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  • Other Sources  (247)
  • Am. Geophys. Un.
  • Canadian Science Publishing
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • Wiley-Blackwell
Collection
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1
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    The Earth's Crust (1977)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Hannover, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 20, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 1-4020-2968-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Velocity depth profile ; CRUST ; Velocity depth profile ; Moho ; Geochemistry ; petrology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Earth Dynamics (1993)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Malden, MA, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 24, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 0-08-043930-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993
    Keywords: Geodesy ; GeodesyY ; Plate tectonics ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geodesy
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Reflectivity of a Proterozoic shield: examples from BABEL seismic profiles across Fennoscandia (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 77-86, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Reflectivity ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe) ; Review article ; Project report/description ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Reflectivity variations of Variscan terranes in Germany (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 87-90, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Reflectivity ; Tectonics ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    The spatial distribution of earthquakes, focal mechanisms solutions, and subducted lithosphere in the Philippine and northeastern Indonesian islands (1980)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands, New York, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 23, no. 16, pp. 1-35, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Subduction zone ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Focal mechanism solutions and their tectonic implications for the eastern Alpine-Himalayan region (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 243-271, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    A model for the nucleation of earthquake slip (1986)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Earthquake Source Mechanics, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 37-47, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's crust of the Urals and its possible relation to oriented cracking and to stress state (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 97-100, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: AnisotropyS ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe) ; Stress ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    Deep seismic profiling and continental evolution (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. Subvol. a, pp. 377-382, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; GeodesyY ; Plate tectonics ; Review article ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 65-66, (ISBN 0-596-00610-1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Review article ; Reflection seismics ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    The geodynamic evolution of the Himalaya - ten years of research in central Nepal Himalaya and some other regions (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 149-168, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: GeodesyY ; Project report/description ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    The geodynamic history of the Himalaya (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 24, no. 231, pp. 111-121, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; GeodesyY ; Geol. aspects
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Microscopic and macroscopic physics of earthquakes (2000)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes, Washington, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 147-163, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Stress ; Geothermics ; Non-linear effects ; Fracture ; Seismicity ; Fluids ; AGU ; Modelling ; Rock mechanics ; Friction
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Integrated P- and S-wave borehole experiments at the KTB deep drilling site (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 121-134, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Body waves ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; Borehole geophys. ; Anisotropy ; Review article ; Luschen ; Soellner ; Sollner ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    Nature and development of the crust according to deep reflection data from the German Variscides (1986)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Reflection Seismology: A Global Perspective, Braunschweig, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 31-42, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Reflection seismics ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    A new model of the continental crust (1977)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, The Earth's Crust, Hannover, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 20, no. Subvol. a, pp. 289-317, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Review article ; Velocity depth profile ; CRUST ; Modelling ; Velocity depth profile ; Moho ; Geochemistry ; petrology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    State variable fault constitutive relations for dynamic slip (1986)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Earthquake Source Mechanics, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25-35, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Fault zone
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    Comparative investigations of reflectivity based on deep seismic reflection data from Europe and the United States of America (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 363-370, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Reflectivity ; Review article ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Seismicity and continental subduction in the Himalayan arc (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 5, no. 16, pp. 215-242, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Subduction zone ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 20
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    Tectonics of the central sector of the Himalaya (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 13, no. 16, pp. 87-110, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Geol. aspects
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    Some features of medium- and short-term anomalies before great earthquakes (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Earthquake Prediction: an International Review, Washington D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 497-509, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; China
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 22
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    High frequency (1-100 Hz) noise and signal characteristics in Northeast United States: Preliminary results (1989)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  AGU Spring Meeting, S21A-09, Baltimore, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 11, no. TR 80-12, pp. 1-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismic networks ; NOISE ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 23
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    Flow and Fracture of Rocks (1972)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 16, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 1-4020-2968-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1972
    Keywords: Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Inelastic ; Fluids
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 24
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    Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes (2000)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Washington, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 120, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 81-89, (ISBN 0-444-50971-2)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Chaotic behaviour ; FractureT ; Fracture ; Seismicity ; SOC ; Pattern recognition ; AGU ; Modelling ; Stress ; Stress drop ; Rock mechanics ; Friction
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 25
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    Chinese Geophysics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1978)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN 0-06-057199-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Review article ; China
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 26
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    Status report of the work carried out by Geological Survey of India in the framework of the International Geodynamics Project (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 169-188, (ISBN 0-87590-532-3, AGU Code: GD0305323)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Geol. aspects ; Project report/description ; GeodesyY ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 27
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    Seismic reflectors in high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Kapuskasing uplift: results of preliminary drill site surveys (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 39-46, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Reflection seismics ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe) ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 28
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    Faulting and crustal stress at Rangely, Colorado (1972)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Flow and Fracture of Rocks, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 275-284, (ISBN 0080419208)
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    Publication Date: 1972
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 29
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    Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Crustal Dynamics (1993)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Malden, MA, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 23, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 0-08-043930-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993
    Keywords: Geodesy ; GeodesyY ; Plate tectonics ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geodesy
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 30
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    Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Technology (1993)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Malden, MA, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 25, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 0-08-043930-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993
    Keywords: Geodesy ; Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of geodesy ; Instruments
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 31
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    Chinese Geophysics, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1978)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN 0-06-057199-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Review article ; China
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 32
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    Structure and seismotectonics of the Himalaya-Pamir Hindukush Region and the Indian plate boundary (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 272--293, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Tectonics ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 33
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    Heat flow in the United States and the thermal regime of the crust (1977)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, The Earth's Crust, Rotterdam, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 626-675, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Geothermics ; Review article ; USA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 34
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    Integrated P- and S-wave borehole experiments at the KTB deep drilling site in the Oberpfalz area (SE Germany) (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 121-133, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Vertical seismic profiling ; KTB ; Luschen ; Soellner ; Sollner ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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  • 35
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    The DEKORP surveys: Major achievements for tectonical and reflective styles (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 69-76, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: PPREP ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Reflectivity ; Tectonics ; Geol. aspects ; Review article ; Reflection seismics ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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  • 36
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    Petrological nature of the stable continental crust (1966)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., The Earth beneath the Continents: A Volume in Honor of Merle A. Tuve, Leiden, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 10, no. 87-17, pp. 611-, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1966
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 37
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    A knowledge-based consulting system for seismic event discrimination (1987)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  AGU Fall Meeting, S22A-06, San Francisco, Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 10, no. DS 1980:17, pp. 5763-5768, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Seismology ; Artificial intelligence (AI) ; kbs ; Detectors ; Discrimination ; Expert systems
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 38
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    Seismic patterns across crustal suture zones (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 371-376, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Plate tectonics ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 39
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    Reflectivity caused by texture-induced anisotropy in mylonites (1991)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, Washington, D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 291-298, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Reflectivity ; Anisotropy ; Mineralogy ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Meissner ; Duerbaum ; Durbaum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 40
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    State of stress in the northern part of the Indian plate (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 4, no. 16, pp. 307-312, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Stress ; Plate tectonics ; GeodesyY
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 41
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    Recent ground deformation in continental and oceanic rift zones (1982)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Continental and Oceanic Rifts, Washington D.C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 8, no. 16, pp. 17-29, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Stress ; GeodesyY ; Plate tectonics ; Iceland
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 42
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    Geology and tectonics of the Himalayan region of Ladakh, Himachal, Garwhal-Kummaun and Arunachal Pradesh: A review (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 4, no. 16, pp. 122-148, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Review article ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 43
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    Earthquake hazard in the Hellenic arc (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Earthquake Prediction: an International Review, Washington D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 153-172, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Seismicity ; Gutenberg-Richter magnitude frequency b-value ; Earthquake hazard ; seismic ; gap
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 44
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    Mud diapirism and subcretion in the Barbados Ridge Accretionary Complex: The role of fluids in accretionary processes (2010)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Tectonics, 7 (3). pp. 613-640.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-14
    Description: Mud diapirism has recently been recognized in several modern accretionary wedges. It provides an important means of dewatering accretionary wedges and should be regarded as an important process for producing the melanges found in both modern and ancient accretionary terranes. Mud diapirism affects a large area of the Barbados Ridge Accretionary Complex. The distribution of the mud diapirs appears to be primarily controlled by the presence of underconsolidated terrigenous submarine fan deposits that are being accreted to the complex. The frequency of diapir occurrence decreases northward as the fan becomes thinner. Mud diapirs are absent from the very eastern most part of the complex formed from sediments accreted at its toe, with the exception of a few mud volcanoes on the ocean floor in front of the complex. The initiation of diapirism appears to be spatially coincident with the onset of subcretion, or underplating, of sediment to the base of the complex at a ramp between two levels of decollement. It is proposed that the release of mud and pore water from the subcreted sediments is a direct or indirect cause of most of the mud diapirism in the accretionary complex. There is a range of diapiric form dependent on the viscosity of the mud, from mud volcanoes fed by low viscosity mud, to higher viscosity mud ridges. The diapirs in the eastern areas of the complex are generally mud volcanoes with narrow conduits feeding a surface mound. Mud ridges are prominent in the western parts of the complex. This is interpreted as reflecting a general westward decrease in the fluid content of the accretionary complex. Bottom-simulating seismic reflectors formed by gas hydrate are commonly developed in the areas of mud volcano occurrences. The presence of the hydrate indicates that large volumes of methane are being generated at depth in these regions. The generation of methane may be contributing to zones of overpressuring in the wedge. Methane may also be partly responsible for driving the diapiric material to the surface to form mud volcanoes. Ridges in the subducting oceanic crust beneath the accretionary complex locally enhance diapirism above their crests and southern flanks. Faults formed later in the development of the complex are more commonly associated with diapirism than those resulting from accretion at the toe of the wedge. These later faults play an important role in controlling the sites of individual mud volcanoes, chains of mud volcanoes, and mud ridges.
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  • 45
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    Initial stages of food ingestion by Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) (1988)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 214 (2). pp. 189-197.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The cuttlefish ingests much skeleton from the crustaceans and fish it preys upon. The skeletal pieces are relatively large and their dimensions bear a close relationship to the length of the buccal mass and diameter of the oesophagus. The structures of the buccal mass are instrumental in the breakdown of prey and orientation of long pieces of skeleton to ensure their entry into the oesophagus. Many pieces of skeletal material present in the stomach contents still have attached muscles, showing that there is little, or no, external digestion. Skeletal material may be important for long-term maintenance of young Sepia in captivity.
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  • 46
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    The dermal tubercles of Cranchia scabra (Mollusca, Cephalopoda); surface structure and development (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 179 (3). pp. 291-295.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The cartilaginous tubercles of the mantle of the squid Cranchia scabra have been examined with the scanning electron microscope. Some tubercles are small, simple nodules whereas others are large with a complex Maltese cross form. The varying shapes and sizes probably represent a developmental sequence. The possible role of the tubercles is discussed.
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  • 47
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    The Food of Grey-Faced Petrels (Pterodroma macroptera gouldi (Hutton)), with Special Reference to Diurnal Vertical Migration of their Prey (1973)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Animal Ecology, 42 (3). pp. 645-662.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
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  • 48
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    The giant squid Architeuthis in southern African waters (1991)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 224 (3). pp. 431-477.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Three specimens of the rare giant squid (genus Architeuthis, 18 nominal species) are described from the waters around southern Africa. Consideration of their internal and external morphology, including beaks, radula, statocyst and statolith give no reason to suppose that the three specimens do not pertain to the same species. A standardized data collection form and a summary of existing morphometric data are presented for the first time and the morphology and systematics of the genus are discussed. The value of various systematic characters is examined and certain guidelines are proposed, with an appeal for a more scientific approach to Architeuthis studies. Features of the internal anatomy, including the female reproductive tract, are described and illustrated and the beak dimensions are used to evaluate existing regression formulae for beak and body parameters. The statocyst and statolith are described and illustrated in full, the statolith for the first time, and are compared with those of other squids. The value of recent data from trawl-caught specimens, as well as indirect evidence, is cited to replace speculation in discussions on distribution and habitat. Our specimens suggest that the waters off the south-western coast of Africa may be one of the natural habitats of Architeurhis, during both feeding and spawning periods of the life cycle.
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  • 49
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    The role of the Iceland Ice Sheet in the North Atlantic during the late Quaternary: a review and evidence from Denmark Strait (2008)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 23 (1). pp. 3-20.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-06
    Description: Investigations indicate that the Iceland Ice Sheet was reduced in size during MIS 3 but readvanced to the shelf break at the LGM. Retreat occurred very rapidly around 15 k–16 k cal. yr BP. By contrast, the margin of the ice sheet on the East Greenland shelf, north of the Denmark Strait, was at or close to the shelf break during MIS 3 and 2 and retreat starting ∼17 k cal. yr BP. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of the 〈2 mm sediment fraction was undertaken on 161 samples from Iceland and East Greenland diamictons, and from cores on the slopes and margins of the Denmark Strait. Weight% mineralogical data are used in a principal component analysis to differentiate sediments derived from the two margins. The first two PC axes explain 52% of the variance. These associations are used to characterise sediments as being affiliated with (a) Iceland, (b) East Greenland or (c) mixed. The contribution from Iceland becomes prominent during MIS 2. The extensive outcrop of early Tertiary basalts on East Greenland between 68° and 71° N is an alternative source for basaltic clasts and North Atlantic sediments with εNd(0) values close to ±0.
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  • 50
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    Coelacanths: a human responsibility (2001)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 59 . pp. 332-338.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: The living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae has a unique position in world biodiversity which raises important questions about conservation and ethics. Some relevant details of coelacanth biology are summarized, including those obtained by direct observation from submersibles. The importance of the coelacanth for evolutionary theory and palaeontology is shown to be paralleled in cultural, literary and artistic areas of human heritage. Threats to the Comoran coelacanths from artisanal fishing are described and conservation measures discussed in relation to local customs and economies as well as the promotion of tourism to spread a new awareness and concern for coelacanths worldwide.
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  • 51
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    The Holocene tephrostratigraphic record of Lake Shkodra (Albania and Montenegro) (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 25 (5). pp. 633-650.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Two cores were recovered in the southeastern part of Lake Shkodra (Montenegro and Albania) and sampled for identification of tephra layers. The first core (SK13, 7.8 m long) was recovered from a water depth of 7 m, while the second core (SK19, 5.8 m long) was recovered close to the present-day shoreline (water depth of 2 m). Magnetic susceptibility investigations show generally low values with some peaks that in some cases are related to tephra layers. Naked-eye inspection of the cores allowed the identification of four tephra layers in core SK13 and five tephra layers in core SK19. Major element analyses on glass shards and mineral phases allowed correlation of the tephra layers between the two cores, and their attribution to six different Holocene explosive eruptions of southern Italy volcanoes. Two tephra layers have under-saturated composition of glass shards (foiditic and phonolitic) and were correlated to the AD 472 and the Avellino (ca. 3.9 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius. One tephra layer has benmoreitic composition and was correlated to the FL eruption of Mount Etna (ca. 3.4 cal. ka BP). The other three tephra layers have trachytic composition and were correlated to Astroni (ca. 4.2 cal. ka BP), Agnano Monte Spina (ca. 4.5 cal. ka BP) and Agnano Pomici Principali (ca. 12.3 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Campi Flegrei. The ages of tephra layers are in broad agreement with eight 14C accelerator mass spectrometric measurements carried out on plant remains and charcoal from the lake sediments at different depths along the two cores. The recognition of distal tephra layers from Italian volcanoes allowed the physical link of the Holocene archive of Lake Shkodra to other archives located in the central Mediterranean area and the Balkans (i.e. Lake Ohrid). Five of the recognised tephra layers were recognised for the first time in the Balkans area, and this has relevance for volcanic hazard assessment and for ash dispersal forecasting in case of renewed explosive activity from some of the southern Italy volcanoes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 52
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    Mg Isotope Interlaboratory Comparison of Reference Materials from Earth-Surface Low-Temperature Environments (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 42 (2). pp. 205-221.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: To enable quality control of measurement procedures for determinations of Mg isotope amount ratios, expressed as δ26Mg and δ25Mg values, in Earth-surface studies, the δ26Mg and δ25Mg values of eight reference materials (RMs) were determined by inter-laboratory comparison between five laboratories and considering published data, if available. These matrix RMs, including river water SLRS-5, spring water NIST SRM 1640a, Dead Sea brine DSW-1, dolomites JDo-1 and CRM 512, limestone CRM 513, soil NIST SRM 2709a and vegetation NIST SRM 1515 apple leaves, are representative for a wide range of Earth-surface materials from low-temperature environments. The inter-laboratory variability, 2s (twice the standard deviation), of all eight RMs ranges from 0.05 to 0.17‰ in δ26Mg. Thus, it is suggested that all these materials are suitable for validation of δ26Mg and δ25Mg determinations of Earth-surface geochemical studies.
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  • 53
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    An assessment of the megathrust earthquake potential of the Cascadia subduction zone (1988)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25 (6). pp. 844-852.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: The active tectonic setting of the southwest coast of Canada and the Pacific northwest coast of the United states is dominated by the Cascadia subduction zone. The zone can be divided into four segments where oceanic lithosphere is converging independently with the North American plate: the Winona and the Explorer segments in the north, the larger Juan de Fuca segment that extends into both Canada and the United States, and the Gorda segment in the south. The oceanic lithosphere entering the Cascadia subduction zone in all segments is extremely young, less than 10 Ma. Of the other six zones around the Pacific where young (〈 20 Ma) lithosphere is being subducted, five have had major thrust earthquakes (megathrust events) on the subduction interface in historic time. An estimation based on potential area of rupture gives maximum possible earthquake magnitudes along the Cascadia subducting margin of 8.2 for the Winona segment, 8.5 for the Explorer segment, 9.1 for the Juan de Fuca segment, and 8.3 for the South Gorda segment. Repeat times for maximum earthquakes, based on the ratios of seismic slip to total slip observed in other subduction zones, are predicted to be up to several hundred years for each segment, well beyond recorded history of the west coast, which began about 1800. Thus the lack of historical seismicity information provides a few constraints on the assessment of the seismic potential of the subduction zone.
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  • 54
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    Reproductive ecology and scientific inference of steepness: a fundamental metric of population dynamics and strategic fisheries management (2010)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Fish and Fisheries, 11 (1). pp. 89-104.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-28
    Description: The relationship between the biomass of reproductively mature individuals (spawning stock) and the resulting offspring added to the population (recruitment), the stock–recruitment relationship, is a fundamental and challenging problem in all of population biology. The steepness of this relationship is commonly defined as the fraction of recruitment from an unfished population obtained when the spawning stock biomass is 20% of its unfished level. Since its introduction about 20 years ago, steepness has become widely used in fishery management, where it is usually treated as a statistical quantity. Here, we investigate the reproductive ecology of steepness, using both unstructured and age‐structured models. We show that if one has sufficient information to construct a density‐independent population model (maximum per capita productivity and natural mortality for the unstructured case or maximum per capita productivity, natural mortality and schedules of size and maturity at age for the structured model) then one can construct a point estimate for steepness. Thus, steepness cannot be chosen arbitrarily. If one assumes that the survival of recruited individuals fluctuates within populations, it is possible, by considering the early life history, to construct a prior distribution for steepness from this same demographic information. We develop the ideas for both compensatory (Beverton–Holt) and over‐compensatory (Ricker) stock–recruitment relationships. We illustrate our ideas with an example concerning bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus/orientalis, Scombridae). We show that assuming that steepness is unity when recruitment is considered to be environmentally driven is not biologically consistent, is inconsistent with a precautionary approach, and leads to the wrong scientific inference (which also applies for assigning steepness any other single value).
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  • 55
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    A thousand-year record of temperature variations for Germany and Central Europe based on documentary data (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 24 (5). pp. 437-449.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-15
    Description: This paper presents a temperature reconstruction of the past 1000 years for Central Europe, based on chronological records. The advantages and limitations of this hermeneutic, text-based approach are discussed and the statistic methodology is introduced. Historical documents represent direct observation of weather and atmospheric conditions with highest temporal resolution available and precise dating. A major advantage of these extensive data is that they allow the reconstruction of large numbers of variables such as winter temperature, precipitation, pressure patterns or climate extremes as well as floods or storms. Within this hermeneutic climatological research approach, even human impacts and social dimensions of climate development can be examined. In order to quantify the historical information, statistical methods are applied, based on an index approach.
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  • 56
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    Helminth parasites of the Newfoundland short-finned squid,Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus(LeSueur) (Cephalopoda: Decapoda) (1968)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology, 46 (5). pp. 1059-1070.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: Five genera of cestode parasites were found in the short-finned squid. Representatives of three of these, Pelichnibothrium speciosum, Monticelli, Scolex polymorphus Rudolphi, and Nybelinia sp. are new host records. The other two genera are Phyllobothrium and Dinobothrium, both of which have previously been described from Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus. The specimens of Dinobothrium collected were identified to the species level, Dinobothrium plicitum Linton, for the first time. Contrary to conclusions drawn by other workers, the plerocercoids of Phyllobothrium sp. do not wander freely about the body of the squid in nature, but are restricted to the caecum. The wandering of plerocercoids referred to above is probably a function of rising temperature over the period between time of capture of the squid and time of examination.
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  • 57
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    Cephalopod prey of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina L. (1992)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70 (5). pp. 1007-1015.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: In the austral summers of 1986 and 1988–1989, 51 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at Husvik, South Georgia (54°10′S; 36°43′W), were stomach lavaged after chemical immobilization. Only cephalopod remains were retrieved, including 1070 lower beaks that were identified and measured. In total these were estimated to represent a wet weight of 187.8 kg. Fourteen species of squid from 11 families and 2 species of octopod from 1 family were present. The most important species overall were the squids Psychroteuthis glacialis in terms of numerical abundance (33.7%) and Moroteuthis knipovitchi in terms of estimated biomass (31.2%). The remaining biomass was mainly comprised of the five large muscular squids, Kondakovia longimana (24.0%), P. glacialis (15.4%), Martialia hyadesi (11.2%), Alluroteuthis antarcticus (10.8%), and Gonatus antarcticus (3.6%). Larger seals of both sexes fed on a wider variety of cephalopod species than smaller seals, with large males taking the greatest diversity. Between the two summers of the study there were some changes in the relative importance of the various cephalopod species consumed; in particular, in 1988–1989 M. knipovitchi and M. hyadesi were less important and P. glacialis was more important. The taxa and size of cephalopods taken by southern elephant seals at South Georgia are almost identical to those taken by the grey-headed albatross (Diomedea chrysostoma), but the relative proportions are quite different. The biogeography of the cephalopods eaten suggests that southern elephant seals sampled at South Georgia do not forage to the north of the Antarctic Polar Front but probably travel southwards towards the Antarctic continent or Peninsula.
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  • 58
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    Evidence for exploitative interspecific competition in mud snails (Hydrobiidae) (1976)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Oikos, 27 (3). pp. 367-376.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-31
    Description: Some of the basic assumptions implied in the theory of limiting similarity of coexisting competitors were investigated experimentally in the case of three congeneric, deposit feeding snails. The species show character displacement with respect to size when coexisting. In experimental containers with a natural substrate, interspecific, exploitative competition between snails of the same size range is as intense as intraspecific competition. Diatoms of a given size range, which constitute the most important food, show a "logistic" growth response to grazing, and individual growth of the snails is linearly related to diatom density. The previous observation that the snails show size dependent selection for ingested particle sizes is extended to show that this mechanism leads to a real resource partitioning between snails of different sizes. Size frequency distribution of diatoms in the sediment is a function of the sizes of grazing snails. Size selection of ingested sand grains may also be significant for resource partitioning since the migration rate of the attached microflora between sand grains seems to be slow relative to its growth on the individual sand grains.
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  • 59
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    Some parameters of growth in Octopus vulgaris (2010)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 163 (3). pp. 277-284.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The total length, the dorsal mantle length and the weight of the lens of Octopus vulgaris Lamarck have been related to the live body weight. The effect of fixation on the body weight and dorsal mantle length has been tested on six small octopuses.
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  • 60
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    Physiological implications of continuous, prolonged, and deep dives of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) (1992)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70 (2). pp. 370-379.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: The diving behaviour of 14 adult southern elephant seals was investigated using time depth recorders. Each of the seals performed some dives that were longer than its theoretical aerobic dive limit. Forty-four percent of all dives made by post-moult females exceeded the calculated limit compared with 7% of those made by postbreeding females and less than 1% of those made by adult males. The extended dives displayed characteristics that suggested that they were predominantly foraging dives, although some were apparently rest dives. Dives longer than the calculated aerobic limits often occurred in bouts; the longest consisted of 63 consecutive dives and lasted 2 days. Postmoult females performed longer bouts of extended dives than postbreeding females. Extended surface periods (longer than 30 min) were not related to the occurrence of extended dives or bouts of extended dives. The possible physiological mechanisms that permit such prolonged continuous dives are discussed. Southern elephant seals may increase the aerobic capacity of dives by lowering their metabolism to approximately 40% of the resting metabolic rate on long dives. There is substantial interseal variability in the methods used to cope with long dives. Some animals appear to use physiological strategies that allow them to prolong the time available to them at the bottom of a dive, while others use alternative strategies that may limit the time available at the bottom of their dives.
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  • 61
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    Beak and radula growth in Octopus vulgaris (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 170 (4). pp. 451-462.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The dry weight and the crest length of the upper and lower beak, the length of the radula ribbon, the average width of the base of the six proximal and distal rachidian teeth as well as the total number of these teeth have all been related to the live body weight of octopuses between 1.1 and 4440 g. From any one of these parameters it is possible to estimate the size and approximate age of the animal.
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  • 62
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    The importance of metabolism in acid–base regulation and acid–base methodology (1989)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67 (12). pp. 3005-3017.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: Metabolism not only affects the acid–base status of an animal by means of proton stoichiometries but, by feedback regulation, acid–base parameters (pH, , bicarbonate) influence metabolic rates and the pathways used. This leads to a significant contribution of metabolism to acid–base regulation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The relationship between amino acid metabolism, urea synthesis, and excretion is discussed as an example important for steady-state metabolic acid–base regulation during aerobiosis. Generally, acid–base relevant metabolism may be regulated through the effect of acid–base disturbances on hormonal mediation, allosteric modulation of enzyme proteins, pH optima, and the levels of substrates or products, some of these being acid–base relevant substances like bicarbonate, CO2, inorganic phosphate, and NH3. During functional or environmental anaerobiosis the same relationships prevail. Metabolic proton accumulation is counterbalanced by phosphagen depletion and ammonia accumulation in adenylate catabolism. In addition, in integrated control of metabolic and acid–base status, long-term (mitochondrial) anaerobiosis leads to reductions in metabolic rate and increased removal of acidic groups. The importance of metabolic processes in acid–base methodology is discussed in terms of traditional concepts and recent developments.
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  • 63
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    Mastigoteuthis-the whip-lash squid (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 181 (4). pp. 527-559.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Features of the brain of this oceanic squid have been investigated and related, as far as possible, to its habits and mode of life. The body and arms are much vacuolated for buoyancy and the animal probably lives with the head upwards. The very long whip-like tentacles are not vacuolated and perhaps hang downwards. They are covered by numerous minute pedunculated suckers, perhaps providing a sticky surface. A special nerve running outside the brain carries signals from the arms and tentacles to the magnocellular lobe, which is very large and of complex structure. However, there are no giant cells and the mantle is weak. Propulsion is mainly by the large fins, which are controlled from the magnocellular lobe, presumably using the information from the arms and tentacles.
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  • 64
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    A note on the eggs of Benthoctopus piscatorum (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) (1991)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 223 (3). pp. 499-500.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Benthoctopus piscatorum appears to be a multiple spawner. In the ovary of one specimen about 50 eggs were found at various stages of development.
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  • 65
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    Meiobenthos from an active methane seepage area in the NW Black Sea (2007)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Marine Ecology, 28 (1). pp. 152-159.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: Meiobenthos densities and higher taxon composition were studied in an active gas seepage area at depths from 182 to 252 m in the submarine Dnieper Canyon located in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. The meiobenthos was represented by Ciliata, Foraminifera, Nematoda, Polychaeta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Amphipoda, and Acarina. Also present in the sediment samples were juvenile stages of Copepoda and Cladocera which may be of planktonic origin. Nematoda and Foraminifera were the dominant groups. The abundance of the meiobenthos varied between 2397 and 52,593 ind.·m−2. Maximum densities of Nematoda and Foraminifera were recorded in the upper sediment layer of a permanent H2S zone at depths from 220 to 250 m. This dense concentration of meiobenthos was found in an area where intense methane seeps were covered by methane-oxidizing microbial mats. Results suggest that methane and its microbial oxidation products are the factors responsible for the presence of a highly sulfidic and biologically productive zone characterized by specially adapted benthic groups. At the same time, an inverse correlation was found between meiofauna densities and methane concentrations in the uppermost sediment layers. The hypothesis is that the concentration of Nematoda and Foraminifera within the areas enriched with methane is an ecological compromise between the food requirements of these organisms and their adaptations to the toxic H2S.
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  • 66
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    Tephra redeposition and mixing in a Late-glacial hillside basin determined by fusion of clustering analyses of glass-shard geochemistry (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 29 (8). pp. 789-802.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-03
    Description: Two discontinuous tephra layers were discovered at Burney Spring Mountain, northern California. Stratigraphic relationships suggest that they are two distinct primary fall tephras. The geochemistries of these tephras from electron probe microanalysis were compared with those of known layers found in the area to test for potential correlations, using clustering analysis on geochemistry. In most cases, geochemical data from a tephra layer can be assigned to a single cluster, but in some cases the analyses are spread over several clusters. This spreading is a direct result of mixing and reworking of several tephra layers. The mixing, in turn, appears to be related to the influence of wind in a marshy environment.
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    Tephrochronology of the Toba tuffs: four primary glass populations define the 75-ka Youngest Toba Tuff, northern Sumatra, Indonesia (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 28 (8). pp. 772-776.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-16
    Description: Four primary glass populations, well defined by their Sr, Ba and Y concentrations, occur in the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT), which was deposited during a Supereruption of the Toba caldera complex in northern Sumatra 75 ka. Average concentrations of major and trace elements indicate a coherent, systematic Variation of glass composition across populations. No clear pattern in the areal distribution of these four glass groups can be discerned. The multiple glass populations of the YTT easily distinguish it from the single homogeneous glass population of the Middle Toba Tuff (~500 ka), as represented by its basal vitrophyre, and that of the Oldest Toba Tuff (~800 ka), as represented by ash Layer D at the Ocean Drilling Program site 758 in the Indian Ocean.
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  • 68
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    Sexual differences in the absolute growth pattern of the Indo-Pacific sandy shore crab Matuta lunaris (1989)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 218 (4). pp. 603-608.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
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  • 69
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    When in life does density dependence occur in fish populations? (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Fish and Fisheries, 18 (4). pp. 656-667.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Fisheries advice is based on demographic calculations, which assume that density-dependent processes regulating recruitment occur only in early life. This assumption is challenged by laboratory and lake studies and some recent indications from marine systems that demonstrate density-dependent regulation late in life. By accounting for spatial dynamics of a population, something that has previously been ignored in models of fish, we show that density-dependent regulation is determined by the size of the habitat: in small habitats, for example small lakes, regulation occurs late in life, while it can occur early in large habitats. When regulation happens late in life, fisheries yield is maximized by exploitation of mainly juvenile fish, while exploiting mature fish maximizes yield if regulation happens early. We review and interpret observations of density dependence in the light of the theory. Our results challenge the current assumption that density dependence always occurs early in life and highlights the need for an increased understanding of density-dependent processes. This can only come about by a change of focus from determining stock-recruitment relationships towards understanding when and how density-dependent regulation occurs in nature.
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    Reproductive ecology and scientific inference of steepness: a fundamental metric of population dynamics and strategic fisheries management (2010)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Fish and Fisheries, 11 (1). pp. 89-104.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-22
    Description: The relationship between the biomass of reproductively mature individuals (spawning stock) and the resulting offspring added to the population (recruitment), the stock–recruitment relationship, is a fundamental and challenging problem in all of population biology. The steepness of this relationship is commonly defined as the fraction of recruitment from an unfished population obtained when the spawning stock biomass is 20% of its unfished level. Since its introduction about 20 years ago, steepness has become widely used in fishery management, where it is usually treated as a statistical quantity. Here, we investigate the reproductive ecology of steepness, using both unstructured and age‐structured models. We show that if one has sufficient information to construct a density‐independent population model (maximum per capita productivity and natural mortality for the unstructured case or maximum per capita productivity, natural mortality and schedules of size and maturity at age for the structured model) then one can construct a point estimate for steepness. Thus, steepness cannot be chosen arbitrarily. If one assumes that the survival of recruited individuals fluctuates within populations, it is possible, by considering the early life history, to construct a prior distribution for steepness from this same demographic information. We develop the ideas for both compensatory (Beverton–Holt) and over‐compensatory (Ricker) stock–recruitment relationships. We illustrate our ideas with an example concerning bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus/orientalis, Scombridae). We show that assuming that steepness is unity when recruitment is considered to be environmentally driven is not biologically consistent, is inconsistent with a precautionary approach, and leads to the wrong scientific inference (which also applies for assigning steepness any other single value).
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  • 71
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    Fishing impact and environmental status in European seas: a diagnosis from stock assessments and ecosystem indicators (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Fish and Fisheries, 17 (1). pp. 31-55.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-21
    Description: Stock‐based and ecosystem‐based indicators are used to provide a new diagnosis of the fishing impact and environmental status of European seas. In the seven European marine ecosystems covering the Baltic and the North‐east Atlantic, (i) trends in landings since 1950 were examined; (ii) syntheses of the status and trends in fish stocks were consolidated at the ecosystem level; and (iii) trends in ecosystem indicators based on landings and surveys were analysed. We show that yields began to decrease everywhere (except in the Baltic) from the mid‐1970s, as a result of the over‐exploitation of some major stocks. Fishermen adapted by increasing fishing effort and exploiting a wider part of the ecosystems. This was insufficient to compensate for the decrease in abundance of many stocks, and total landings have halved over the last 30 years. The highest fishing impact took place in the late 1990s, with a clear decrease in stock‐based and ecosystem indicators. In particular, trophic‐based indicators exhibited a continuous decreasing trend in almost all ecosystems. Over the past decade, a decrease in fishing pressure has been observed, the mean fishing mortality rate of assessed stocks being almost halved in all the considered ecosystems, but no clear recovery in the biomass and ecosystem indicators is yet apparent. In addition, the mean recruitment index was shown to decrease by around 50% in all ecosystems (except the Baltic). We conclude that building this kind of diagnosis is a key step on the path to implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management.
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  • 72
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    Visual system scaling in teleost fish (2011)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 520 (1). pp. 142-153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: Teleost fish grow continuously throughout their lifespan, and this growth includes visual system components: eyes, optic nerves, and brain. As fish grow, the optic nerve lengthens and neural signals must travel increasing distances from the eye to the optic tectum along thousands of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Larger fish have better vision that enhances their ability to capture prey, but they are faced with the potential computational problem of changes in the relative timing of visual information arriving at the brain. Optic nerve conduction delays depend on RGC axon conduction velocities, and velocity is primarily determined by axon diameters. If axon diameters do not increase in proportion to body length, then absolute and relative conduction delays will vary with fish size. We have measured optic nerve lengths and axon diameter distributions in different sized zebrafish (Danio rerio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) and find that, as both species of fish grow, axon diameters increase to reduce average conduction delays by about half and to keep relative delays constant. This invariance of relative conduction delays simplifies computational problems faced by the optic tectum.
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  • 73
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    Inferring spatial structure from population genetics and spatial synchrony in demography of Baltic Sea fishes: implications for management (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Fish and Fisheries, 18 (2). pp. 324-339.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The spatial structure of species is important for their dynamics and evolution, but also for management and conservation. There are numerous ways of inferring spatial structures, and information from multiple methods is becoming more common to examine how different processes shape the spatial structures of species to improve fish management. Here, we investigate the spatial structure of a suite of Baltic Sea fish species based on the following: (i) spatial (presumably neutral) genetic differentiation, reviewed from the literature, and (ii) spatial synchrony in abundance changes from time series of fishery‐independent surveys, which we currently find to be underused given the amount of data available. For each of these two methods, species were classified as having a distinct, continuous or no/weak spatial structure. In addition, based on each source of information, we estimated the spatial scale of management units for species. The results show that only among species confined to the coastal zone the two sources of information yielded a congruence of the spatial structure (displaying a continuous spatial structure). In contrast, offshore species show weak spatial genetic structure but stronger spatial structure of synchrony in abundance. Based on this, we suggest that population genetic structure and synchrony in abundance should be used as complementary information as they reflect different spatial processes and suggest that management actions should differ with respect to scale depending on the management targets applied. We propose similar analysis should be applied to areas outside the Baltic Sea, and other stock identification methods, to improve management of fish resources.
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  • 74
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    The non-hierarchical, non-uniformly branching topology of a leuconoid sponge aquiferous system revealed by 3D reconstruction and morphometrics using corrosion casting and X-ray microtomography (2011)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Acta Zoologica, 93 (2). pp. 160-170.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-14
    Description: As sessile filter feeders, sponges rely on a highly efficient fluid transport system. Their physiology depends on efficient water exchange, which is performed by the aquiferous system. This prominent poriferan anatomical character represents a dense network of incurrent and excurrent canals on which we lack detailed 3D models. To overcome this, we investigated the complex leucon‐type architecture in the demosponge Tethya wilhelma using corrosion casting, microtomography, and 3D reconstructions. Our integrative qualitative and quantitative approach allowed us to create, for the first time, high‐resolution 3D representations of entire canal systems which were used for detailed geometric and morphometric measurements. Canal diameters lack distinct size classes, and bifurcations are non‐uniformly ramified. A relatively high number of bifurcations show previously unknown and atypical cross‐sectional area ratios. Scaling properties and topological patterns of the canals indicate a more complex overall architecture than previously assumed. As a consequence, it might be more convenient to group canals into functional units rather than hierarchical clusters. Our data qualify the leucon canal system architecture of T. wilhelma as a highly efficient fluid transport system adapted toward minimal flow resistance. Our results and approach are relevant for a better understanding of sponge biology and cultivation techniques.
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  • 75
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    Genetic variability in reaction norms in fishes (2015)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Environmental Reviews, 23 (3). pp. 353-366.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-31
    Description: The ability of populations to adapt to environmental change and the spatial scale at which this adaptation occurs are fundamentally important issues in evolutionary biology, and ones that may benefit greatly from the study of genetic variability in reaction norms, which represent the plasticity of phenotypic traits across an environmental gradient. Therefore variable reaction norms can reflect genetic differences in the ability of individuals, families, populations, and species to respond to natural and anthropogenic environmental change. Fishes are ideal organisms in which to study plasticity because of their remarkable intraspecific morphological, physiological, behavioural, and life history variation. Here, we review studies demonstrating genetic variability in reaction norms in fishes. Genetic variability in plasticity among full- and half-sib families suggests potential for some populations to develop an adaptive norm of reaction (recalling that plasticity need not be adaptive). Reaction norm variability among populations suggests that adaptive genetic divergence can occur rapidly when selection pressures are strong and that the spatial scale of adaptation is much smaller than previously believed for some species with high dispersal capabilities. These studies demonstrate the potential of using reaction norms to study the evolution of novel phenotypes and the influence of temporal environmental variability and gene flow on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, which can then be used to predict how populations will respond to directional environmental change. To promote future research into genetic variability in reaction norms, we propose questions that would benefit from such an approach and discuss some important considerations for designing experiments to investigate questions related to genetic variation in plasticity and phenotypic evolution.
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  • 76
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    Zircon in amphibolites from Naxos, Aegean Sea, Greece: origin, significance and tectonic setting (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Metamorphic Geology .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-23
    Description: We report U–Pb zircon ages of c. 700–550 Ma, 262–220 Ma, 47–38 Ma and 15–14 Ma from amphibolites on Naxos Island in the Aegean extensional province of Greece. The zircon has complex internal structures. Based on cathodoluminescence response, zoning and crosscutting relationships a minimum of four zircon growth stages are identified: inherited core, magmatic core, inner metamorphic (?) rim and an outer metamorphic rim. Trace element compositions of the amphibolites suggest igneous differentiation and crustal assimilation. Zircon solubility as a function of saturation temperatures, Zr content and melt composition indicates that the zircon did not originally crystallize in the mafic bodies but was inherited from felsic precursor rocks, and subsequently assimilated into the mafic intrusives during emplacement. Zircon inheritance is corroborated by the complex, xenocrystic nature of the zircon in one sample. Ages of c. 700–550 Ma and 262–220 Ma are assigned to inherited zircon. Available geochemical data suggest that the 15–14 Ma metamorphic rims grew in situ in the amphibolites, corresponding to a high-grade metamorphic event at this time. However, the geochemical data cannot conclusively establish if the c. 40 Ma zircon rims also grew in situ, or whether they were inherited along with the xenocrystic cores. Two scenarios for emplacement of the mafic intrusives are discussed: (i) Intrusion during late-Triassic to Jurassic ocean basin development of the Aegean realm, in which case the 40 Ma zircon rims would have grown in situ, and (ii) emplacement in the Miocene as a result mafic underplating during large-scale extension. In this case, only the 15–14 Ma metamorphic outer rims would have formed in situ in the amphibolitic host rocks.
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    Prey species and nutritive value of food fed during summer to King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonica chicks at Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago (1992)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Ibis, 134 (2). pp. 118-127.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: The diet of King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica at Possession Island was studied in February 1989 by analysis of 20 stomach contents collected from adult birds, just before they fed their single chicks. The mean mass of the samples was 1.84 kg, equivalent to 15% of the unladen adult body-mass. Fish accounted for 99.8% and squids for 0.2% by mass. The main prey were mesopelagic myctophid fish which live in dense shoals and perform a daily vertical migration. Subadults/adults of Electrona carlsbergi and juveniles and subadults/adults of Krefftichthys anderssoni represented 73.7 and 13.4% of the diet by mass, respectively. No difference was found in the diet of male and female King Penguins. Comparison of individual samples suggests that these birds catch a large quantity of fish from only a limited number of shoals. The mean caloric content of the food was 7 kJ/g wet mass. The total energy requirement of each chick during its initial period of growth was estimated to amount to 328,000 kJ, equivalent to 55 kg of food. The rate at which energy was delivered to the chick was calculated to be 50 W during this period.
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  • 78
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    A histological study of the accessory reproductive organs of femaleLoligo forbesi(Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) (1992)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 226 (3). pp. 469-490.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: In Loligo forbesi Steenstrup, the female reproductive system consists of the ovary and accessory reproductive organs which include the oviducal gland, the nidamental gland, the accessory nidamental gland and seminal receptacle. Histological studies were made on the accessory reproductive organs of female L. forbesi. The various changes observed during maturation are described and the functional significance discussed. The secretions produced by the oviducal gland and nidamental gland apparently form the egg coats. The seminal receptacle serves to store spermatozoa after mating. The function of the accessory nidamental gland is unknown.
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  • 79
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    The time and frequency of responses by Octopus vulgaris to an automatic food dispenser (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 158 (4). pp. 475-483.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: An automatic food dispenser was designed for use with Octopus vulgaris Lamarck. One live crab was delivered each time the octopus pulled a white shape attached to the dispenser. The apparatus provided a continuous record of the time and frequency of feeding over periods of up to 15 days.
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  • 80
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    Morphological variation in shallow-water octopuses (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) (1994)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 232 (3). pp. 491-504.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Whether the study of external morphology can increase our knowledge of shallow-water octopuses and their biology is tested by multivariate morphometric analyses. The extent of morphological variation among 20 species from the Atlantic and eastern tropical Pacific Oceans is explored, and four hypotheses are addressed: (1) that octopuses show secondary sexual dimorphism; (2) that remote, ostensibly conspecific populations are morphologically distinct; (3) that morphometric characters contribute to resource partitioning among sympatric species; and (4) that morphology is predictably associated with habitat. Results of principal components analysis show most species to be very similar in shape. Arm length contributes most shape variation; other characters contribute little. Principal components and size-free discriminant analyses refute each of the hypotheses considered. The morphological similarity of isolated Atlantic populations may be a symplesiomorphy, but information on the planktonic phase of the octopus lire cycle supports the possibility of dispersal across the Atlantic Ocean. Size, not directly treated here, may significantly affect some aspects of octopus biology. Increased female size may evolve due to selection for increased fecundity and intraspecific niche partitioning. Size may also indicate interaction within and among species. Characters of shape, deemed essential to species descriptions, do not appear to be able to identify most specimens, nor to increase our understanding of octopus biology.
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  • 81
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    A tephrochronology for the Lateglacial palynological record of the Endinger Bruch (Vorpommern, north-east Germany) (2011)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 27 (2). pp. 141-149.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-10
    Description: The tephrostratigraphy of lake sediments in the Endinger Bruch provides the first robust age model for the Lateglacial palynological records of Vorpommern (north-east Germany). Cryptotephra investigations revealed six tephra layers within sediments spanning from Open vegetation phase I (∼Bølling, ∼15 ka) to the Early Holocene Betula/Pinus forest phase (∼Pre-boreal, ∼10.5 ka). Four of these layers have been correlated with previously described tephra layers found in sites across Europe. The Laacher See Tephra (Eifel Volcanic Field) is present in very high concentrations within sediments of the Lateglacial Betula (/Pinus) forest phase (∼Allerød). The Vedde Ash (Iceland) lies midway through Open vegetation phase III (∼Younger Dryas). The Hässeldalen and the Askja tephras (Iceland) lie in the Early Holocene Betula/Pinus forest phase (∼Preboreal). These tephra layers have independently derived age estimates, which have been imported into the Endinger Bruch record. Furthermore, the layers facilitate direct correlation of the regional vegetation record with other palaeoenvironmental archives, which contain one or more of the same tephra layers, from Greenland to Southern Europe. In doing this, localized variations are confirmed in some aspects of the pollen stratigraphy; however, transitions between the main vegetation phases appear to occur synchronously (within centennial errors) with the equivalent environmental transitions observed in sites across the European continent.
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    New geophysical evidence for sea-floor spreading in central Baffin Bay (1979)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16 (11). pp. 2122-2135.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: Geophysical data collected during a detailed survey in Baffin Bay have shown that lineated magnetic anomalies trending north-northwest occupy the deep central region. These anomalies exhibit maximum amplitudes of about 300 nT and can be modelled by a 1-km thick magnetic source layer divided into blocks of normal and reversed polarity. The magnetizations required are comparable with those of oceanic basalts. A striking feature of the gravity field is a 20 mGal gravity low, about 20 km wide, which runs through the centre of the bay with approximately the same trend as the magnetic lineations. The gravity low is associated with a change in crustal structure measured from seismic refraction data and sometimes with a deepening of the sediment-basement interface, reminiscent of a median valley. These results suggest that the magnetic anomalies were produced by sea-floor spreading and that the gravity low marks an extinct spreading centre in Baffin Bay. Comparisons of the magnetic anomaly profiles with a model profile computed for magnetic anomalies 13–24 (38 to 60 Ma), show good correlation between the observed and computed anomalies in the time period represented by anomalies 13–21, with slow spreading rates of about 0.3–0.4 cm yr−1 perpendicular to the spreading axis. These results are in reasonable agreement with magnetic anomaly identifications and spreading rates deduced from geophysical data in the Labrador Sea. The direction of plate motion in Baffin Bay is not well defined from the data, but the Labrador Sea data require plate motions at a highly oblique angle to the spreading centre in the bay. Peculiarities of the postulated spreading centre, including the change in crustal structure beneath the gravity low along its strike from south to north, and the decrease in coherence and amplitude of the magnetic anomalies immediately north of the survey area, may be the result of these very low spreading rates, oblique spreading and changes in spreading direction, or the proximity of this area to the junction with a possible major transform fault through the Nares Strait.
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    North Atlantic spreading axes terminate in the continental cul-de-sacs of Baffin Bay and the Laptev Sea (2011)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48 (3). pp. 593-601.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: In conventional plate-tectonic models, an independent Greenland plate is supposed to have drifted in the Paleogene along a transform fault through Nares Strait that links the two branches of the North Atlantic spreading system. However, this postulated structure — widely known as the Wegener Fault — cannot be detected by any means in the southern part of the strait. The mapped geology flanking this part of the strait is identical, with no evidence whatsoever of any strike-slip displacement or compressional deformation, and geophysical data provide no support for the existence of such tectonism offshore. We analyse the serious drawback of having a major transform located within a Precambrian crustal block stable since the Paleozoic and emphasize that the extinct Labrador – Baffin Bay spreading axis is but a mirror image of the active North Atlantic – Gakkel Ridge that terminates in a continental cul-de-sac in the Laptev Sea. We conclude that, in the Baffin Bay – Nares Strait region, there is only one plate (North American) and that the extension required to absorb Labrador – Baffin Bay spreading is to be found in structures within the Canadian Arctic Islands.
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  • 84
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    A tephrostratigraphic record for the last glacial-interglacial cycle from Lake Ohrid, Albania and Macedonia (2010)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 25 (3). pp. 320-338.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Here we present a tephrostratigraphic record (core Co1202) recovered from the northeastern part of Lake Ohrid (Republics of Macedonia and Albania) reaching back to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6. Overall ten horizons (OT0702-1 to OT0702-10) containing volcanic tephra have been recognised throughout the 14.94m long sediment succession. Four tephra layers were visible at macroscopic inspection (OT0702-4, OT0702-6, OT0702-8 and OT0702-9), while the remaining six are cryptotephras (OT0702-1, OT0702-2, OT0702-3, OT0702-5, OT0702-7 and OT0702-10) identified from peaks in K, Zr and Sr intensities, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and washing and sieving of the sediments. Glass shards of tephra layers and cryptotephras were analysed with respect to their major element composition, and correlated to explosive eruptions of Italian volcanoes. The stratigraphy and the major element composition of tephra layers and cryptotephras allowed the correlation of OT0702-1 to AD 472 or AD 512 eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius, OT0702-2 to the FL eruption of Mount Etna, OT0702-3 to the Mercato from Somma-Vesuvius, OT0702-4 to SMP1-e/Y-3 eruption from the Campi Flegrei caldera, OT0702-5 to the Codola eruption (Somma-Vesuvius or Campi Flegrei), OT0702-6 to the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y-5 from the Campi Flegrei caldera, OT0702-7 to the Green Tuff/Y-6 eruption from Pantelleria Island, OT0702-8 to the X-5 eruption probably originating from the Campi Flegrei caldera, OT0702-9 to the X-6 eruption of generic Campanian origin, and OT0702-10 to the P-11 eruption from Pantelleria Island. The fairly well-known ages of these tephra layers and parent eruptions provide new data on the dispersal and deposition of these tephras and, furthermore, allow the establishment of a chronological framework for core Co1202 for a first interpretation of major sedimentological changes.
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  • 85
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    Climatic oscillations in central Italy during the Last Glacial–Holocene transition: the record from Lake Accesa (2006)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 21 (4). pp. 311-320.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: This paper presents an event stratigraphy based on data documenting the history of vegetation cover, lake-level changes and fire frequency, as well as volcanic eruptions, over the Last Glacial–early Holocene transition from a terrestrial sediment sequence recovered at Lake Accesa in Tuscany (north-central Italy). On the basis of an age–depth model inferred from 13 radiocarbon dates and six tephra horizons, the Oldest Dryas–Bølling warming event was dated to ca. 14 560 cal. yr BP and the Younger Dryas event to ca. 12 700–11 650 cal. yr BP. Four sub-millennial scale cooling phases were recognised from pollen data at ca. 14 300–14 200, 13 900–13 700, 13 400–13 100 and 11 350–11 150 cal. yr BP. The last three may be Mediterranean equivalents to the Older Dryas (GI-1d), Intra-Allerød (GI-1b) and Preboreal Oscillation (PBO) cooling events defined from the GRIP ice-core and indicate strong climatic linkages between the North Atlantic and Mediterranean areas during the last Termination. The first may correspond to Intra-Bølling cold oscillations registered by various palaeoclimatic records in the North Atlantic region. The lake-level record shows that the sub-millennial scale climatic oscillations which punctuated the last deglaciation were associated in central Italy with different successive patterns of hydrological changes from the Bølling warming to the 8.2 ka cold reversal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 86
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    Fishes in a changing world: learning from the past to promote sustainability of fish populations (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 92 (3). pp. 804-827.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Populations of fishes provide valuable services for billions of people, but face diverse and interacting threats that jeopardize their sustainability. Human population growth and intensifying resource use for food, water, energy and goods are compromising fish populations through a variety of mechanisms, including overfishing, habitat degradation and declines in water quality. The important challenges raised by these issues have been recognized and have led to considerable advances over past decades in managing and mitigating threats to fishes worldwide. In this review, we identify the major threats faced by fish populations alongside recent advances that are helping to address these issues. There are very significant efforts worldwide directed towards ensuring a sustainable future for the world's fishes and fisheries and those who rely on them. Although considerable challenges remain, by drawing attention to successful mitigation of threats to fish and fisheries we hope to provide the encouragement and direction that will allow these challenges to be overcome in the future.
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    Oxygen extraction and jet propulsion in cephalopods (1990)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68 (4). pp. 815-824.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: The ventilatory system of cephalopods has evolved so that the animals minimise the energetic cost of either oxygen extraction or jet propulsion. Optimal design for jet propulsion requires a large stroke volume moving water through the system with minimal acceleration, so the oxygen-carrying capacity of the ventilatory stream is always greatly in excess of requirements. Oxygen uptake in a jet-propelled animal must be independent of the volume of the jet to avoid locking locomotion to oxygen uptake. Any such link is incompatible with the repayment of an oxygen debt after exercise, with added oxygen demand during digestion, and with regulation of uptake under hypoxic conditions. Cephalopods evolved for efficient jet propulsion must be able to alter the rate of oxygen extraction from the ventilatory stream. Squids and Nautilus do this; oxygen extraction is normally low, in the range 5–10% during jet-propelled cruising at subcritical speeds, but can rise to as much as 25% in acute hypoxia or at rest after exhausting exercise. Other cephalopods, such as Octopus, minimise the cost of oxygen extraction by propelling a minimal volume of water through the gills, extracting 35–50% (exceptionally 75%) of the available oxygen. This leaves little scope for a further increase in extraction, and any added demand is met by increasing the ventilation stroke volume. A consequence is that jet propulsion becomes extravagant; octopuses show much greater jet pressures than squid when they choose to swim. The two alternative specialisations are linked to life-style and cut across systematic boundaries.
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  • 88
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    Cephalopods in the diet of the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) (1990)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 221 (3). pp. 359-374.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The stomach contents of 1522 adult seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) and 673 pups, which were collected around the West and South Coasts of Southern Africa, were examined and cephalopod prey identified. About 20 cephalopod species (some identifications were uncertain) were found in the stomachs, of which only six were significant: Loligo vulgaris reynaudii. Sepia spp., Octopus sp., Todaropsis eblanae, Todarodes angolensis and Ocythoe tuberculata. This list suggests that A. pusillus feeds exclusively on the continental shelf, frequently on or near the bottom. Among adults, cephalopod prey varied in importance around the coast. It was most important on the South Coast of South Africa where it comprised 35.0% of the weight of all prey, of which L. v. veynaudii constituted about 88%. On the West Coast cephalopods comprised about 26.6% by weight of all prey, and Octopus sp. predominated, whereas in Namibian waters cephalopods were least important, constituting only 3.4% by weight of all prey, with Todarodes angolensis and Octopus sp. being most significant. Among pups (aged 8–10 months) in the Lüderitz (Namibia) area, cephalopods were about 16.9% of prey by weight, of which Ocythoe tuberculata, small Sepia spp. and Octopoda were most important.
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  • 89
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    The mandibular movements of Octopus vulgaris (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 188 (1). pp. 53-67.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The movements of the isolated buccal mass of Octopus vulgaris have been investigated. The beaks undergo rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of applied stimulation and after electrical stimulation of the inter-buccal connective. Initial opening, closing, retraction and re-opening phases of movement are described. This cycle of movements is taken to resemble those in the intact animal. Anatomical and electrical evidence identifies the superior mandibular muscle as being partly responsible for the closing and retraction phases of movement. The inferior buccal ganglion determines the sequence of these buccal movements, but modification by sensory feed-back from the musculature is also implied. The preparation will allow a closer comparison of the control of movement in cephalopods and gastropods.
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  • 90
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    Structure of the reproductive system of the squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) (1991)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 224 (2). pp. 271-283.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The structure of the reproductive systems of mature males and females of the nektonic, oceanic squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus are described. The main peculiarities of the female system are relatively low capacity oviducts, set in a tight spiral, and hypertrophically developed oviducal glands with a very large second section. The male reproductive system is characterized by a long, narrow Needham's sac containing 10–15 large spermatophores 80–100 mm in length. The mesentery supporting the gonad, and protruding into it dorsally, is a characteristic feature in both sexes. The hectocotylus structure differs markedly from that in other squids and resembles that of sepiids. The reproductive system of T. rhombus possesses primitive features (pattern of gonad attachment and hectocotylus) but mostly secondary characters (small oviducts, very large oviducal glands and ovary). The complex morpho-ecological adaptations of T. rhombus are reflected in the distinctive features of the reproductive system.
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  • 91
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    Seasonal variation in the diet of common seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Moray Firth area of Scotland (1991)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 223 (4). pp. 641-652.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Seasonal variation in the diet of common seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Moray Firth, north-east Scotland, was determined from analysis of faecal samples collected at haul-out sites during each month of 1988. Data on diet of common seals in 1987 are also presented. Limitations of the methods available for quantification of diet are discussed. Although some of the observed variation in diet from month to month may reflect changes in the sampling regime, a clear seasonal pattern was apparent, with clupeids predominating in the winter and sandeels in the summer. The trends observed are consistent with opportunistic feeding on the most abundant Prey.
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  • 92
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    Identification of fish otoliths and bones in faeces and digestive tracts of seals (1991)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 224 (2). pp. 320-328.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
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  • 93
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    Digestive tract contents of seals in Scottish waters: comparison of samples from salmon nets and elsewhere (1991)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 225 (4). pp. 670-676.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
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  • 94
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    Deep-sea cephalopods of the north-western Mediterranean: indications of up-slope ontogenetic migration in two bathybenthic species (1992)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 227 (2). pp. 267-276.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The cephalopod fauna collected during six surveys carried out in the bathyal basin of the north-western Mediterranean is discussed. Samples were taken at depths mainly between 1000 and 2000 m. Ten species were identified. Bathypolypus sponsalis and Neorossia caroli were the commonest species. Small individuals of both these species occurred at greater depths than did larger individuals, suggesting up-slope ontogenetic migration. The depth ranges recorded for all species collected are discussed and compared to the results of previous studies found in the literature.
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  • 95
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    Growth and development of Taonius megalops (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), and some phases of its life cycle (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 179 (1). pp. 19-83.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Taonius megalops is a neutrally buoyant oceanic squid, very different in form when young and old. The young, has a round, sac-like mantle and relatively long tentacles, while the adult has an elongated cone-like mantle and relatively short tentacles. The transition in shape and form is gradual and has been followed in animals of between 3 and 180 mm dorsal mantle length. Statistical tests on various parameters investigated, both external and internal, revealed good correlation with the dorsal mantle length and confirmed the descriptions of the development of the chromatophores and subocular light organs with growth. It was concluded that these animals, captured in the Atlantic Ocean, all belonged to the species T. megalops Prosch 1849. This study has permitted us to suggest a tentative outline of the life cycle, although no adults were present in the material available.
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  • 96
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    Is there external digestion by Octopus? (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 202 (3). pp. 441-447.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: A crab which has been captured and paralysed by an octopus but retrieved 1 1/2 min later cannot at first be pulled apart by the experimenter: 27 min later it can be dismembered easily. This demonstrates that there is external digestion when Octopus vulgaris feeds upon crabs. However, it is strictly limited at this stage to the arthrodial membrane and the musculo-skeletal attachment mechanisms as the exoskeleton separates at the joints allowing the muscles to be drawn out of the appendages. And yet, two hours after capture, pieces of crab meat are still recognizable in the octopus's stomach. The process of paralysing and cleaning a crab was noticeably slowed after the surgical removal of the radula, salivary papilla or the lateral buccal palps.
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  • 97
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    Changes in body weight and intake of food by Octopus vulgaris (2009)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 150 (1). pp. 1-9.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The changes in body weight of 12 octopuses, fed on fish or crabs, were followed under laboratory conditions for periods of 1 to 7 1/2 months. The food intake was estimated and compared with the changes in body weight of the octopuses; 25 to 55% of the total intake of food appeared to be incorporated. The range of the average increase in weight over the whole observation period of each of the animals was 1.9 to 7.7g per day (1 to 7 1/2 months); the mean value was 4.8g per day. The effect of changing the diet of small octopuses (fish or crab)was followed for four weeks but there was no evidence that alteration of the diet affected the rate of changes in body weight of animals of more than 47g initial body weight.
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    Chromium behavior in aquatic environments: a review (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    In:  Environmental Reviews, 24 (4). pp. 503-516.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-31
    Description: The fate of chromium (Cr) – a redox sensitive metal – in surface sediments is closely linked to early diagenetic processes. This review summarizes the main redox pathways that have been clearly identified over recent decades concerning the behavior of Cr(III,VI) in aquatic environments, and applies them to surface sediments where data for redox speciation remain limited. Overall, abiotic redox reactions that govern the speciation of Cr involve manganese (Mn) (III,IV) (hydr)-oxydes for Cr(III) oxidation, Cr(VI)-reducing species (dissolved iron (Fe) (II) and hydrosulfide (HS)−), and Cr(VI)-reducing phases (ferrous and sulfide minerals, as well as Fe(II)-bearing minerals). Bacterial activity is also responsible for the redox interconversion between Cr(III) and Cr(VI): biotic reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is observed through either detoxification or dissimilatory reduction. Whereas Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria are known to promote indirect oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), the reaction mechanisms are unresolved. Conversely, oxygen (O2), nitrate (NO3−), and nitrite (NO2−) do not appear to play any role in Cr(III) oxidation. Additionally, Mn(II) and ammonium (NH4+) are not known to promote Cr(VI) reduction. Once reduced, the mobility of Cr(III) in sediments is significantly restricted and regulated by precipitation and sorption processes. Finally, even if the role of natural organic matter in sediment has been determined, further research is required to identify the complexation mechanisms.
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  • 99
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    Growth, reproduction and life span ofSepia officinalis(Cephalopoda: Mollusca) cultured through seven consecutive generations (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 233 (2). pp. 175-192.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Hundreds of Sepia officinalis were hatched and cultured through the life cycle in each of 13 populations. Two genetic lines were maintained: one for an unprecedented seven generations and another presently in its fourth. All generations—save one—produced animals in excess of 1·0 kg body weight. Seven of eight generations with adequate data records had mean weights of 1–2 kg, and the largest cuttlefish reared were a male 2·6 kg and a female 2·9 kg. Fecundity levels were high, but there was a trend towards decreased fertility in later generations, with fertilization rates dropping below 10%. In the 7th generation, most mature animals failed to engage in agonistic courtship and mating behaviour. Almost no normal eggs were laid and none was fertile, thus ending the lineage. Most culture took place at 20–24°C and temperature generally explained variations in life span duration: being of shorter length at higher temperatures. Life spans were consistently longer at 20°C and sizes were greater than predicted from previously published literature. In both lines there was a trend towards larger individuals and longer life spans in subsequent generations. Survival of hatchlings typically exceeded 90% for two months post-hatching, and survival averaged 50% or higher to sexual maturity when corrected for animals removed from the populations for experimental use.
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    Use of Microsatellite DNA Profiling to Identify Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceusof Hatchery Origin (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 48 (2). pp. 353-359.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, is an economically important marine fish species in Asia. A suite of 18 microsatellite markers chosen from published genetic linkage maps was used to carry out parentage assignments of 188 hatchery-reared juveniles from a small number of breeders. The probabilities of exclusion for the 18 microsatellite markers were 0.604–0.913, and the effectiveness of combined probability of exclusion reached 100% when using the eight microsatellite markers with higher Excl 1 probabilities. The cultured and wild stocks (WSs) were differentiated in a release-recapture population based on these markers. Of the 321 recaptured offspring, 28.34% were assigned to their parental pairs in our broodstock, whereas the remaining offspring could not be traced back to a possible sire or dam. Significant reduction in genetic diversity of the cultured stock (CS) had not been found compared with that of the WS. The results suggest that CSs released into the wild will not adversely affect the genetic structure of natural populations. Our results demonstrate that these markers provide an efficient tool for parentage assignments and genetic analysis of Japanese flounder.
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