta, Up-to-Date, Cara) from crops grown at Kokkinochoria, the major potato growing area of Cyprus, were related to each other as follows: Dry matter (%)=−269.59+268.24×specific gravity. This regression accounted for 82.4% of the variation; the fiducial limits (P〈0.05) for single determinations of specific gravity were±1.54 percentage units. The mineral contents of the tubers were similar to those reported in other countries.
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  • 71
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 34 (1984), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Lupinus albus ; L. angustifolius ; lupine ; nitrogen ; lipids ; fatty acids ; seed development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Developing seeds of lupine cultivars Kali, Neuland, Reuscher and Unicrop, grown under field conditions, were sampled at different stages of maturity and analysed for total nitrogen, crude fat and fatty acid composition. Nitrogen and lipid deposition occurred between 30 and 60 days after anthesis coinciding with the stage of maximal dry weight increase of the developing seed. The rate and duration of dry matter, nitrogen and crude fat accumulation was cultivar dependent. Percent of total saturated fatty acid decreased with increasing seed development.
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  • 72
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    Hydrobiologia 111 (1984), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient enrichment ; yield coefficient ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; mass culturing ; phytoplankton ; sea water
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural phytoplankton of Cabo Frio area was grown in 42 m-deep artificially upwelled seawater enriched with increasing concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus. Respective values allowing maximum biomass, maximum uptake of initial reserve and maximum yield coefficient are rather conflicting. Notwithstanding, respective values of 75 µg at 1−1 nitrogen and 5 µg at 1−1 phosphorus, and therefore N:P = 15, appeared to be the best compromise for initial nutrient levels.
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  • 73
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    Hydrobiologia 112 (1984), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reed ; harvest ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; redox potential ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of the effects of repeated winter harvest and removal of dry reed culms on water and sediment chemistry was made in a shallow lake dominated by closed, monospecific reed stands. The oxygen concentration and redox potential in the water, as well as temperature, showed regular diurnal fluctuations inside the reed stands. Ammonium and nitrate + nitrite did not exhibit diurnal fluctuations and differences between a harvested and an unharvested reed area were small. Molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) concentration was higher in the unharvested area. Because the winter harvest caused an almost doubling of shoot production compared to the unharvested area, net addition of reed litter (leaves, stubble and culms) to the sediment of the harvested area was similar to that of the unharvested area. It is concluded that removal of reed culms in winter has the largest effect on microclimate in spring, and that the rate of mineralization and reducing intensity in the substrate are not immediately affected. Significantly higher summer standing crop of reed after harvest may have caused lower phosphate concentration in the water column and sediment interstitial water.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cypress swamp ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; periphytic algae ; phosphorus ; phytoplankton
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both periphytic and planktonic algae are found in areas of the seasonally flooded Great Dismal Swamp (Virginia, U.S.A.). The dynamics of these algae were studied in a cypress stand and the periphytic algae appeared to be important as nutrient conservers. Clear temporal patterns in phytoplankton dominance were also observed.
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  • 75
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 549-558 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake restoration ; sediment dredging ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; algal assays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An increased load of domestic wastewater to Lake Trehörningen induced oxygen-poor water conditions and the development of a reduced sulphide-rich sediment layer. Severely polluted, the lake did not recover, even after advanced wastewater treatment and sewage diversion. Restoration measures with suction dredging and macrophyte elimination were applied in 1975 and 1976. The loose topmost sediment was pumped into an embanked and overgrown bay which was used as a settling pond. The activities also included a restoration of the shorelines. This project is the largest restoration programme carried out in Sweden on a single lake, corresponding to a cost of about US $2 000 000. The restoration of Lake Trehörningen was followed by a highly intensive research programme which included water chemistry and algal assays. The concentrations of phosphate and total phosphorus decreased by 73 and 50% respectively, as summer average values, two years after the restoration. However, the concentrations of phosphorus are still too high to permit this element to act as a prime algal growth-limiting nutrient. The algal biomass has also remained at the same magnitude as before the restoration. Nitrate-N concentrations showed a tenfold increase, based on average values for the summer period. However, based on the results of the algal assays, a rapid and marked response was obvious, with a drastic decline in the algal growth potential. In addition, the water quality of the tributaries was frequently of an objectionable character (0.1–0.2 g P m−3). The nutrient loading from these sources exceeds the critical level for the lake, and measures have now been carried out to treat all the inflowing waters for the removal of phosphorus.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: leaf-conditioning ; microorganisms ; nitrogen ; carbon ; phosphorus ; Alnus rugosa ; Populus tremuloides ; Myrica gale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Myrica gale, Alnus rugosa and Populus tremuloides leaves were incubated ‘in situ’ in the oligotrophic acid waters of the Canadian Shield (James Bay, Quebec) in order to follow microorganic decomposition, respiration and chemical transformations. Respiratory activities in decomposing speckled alder and trembling aspen leaves were more important than that in sweet gale. In spite of low nutrient concentrations in the water, nitrogen concentration increased in the three species while phosphorus levels increased only in the speckled alder during decomposition.
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  • 77
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; temperature ; body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the relation of the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen excretion by the planktonic rotifers to ambient temperature and individual body weights of these animals. The following formulas describing this relation were obtained: EP=0.0154 W−1.27 e0.096T EN=0.0879 W−1.01 e0.088 T, where EP and EN denote the rate of P and N excretion, respectively, in µg · mg dry wt−1 · h−1, W is body weight in µg dry weight, and T is temperature in °C.
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  • 78
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    Hydrobiologia 77 (1981), S. 43-47 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; pollution indicator ; mineral element ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Ulva lactuca ; Hong Kong
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and iron were estimated in the green alga Ulva lactuca L. collected from 9 rural and 14 urban littoral sites in the waters around Hong Kong Island during 1978 and 1979. The mean levels of tissue nitrogen and phosphorus were respectively 65% and 87% more in urban sites than in rural ones. Very significant correlation (r = 0.920) was found between the logarithmic concentration of seawater inorganic nitrogen and that of tissue nitrogen. The same applied to soluble reactive phosphorus in seawater and tissue phosphorus (r = 0.886). The levels of potassium, sodium and calcium in the alga were relatively uniform. However considerable variation in the level of iron was detected. The potential use of Ulva as an indicator species for eutrophication is discussed.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Urbanization ; hydrologic budget ; nutrient budget ; seasonal budget ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Present day hydrologic and nutrient budgets have been measured and presettlement budgets estimated for a small urban watershed in Madison, Wisconsin. The importance of different seasons and sources to the total loading were compared for past and present conditions. The seasonal budget revealed that while spring contributes the greatest loadings in both scenarios, summer exhibits the greatest change in loadings from past to present. As for sources this seepage lake receives most of its water and N from groundwater; however, most P comes from surface runoff. The greatest impact on the watershed since settlement appears to be the large increase in runoff matched by a decrease in evapotranspiration and subsurface flow. This shift in hydrology is largely responsible for the substantial increase in P loading and the decrease in the N : P ratio of total loading. The significance of the lake's modified morphometry to areal and volumetric loading is also explored.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Eichhornia crassipes ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; nutrient storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of nitrogen (N) by waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was maximal when the culture solution contained a combination of 36 ppm N and 6,53 ppm phosphorus (P). N uptake was inhibited by increasing P or decreasing N in the culture medium. Uptake of P was stimulated by the elevation of either N or P or both. An increase of P above O ppm inhibited the accumulation of N. Similarly, the accumulation of P was enhanced by increasing levels of P but was reduced with increasing levels of N. Both N and P levels were always greatest in leaves; next highest in floats and lowest in roots. High tissue levels of these two nutrients and the capacity for nutrient removal from water by waterhyacinth indicates a possible role for this plant in the reduction of eutrophication in nutrient polluted waters as well as the use of harvested, dried tissue for fertilizer.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: oligotrophic lakes ; Equisetum ; carbon ; phosphorus ; nitrogen
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stores and flows of carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in a littoral Equisetum stand were studied in 1978–1980 in the oligotrophic, mesohumic lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland. The major carbon and nutrient stores were sediment and Equisetum. The seasonal cycle of the macrophyte vegetation had a profound influence on the whole littoral ecosystem. In spring, when only dead remains of Equisetum were present above ground, there were few differences in nutrient, chlorophyll a and zooplankton concentrations between the littoral and the open lake; phytoplankton and epiphytes were the major producers. In early June, when new shoots of Equisetum reached the water surface, water exchange between the littoral and the open lake started to diminish, and the characteristic features of a closed macrophyte zone gradually developed: by August the P, Chl a and zooplankton concentrations in the littoral were 5–10 times those in the open lake. From late June until autumn Equisetum was overwhelmingly dominant both in biomass and in production. The measured total primary production and respiration values indicated a high rate of internal cycling of carbon and nutrients. The daily P requirements of plant growth exceeded the total P stored in the water by a factor of 2–4, and also exceeded the release of nutrients in excretion. High N:P ratios in the water (total 10–64, inorganic 18–171) suggested that P was probably always the limiting nutrient. The P content of the annual production of Equisetum in Pääjärvi was 2.3% of the mean annual P load, and 5.3% of the mean total P storage in the water volume of the lake.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassay ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The significance of nitrogen for algal growth was studied in Lake Vesijärvi in 1979 and 1980 by algal bioassay, using Selenastrum capricornutum and Anabaena cylindrica as test organisms. Nitrogen limited the growth of Selenastrum for the major part of the investigation period, while phosphorus seemed to be the most limiting factor for Anabaena. This difference was reflected in the in situ succession of phytoplankton. As the ratio of inorganic nitrogen to phosphate phosphorus became smaller, nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae became dominant. Nitrogen fixation was greatest at the beginning of July, coinciding with maximum heterocyst numbers.
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  • 83
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophyll a, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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  • 84
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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  • 85
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    Hydrobiologia 96 (1982), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; exrretion ; food quality ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of nitrogen and phosphorus release from individualDaphnia magna were determined by measuring ammonia and soluble reactive phosphorus in successive 10-min incubations in small (0.05 ml) vessels after the animals were removed from their food. Release rates of both nutrients were generally highest initially and decreased with time after removal. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus released increased with time after animals were removed from an artificial detritus/bacterial food; ratios were lower and changed with time less for animals fed algae. These data suggest errors may be introduced by assumptions of constant stoichiometry for nutrient release in varying environments.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Respiratory chain ; ATP synthesis ; mitochondria ; ubiquinone ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cytochrome oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria, isolated from the ubiquinone-deficient nuclear mutant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae E3-24, are practically unable to oxidize exogenous substrates. Respiratory activity, coupled to ATP synthesis, can, however, be reconstituted by the simple addition of ethanolic solutions of ubiquinones. A minimal length of the isoprenoid side chain (≥3) was required for the restoration. Saturation of the reconstitution required a large amount of exogeneous ubiquinone, in excess over the normal content present in the mitochondria of the wild type strain. A similar pattern of reconstituted activities could be also obtained using sonicated inverted particles. Mitochondria and sonicated particles are also able to carry out a dye-mediated electron flow coupled to ATP synthesis in the absence of added ubiquinone, using ascorbate or succinate as electron donor. This demonstrates that the energy conserving mechanism at the third coupling site of the respiratory chain is fully independent of the presence of the large mobile pool of ubiquinone in the membrane.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: H+-ATPase complex ; assembly defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial biogenesis ; membrane association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the extent to which the assembly of the cytoplasmically synthesized subunits of the H+-ATPase can proceed in a mtDNA-less (rho°) strain of yeast, which is not capable of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Three of the membrane sector proteins of the yeast H+-ATPase are synthesized in the mitochondria, and it is important to determine whether the presence of these subunits is essential for the assembly of the imported subunits to the inner mitochondrial membrane. A monoclonal antibody against the cytoplasmically synthesized β-subunit of the H+-ATPase was used to immunoprecipitate the assembled subunits of the enzyme complex. Our results indicate that the imported subunits of the H+-ATPase can be assembled in this mutant, into a defective complex which could be shown to be associated with the mitochondrial membrane by the analysis of the Arrhenius kinetics of the mutant mitochondrial ATPase activity.
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  • 88
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    Hydrobiologia 100 (1983), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassays in situ ; algal growth ; nitrogen ; phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassays with water of eutrophic Lake Tjeukemeer were carried out in the laboratory, and, in the lake itself, by placing plexiglass tubes (∅ 9 cm) firmly in the mud. In the laboratory nitrogen had a strong growth-promoting effect on the concentrations of chlorophyll a, N-cell and COD-cell. In the bioassays in situ nitrogen increased the concentration of chlorophyll a, but not those of cellular N and cellular COD. It is argued that chlorophyll a is not a good indicator for algal growth in bioassays and that the extrapolation of laboratory experiments — where nitrogen limited algal growth — to the field situation — where light limited algal growth — often leads to erroneous results, especially in shallow eutrophic lakes. The main reason is probably that in bioassays in the laboratory the nutrient supply — both from external loading and from sediments — is often different and that processes like denitrification occur in the lake, but not in the bioassays.
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  • 89
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    Hydrobiologia 100 (1983), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton biomass ; tropical lakes ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two of three Kenyan lakes studied between November 1979 and October 1980 have very short 33PO4 turnover times, indicating a high phosphorus (P) demand throughout the year. The P turnover time in Lakes Oloidien and Sonachi is as rapid as in the most P deficient temperate zone lakes. The third lake, Lake Naivasha, has a lower overall P demand and a wide seasonal range, with lowest demand between November 1979 and February 1980 when a P deficiency was unlikely. On an annual basis the Lake Naivasha status is, however, not statistically different from that recorded during the summer in Lake Memphremagog, a generally P-limited temperate zone lake. Lake Naivasha and Lake Oloidien fit well to the line of best fit for the Dillon-Rigler relationship relating total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a derived in temperate zone lakes. Thus, temperate zone models predicting aspects of lake behaviour on the basis of TP may also be applicable to these two tropical lakes. Saline lake Sonachi had not only a short P turnover time but also responded dramatically to the fertilization of enclosures with P. However, it does not fit the TP-chla or the total nitrogen-chla plots from the temperate zone. This suggests that, in this saline lake at least, much of the TP is unavailable to the algae, with some of it in a particulate form that is readily extracted with boiling water. The epilimnetic N:P ratios also characterize lakes Oloidien and Sonachi lakes as highly P deficient and lake Naivasha as more moderately P limited. A single set of measurements in Winam Gulf (Lake Victoria) also showed a rapid P turnover time and thus P limitation, but as in lake Sonachi much of the TP was in a non-algal particulate form. Occasional measurements in three other hypertrophic and saline lakes suggest them to be primarily light limited on the basis of their very high photosynthetic cover. These findings support the hypothesis of a primary P limitation for those lakes not light limited, and contradicts literature suggestions that nitrogen is the primary limiting element in tropical lakes.
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  • 90
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartz-porphyry site ; reforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of young Norway spruce plantations on quartz-porphyry sites can be improved by applying phosphorus fertilizer as this acid parent rock is extremely poor in phosphorus. If fertilization is performed in connection with reforestation, the increment in height and volume of the developing crop increases for a period of about ten years. Additional liming prolongs the duration of the P-fertilization effect up to 20 years. Liming stabilizes phosphorus in an available form in the humus layer and upper soil horizon. Nitrogen deficiency occurs only 10 to 15 years after planting and N applied up to then has no positive effect on spruce growth.
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  • 91
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    International journal of thermophysics 1 (1980), S. 375-381 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: thermal conductivity ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; computer simulation ; modified Enskog theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of the measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficients of nitrogen at 298.15 K from atmospheric pressure up to 1 GPa are reported. The experimental values are used to test the Modified Enskog Theory and the corresponding state principle. The experimental values are also compared with the results of computer simulation of the thermal conductivity of a Lennard Jones fluid.
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  • 92
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    International journal of thermophysics 3 (1982), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: composition dependence ; compressed gas ; compressed liquid ; density dependence ; methane ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; piezoelectric crystal viscometer ; shear viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The shear viscosity coefficients of three compressed gaseous and liquid nitrogen + methane mixtures have been measured at temperatures between 100 and 300 K and at pressures to about 30 MPa (4350 psia) with a piezoelectric quartz crystal viscometer. The precision of the measurements ranges from about 0.5% at high densities to about 1% at low densities. The estimated experimental error ranges from about 2% at high densities to about 4% at densities near the critical density and at supercritical temperatures near the critical temperature. The measurements have been compared with an extended corresponding states model, previously proposed for calculating the viscosities of fluid mixtures. Differences between the measured and calculated viscosities are discussed.
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  • 93
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    Hydrobiologia 107 (1983), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake waters ; organic matter ; nitrogen
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The increase of inorganic nitrogen subsequent to the addition of organic matter was investigated in replicate lake-water aliquots. Two experiments used freshly killed bacteria as the organic addition. In both, inorganic nitrogen in the water column increased only after a lag period following the organic addition, and only if the amount of organic matter added exceeded a threshold value. Two other experiments used freshly killed algae as the organic addition; in these, neither the lag period nor the threshold value were seen. A qualitative explanation for these observations is offered.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: enrichment ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton ; tropical reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of enrichment with phosphate (0–500 µg. 1−1) and forms of nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia an and urea) (0–3500 µgg. −1) on the phytoplankton growth of Lobo Reservoir (Brazil) were studied in July, 1979. Suspended matter, chlorophyll a, cell concentrations and the carotenoid:cchlorophyll ratio were estimated following 14 days of ‘in situ’ incubation. Phosphate alone caused no significant effects, but enrichment with nitrogen caused a substantial increase on the growth of phytoplankton. Comparison between the different forms of nitrogen showed insignificant effects after their additions with 350 µg. −1 and in combination with phosphate. However, when nitrogen was added in large quantities (3 500 µg. −1), significant differences between the nitrogeneous forms were found, with urea causing the strongest effect. In July, nitrogen is mhe main limiting nutrient to phytoplankton growth of Lobo Reservoir.
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  • 95
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Nucleic acid bases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vitamins ; Yeast autolyzate ; Yield stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of yeast autolyzate on the growth of vineless pea plant was investigated. The yield was increased remarkably when yeast autolyzate was added, as compared with the control area in which the plants received only mineral fertilizer solution. The yield stimulation was the highest where 0.1 ppm of the autolyzate was added, the yield increasing by more than 80%. The reason why the yields were lower in the areas where the amount of yeast autolyzate added was incrased to 1 ppm and to 10 ppm, was presumed to be due to the fact that the substances may have been absorbed, decomposed, and utilized by soil microorganisms.
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  • 96
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    Hydrobiologia 70 (1980), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: macrophyte ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrients
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogen and phosphorus content of Nymphaea tuberosa and Ceratophyllum demersum, in Lake Onalaska, Wisconsin, was studied for a year. On a yearly basis, N. tuberosa exhibited nitrogen and phosphorus differences among seasons and among plant parts. Variation among plant parts was also evident in C. demersum. However, within individual plant structures, no seasonal differences were observed.
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  • 97
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    Hydrobiologia 83 (1981), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; streams ; deserts ; nutrient limitation ; production ; Arizona
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen to phosphorus ratios and concentrations of nitrate and soluble reactive phosphate are presented for an array of Southwestern streams as evidence that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient where such limitation occurs. Nitrate uptake in sections of intermittent streams was attributable to autotrophic activity. Uptake of soluble reactive phosphate was unrelated to any indicator of autotrophic activity, thus concentrations of this nutrient in desert and semi-desert stream waters may be controlled by other factors.
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  • 98
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 549-558 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake restoration ; sediment dredging ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; algal assays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An increased load of domestic wastewater to Lake Trehörningen induced oxygen-poor water conditions and the development of a reduced sulphide-rich sediment layer. Severely polluted, the lake did not recover, even after advanced wastewater treatment and sewage diversion. Restoration measures with suction dredging and macrophyte elimination were applied in 1975 and 1976. The loose topmost sediment was pumped into an embanked and overgrown bay which was used as a settling pond. The activities also included a restoration of the shorelines. This project is the largest restoration programme carried out in Sweden on a single lake, corresponding to a cost of about US $2 000 000. The restoration of Lake Trehörningen was followed by a highly intensive research programme which included water chemistry and algal assays. The concentrations of phosphate and total phosphorus decreased by 73 and 50% respectively, as summer average values, two years after the restoration. However, the concentrations of phosphorus are still too high to permit this element to act as a prime algal growth-limiting nutrient. The algal biomass has also remained at the same magnitude as before the restoration. Nitrate-N concentrations showed a tenfold increase, based on average values for the summer period. However, based on the results of the algal assays, a rapid and marked response was obvious, with a drastic decline in the algal growth potential. In addition, the water quality of the tributaries was frequently of an objectionable character (0.1–0.2 g P m−3). The nutrient loading from these sources exceeds the critical level for the lake, and measures have now been carried out to treat all the inflowing waters for the removal of phosphorus.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mysidacea ; Mysis relicta ; Lake Michigan ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; urea ; ammonia ; vertical migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of nutrient release byMysis relicta in Lake Michigan were measured on five nights at a 45-m station near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A., in the summer of 1977. Nocturnal vertical migrations of the mysids were monitored with both echosounder tracings and vertical net tows. Estimates of the total areal dry mass of the mysids ranged from 600 to 1 820 mg m−2. Rates of release of dissolved reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, ammonia, and urea were measured in dark incubations on shipboard. Excretion experiments were initiated immediately after mysids were collected from each of several vertical net hauls. The depths of maximum mysid densities corresponded approximately with a deep phytoplankton peak located in the vicinity of the thermocline. Semiquantitative ‘demands’ for N and P by phytoplankton within this peak were obtained from14C estimates of primary production from a previous study, assuming a constant C:N:P ratio for the algae. These algal nutrient ‘demands’ were compared to potential N and P release by the mysids to obtain a first approximation of the relative rates of nutrient supply and demand for the field phytoplankton populations. Our analysis indicates that mysids may directly supply about 1–10% of the daily N and P ‘demands’ of the phytoplankton in the deep peak. However, indirect interactions betweenMysis relicta and other organisms, such as small zooplankton and fishes, could be major factors in nutrient recycling within the metalimnion and subthermocline region of Lake Michigan.
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  • 100
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    Hydrobiologia 99 (1983), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonification ; aquatic macrophyte ; decomposition ; Nasturtium officinale ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; stream ecology ; watercress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the decomposition of watercress in the laboratory at 10° and 20 °C, and in the field. Rates varied from 0.058 g g−1 day−1 in the laboratory to 0.115 g g−1 day−1 in the field. There was a rapid generation of particles of size 〈500 µm. It is thought that washout of these from the litterbags in the field accounted for high field decomposition rate. Formation of dissolved nitrogen compounds during decomposition followed a time series from NH inf4 sup+ to NO in2 sup− to NO inf3 sup− withdissolved organic nitrogen accumulating at the end of decomposition. Ammonification rates were 480 and 657 g NH4-N g−1 (dry wt) day−1 and nitrification rates on the decomposing tissue were 640 and 571 µg NO3-N g−1 (dry wt) day−1 at 10° and 20 °C respectively. Fifty-six per cent of the initial plant N was regenerated as NO3-N 21% as DON and 25% remained as refractory particulate N.
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