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  • Calcium  (98)
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  • Chemistry
  • Kinetics
  • Physics
  • Springer  (134)
  • 1980-1984  (134)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 641-642 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Nucleation ; Water ; Emulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Kinetics ; methacrylamide ; reaction scheme ; viscosity ; additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The aqueous polymerization of methacrylamide initiated by potassiumpersulfate-L-cystein hydrochloride redox system has been studied at 35±0.01
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Acetanilide ; Bromination ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the bromination of acetanilide has been studied with the diffusion layer titration method. The results have been obtained using the apparatus which consists of the ring-disc electrode and an amperostat-potentiostat system. Dependence of the ring current on the disc current has been determined as a function of rotation speeds of the electrode, of the solution concentration and temperature. It has been shown the bromination reaction of acetanilide exhibits by first order kinetics. In that case Br2 and Br3 − are the brominating species. The rate of bromination changes with the concentration of the Br− ions. This reaction rate depends on reactions of molecular bromine with acetanilide. For 0.033〈[Br−]〈0.173M the rate constant changes in the following range: $$17530M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1}〈 k〈 6400M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} ([H + ] = 1,34;T = 298K)$$
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 112 (1981), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Calcium ; Gallium ; Oxygen ; Single Crystal ; X-Ray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The hitherto unknown compound Ca3Ga4O9 was prepared and investigated by X-ray single crystal methods. Ca3Ga4O9 has orthorhombic symmetry:a=1435.8;b=1682.5;c=532.1 pm; space group C 2v 11 −Cmm2,Z=6. The tetrahedra network (circles of 4 and 5 GaO4-tetrahedra) and the surrounding of Ca2+ are described and discussed with respect to other oxogallates.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Mononitrosopiperazine ; N-Nitrosation ; Piperazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus der Bildung vonN-Nitroso-Verbindungen, die als potentielle carcinogene Substanzen gelten, wurde untersucht. Die Kinetik der Nitrosierung von Piperazin (PIP) in wäßriger Perchlorsäurelösung wurde mittels einer differentiellen spektrophotometrischen Methode verfolgt. Es ergab sich für denpH-Bereich 0,85–4,36 folgendes Zeitgesetz: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ wobei [Nitrit]0 und [PIP]0 die anfänglichen stöchiometrischen Konzentrationen bedeuten. Bei 298,2 K und μ=1,0M,f=(1,17±0,11) 10−3 M,g=(3,5±0,7)·10−2 M s,h=2,6·10−6 M 2 s andj=(0,95±0,04)M s. Bei Erhöhung der Acidität ([HClO4]≥1M) tritt ein neuer kinetischer Term auf: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {Nitrit} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ Bei 298,2 K und μ=3,0M,p=(1,9±0,2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. Es wird ein genereller Mechanismus für die Nitrosierung jedesN-nitrosierbaren Substrates in wäßriger Perchloratlösung vorgeschlagen, wobei als nitrosierende Agentien ausschließlich N2O3 und H2NO2 +/NO+ auftreten. Es werden die Besonderheiten dieses Mechanismus bezüglich derpK-Werte derN-nitrosierbaren Substrate diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of formation ofN-nitroso compounds, which are considered as potential chemical carcinogens was studied. The kinetics of nitrosation of piperazine (PIP) in aqueous solution of perchloric acid have been investigated using a differential spectrophotometric technique. Based on our experimental results, the following rate law, in thepH-range 0.85 4.36, is proposed: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ where [nitrite]0 and [PIP]0 represent initial stoichiometric concentrations. At 298.2K and μ=1.0M,f=(1.17±0.11) 10−3 M,g=(3.5±0.7) 10−2 M s,h=2.6×10−6 M 2 s andj=(0.95±0.04)M s. When the acidity is increased ([HClO4]≥1M), a new kinetic term comes into play: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ At 298.2 K and μ=3.0M,p=(1.9±0.2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. A general mechanism for the nitrosation of anyN-nitrosable substrate in aqueous perchloric solution in which the only nitrosating agents are N2O3 and H2NO2 +/NO+ is proposed. Also, the various particularities of this mechanism, according to thepK of theN-nitrosable substrate, are discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Galactitol ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation ; Reduction ; Xylitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz der Titelreaktion ist in beiden Fällen erster Ordnung bezüglich Hexacyanoferrat(III). Die Oxidation ist erster Ordnung bei niedrigen Konzentrationen von Xylit und Galaktit und geht bei Erhöhung der Konzentration gegen null. In gleicher Weise wurde eine Kinetik erster Ordnung bezüglich Hydroxyl bei niedrigen Konzentrationen und eine erniedrigte Ordnung bei höheren Konzentrationen für die Oxidation von Xylit beobachtet; bei Galaktit bleibt die Oxidation auch bei höheren Hydroxyl-Konzentrationen erster Ordnung. Es wird angenommen, daß die Reaktion über einen aktivierten Komplex zwischen [KFe(CN)6]2− und dem Substrat-Anion verläuft; dieser Komplex zerfällt in [KFe(CN)6]3− und ein Substrat-Radikal. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract Kinetics of oxidation of xylitol and galactitol by hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in aqueous alkaline medium is reported. The reaction rate is of first order with respect to hexacyanoferrate(III) in each substrate. The reaction is first order at lower concentrations of xylitol and galactitol and tends towards zero order as the concentration increases. Similarly first order kinetics was obtained with respect to hydroxide ion at lower concentrations and tends to lower order at higher concentration in the oxidation of xylitol; in the oxidation of galactitol the reaction is first order with respect to hydroxide ion even up to manyfold variation. The course of reaction has been considered to proceed through the formation of an activated complex between [K Fe(CN)6]2− and substrate anion which decomposes slowly into radical and [K Fe(CN)6]3−. A probable reaction mechanism is proposed.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 112 (1981), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Activation energy ; Kinetics ; Methyl-vinyl ketone ; Polarography ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneous polymerization of methyl-vinyl ketone in diluted methanol solutions in presence of proton donors is studied using the polarographic method. The effect of the cation of the indifferent electrolyte is investigated as well as the influence of small quantities of H2O. Suggestions were made about the possible mechanisms of these influences in the general scheme of the process proposed byHolleck et al.
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  • 8
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 1087-1092 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Dissolution ; Kinetics ; Pyrrhotite ; Rotating disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit von natürlichem monoklinen Pyrrhotin, FeS1.14, wurde in sauerstofffreien LösungenS([H+]=0.1, [Na+]=0.9, [ClO 4 − ]=1.0 mol kg−1) mit Hilfe der Methode der rotierenden Scheibe bestimmt. Im Temperaturbereich von 40–90° erfolgt die Auflösungsreaktion kinetisch kontrolliert, wobei eine Aktivierungsenergie von 14±1 kcal mol−1 (59±5 kJ mol−1) gefunden wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Using the rotating disc method, the rates of dissolution of natural monoclinic pyrrhotite, FeS1.14, in oxygen-free aqueous solutionsS([H+]=0.1, [Na+]=0.9, [ClO 4 − ]=1.0 mol kg−1) were determined. In the temperature range 40–90 °C the dissolution reaction occurs under kinetic control; the activation energy being 14±1 kcal mol−1 (50±5 kJ mol−1).
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  • 9
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 1239-1244 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Allyl alcohol ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von Allylalkohol mitN-Bromsuccinimid (NBS) wurde bei 35 °C in wäßrigem Medium untersucht. Die Reaktion zeigt erste Ordnung gegenüberNBS und Allylalkohol. Bei relativ hoher Säurekonzentration zeigt sich keine Änderung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, bei niedriger Säurekonzentration wird die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit beträchtlich erhöht. Es wurde kein primärer Salzeffekt festgestellt. Bei varriierender Quecksilberacetatkonzentration bleibt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit gleich, bei Abwesenheit von Quecksilberacetat wird jedoch die Geschwindigkeitskonstante erhöht. Die kinetischen Parameter,E a, derArrheniusfaktorA, ΔH ≠, ΔG ≠ und ΔS ≠ wurden bestimmt. Ein Geschwindigkeitsgesetz in Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Befunden wurde abgeleitet und ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of allyl alcohol byN-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been studied at 35 °C in aqueous medium. The reaction shows first order dependence on bothNBS and allyl alcohol. In fairly high acid concentration, there is no change in the rate of the reaction but at low acid concentration, the rate is considerably enhanced. There is no primary salt effect. At varying mercuric acetate concentrations, the rate constant remains the same. But in the absence of mercuric acetate, the rate is enhanced. The kinetic parameters,E a,Arrhenius factorA, ΔH≠, ΔG≠ and ΔS≠ have been calculated. A rate law in agreement with experimental results has been derived. A mechanism is proposed.
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  • 10
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 887-893 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diazotation ; Kinetics ; α-Naphthylamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Optimal diazotation conditions were determined by means of extinction measurements at various experimental conditions. The optimal conditions found arep H=9,5, the amount of phenol is 1 250 times the amount of α-naphthylamine.
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  • 11
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 114 (1983), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diastereomers ; 2,3-Dihydrobilatrienes-abc ; Kinetics ; Saturation-Transfer-Kinetics ; Phytochrome Models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From kinetic and equilibrium measurements the activation and thermodynamic parameters of diastereomeric 2,3-dihydrobilatrienes-abc in positions “4” and “15” are deduced. Compared to bilatrienes-abc a pronounced thermal lability of these diastereomers is observed—the exocyclic double bond of the saturated lactam ring being the more labile one. This feature may be of relevance to the thermal cascades and dark reactions observed for phytochrome.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Iodine monochloride ; Kinetics ; Solvent effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Addition von ICl zu einigen Vinylverbindungen in Nitrobenzol als Lösungsmittel wurde untersucht. In allen Fällen ist die Reaktion von zweiter Ordnung hinsichtlich ICl und von erster Ordnung hinsichtlich des Substrats, d. h. mit einer Gesamtordnung von drei. Geschwindigkeitskonstanten wurden für jedes Substrat bei 20°, 30°, 40° und 50°C gemessen. AusArrhenius-Diagrammen wurden Aktivierungsenergien ermittelt und auch andere kinetische und thermodynamische Parameter wurden bestimmt. Ein Mechanismus wird vorgeschlagen, wobei die verschiedenen Parameter diskutiert werden. Lösungsmitteleffekte werden ebenfalls diskutiert und die Daten mit Nitrobenzol und Essigsäure als Lösungsmittel miteinander verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the addition of iodine monochloride (ICl) to some vinyl compounds in nitrobenzene solvent was investigated. In all cases the reaction follows second order dependence on ICl and first order on the substrate, making the total order three. Rate constants were measured for each substrate at 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°C.Arrhenius plots were made from which activation energies were evaluated. Other kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are reported. A suitable mechanism is proposed for the reaction and based on this, the various parameters are discussed. Solvent effects are discussed and the data with nitrobenzene and acetic acid solvents are compared.
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  • 13
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 1185-1197 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Mono and polycarboxylic esters ; Metal salt catalysis ; Kinetics ; Chromatographic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The alcoholysis of various esters of aromatic carboxylic esters with octadecanol in the presence of lead stearate was investigated by chromatographic analysis of the reaction mixtures. The reactivity of the esters was found to be strongly affected by the substitution pattern of the aromatic nucleus as well as by the structure of the alkoxy group. Electron donating substituents in a suitable position lead to a remarkable increase in reactivity compared to the unsubstituted alkyl esters.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Negative salt effect ; Oxidation ; Stopped-flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of NaClO4, NaCl and Na2SO4 on the oxidation of Fe(phen) 3 2+ by Ce(IV) was investigated by means of the stopped-flow method. At the concentrations range of NaClO4 and NaCl 0.1–1.0M the rate constant values decrease from 1.03·105 to 0.56·105M−1s−1 and from 1.08·105 to 0.81·105M−1s−1 respectively. In varying concentrations of Na2SO4 solutions (0.05–0.35M) the rate constant values decrease from 1.05·105M−1s−1 to 0.45·105M−1s−1. Taking into account the negative salt effect the mechanism of the reaction progress is proposed.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Arginine ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation erfolgt sowohl mit als auch ohne Cu(II)-Katalysator in erster Ordnung bezüglich des Oxidationsmittels und des Substrats; inverse Ordnung wird bezüglich der Alkalikonzentration beobachtet. Bis zu einer Cu(II)-Konzentration von≤2×10−5 M ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Katalysatorkonzentration proportional; darüber wird eine konstantbleibende Geschwindigkeit beobachtet, die nun von der Cu(II)-Konzentration unabhängig ist. Neutralsalze haben keinen Effekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Es wird für den katalysierten und unkatalysierten Reaktionsablauf ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen und ein mathematischer Ansatz präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of uncatalysed and Cu(II) catalysed oxidation of arginine monohydrochloride was investigated. Both reactions follow a singular order dependence each in oxidant and substrate. An inverse order dependence is reported with the alkali concentration. A plot of observed rate constant versus Cu(II) concentrations Cu(II)≤2.0×10−5 M is linear; from the intercept the rate constant for the uncatalysed pathway was calculated. However, at high copper ion concentrations i.e. Cu(II)〉2.0×10−5 M a fixed value of rate constant was found for all catalyst concentrations. Added neutral salts show an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Mechanisms were proposed for both cases and rate expressions were derived by applying steady state assumptions.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone Cells ; Cyclic AMP ; Calcium ; Parathyroid hormone ; Prostaglandin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have examined the influence of extracellular Ca2+ on cyclic AMP metabolism in an osteoblast-enriched population of bone cells isolated from the calvaria of rat fetuses. The cyclic AMP1 response to stimulators of cyclic AMP formation (PTH and PGE2), but not basal cyclic AMP levels, increased progressively as the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was raised from 0.2 to 4.0 mM. The response to changes in extracellular Ca2+ were rapid (within 3.5 min), and the level of responsivity that characterized each Ca2+ concentration persisted for at least 6 h when the Ca2+ concentration was kept constant. The effect of Ca2+ spanned the entire time course of PTH action, was not accompanied by altered excretion of cyclic AMP from the cells, and was evident at low as well as at high hormone concentrations. Ca2+ augmented the action of PTH in the presence as well as in the absence of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and failed to decrease cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in the short term. Mn2+ and, to a smaller degree, Ba2+ substituted for Ca2+ in promoting the cyclic AMP response to PTH. Verapamil, an inhibitor of Ca2+ penetration, blunted the Ca2+-mediated increments in the cyclic AMP response, and the divalent cation ionophore A23187 enhanced these increments. These results indicate that Ca2+ and other cations are positive effectors of the stimulated cyclic AMP response in isolated bone cells. Accumulation into an as yet unknown cellular compartment may be required for the cation effect. The data are most consistent with enhancement of adenylate cyclase reactivity as the mode of cation action.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 431-439 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Apatite ; Fluorhydroxyapatite ; Crystal growth ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of seeded crystal growth of calcium apatites were studied in dilute supersaturated solutions at various levels of fluoride concentrations. Initial precipitation rates were enhanced by fluoride concentrations higher than 0.05 ppm. The analytical results are consistent with the precipitation of fluoridated hydroxyapatites, Ca5Fx-(OH)1−x(PO4)3, FHA. The degree of fluoridation, X, appears to be determined by the activity of HF in solution, which varies for the various initial fluoride levels but remains fairly constant during precipitation. Thus the composition of the precipitating phase was the same for a given solution whether 25 or 10 mg of hydroxyapatite was added as seeds. All the experimental results are consistent with the BCF theory, which relates the mean linear rate of growth, RL, to the supersaturation, DS, by the expression RL=C1T(DS-1)1n(DS)tanh(C2/T 1n DS), in which DS is the supersaturation defined by mean molar activities with respect to the precipitating FHA, T the absolute temperature, and C1 and C2 are constants calculated from the experimental results. Consequently, the crystal growth appears to take place in surface kinks and to be controlled by surface diffusion. Since crystal growth in most biological systems takes place at fluoride concentrations within the experimental range used, it seems probable that it occurs along the model advanced in the present investigation.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calvarium ; cAMP ; Vitamin D3 metabolites ; Calcium ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Results from in vitro works suggest that 1,25- and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3) act on bone via different mechanisms. The present investigation was performed to study the effect of these two metabolites and of their precursor 25-hyxdroxyvitamin D3 (25-(OH)D3) on bone cAMP content in vitro. Rats' paired half calvaria were incubated under sterile conditions with one vitamin D3 derivative (10−13 to 10−9 M) or with ethanol (0.005 ml for 15 min to 24 h in 1 ml medium containing 0, 0.2, 1, 2, or 3 mM calcium. In some experiments: (a) cycloheximide (10−5M) was added simultaneously with the vitamin D3 metabolites; (b) 1–84 bPTH (5 × 10−8 M) was added for 5 or 15 min at the end of the 24 h incubation. Calvaria were immersed in 1 ml TCA 5% 4°C and homogenized. The cAMP was extracted with diethylether and measured by a competitive protein binding assay. Results bring further evidence for a particular effect of low doses of 24,25-(OH)2D3 (10−9 to 10−12M) and of 25-(OH)D3 (10−9 to 10−11M) on bone, different from that of 1,25-(OH)2D3: cAMP content was higher in 24,25-(OH)2D3- or 25-(OH)D3-treated and lower in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated calvaria than in ethanol-treated ones with 1 mM calcium. The 1,25-(OH)2D3 effect persisted in calcium-free medium whereas 25-(OH)D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3 effects could not be observed with 0 mM nor with 3 mM calcium. The required duration of the preincubation (over 1 h) as well as the inhibitory action of cycloheximide may suggest an involvement of protein synthesis in the vitamin D3 metabolites effects. Neither 1,25-(OH)2D3 nor 24,25-(OH)2D3 affected the PTH-induced increase in bone cAMP content.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Magnesium ; Parathyroid hormone ; Secretion ; In vitro ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In a well-defined in vitro perifusion system, the effects of extracellular magnesium concentration (Mg) on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion by bovine parathyroid tissue were examined. At Mg less than 0.8 mM, the ability of the glands to secrete hormone maximally in response to low calcium (Ca) stimulation was progressively impaired. Low Mg also impaired the ability of isoproterenol, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and theophylline to stimulate hormone release. The defect in hormone release at low Mg observed in vitro was analogous to the well-documented inhibition of secretion observed in vivo. Increases in Mg from 0 to 0.8 mM rapidly repaired the defect in hormone secretion. At Mg above 1.0 mM there was a Ca-like effect on hormone release, with a progressive decrease in secretion at increased Mg. Although its mechanism is not yet clear, the low Mg effect appears to impair principally the process of hormone release rather than its biosynthesis or storage.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D ; Weight loss ; Phosphate ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary During a review of 42 metabolic studies in healthy women and men we observed that serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were directly correlated to the observed daily changes in body weight (r=0.68;P〈0.001) and to caloric intake/kg/day (r=0.39;P=0.01). These relationships could not be accounted for by related and physiologically expected changes in serum Ca or iPTH concentrations. However, serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were observed to be inversely correlated to serum PO4 levels (r=−0.44;P=0.004). In addition, serum PO4 levels were inversely correlated to the daily changes in body weight (r=−0.40;P=0.009). Since dietary sodium intake averaged 142 mmol/day, it is unlikely that the observed changes in weight were the result of changes in salt and water balance. Thus it seems reasonable to speculate that serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations may vary directly with energy balance, as reflected by changes in body weight. This effect may be mediated by alterations in PO4 metabolism. The accurate assessment of serum 1,25-(OH)2-D levels thus appears to require several measurements over time periods during which body weight is stable.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Electromagnetic field ; Bicarbonate ; Phosphate ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Osteogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present studies are aimed at establishing molecular correlations in the interaction of very low frequency electromagnetic fields with biological systems. Ca-uptake by chick embryo tibia rudiment in short-term culture was a useful model. Tibiae of 8- to 10-day-old chick embryos were incubated 60 min in simplified culture media in the presence of45Ca at 37.5±0.5°C either inside or outside pulsating electromagnetic fields. Radioactivity count in the medium was the most accurate method for determining Ca-uptake by the rudiment. The effect of the fields on the Ca-uptake depended markedly on the chemical composition of the culture medium: bicarbonate was indispensable; glucose or sucrose was important; phosphate was potentiating; ethanol, Mg2+, and NaF were stimulating. The field had no effect in (a) blank medium without tibia, (b) tibiae that had been altered by fixation with aqueous glutaraldehyde, (c) nonliving artificial systems endowed with great or small ion sorption capacity. The unique bicarbonate effect with living systems and the passive behavior of nonliving ion sorbing systems prompt the suggestion that the electromagnetic field probably couples with specific processes, such as a bicarbonate-dependent Ca2+ ATPase and the active ion transport, at the cell membrane level. The molecular mechanisms remain to be established.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 194-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Benzo(B)Thiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid ; Bone cells ; Calcium ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action on bone of Benzo(B)Thiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid (BL-5583). BL-5583, at a dose range of 0.01–100 µg/ml, inhibited spontaneous as well as A23187 and PTH-induced bone resorption in tissue culture. This compound also decreased calcium uptake in both osteoclastic and osteoblastic enriched bone cell populations obtained by sequential collagenase digestion of 1–2 day newborn rat calvariae. The decrease occurred after a 5 min. incubation with45Ca and BL-5583. The effective dose range was 0.01–100 µg/ml. No effect on leucine incorporation or lactic acid production by bone cells was observed. BL-5583 also induced a transient decrease in calcium uptake in skin cells isolated from fetal rats by collagenase digestion, suggesting a lack of tissue specificity for this compound. No effect on cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells was observed with the same dose range that produced a calcium effect.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Saliva ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Ion-binding ; Supersaturation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Previous ultrafiltration studies indicated that up to one-half of the calcium and two-thirds of the phosphate in human salivary secretions may be bound by salivary proteins. Since this binding is an important variable in determining the extent of salivary supersaturation with respect to calcium phosphate salts, and since the amount of binding reported is surprisingly large, calcium and phosphate ion-binding by salivary macromolecules has been reexamined. From experiments using equilibrium dialysis, it was found that (1) the fraction of salivary calcium involved in macromolecular complexes ranges from a few percent for unstimulated secretions, to no more than about 10% for stimulated glandular salivas, and (2) salivary proteins do not bind phosphate ions to any significant extent. These findings, and experiments using an improved ultrafiltration membrane, indicate that the earlier results were artifacts of the ultrafiltration technique. Fractionation of salivary proteins, followed by equilibrium dialysis measurements, showed that the anionic proline-rich proteins and a basic proline-rich glycoprotein are responsible for most of the calcium binding now observed. The finding that macromolecular complexes of salivary calcium and phosphate have been overestimated in the past, leads to the conclusion that salivary calcium and phosphate ion activities in stimulated salivary secretions may be up to 50 to 100% higher than previously thought. Revised values were therefore used to recalculate the degree of salivary supersaturation with respect to calcium phosphate salts. The results indicate that stimulated salivary secretions are supersaturated with respect to dicalcium phosphate dihydrate; this is a substantially greater degree of supersaturation than previously reported.
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  • 24
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    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
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  • 25
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 1125-1133 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diazotization ; Kinetics ; α-Naphthylamine
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the diazotization of α-naphthylamine1 in water HCl solution from 0,2N to 2.0N at 0 °C were investigated. It was found that the nitrosation reaction $$\alpha --C_{10} H_7 NH_2 + NOCl\mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits^{k_v } \alpha --C_{10} H_7 NH_2 NO^ + + Cl^ - $$ is a preceeding advance-back-reaction (velocity coefficient of the nitrosation is 1.92·1010l mol−1 s−1). The decomposition of I by splitting off a proton is the rate determining reaction. The free enthalpy of activation for the nitrosation reaction equals 12.94 kJ/mol.
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  • 26
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 1135-1142 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Hammet parameter ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Thermodynamic parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Reaktion von drei substituierten Acetophenonen mit Bromsuccinimid in Perchlorsäure in Gegenwart von Quecksilberacetat wurde untersucht. Die Reaktion war von nullter Ordnung gegenüberNBS, erster Ordnung gegenüber den Ketonen und [H+]. Mögliche Mechanismen der Reaktion werden diskutiert und auch eine Geschwindigkeitsgleichung wird abgeleitet. Es wurden die thermodynamischen Parameter der Reaktion bestimmt und auch einHammet'scher ϖ-Wert (+0,6) für die Oxidation der Methylarylketone ermittelt.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of three substituted acetophenones withN-Bromosuccinimide was studied in perchloric acid media in presence of mercuric acetate. The reactions were found to be zero order with respect toNBS while the order with respect to ketones and [H+] was found to be unity. The addition of succinimide mercuric acetate and sodium perchlorate has no effect on the rate of oxidation and the rate increases with the decrease in dielectric constant of the medium. Kinetic investigations have revealed that the order of reactivity ism-nitroacetophenone 〉 p-chloroacetophenone 〉 p-methylacetophenone. TheArrhenius equation has been found to be valid in the temperature range 35–55°. Thermodynamic parameters have been calculated. Mechanistic pathways of the reactions are discussed and a rate equation is derived.Hammett's plot gives a ϖ value of +0.60 for methyl-aryl-ketones.
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  • 27
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Graphite ; Kinetics ; Reduction ; Thoria ; Thoriumcarbide
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reduktion von Thoriumoxid mit Graphit im Überschuß wurde mittels einer Thermowaage zwischen 1620 und 1920 K im Vakuum untersucht. Ab ThO2:C=1:50 war die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit vom Mischungsverhältnis unabhängig; das Endprodukt war immer ThC2. Der logarithmische Gewichtsverlust war direkt proportional der Zeit, und dieArrheniusgerade zeigte einen Knickpunkt bei 1710 K: unterhalb dieser Temperatur ergab sich eine Aktivierungsenergie von 440 kJ, oberhalb eine solche von 260 kJ. Die Temperatur des Knickpunkts entspricht der Umwandlungstemperatur von monoklinem in tetragonal raumzentriertes ThC2.
    Notes: Abstract The reduction of thoria with excess graphite was studied with a thermo-balance in vacuum between 1620 and 1920 K. From Th02:C=1:50 the rate of reaction was independent of the ratio of the reactants; the endproduct was always ThC2. The logarithmic weight loss was directly proportional to the time, and theArrhenius plot showed a break at 1710 K: below this temperature the activation energy was found to be 440 kJ, above 260 kJ. The temperature corresponding to the break coincides with the transition temperature of monoclinic to body-centered tetragonal ThC2.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Ligand-transfer ; Thallium (III)
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of oxinate ions from thallium (III)oxinate to trivalent Fe(DMF) 6 3+ in propylenecarbonate takes place via rearrangements within a rapidly formed binuclear thallium(III)—iron(III) complex. In a last rapid step this rearranged complex reacts with excess reactants to the final products whose composition accordingly depends on the ratio of the reactant concentrations.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Hydroperoxide ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Zersetzung von α,α-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxid (1) unter Verwendung eines Kupfer(II)chlorkomplexes wurde die neue Feststellung gemacht, daß das Produktverhältnis Acetophenon (2): α,α-Dimethylbenzylalkohol (3) stets 2:1 ist. Die Kinetik der Reaktion wurde untersucht und ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der mit dem experimentellen Resultat konsistent ist.
    Notes: Abstract In the decomposition of α,α-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide (1) by use of copper(II) chlorocomplexes, the novel fact was found that the product ratio of acetophenone (2) to α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (3) is 2 to 1. The kinetics of this result was investigated and a mechanism consistent with the experimental result is proposed.
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  • 30
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 114 (1983), S. 411-423 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Bromination ; Dihydroxydiphenylmethanes ; Intramolecular hydrogen bonding ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bromination of 15 dinuclear phenolic compounds (dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, methylene bisphenols) by molecular bromine in acetic acid was studied kinetically at 22°C. In all compounds the electrophilic substitution occurred inortho-position to the phenolic hydroxy group of the methyl phenol unit while the non reacting neighboring unit was differently substituted by H, CH3,t-Bu and NO2. A decrease in the reaction rate was observed in 2,2′-dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, where the +M-effect of the hydroxy group is diminished by an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The strength of this hydrogen bond may be influenced mainly by steric factors. Strong electron withdrawing substituents like NO2 show a rate decreasing influence on the reactivity of the neighboring unit also in 2,4′- and 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethanes.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 1385-1392 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Periodate oxidation ; Solvent effect ; Reaction rate ; Kinetics ; Octacyanomolybdate (IV)
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von Mo(CN) 8 4− mit IO4/− wurde in Ethanol—Wasser über einen Temperaturbereich von 15–35 °C untersucht. Der Effekt der Lösungsmittelzusammensetzung auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und der Mechanismus der Reaktion werden diskutiert. Die Aktivierungsparameter sind angeführt. Es wird ein „Inner-Sphere“-Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der mit den kinetischen Ergebnissen konsistent ist.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the oxidation of Mo(CN) 8 4− by IO 4 − has been studied in ethanol—water solvent mixtures over a temperature range of 15–35 °C. The effect of solvent composition on the reaction rate and the mechanism has been investigated. Activation parameters are given. An inner-sphere mechanism, consistent with the kinetic results, is proposed.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Kinetik der Oxidation von Chinol mit Quecksilbernitrat in Gegenwart einer Mischung ausAcOH-H2O-HNO3 untersucht, um die aktive Species bei der Oxidation in diesem Medium aufzuklären. Die Reaktionsordnung ist sowohl bezüglich des Chinols als auch des Hg(II)-Ions erster Ordnung. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit erhöht sich leicht mit der HNO3-Konzentration und auch mit abfallender Dielektrizitätskonstante des Mediums. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit sinkt mit dem Zusatz von KNO3. Es ist keinerlei Hinweis auf eine Komplexbildung zwischen Chinol und Hg(II) festzustellen. Die Resultate der Untersuchungen legen HgNO + 3 als aktive Spezies nahe. Es wird ein möglicher Mechanismus mit einem Zweielektronen-Transfer im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt vorgeschlagen. Das dabei produziertep-Benzochinon existiert nicht in freier Form, sondern es bildet einen stabilen 1 : 1-Komplex mit Quecksilbernitrat; dieser Komplex wurde mittels TLC und IR charakterisiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of quinol by mercuric nitrate in presence ofAcOH-H2O-HNO3 mixture has been investigated in order to find the active species of mercuric nitrate involved in the oxidation in this medium. The order of reaction both with respect to quinol and Hg(II) is found to be one. The reaction rate slightly increases with the increase in [HNO3] and the decrease of the dielectric constant of the medium. The reaction rate retards on addition of KNO3. There is no evidence for complex formation between quinol and Hg(II). These results suggest that HgNO + 3 might be the active species in this medium. A probable mechanism involving a two electron transfer in the rate determining step has been suggested. The producedp-benzoquinone does not exist in free state but forms a stable (1 : 1) complex with mercuric nitrate which has been characterized by TLC and IR studies.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 697-704 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Electrohydrodimerization ; Benzylidenemalononitriles ; Kinetics ; Electrohydrodimerization ; Benzylidenemalononitriles ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels derivativer cyclischer Voltammetrie wurden für die Titelreaktion Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivierungsparameter erhalten (Dimethylformamid als Lösungsmittel). Benzyliden-,p-Methyl- undp-Methoxybenzylidenmalonnitril reagieren ausschließlich über die Dimerisierung ihrer Anionenradikale (Radikal-Radikal-Kopplung), währenddessen die Dimerisierung vonp-Fluorbenzylidenmalonnitril zu 25% über die Kopplung des Anionenradikals mit dem Substrat erfolgt.
    Notes: Abstract Rate constants and activation parameters for the reductive dimerization of substituted benzylidenemalononitriles were obtained from derivate cyclic voltammetry measurements in dimethylformamide as solvent. Benzylidene-,p-methyl-andp-methoxybenzylidenemalononitrile react exclusively via dimerization of their anion radicals (radical-radical coupling) while forp-fluorobenzylidenemalononitrile 25% of the dimerization proceeds by coupling of the anion radical with the substrate.
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  • 34
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
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  • 35
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ion influxes ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Exchange
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Quantitative measurements were made of the ion fluxes of calcium and phosphate into and from calvaria (mouse or rat) when clamped in specially designed micro-Ussing chambers. The effects of varying concentrations of calcium were examined on the influx and efflux of calcium and of its counterion, phosphate. A comparable series of experiments was performed with varying phosphate concentrations. Both ions, as their concentrations increased, depressed their own influx, increased their own efflux, and significantly increased the equilibrium concentration, E/K, supported by the calvaria. Similarly, both ions, as their concentrations increased, affected the influx or efflux of their counterion only slightly but did depress the counterion's equilibrium level, E/K, significantly. In spite of these changes it was shown that calvaria effectively buffered the medium at physiological concentrations of calcium and phosphate. The buffering capacity, however, was small, and the balance, E/K, was modified by small uptake or loss of either ion. The small size of the interacting mineral pool was confirmed by direct measurement of the rapidly exchanging fractions of both calcium or phosphate. They were only ∼1% of the total ions present. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 36
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    Keywords: Calcium ; Vitamin D deficiency ; 1,25(OH)2D3 ; Parathyroidectomy ; Parathyroid hormone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Studies presented here were designed to investigate further the basis for an impaired cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in osteoblastlike calvarial bone cells isolated from vitamin D-deficient rat pups. The goal was to perturb Ca, PTH, and vitamin Din vivo in order to see which factors might be responsible for the impairedin vitro bone cell cAMP response. Pups either were parathyroidectomized (PTX) 3–5 days, implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering high doses of PTH, given repeated, high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3, or were D-deficient (-D, i.e., born and suckled by D-deficient mothers). Osteoblastlike bone cells, isolated by sequential enzyme digestion and centrifugation, were exposed to PTH for 5 min in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. In bone cells isolated from -D rat pups, both basal and PTH-induced cAMP accumulation were significantly lower than in +D bone cells. Earlier, we had shown that two daily injections of -D pups with 50 ng 1,25(OH)2D3 restores this reduced bone cAMP response of -D pups toward normal. In the present study, neither basal nor PTH-induced bone cell cAMP accumulation was affected by subjecting D-replete pups to PTX, PTH infusion, or repeated high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 despite the fact that each treatment markedly changed serum Ca or serum immunoreactive PTH. The results indicate that the impaired bone cell cAMP response seen in -D pups is not a direct result of chronic hypocalcemia and that the “heterologous desensitization” seenin vitro with added 1,25(OH)2D3 could not be duplicated byin vivo treatment of +D pups with supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3. Finally the lack of alteration in the bone cell cAMP response to PTHin vitro after chronic PTH infusionin vivo fails to support the notion that the impaired response in -D bone cells can be explained entirely by “homologous desensitization” induced by high circulating levels of PTH in the hypocalcemic, -D rat pup.
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  • 37
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    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcium ; Newborn ; Fracture
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Determinations of serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were carried out in 36 full-term newborn infants with fracture of the clavicle (CF) and in 46 normal neonates (N). At the 6th hour of life the CF neonates demonstrated lower serum Ca and higher serum CT in comparison with normal infants. In the hours following, no significant differences between the two groups for the Ca levels were found, whereas serum CT remained significantly higher in the CF newborns at the 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour of life. Significant differences between normal and CF infants in the PTH serum levels were detected only at the 48th hour, when PTH was lower in the CF newborns. The results of this investigation indicate that the fracture of the clavicle is a significant and peculiar factor in stimulating CT secretion. Serum Ca level appeared to be controlled by CT rather than auto-regulating the secretion of the hormone.
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  • 38
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 365-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Absorptiometry ; Osteoporosis ; Spinal bone ; Bone mineral content ; Neutron activation ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dual-photon absorptiometry using153Gd (44 and 100 keV) was used to measure the bone mineral content (BMC) of the trunk and of the total body (TBBM) in 7 volunteers with no overt bone disease. These values were compared to those obtained with partial-body neutron activation of calcium (trunk Ca). The trunk Ca seemed to represent best a 60 × 30 cm area; the correlation coefficient with the corresponding BMC in that area was 0.97 (SEE ⋍ 7%). Trunk Ca was also highly correlated with TBBM (r=0.96; SEE=8%) and with radius BMC (r=0.92; SEE=11%), but the correlations with the BMC of smaller subareas of the trunk were lower (r⋍0.9; SEE ∼ 12%). The BMC of the lumbar spine was only moderately correlated with trunk Ca, radius BMC and TBBM (r ∼ 0.82; SEE ∼ 18%), and only slightly more associated with trunk BMC (r ∼ 0.88; SEE ∼ 14%). The BMC of the combined lumbar-thoracic spine showed higher correlations with trunk Ca, radius BMC and TBBM (r ∼ 0.87; SEE ∼ 13%), and trunk BMC (r=0.93; SEE ∼ 10%). An accurate and sensitive measure of spinal status requires a direct measurement of that area.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone cells ; Cyclic AMP ; Calcium ; Ascites fluid resorptive protein
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of a bone resorptive protein isolated from human cancer ascites fluid on bone cell calcium and cyclic AMP were studied with fetal rat cells. The osteoclast-activating factor increased bone cell calcium uptake at 37°C and 4°C with no direct effects on calcium efflux. Concentrations of the resorptive factor that increased in vitro bone resorption and cell calcium uptake had no effect on cyclic AMP. The effects of the protein on calcium uptake were not specific for bone cells, and large increases were also observed in isolated fetal rat skin cells. These studies suggest that increases in the permeability of the cell membrane to calcium are involved in the mechanism of action of the ascites fluid resorptive protein.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Dissolution ; Pyrophosphate, Diphosphonates ; Calcium ; Phosphate
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Pyrophosphate and diphosphonate ions have been said to diminish the dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals, because they lower the equilibrium concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in the bulk solution around hydroxyapatite crystals in a closed system. However, in a closed system these effects are not necessarily due to an effect on dissolution alone. In this paper we have used a continuous flow system to study the effects of pyrophosphate and two diphosphonates, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and dichloromethane diphosphonate, on the dissolution of hydroxyapatite. All three compounds decreased markedly the rate of dissolution of hydroxyapatite as well as the exchangeable pools of calcium and phosphate ions around the cystals.
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  • 41
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    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Magnesium ; Bone ; Calcium ; Parathyroid gland
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Calcium homeostasis and bone pathology were studied in weanling rats fed a low (70 ppm) magnesium diet for 2–21 days. The rats developed significant, progressive hypercalcemia after 6 days on the diet. The increase in blood calcium was accompanied by progressive hypoactivity of the parathyroid gland (PTG), as determined by histologic and morphometric analyses. Thus hyperactivity of the PTG could not have been responsible for the hypercalcemia observed. Histologic examination of femora and humeri from magnesium-deficient rats showed progressive subperiosteal hyperplasia, consisting of undifferentiated osteoprogenitor cells and fibrous tissue, after 7 days of deficiency. The presence of unmineralized osteoid tissue in the metaphyses indicated that mineralization was not proceeding normally. The alterations in differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, together with the failure of mineralization, resulted in significantly lower rates of bone formation (as measured by fluorochrome labeling) in the magnesium-deficient rats. Basophilic cementing lines and inactive osteocytes in the cortices of bones from magnesium-deficient rats indicated that bone resorption was also severely reduced in magnesium deficiency. We postulate that bone magnesium depletion (66% by day 21) has a direct negative effect on osteoblastic and osteocytic activity, and may explain, in part, the decreased responsiveness of bone to parathyroid hormone (PTH) that has been observed in magnesium-deficient animals.
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentin ; Periodicity ; Allometry ; Calcium ; Sulfur
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have described differences in the aspects of biological rhythms for calcium and sulfur deposition on the labial and lingual sides of the growing rabbit incisor, where growth occurs along a spiral axis. The calcium oscillations appear to be smoother on the labial side than on the lingual side. The lingual side is characterized by high-frequency rhythms with high amplitudes which possess the greatest percent of the power (Fourier analysis). These observations also reflect a difference in behavior of the mean Ca concentration across the labial and lingual sides. Sulfur rhythms on the labial side have higher amplitudes than those on the lingual side, but systematic differences in distribution of power between high and low frequencies is not as pronounced as in the case of Ca. The differences in Ca rhythms reflect differences in the growth rates of incisors on either side of the spiral axis. The labial side grows slightly faster than the lingual side, and its odontoblasts secrete Ca along the spiral axis and toward the pulp cavity at the same time. Thus the resultant direction of growth is more nearly opposite the extension of the occlusal end on the labial side, and Ca is consequently deposited over a wider area relative to that on the lingual surfaces. On the lingual side, Ca is deposited within a more limited area, and growth must therefore be continuous at high frequencies. The distribution of Ca on both sides of the tooth reflects these differences in growth rate and periodicity in two ways. First, given a unit area of tooth, the calcium concentration on the labial side is less than that of the lingual side. Second, whereas the calcium concentration on the labial side declines rapidly from the enamel-dentin junction to the pulp cavity, it is uniformly high across the lingual side because its growth is more continuous at high frequencies.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1α-Hydroxy vitamin D3 ; 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; Calcium ; Transport ; Intestine
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The timed sequence of events following the oral administration of 1α-hydroxy vitamin D3 (1αOHD3) to rachitic chicks was compared to that following a comparable dose of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). RNA polymerase activity was maximally increased 20% by 1αOHD3 within 1 to 2 h and returned to control values after 8 h. Alkaline phosphatase activity was stimulated by 4 h and was maximal (3- to 5-fold increase) at 24 h. Calcium binding protein (CaBP) was detected initially within epithelial cells at the proximal end of the villus (just above the crypt) 6 to 8 h after 1αOHD3 administration, in epithelial cells lining the proximal half of the villus by 24 h, and in epithelial cells along nearly the entire villus by 48 h. At no time did goblet cells contain CaBP. Serum calcium concentrations were significantly elevated in 2 h and maximal by 12 h (an increase of 3.6 mg/dl). Calcium accumulation by the intestinal mucosa in vitro was increased by 6 to 8 h and maximal (60% increase over controls) at 24 h. Phosphate accumulation by the intestinal mucosa in vitro was increased by 6 h and maximal (105% increase over controls) between 8 and 24 h. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CaBP and calcium accumulation by 4 h, 2 h sooner than did 1αOHD3. 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased serum calcium levels and increased serum phosphate levels at 2 h unlike 1αOHD3. No difference in the effects of these compounds on alkaline phosphatase activity, RNA polymerase activity, and phosphate accumulation could be demonstrated. These results are consistent with the possibility that 1αOHD3 may not require conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 for all of its biological effects.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Perifusion ; Parathyroid hormone ; In vitro ; Calcium ; Beta regulation
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    Notes: Summary An in vitro perifusion system was used to study parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in response to calcium (Ca) and beta-adrenergic agents. Perifused parathyroid tissue responded to changes in Ca within the physiologic range during experiments up to 5 h. There was rapid secretory stimulation after exposure to low Ca, with the maximum response being observed at 20 min. Normal bovine glands showed a Ca-independent nonsuppressible component of PTH release at concentrations of Ca above physiologic. 1-isoproterenol produced rapid stimulation of PTH release, the response being blocked by a beta antagonist. The maximum secretory response to either low Ca (0.5 mM) or 1-isoproterenol (10−5 M) was enhanced when the two stimuli were applied simultaneously. The response to isoproterenol was blocked by raising Ca to 2.5 mM. Although d,l-propranolol (10−4 M) caused mild suppression of PTH release at a Ca of 1.25 mM, it did not cause additional suppression at 2.5 mM Ca nor did it decrease the response to 0.5 mM Ca stimulation. The secretory response of the gland to low Ca was sustained at a level more than double the baseline rate. The response to isoproterenol was more transient, with a return to or toward baseline secretion within 60 min. These results suggest that beta agonists and low Ca have separate but related mechanisms for stimulating PTH release and may affect different pools of hormone. The perifusion system described is a relatively simple technique for assessing the kinetics and interactions of various stimulators of PTH secretion.
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  • 45
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 29-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Dentin ; Calcium ; Sulfur ; Periodicity ; Circadian ; Ultradian
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have identified a variety of biological rhythms involved in the apposition and mineralization of dentin in the rabbit incisor. Animals were injected during the day or night with lead acetate at 2-week intervals—to provide biological time markers in forming dentin—and transverse undecalcified sections of the lower incisors were prepared for electron microprobe analysis. The positions of the lead markers were identified, and the continuous distribution of calcium and sulfur was measured at 1 µm intervals between the markers. In thin sections stained with hematoxylin after decalcification, the widths of a series of structural increments (bands) were measured with an ocular micrometer. Fourier analysis of the data revealed spectra of structural and compositional rhythms with a range of periodicities which extended from a matter of hours [ultradian (〈24 h)] to days [infradian (〉24 h) and circadian (approximately 24 h)]. The structural and compositional rhythms appeared to be independent to the extent that they did not necessarily have the same periods, or amplitudes. Nor were there simple phase relationships between all of the rhythms. At some times, Ca and S fluctuations are inversely proportional (180° out of phase), but in other cases they are directly proportional or out of phase by varying degrees other than 180°. The analyses thus suggest that calcium and sulfur deposition (representing mineral and glycosaminoglycan deposition, respectively) are not simply inversely proportional, and that the hematoxylin-stained structural increments did not solely reflect differences in the distribution of the mineral components in dentin.
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  • 46
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Prednisolone ; Calcium ; Bone ; Corticoid osteopenia ; Vitamin D metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Adult male rats were fed a diet containing 0.15% calcium, 0.3% phosphorus, and either 100, 50, or 20 mg of prednisolone per kg of diet. All these levels of prednisolone led to osteopenia, decreased intestinal absorption of calcium, slightly lower serum calcium and phosphorus, and a decreased level of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exogenous parenteral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 corrected steroid-induced changes in serum calcium and phosphorus, but could not completely correct the low intestinal calcium transport; nor did it prevent the development of osteopenia. The prednisolone-induced osteopenia seems at least in part to be caused by impaired intestinal calcium transport. The impaired calcium transport may be the result of low levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and a direct effect of presnisolone on the intestine.
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  • 47
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 596-603 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ameloblasts ; X-ray microanalysis ; Transport ; Frozen
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was applied to freeze-dried blocks of enamel organ tissue to determine levels of calcium in various celular regions. The tissue blocks were dissected free from adjacent forming enamel following injection of cobalt or fluoride ions, both of which temporarily inhibit enamel mineralization. In all control and experimental specimens there was an increasing gradient of calcium from the stratum intermedium cells to the distal ends of the ameloblasts. Calcium levels were significantly reduced near the distal ends of the ameloblasts following cobalt or fluoride injection as compared with controls. It is suggested that evidence of an intercellular buildup of calcium near the distal ends of the ameloblast supports a controlling function of these cells. The changes in calcium levels are correlated with alterations in mineralization known to occur in the adjacent enamel of the model systems employed.
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  • 48
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 477-484 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1,25-(OH)2-D ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Sex ; Age
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dietary phosphate deprivation in women, but not men, is accompanied by a fall in plasma PO4 and a rise in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D concentrations. In contrast, young male rats exhibit a fall in plasma PO4 and a rise in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations in response to PO4 deprivation. To evaluate whether age and sex influence basal plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels and their regulation by PO4 deprivation, plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D, PO4, and Ca levels were measured in male and female rats ranging in age from 6 weeks to 6 months while they were eating normal or low PO4 diets for 1 to 16 days. Similar observations were also made in 6-week-old castrated male and female rats, males replaced with testosterone, and females replaced with estradiol. Basal plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels were higher in 6-week-old males (228±76 pmol/l) than in 6-week-old females (148±62 pmol/l;P〈0.01) and declined by age 11 weeks to stable levels averaging about 100 pmol/l without sex difference. Dietary PO4 deprivation resulted in a three-to fourfold increase in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations regardless of age and sex, accompanied by a correlated rise in serum Ca concentrations. Castration of 6-week-old males and females eliminated the sex difference in basal plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels and appeared to enhance the elevation of plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations in response to PO4 deprivation in females. Although gonadal hormones may modify basal plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels, they are not required for the augmentation of plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels in response to PO4 deprivation.
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  • 49
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 575-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Vitamin D ; Bone mineral ; Estrogen ; Aging ; Thiazide ; Fluoride ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by125I photon absorptiometry every 3 months in 264 normal females (45–54 years) over a 2-year period together with serum samples for calcium, phosphate, magnesium, creatinine, alkaline phosphatases, potassium, and protein. A 48-h urinary calcium and creatinine measurement was obtained. The subjects were divided into 7 treatment groups and 3 placebo groups. Five of the treatments (thiazide, vitamin D3, fluoride + vitamin D3, fluoride, and 1αD3) were ineffective at the doses used; the annual loss of compact bone was 1.5–2.2% (-X=1.8%), similar to the loss seen with placebos. Estrogen and estrogen + thiazide, in contrast, produced a 1.34% annual increase of BMC. The subjects were divided into groups with low, medium, and high initial BMC. Also, individual regressions for bone change were calculated and the subjects were divided into groups of responders, maintainers, and losers (annual change of 〉0%, 0 to −1%, and 〉−1%, respectively). The initial BMC status did not consistently affect bone or biochemical responses to the therapeutic agents. Estrogen was effective even in subjects with high BMC, whereas the other agents did not inhibit bone loss even in subjects with low initial BMC. Virtually all subjects responded to estrogen positively; in contrast we could not identify a subset of “responders” with any of the other treatments. Time since menopause appeared to influence the bone changes, although it was not a significant effect given the sample size. Bone loss in groups not treated with estrogens was 2%/year at 20 months after menopause with a decline to 1.3%/year at 45 months post-menopause. There was no apparent decline in the bone response to estrogen during the first 4 years after menopause, and in fact bone response tended to increase with time.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 485-488 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1,25-(OH)2-D ; Hypophysectomy ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mechanism by which dietary phosphate deprivation elevates plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels is not known. To evaluate the role of the pituitary in regulating plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations, the responses of plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D to dietary phosphate deprivation and, separately, to dietary calcium deprivation were evaluated in intact and hypophysectomized male rats. Among intact and hypophysectomized rats eating normal diets, plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels averaged 228±76 and 148±62 pmol/1, respectively (P〈0.01). During dietary phosphate deprivation, plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels rose to 1160±260 in intact rats and fell to 90±26 pmol/l in hypophysectomized rats (P〈0.001). By contrast, during dietary calcium deprivation, plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels rose in both intact and hypophysectomized animals to 856±107 and 742±279 pmol/l, respectively (NS). In response to dietary phosphate deprivation, serum calcium concentrations rose as 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations rose in intact rats but remained at control levels in hypophysectomized rats. These results support the hypothesis that a pituitary hormone acting either directly or indirectly on the kidney mediates the increase in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D during dietary phosphate deprivation. The hypercalcemia that occurs in rats during dietary phosphate deprivation appears to depend on the elevation of plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D.
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  • 51
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
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    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
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  • 53
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Phosphatidylserine ; Transport ; Mineralization
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to study the effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on phosphatidylserine-mediated Ca2+ transport utilizing two- and three-compartment lipid-aqueous phase model systems. When the three-compartment model was used, the rate of Ca2+ transport from an aqueous donor compartment to an aqueous receiver compartment, separated by a nonaqueous phospholipid phase, was determined. This experiment showed that the rate of Ca2+ transport was proportional to the phosphatidylserine concentration and the pH. Pi modulated the rate of Ca2+ transport; even when the Pi concentration of the donor aqueous phase was low, there was a marked enhancement of transport. To determine whether the Pi-mediated rise in the Ca2+ transport rate was due to an increase in the uptake of Ca2+ into the lipid phase, or to an increase in the ability of the lipid phase to release Ca2+, a two-compartment model was used. It was found that the ability of the phosphatidylserine phase to take up Ca2+ increased as the Pi concentration of the aqueous donor phase was raised. With the increase in Ca2+ uptake there was a concomitant elevation in the rate of Ca2+ transport into an aqueous receiver phase. However, Pi did not stimulate Ca2+ release from the phosphatide. Thus it was concluded that Pi enhanced the interaction between Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine, possibly by forming a Ca-phospholipid-Pi complex. Once this interaction had taken place, Ca2+ release into the aqueous receiver compartment was independent of the Pi concentration.
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  • 54
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; Diffusion chambers ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The alkaline phosphatase activity and the calcium and phosphorus content of osteogenic tissue formedin vivo following the implantation of diffusion chambers loaded with rabbit bone marrow cells is reported. (In this study the term osteogenic includes osteoblastic and chondroblastic.) Chambers examined 14–70 days after implantation revealed progressive accumulation of mineral. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased until day 30 and declined thereafter. The osteogenic potential of the marrow cells decreased with increasing weight (age) of the cell donor rabbit when measured either as the percentage of chambers containing osteogenic tissue or as the amount of calcium, phosphorus, or alkaline phosphatase activity within the chambers. The results confirm that measurements of these parameters in tissue formed by cells incubated in diffusion chambersin vivo may be used as a method for assay of osteogenesis.
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  • 55
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone loss (osteopenia) ; Calcium ; Corticosteroids (glucocorticosteroids) ; Fluoride ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the effect of prednisone and triple treatment (sodium fluoride, calcium, and vitamin D) on trabecular and cortical bone serial bone mineral content (BMC) measurements were made at a metaphyseal (BMCD) and diaphyseal (BMCP) site on the forearm on 31 consecutive and previously bone-healthy patients scheduled for at least 24 weeks high-dose prednisone treatment. The patients were randomized into two further treatment groups: group I (n=16) received prednisone plus triple treatment and group II (n=15) received only prednisone. The two groups were similar with regard to age, sex, prednisone dose, and initial BMC. During 24 weeks treatment, BMCD (partially representing trabecular bone) and BMCP (mainly representing cortical bone) fell significantly and similarly, demonstrating that there is no preventive effect on bone mineral loss on the triple regimen. The BMC fall after 12 weeks was significantly more pronounced for metaphyseal (partially trabecular) than for diaphyseal (cortical) bone, whereas the values did not differ significantly after 24 weeks; this indicates a greater sensitivity to the hormone treatment of trabecular bone. In the entire group, the fall in BMC correlated positively with individual prednisone dose, significant at the diaphyseal site (r=0.39,P〈0.05), but not at the metaphyseal site (r=0.31, P=0.08). It is concluded that corticosteroid-induced osteopenia is a diffuse bone disease which affects trabecular as well as cortical bone, suggesting that BMC measured on the forearm reflects changes in bone mineral at other locations.
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  • 56
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 392-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Chick embryo ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphate
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick embryos were injected in the yolk sac at various ages with various doses of different vitamin D3 metabolites. Serum concentrations of total calcium and inorganic phosphate were determined 24 h after the injection and histological and electron microscopic studies of the tibiae were conducted 3–6 days after. Confirming previous results, the injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to produce significant hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The dose required to produce these effects decreased with age: 100 ng on the 9th day, 50 ng on the 11th, and 10 ng on the 15th. This finding is interpreted as resulting from the fact that the specialized cells in the chorionic epithelium which are considered to be involved in mineral resorption from the shell differentiate between the 11th and 13th days. Although no bone changes were observed in embryos injected before the 11th day, a rim of unmineralized trabeculae (osteoid) was observed at the periphery of the cortex of the tibial diaphysis in the embryos which had been injected after that age. Thus, in embryos injected on the 11th day with 100 ng 1,25(OH)2D3, the trabeculae formed between the 11th and 14th day remained unmineralized until the 15th or 16th day at which time they completed their mineralization. In the embryos injected on the 14th day, the alterations were more severe and could be produced with doses 10 times smaller than those required when the injections were made on the 11th day. At all ages, the doses that produced an osteoid rim also induced hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The electron microscopical study of the osteoid trabeculae showed that osteoblasts and osteocytes had normal cytological characteristics and that the bone matrix did not present changes other than the reduction in mineral deposition. While the above findings do not exclude a direct action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone cells as the mechanism of osteoid formation, they do underline the importance of the humoral changes at least as partial determinants of this phenomenon. The activities of various vitamin D metabolites were compared using as parameter the threshold-dose required to produce a rim of unmineralized trabeculae in the tibia of 14–15 days embryos (T-D). The most active metabolite appeared to be 1,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 10 ng); it was followed by 1,24,25(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng) and 1,25,26(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng). Vitamin D3 itself (T-D: 100 µg), 25(OH)D3 (T-D: 2.5µg) and 24,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 5 µg) produced similar responses but only when administered in much larger doses.
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  • 57
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 702-710 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Corticosteroids ; Cartilage ; Organ culture ; Calcium ; Matrix vesicles
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present study examined the effects of various corticosteroid and noncorticosteroid hormones upon the ultrastructure of chondroprogenitor cells and chondroblasts in an organ-culture system of late fetal condylar cartilage. Corticosteroids, (triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone, corticosterone) at concentrations of 10−6–10−8M stimulated markedly a precocious formation of matrix vesicles by chondroblasts. This stimulation was accompanied by a significant accretion of calcium complexes intra- and extracellularly in both the chondroprogenitor cell population and chondroblastsin vitro, as well as in the newly induced matrix vesicles. Nonglucocorticoid steroids (progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortexolone) did not evoke similar effects. Progesterone and testosterone, however, seemed to adversely affect the ultrastructure of the cartilage cells, whereas estradiol appeared to have a favorable effect on the morphology of cultured condylar cartilage.
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  • 58
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
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    Notes: Summary Bone Gla protein (BGP) was measured in the plasma by radioimmunoassay (RIA) during treatment of 59 patients with bone diseases including Paget's disease (N=9), primary hyperparathyroidism (N=25), chronic renal failure (N=20), and cancer involving bone (N=5). Plasma BGP was increased above normal in all patients. BGP decreased in the patients with Paget's disease following the acute and chronic administration of salmon calcitonin. Plasma BGP was higher in women then in men with primary hyperparathyroidism. Following parathyroidectomy, BGP decreased in both sexes but the decrease was significant in women only. Plasma BGP was increased in patients with renal osteodystrophy and did not change after hemodialysis. In the patients with bone cancer, plasma BGP decreased during treatment of the attendant hypercalcemia with salmon calcitonin. Although plasma BGP and serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels were generally correlated in these studies, there were examples of dissociation between the two. The measurement of plasma BGP appears to provide a specific index of bone metabolism that may in some circumstances be more sensitive than serum alkaline phosphatase measurement. However, further studies are necessary to establish the clinical value of plasma BGP measurement by RIA in the management of patients with bone diseases.
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  • 59
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    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 107-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Glucocorticoid ; Vitamin D ; Osteoporosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Eighty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a diet with either (a) 0.5% Ca and 0.6% P or (b) 0.01% Ca and 0.6% P. Osteopenia was created by adding prednisolone to the diet. The prophylactic effect of oral 1,25(OH)2D3 on the osteopenia was studied. It was found that prednisolone osteopenia in the rat was associated with defective Ca absorption. By giving an oral dose of 1,25(OH)2D3, it was possible to maintain normal Ca absorption during prednisolone treatment and to prevent the bone loss. No significant hypercalcemia or any kidney calcifications were seen. These results are in contrast to earlier findings, in which subcutaneous administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 failed to prevent prednisolone osteopenia because of its tendency to increase bone resorption.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 31P NMR spectroscopy ; Phosphoprotein ; Dentin ; Calcium ; Inorganic orthophosphate ; Bovine
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    Notes: Summary The single phosphoprotein of fetal calf dentin, having a molecular weight of approximately 94,000 and a phosphorus content of 8% (w/w), was examined by31P NMR spectroscopy. The single resonance at 3.7 ppm at pH 10 and its chemical shift during acid titration established the phosphomonoester nature of the organic phosphorus moiety. During titration of the phosphoprotein with CaCl2 in the presence of inorganic orthophosphate ions, line broadening for the orthophosphate resonance was both phosphoprotein- and calcium-dependent, indicating ternary complex formation. The data indicate that the phosphoprotein of fetal calf dentin binds both calcium and inorganic orthophosphate ions and therefore has the requisite physical chemical properties necessary for it to facilitate the heterogeneous nucleation of a Ca-PO4 solid phase from solution during tissue mineralization.
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 48-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Salivary proteins ; Adsorption ; Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; Hydroxyapatite
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were conducted to investigate the factors determining the adsorption of salivary macromolecules onto hydroxyapatite. Using amino acids and other small adsorbates, it was determined that the carboxyl attached to the α carbon does not appear to adsorb onto HA and the affinities of side-chain carboxyls are much smaller than that of the phosphate group (phosphoserine). Hydroxyl (serine) displays an extremely high affinity, but its adsorption site on HA is different and the number of such sites is much smaller than found for the rest of the functional groups investigated. It is shown that the information obtained from small molecules cannot be readily applied to prediction of the adsorption behavior of salivary macromolecules and polypeptides. The kinetics of adsorption of the salivary phosphopeptide statherin, a polyaspartate, and the salivary prolinerich phosphoprotein PRP3 are consistent with the reversibility of the adsorption process; no conclusion was possible in the case of the protein PRP1. Apparent irreversibility cannot be explained on the basis of multipoint binding or the properties of the carboxyl versus phosphate group; it appears that secondary structure determines to a significant extent the adsorption properties of the macromolecules. Calculation of the thermodynamic molar quantities of adsorption of PRP1, PRP3, andl-ASP onto HA showed that the process is entropically driven. The functional relationship between partial molar entropy and adsorption coverage is similar for the two proteins, but quite different from that for aspartate. Explanations for these results are advanced on the bases of changes in structure configurations and displacement of water from the adsorbate and the adsorbent surface, the second factor being the dominant one in the adsorption of a small molecule such asl-ASP.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cation exchange ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Rhythm ; diurnal Transport (calcium) ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) and maize (Zea mays L. cv. spec.) plants were supplied with 45Ca-labeled nutrient solutions for a period of 8 or 16 h in the dark, in the light, or in a light-dark régime. Plant parts were analyzed for 45Ca content. The partitioning of 45Ca between mature leaves and meristems was shown to be affected by the presence of light. The transport of 45Ca to meristems was higher in a dark period than in a comparable light period. Experiments with excised tomato shoots yielded similar distribution patterns of 45Ca over leaves and meristems, thus excluding root pressure as the main driving force for the enhanced import of 45Ca into the meristems in the dark. Results are discussed in terms of cation-exchange transport and competition between the various calcium sinks.
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  • 63
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    Planta 158 (1983), S. 320-328 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Calcium ; Egeria ; Fluorescent probe ; Ions, group II ; Symplast
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrophyllic dyes fluorescein glutamic acid, fluorescein glutamylglutamic acid (F(Glu)2), fluorescein hexaglycine, fluorescein leucyldiglutamyl-leucine and 6-carboxyfluorescein are unable to pass the plasmalemma in leaves of E. densa. However, when injected into single cells the dye conjugates of molecular weight 665 dalton or less move freely from cell-to-cell. This intercellular movement presumably occurs via the plant symplast. Movement of F(Glu)2 from the injected cell occurs with greatly reduced frequency when Ca2+, Mg2+ or Sr2+ are injected into the cell immediately prior to the dye. The fraction of dye injections leading to movement declines with increasing group II ion concentration in the electrode tip, up to 10 mM. Sodium and K ions do not affect dye movement. When dye injection is delayed 30 min after Ca2+ injection, dye movement is no longer inhibited. Thus the cells recover from the Ca2+ injection, indicating that the ion does not cause major cell damage. Recovery from Mg2+ injection is not complete within 60 min. Treatment of leaves with chemicals expected to raise the concentration of free intracellular group II ions, notably the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, the inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake trifluralin, or the ionophore A23187 also inhibits dye movement, while the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine does not. Cytoplasmic streaming is inhibited by Ca2+ or Mg2+ injection and by the metabolic inhibitors. However when streaming is stopped by cytochalasin B, dye movement is not inhibited. Hence steaming is not necessary for dye movement. Thus the cytoplasmic concentration of free group II ions may directly regulate the permeability of the plant symplast.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bryophyta ; Bud formation (moss) ; Calcium ; Chlorotetracycline ; Cytokinin ; Funaria
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the changes in membrane-associated calcium that occur during cytokinin induced bud formation in Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. using the fluorescent Ca2+-chelate probe chlorotetracycline (CTC). In the target caulonema cells a localization of CTC fluorescent material becomes evident at the presumptive bud site 12 h after cytokinin treatment. By the time of the initial asymmetric division this region is four times as fluorescent as the entire caulonema cell. Bright CTC fluorescence remains localized in the dividing cells of the bud. To relate the changes in CTC fluorescence to changes in Ca2+ as opposed to membrane-density changes we employed the general membrane marker N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN). NPN fluorescence increases only 1.5 times in the initial bud cell. We conclude that the relative amount of Ca2+ per quantity of membrane increases in this localized area and is maintained throughout bud formation. We suggest that these increases in membrane-associated Ca2+ indicate a localized rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration brought about by cytokinin action.
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  • 65
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    Planta 152 (1981), S. 450-456 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cell elongation ; Gibberellin ; Lactuca ; pH and growth
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between calcium ions and gibberellic acid (GA3)-induced growth in the excised hypocotyl of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was investigated. The short-term kinetics of growth responses were measured using a linear displacement transducer. Test solutions were added either as drops to the filter paper on which the hypocotyl stood (“non-flow-past”) or by switching solution flowing past the base of hypocotyl (“flow-past”), resulting in differences in growth behavior. Drops of CaCl2 added at a high concentration (10 mM) inhibited growth within a few minutes. This inhibition was reversed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Drops of EDTA or ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid caused a rapid increase in growth rate. Growth induced by EDTA was not further promoted by GA3. A continuous H2O flow resulted in growth rates comparable to those in response to GA3. Addition of CaCl2 to the flow-past medium inhibited growth and this inhibition was reversed by a decrease in CaCl2 concentration. The growth rate was found to be a function of CaCl2 concentration. When a constant CaCl2 concentration was maintained by the flow-past medium, a shift in pH from 5.5 to 4.25 had no obvious effect on hypocotyl elongation. Gibberellic acid was found to reverse the inhibitory effect of CaCl2, causing an increase in growth rate similar to that found previously when GA3 was added to hypocotyls grown in H2O under non-flow-past conditions. We propose that gibberellin controls extension growth in lettuce hypocotyl sections by regulating the uptake of Ca2+ by the hypocotyl cells.
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  • 66
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    European biophysics journal 8 (1981), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Light-scattering ; Flash photometry ; Kinetics ; Visual transduction ; Biomembranes
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recent development of kinetic light-scattering and -absorption photometry is described. Essential points are: 1) In the scattering experiment, amplitude resolution of 2 · 10−5 (single flash) by application of a differential detector, stability of the same magnitude due to optical compensation, high intensity at the detector due to special optics for the scattered light and semiconductor sources. 2) In the absorption measurement, elimination of scattering contributions by the dual wavelength-method and by high aperture optics. 3) Simultaneous measurement of absorption and scattering. The application of the method is described in using signals from isolated bovine rod outer segments. A reliable procedure is described by the use of which the originally measured light-scattering effects can be split up into single signals. The method allows comparative kinetic analysis of absorption and scattering signals. The possible causal connections between pigment and membrane structure processes can be selected.
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  • 67
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    European biophysics journal 9 (1982), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Chemotaxis ; Calcium ; Oscillation ; Dictyostelium ; Ionophore
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Migration of differentiated cells to a capillary containing cyclic AMP was enhanced in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2 and was virtually absent in the presence of 1 mM EGTA. Furthermore, the cells contracted and extended pseudopods to a capillary filled with the calcium ionophore A 23187. At short distances, migration to the tip of the capillary was observed. The ionophore also induced transient decreases of the optical density of suspended cells indicating changes of cell shape. These findings support the hypothesis that cyclic AMP-binding to cell surface receptors causes a local influx of calcium ions. These in turn lead to an increase of the cytosolic calcium concentration and subsequently to an activation of cell migration. Perturbing pulses of the ionophore induced permanent phase shifts of free-running light scattering oscillations. This result indicates that cytosolic calcium is an intrinsic component of the oscillatory system.
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  • 68
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    European biophysics journal 9 (1983), S. 145-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Viroids ; Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; Hydrodynamics ; Function
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viroids are an independent class of plant pathogens which are distinguished from viruses by the absence of a protein coat and by their unusually small size. They are single-stranded circular RNAs composed of about 360 nucleotide residues. Sequence analysis and physicochemical studies of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) have shown that, as a result of intra-molecular base pairing, viroids form a unique rod-like secondary structure which is characterized by a serial arrangement of double-helical sections and internal loops. There is no indication for an additional tertiary structure because all parts of the molecule are freely accessible to ligand interaction. During the denaturation all of the native base pairs of viroids are dissociated in one highly cooperative transition, and in the same process very stable hairpins which are not present in the native structure are newly formed. Most of the properties of the structure and structural transitions of PSTV have been found also in citrus exocortis viroid, chrysanthemum stunt viroid and four different viroid-like RNAs associated with the cadang-cadang disease. The close similarity between these viroids is more expressed in the overall structure and in thermodynamic and functional domains than in the primary sequence. The stiffness of all viroids can be described by an unique persistence length of 300 å. Characteristically, regions of premelting, regions of stable hairpins, and the sequence UACUACCCGGUGG which is opposite to one of the stable hairpins, are the most conservative sequences in the molecules. Current hypotheses about the function of viroids are discussed on the basis of their structural and thermodynamic features. The suggestion that viroid RNA has features similar to DNA has been supported by the finding that they are replicated in vitro by the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II of the host plant. The highly conserved sequence in viroids mentioned above corresponds very closely to a segment at the 5′-end of the small nuclear RNA U1 of eukaryotes. Because this segment is discussed in recent models, to be involved in the splicing process, a hypothesis is proposed in which viroids interfere with the splicing process leading to a pathogenic misregulation of mRNA processing.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phototaxis ; Motility ; Flagellate ; Chlamydomonas ; Sodium azide ; Calcium ; A 23 187
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A fully automated and computerized method for simultaneous measurements of motility and phototaxis of unicellular flagellates is described. Both systems are directly coupled with a homocontinuous culture. The motility measuring apparatus is equipped with a video camera and recorder for simultaneous single cell behaviour studies. First results of studies on the effects of the phototaxis inhibitor sodium azide and the Ca2+ conducting ionophore A23 187 on motility and phototaxis of Chlamydomonas are reported and correlated with video observations. These results demonstrate that the described systems give informations of whether phototaxis or motility or both are inhibited by chemicals.
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  • 70
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 140-152 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Caulobacter ; Prostheca development ; Stalk function ; Calcium ; Phosphate
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calcium was found to stimulate stalk development in Caulobacter crescentus and to relieve the inhibition of development long known to be caused by phosphate. This suggested that phosphate inhibition could be attributed to its interaction with Ca2+, thereby depriving the cells of a factor that promoted development. Calcium was also found to promote phosphate acquisition by the cells, observed as acceleration of growth at extremes of phosphate concentration, as promotion of carbon-source utilization rather than storage, and as support for phosphate-dependent resistance to arsenate inhibition of growth. Cytological studies of dividing cells revealed that stalked siblings had greater access to exogenous phosphate for use in growth or for storage as polyphosphate, and that access of non-stalked sibling to phosphate was dependent on the length of the stalk of the dividing cell. It was concluded that the physiologic role of the stalk is enhancement of phosphate acquisition. The stimulatory role of calcium in this process was attributed to its support of stalk development and to its stabilization of internal membrane/cell envelope association within the cell-stalk juncture.
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  • 71
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    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 28-32 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Phosphate ; Uptake ; Kinetics ; Regulation ; Pulse ; Steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study phosphate uptake kinetics the cyanobacteriumOscillatoria agardhii was grown in continuous culture under a phosphorus limitation. The affinity of the uptake system reflected in the initial slope of the uptake rate versus external substrate concentration curve (dV/ds) was found to be unaffected by the growth wate. The maximum phosphate uptake rate (V m ) decreased as the growth rate was increased. Attempts were made to relate the decrease ofV m to the increase in phosphorus content of the cells that occurred a higher growth rates. Accumulation of phosphate during pulse experiments indeed resulted in a decrease ofV m . However feedback regulation ofV m by accumulated phosphorus was found to occur only to a small extent in steady state growing cells. The main part of the regulation of the activity of the phosphate uptake system seemingly is determined by a long term process that is, at least longer than 2 h. The presence of short term feedback inhibition by accumulated phosphorus on the activity of the uptake system provides an explanation of the phenomenon thatOscillatoria agardhii is not able to grow at nearμ max growth rates under a phosphorus limitation.
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  • 72
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    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 102-104 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fungus ; Zoospore ; Blastocladiella ; Allomyces ; Gamma ; Particle ; Phosphate ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The elemental composition of gamma particles in zoospores ofAllomyces macrogynus andBlastocladiella emersonii was determined by use of energy dispersive X-ray analysis of glutaraldehyde fixed, thin section zoospores. Isolated preparations of gamma particles were also examined. Gamma particles contained no detectable elements. Similar sized, globular, electron dense cytoplasmic inclusions contained phosphorus and calcium. We suggest that previous studies assigning calcium and phosphorus to gamma particles may have been based on confusion of these two types of cytoplasmic inclusions.
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  • 73
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    Planta 160 (1984), S. 12-20 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Calcium ; Calmodulin ; Germination (spore) ; Onoclea ; Phytochrome and Ca2+ ; Pteridophyta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytochrome is confirmed to be the photoreceptor pigment in the germination response of Onoclea sensibilis L. by demonstrating red-far-red (R-FR) photoreversibility. External Ca2+ is required for this response with a threshold at a submicromolar concentration. Ethylene glycol-bis(β-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, La3+ and Co2+ reversibly inhibit germination. Lanthanum only inhibits germination when applied before or during irradiation, indicating that the external Ca2+ requirement is transient, although in the absence of Ca2+ the R-stimulated system remains maximally poised to accept the ion for over 4 h after irradiation. The ability to respond to Ca2+ 4.1 h after R-irradiation is not reversed by FR-irradiation, indicating that Ca2+ transport has been uncoupled from phytochrome. Barium and Sr2+, but not Mg2+ can substitute for Ca2+. Artificially increasing the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ with the ionophore A 23187 stimulates germination in the dark. The Ca2+-calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperizine and chlorpromazine, reversibly inhibit germination. Calcium is required in phytochrome-mediated fern spore germination; it may be acting as a second messenger.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ionophore A-23187 ; Calcium ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretion ; Zymogen granule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat-pancreas lobules were incubated with the ionophore A-23187 in the presence of Ca2+. After 90 min, some of the acini were partially or almost completely depleted of their zymogen granules while others had the appearance of resting acini. With few exceptions, the cells of a given acinus were degranulated to a comparable level. Slight dispersion of the zymogen granules was noticed in cells incubated in a Ca2+-free medium containing EGTA with or without A-23187. In the presence of Ca2+ the secretory response obtained with the ionophore was comparable to that observed with 10-5M urecholine. The results obtained provide cytological evidence that the secretory response is only partially determined at the membrane-receptor level and that other mechanisms intervene between cytosol Ca2+ increase and exocytosis.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Calcium ; Granular vesicles ; Exocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt was made to study the subcellular localization of calcium in carotid body glomus cells of adult rats using fixation with glutaraldehyde followed by treatment with a mixture of pyroantimonate and osmium tetroxide. Precipitates were seen as electron-dense particles (EDP) in the glomus cells, mostly within membrane-bound organelles, such as dense-cored vesicles, mitochondria, small clear vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and especially in lysosomes. However, EDP were also seen in the nuclei and in the free cytoplasm of the glomus cells and even outside them. Preincubation of carotid bodies in media containing calcium and either high potassium or calcium-ionophore A 23187 resulted in a marked increase in the general precipitation pattern, there being an increased amount of EDP both in the glomus cell nuclei and in the cytoplasm. Dense-cored vesicles more often showed precipitates than those in the controls. Some dense-cored vesicles contained multiple precipitates, typically located in the electron-lucent area between core and vesicle membrane. Extensive diffusion of ions probably occurred during fixation before precipitation, making the localization of calcium and other precipitating cations unreliable. However, it is possible that precipitates, which were regularly seen in the dense-cored vesicles, may reflect the content of bound calcium. The possible significance of calcium in glomus cell function is discussed, and the need for more adequate methods is emphasized.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aster formation ; Calcium ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Hypertonic stress ; Parthenogenetic stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sea urchin eggs exposed to a continuous hypertonic treatment rapidly form many concentric whorls of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during the pre-activation period of the parthenogenetic development. These whorls, however, are only a temporary configurational alteration of ER which begin to break up just prior to egg activation. The conversion back to normal vesicles and lamellae occurs not only concurrently with the appearance of early cytastral areas, but also frequently in close association with the formation of these membranous areas. It is revealed here that membrane elements from disrupting whorls may become incorporated into adjacent, developing clear areas, early cytastral areas, and that this ER constitutes an initial major source of membranes for these early astral areas. Having previously suggested that the actual formation of ER whorls occurs in direct response to released intracellular calcium in hypertonic stressed eggs, the new findings, along with other related data and correlations, further suggest that whorl disruption and the formation of associated astral areas can be correlated with a corresponding decrease in the concentration of this released calcium in the cytoplasm.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Calcium ; Fixation artifact ; Light-adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The conditions that lead to the formation of myelin figures in rhabdomere microvilli were studied in the larval ocelli of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. These artifacts can result from the addition of divalent ions, such as Ca2+, to primary-aldehyde fixatives, but they form subsequently during postfixation with OsO4. In light-adapted ocelli, myelin figures are concentrated at the proximal ends of the microvilli along the cytoplasmic margin of the rhabdomere. The severity of the artifact is proportional to the ion concentration: scattered myelin whorls are induced by Ca2+ concentrations as low as 5 mM; they become abundant at 15 mM to 25 mM, and displace much of the rhabdomere margin at 50 mM. In contrast, even at high concentrations of Ca2+ few membrane whorls form in dark-adapted rhabdomeres, and these are mostly located at the distal ends of the microvilli. The differential response of the rhabdomere microvilli in light and darkness does not result from a direct action of light during fixation; it reflects an underlying difference between light- and dark-adapted photoreceptor membranes. We suggest that this differential sensitivity to divalent ions is associated with the shedding of membranes from the rhabdomere, a process that is enhanced by light and reduced in darkness.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Pars intermedia ; Calcium ; Deionized water ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytological changes in the pars intermedia of the goldfish were investigated after adding calcium to deionized water (DW). In fish maintained in DW, the PAS-positive cells are highly stimulated in comparison to cells of fish kept in fresh water (FW). In DW supplemented with calcium at the same concentration as in FW (2 mM/l), the hyperactivity of the PAS-positive cells is prevented. When calcium ions are added 60 h before the animals are sacrificed, the PAS positive cells start to show signs of regression and their granules are stored: the release of the granular material appears to be suppressed by calcium. In the goldfish, the PAS-positive cells, homologous to a similar cell type in the eel, react only very weakly with the PAS technique. The name “calcium-sensitive cells” appears to be more appropriate in the goldfish for this particular cell type, secreting an unknown factor. This factor, different from the prolactin produced in the rostral pars distalis of the hypophysis, might be an equivalent of a “hypercalcin”.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 9-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinocytosis ; Calcium ; Chlorotetracycline ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Amoeba proteus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of Ca++ during induced pinocytosis were studied in Amoeba proteus using chlorotetracycline (CTC). The fluorescence of the Ca++ -CTC-complex was monitored by an image intensification system, which has certain advantages over standard equipment: (1) Living cells are not subjected to the damaging influence of intensive microscopic illumination, (2) fluorescent probes are not bleached during observation, and (3) the rapid dynamics of Ca++-fluxes can be recorded using short exposure times. The results demonstrate the existence of Ca++ bound to intracellular and extracellular sites of the cell membrane complex in normal locomoting and pinocytoting Amoeba proteus. The application of cations inducing pinocytosis causes a rapid decrease in the external CTC-fluorescence probably due to a release of Ca++ from the mucous layer. The degree of fluorescence intensity is correlated with the capacity of pinocytotic channel formation, i.e., the fluorescence decreases as the number of channels increases. During the phase of vesiculation a distinct fluorescence mainly restricted to the basal region of the channels is observed. Intracellular Ca++ was detected in close vicinity to the plasma membrane after both microinjection and external application of CTC. The internal CTC-fluorescence is slightly decreased during the induction phase of pinocytosis. The observations are in good agreement with previous results on the localization of Ca++-binding sites at the plasma membrane of Amoeba proteus and demonstrate the important role of Ca++-fluxes for the process of pinocytosis.
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  • 80
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    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pollen tubes ; Calcium ; Tip extension ; Vesicle fusion ; Microfilaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pollen tube growth is shown to be inhibited by both suboptimal (〈10−4 M) and supraoptimal (〉10−3 M) Ca2+ ion concentrations. Tip extension rates are independent of Ca2+ ion concentration over the optimal range. Changes in the structure of the tips of pollen tubes after transfer to inhibitory Ca2+ ion conditions provide evidence in support of our proposed mechanism of pollen tube tip growth (J. theor. Biol.98, 15–20, 1982). It is clearly demonstrated that tip extension is controlled, not only by the rate of vesicle fusion, but also by the state of plasticity of the tip; these processes appear to be sensitive to changes in Ca2+ ion concentration.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcium ; Contraction ; Discophrya ; Ionophore A 23187 ; Ruthenium red ; Tentacle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The suctorian protozoonDiscophrya collini has contractile tentacles with microfilaments and a central microtubule-lined canal (axoneme). The role of calcium fluxing in tentacle contraction has been investigated using the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 and ruthenium red (RR), a known inhibitor of certain Ca2+ membrane transport events. Treatment with CaCl2 alone caused tentacle contraction with a threshold at 5 × 10−3 M CaCl2 and a maximum at 5 × 10−2 M CaCl2 with contraction to 32.8% of the original length. In the presence of 5 μM ionophore A 23187 the threshold was lowered to 5 × 10−6 M CaCl2 with a maximum to 19.6% original length at 5 × 10−2 M CaCl2. A 23187 alone induced contraction with a threshold of 3.0 μM and a maximum to 30.5% original length at 10 μM A 23187. Treatment with RR alone had little effect on tentacle length. However, a 10 μM A 23187-induced contraction was partially counteracted by the simultaneous application of RR with a threshold at 2 μM RR and a maximum at 8 μM RR. Removal of the ionophore after induced tentacle contraction resulted in partial re-extension, which was inhibited by RR. Ultrastructural observations indicated that the ionophore and CaCl2-induced contraction processes are indistinguishable. The CaCl2/ionophore treatments led to axonome disruption, interpreted as a consequence of supranormal levels of intracellular Ca2+. X-ray microanalysis of cytoplasmic membrane-bound elongate dense bodies (EDB) showed a high level of Ca2+ in CaCl2-treated cells, little Ca2+ in ionophore-treated cells and intermediate levels in the RR-treated, ionophore/RR-treated and untreated control cells. It is suggested that A 23187 enhances both the uptake of extracellular Ca2+ and the release of Ca2+ from the EDB, the latter being counteracted by RR. These observations support the proposal that the EDB act as Ca2+ reservoirs, and that their Ca2+ fluxing moderates cytosolic Ca2+ levels which mediate a Ca2+-dependent tentacle contraction mechanism.
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    Protoplasma 117 (1983), S. 226-232 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcium ; Calmodulin ; Chlorotetracycline ; Microfluorometry ; Phenothiazine ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pear (Pyrus communis L.) pollen was germinated and grown in hanging drop cultures containing phenothiazine drugs, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine, potent inhibitors of the Ca2+-calmodulin complex. Responses for the two drugs were similar: at 1.0–2 10.0 ΜM pollen germination and tube growth were inhibited. Inhibition of tube growth was not uniform; at 10.0 ΜM growth of about half of those tubes which had germinated was inhibited while the remaining half of the population grew normally. This bimodal distribution of tube growth was noted, but to a lesser extent, at lower concentrations of the drugs as well. Microfluorometric analysis of membrane calcium using chlorotetracycline, a fluorescent chelate probe for membrane calcium, revealed that upon pollen grain hydration there was a sharp decrease in the concentration of calcium associated with membranes and that membrane calcium became localized primarily at the periphery of the newly hydrated pollen grain. Prior to germination there was a reloading of calcium onto membranes in the region of the germination aperture through which the pollen tube would emerge. The release of Ca2+ from membrane sites upon hydration was partially inhibited by treatment with 10 ΜM trifluoperazine. Distribution of membrane calcium in populations of the inhibitor-treated pollen grains was not bimodal however; approximately half of the population had CTC-fluorescence emissions exceeding the maximum value found in the control population. These results suggest that there is a maximum concentration of membrane-associated calcium consistent with normal pollen germination and tube growth and that phenothiazines interfere with the unloading of Ca2+ from membrane sites.
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    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fusion ; Calcium ; Protoplast ; Membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rather than selecting for a chemical fusogen one can select for a fusogenic plant membrane (i.e., one that will fuse readily). Wild carrot suspension culture cells can be grown under conditions which cause the released protoplasts to have a high potential to fuse. Protoplast fusion is enhanced by calcium and inhibited by EGTA. When 10mM calcium (pH6.0) is added, fusion percentages of 60% are common. The mild fusion treatment appears to have no effect on callus regeneration and differentiation.
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  • 84
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    Protoplasma 109 (1981), S. 169-185 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actomyosin ; Anchorage sites ; Calcium ; Chloroplast movement ; Mougeotia sp. ; Phytochrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The single, ribbon-shaped chloroplast in the filamentous green algaMougeotia performs orientational movements with respect to light. The chain of reaction involves phytochrome as the photoreceptor pigment to perceive the light signal differentiated by wavelength and direction, calcium probably to convert the light signal into a chemical message and actomyosin to respond to this message and to move the chloroplast accordingly.Precise reorientation of the chloroplast is proposed to be brought about by a dual function of phytochrome: regulation of the cellular level of calciumand regulation of membrane anchorage sites to actin.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aureomycin ; Calcium ; Fluorescence ; Infection thread ; Root hairs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Localized regions of calcium were shown to change in clover root hair cells after infection withRhizobium trifolii as shown with the Ca++ binding antibiotic, chlorotetracycline. Some root hairs from the immature zone showed increased calcium fluorescence distributed through most of the cell. These root hair had a morphology with a notched side wall, typical of cells infected by bacteria. The maturing root hairs that show a growing infection thread or start of an infection thread, have a similar increased calcium fluorescence, especially around the area of origin of infection thread and tip of the root hair cell.
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  • 86
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    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 221-233 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcium ; Flagellar scales ; Green algae ; Scale topography ; Tetraselmis cordiformis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and topography of flagellar scales (underlayer scales, rodshaped scales, hair-scales) in the green flagellateTetraselmis cordiformis has been studied in detail and the effect of divalent cations and fixation conditions on scale structure and topography was followed quantitatively. Hair-scales occur in two rows on opposite sides of a flagellum and are linked to the flagellar membrane and to two axonemal doublets by B-tubule-flagellar membrane connectives. Underlayer scales form about 24 longitudinal rows along the flagellum and occur in two distinctive shapes (pentagonal and square). The square shaped underlayer scales are related in position to the attachment sites of the hair-scales. Rod-shaped scales occur in about 20 longitudinal rows along the flagellum and are characteristically positioned as “double scales”. Calcium in the culture medium is necessary to retain rod-shaped scales on the flagellum, absence of calcium or chelation with EGTA or pyrophosphate leads to disappearance of rod-shaped scales from the flagellum. Other divalent cations can only partially substitute for calcium. It is suggested that calcium provides the linkage between underlayer scales and rod-shaped scales inTetraselmis. Flagellar scales inTetraselmis apparently fall into two categories: a) hair-scales (not affected by fixation or absence of divalent cations, firmly bound to axonemal microtubules via the flagellar membrane), b) underlayer scales and rod-shaped scales (affected by fixation and absence of divalent cations, kept on the flagellum mainly by electrostatic forces). The function of flagellar scales inTetraselmis is discussed.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Discophrya ; Tentacle contraction ; Cations ; Calcium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Discophrya collini is a suctorian protozoan with contractile tentacles containing a microtubule-lined canal and microfilaments. The effects of a range of cations on tentacle contraction and ultrastructure have been determined. Treatment with 80 mM CaCl2 and 95 mM MgCl2 causes contraction to 28% and 57% of the control length respectively. Re-extension takes over 4 hours in the culture medium, but CaCl2-treated tentacles are re-extended after a 5 minutes treatment with 10−2 M EDTA or 5 × 10−3 M EGTA. CuCl2 causes a significant contraction at 10−5 M (to 77%); LaCl3 at 10−4 M (to 65%); ZnCl2 at 10−2 M (to 65%), but BaCl2, CoCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, and SrCl2 cause significant changes only at 10−1 M. The cytoplasm of CaCl2-treated cells contains two forms of membraneous structures when viewed in TEM; that of MgCl2-treated cells reveals granular areas of medium electron density. None of these features are seen in control cells. The microtubules of the tentacle canal appear to be intact upon its retraction into the cell with no change occurring in the numbers or relative positions of the microtubules. The tentacle cortex is wrinkled. It is suggested from this and previous work that tentacle contraction may be mediated by a microfilament-based mechanism, and that calcium may be involved.
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  • 88
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    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chilling-sensitivity ; Calcium ; Chlortetracyline ; A 23187 ; Lycopersicon ; Digitalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the possibility that the rapid low temperature effects upon cyclosis and subcelluar structure might be due to a breakdown in compartmentation of intracellular calcium, leading to an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+. Changes in fluorescence of chlortetracycline (CTC), a probe for membrane-bound Ca2+ were monitored in the corners of individual trichome cells (effective spot size ca. 800 square microns) with the aid of a Zeiss epifluorescence microscope linked to a Zeiss Zonax analyzing system. A consistent decrease in signal was observed as cells of chilling-sensitiveLycopersicon esculentum Mill. (cv.Ace) were cooled below their threshold temperature for chilling sensitivity. On rewarming, as the temperature rose above the chilling threshold, there was an increase in fluorescent signal. In contrast, trichomes ofDigitalis purpurea (chilling-resistant) showed no such changes. The uncoupling agent, CCCP, and the Ca2+-chelator, EGTA, induced marked decreases in the fluorescent signal in cells from both species. A more direct approach to testing the hypothesis was to examine the effect of modulating cytoplasmic Ca2+ with the aid of the Ca2+ -ionophore A 23187 and a Ca2+ concentration series in EGTA buffer. Above 10−8 M external free Ca2+, streaming began to be inhibited, full inhibition occurring at 5 x 10−6M Ca2+. The strand structure started to disappear when the Ca2+ rose above 10−7M. Disappearance of strands was accompanied by an increase in the number of cells with vesiculated cytoplasm, an effect analogous to that of chilling temperatures on these cells. The phenothiazines, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine (10−5M) had similar effects. However but such effects were not seen with R 24571 or N(6-aminohexyl)5-chloro-1-napthalenesulfonamide (W 7) until concentrations were reached that orders of magnitude above their IC50 for calmodulin.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcium ; Contraction ; Discophrya ; Ionophore A23187 ; Ruthenium red ; Tentacles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The tentacles of the suctorian protozoonDiscophrya collini are stimulated to contract by externally applied Ca2+. The role of extracellular Ca2+ in tentacle contraction was studied by monitoring45Ca2+ uptake, using ionophore A23187 to facilitate membrane transport of calcium and ruthenium red (RR) as an inhibitor of transport. The degree of tentacle retraction was dependent upon external Ca2+ concentration and studies with45Ca2+ using scintillation counting indicated a linear relationship between external Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ uptake. Uptake of Ca2+ was enhanced in the presence of the ionophore while RR caused little inhibition.45Ca2+ uptake was only partially inhibited by RR when cells were subjected to a Ca2+, ionophore and RR mixture. Grain counts from light microscope autoradiographs after treatment of cells with45Ca2+/ionophore,45Ca2+/RR or45Ca2+ alone showed heavy, light and intermediate labelling respectively. In all instances the grains were evenly distributed within the cell. These observations are interpreted as supporting the suggestion that the ionophore enhances both the uptake of extracellular Ca2+ and release of Ca2+from an internal source, while the RR could only partially prevent movement of Ca2+ through the plasma mebrane. A model is presented suggesting that tentacle retraction is mediated by cytosolic Ca2+ levels which are determined by the fluxing of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane and the membrane of elongate dense bodies which act as internal Ca2+ reservoirs.
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  • 90
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 359-381 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alaska ; Ammonium ; Birch ; Forest-floor ; Isotopedilution ; Kinetics ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analysis was conducted of nitrogen dynamics in the forest floor of a paper birch forest in subarctic Alaska. Low addition levels of high enrichment isotope (〈1% of the total nitrogen pool with 95 to 99 atom percent excess15N) and isotope dilution analysis, were used to establish the kinetics of nitrogen flow. The pools examined were NH4, NO3+NO2, soluble organic-N and forest floor organic matter. This approach allows a more realistic assessment of rates of N movement at the levels of nitrogen concentration encountered in natural systems.
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  • 91
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 399-417 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) ; Kinetics ; Lead ; River-mud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of several factors on the rate and the capacity of lead adsorption by river-mud were studies. These factors included the concentration of mud, the concentration of lead, the organic matter content of mud, pH, time of adsorption, temperature and agitation. The reaction order of the adsorption process with respect to lead and the type of adsorption were determined. Also, indications of the rate-limiting step were discussed and an empirical equation describing the adsorption of lead on river-mud was developed.
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  • 92
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 305-321 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Acid precipitation ; Calcium ; Calcium carbonate ; Clone ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sulphate ; Sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of acid irrigation on the growth of rooted cuttings ofPicea abies (L.) Karst, was investigated in a pot experiment lasting 3 years. It involved two clones of Norway spruce, H 253 Bogstad I and H 254 Bogstad II. Irrigation water of pH 5.4, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.5 was used. Liming was included in the experiment. After the experimental period, the plants of all treatments were growing reasonably well. However, those plants irrigated at pH 2.5 were slightly discoloured. The plant mortality was only 3% throughout the experiment, and was not connected to acid irrigation. The limiting growth factor was N. All other nutrient elements measured in the plants were close to optimal concentration. Plants irrigated at pH 2.5, and to some extent at pH 3, contained excessively high concentrations of Al, t-S and SO4. The total amount of Ca, Fe and Mn taken up by the plants decreased with increasing soil acidity. The increased growth of clone H 254 relative to H 253, produces a corresponding impression on soil characteristics. Soil acidity is governed by acid irrigation and CaCO3 application, but the clonal effects are also of importance. Norway spruce appears to be tolerant to Al concentrations as high as 50 mmol/kg in the needles.
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  • 93
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Copper ; Flowers ; Iron ; Leaves ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Koots ; Shoots ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added. The addition of 100 to 300 ppm of FA produced highly significant increases in the growth and development of above and below ground plant parts, in the uptake of nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), and in the formation of numbers of flowers per plant. Effects of adding 500 and more ppm of FA were less beneficial.
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  • 94
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 215-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; chloride-extractable Cu ; Copper ; EDTA-extractable Cu ; Incubation ; Isotopically-exchangeable Cu ; Moisture content ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amount of copper extracted from soils by EDTA was found to increase with the temperature of extraction. Under controlled conditions of extraction, the amount of applied copper extracted from soils by EDTA decreased during incubation of soils under both moist and dry conditions. The recovery of applied copper by EDTA appeared to be related to the amounts of manganese and iron oxides in the soil. On the basis of comparisons with calcium chloride-extractable copper and isotopically-exchangeable copper it is suggested that EDTA extraction could over-estimate the availability of soil copper to plants.
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  • 95
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertility levels in soils beneathPinus caribaea trees were examined in the Mountain Pine Ridge savannas, Belize, where fire control has precipitated the development of pine woodland. Slight surface soil enrichment was recorded beneath pine canopies, but to levels well below those found beneath associated hardwoods. Estimates of total nutrient pools beneath trees showed modest cation accumulation beneath a 73 year old tree but some defecits in Ca and Mg beneath a 24 year old tree. A tap root cutting experiment on trees of the same species revealed no significant declines in foliar nutrient levels after 19 months. It is concluded that no pronounced long-term deterioration in soil fertility levels is developing beneath stands ofP. caribaea in the savanna, although some temporary nutrient declines may exist beneath young pine stands. Atmospheric inputs are the most likely source of nutrient accretion and it is suggested that the establishment of hardwood associates with pine may enhance the rates of nutrient capture from this source.
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    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 319-334 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L. ; Calcium ; Gypsum ; Lime ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to study the reasons for poor peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) performance on an Avalon medium sandy loam, a three year field study was undertaken to investigate the effects of lime and gypsum applications on growth, yield and quality. Rates of up to 2,400 kg agricultural lime/ha/annum significantly increased soil pH (1N KCl) and exch. Ca and decreased levels of exch. Al and Al saturation in the soil (0–150 mm). The effect of the same rates of gypsum was much less marked, only exch. Ca increasing and Al saturation decreasing to any substantial extent. In the absence of lime (i.e. even where gypsum was applied). nodulation was poor and the plants developed a general chlorosisc. 90 days after planting. Liming markedly improved nodulation whereas annual applications of gypsum had the opposite effect. Liming significantly increased the hay, pod and kernel yields by up to 73, 105 and 117%, respectively. On average, gypsum applications had no significant effects. Liming increased shelling percentage, the percentage mature pods, 100-kernel mass and protein concentration in the kernel, and decreased the incidence of pops and kernels with black plumule. Applications of gypsum had little effect on quality except for a decreased incidence of black plumule. It appeared that the improved crop performance with liming resulted from a reduction in Al toxicity which improved nodulation. Calcium deficiency did not appear to be a major cause of poor peanut growth and quality in the unameliorated soil.
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  • 97
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fertility ; Forestry ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; Potassium ; Savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of P, N, K, Ca, and Mg in above-ground tissues ofP. caribaea were sampled in the species'native savanna habitat. Concentrations were relatively low, but some evidence of higher consumption of K and Ca was found in trees grown on more fertile soils. Regressions were developed to predict the quantities of nutrients sequestered in above-ground tree tissues, and estimates made of the quantities stored in above-ground stands of this species in its native habitat and in several plantations elsewhere. Estimates were also made of the nutrient removals to be expected by harvesting these stands in different ways. Nutrient quantities stored in stands generally exceed those extractable from savanna surface soils, and it is suggested that inputs from the atmosphere are the most probable alternate nutrient source. A comparison of these inputs for tropical areas with the quantities required for stand growth in the savanna, and harvesting removals, suggests that an adequate supply of all elements except P exists, provided that capture by pine is effective. However, atmospheric inputs generally fall below the storage and harvest removal rates for fast growing exotic plantations of this species suggesting that multiple rotations of these plantations at current growth rates may not be feasible without artifical fertilization.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Cadmium ; Heavy metals ; Kinetics ; Lead ; Nitrification ; Perfusion incubations ; Polluted soils ; Selection ; Toxicity ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sensitivity of the mineralization of nitrogen by a range of soils contaminated with heavy metals (up to 340 μg Cd g−1, 7500 μg Pb g−1 and 34000 μg Zn g−1) to the addition of heavy metals in solution were studied using pot incubations (ammonification) and a soil perfusion technique (nitrification). The ammonification of peptone showed little correlation between treatments with Cd, Zn (1000 and 5000 μg g−1) and Pb (10000 and 20000 μg g−1) and origin of the soil. Nitrification was considerably more sensitive to heavy metals than ammonification. All the soils had active, often large, populations of ammonifying and nitrifying organisms which showed substantial similarities between the soils. The rate of nitrifying activity (NO3−N production) was logrithmic in most cases. The presence of tolerant populations of nitrifying organisms in the contaminated soils was demonstrated. Tolerance was also eventually acquired after a longer lag phase, by the non-contaminated soil populations although the rate of activity was often reduced. Metals added in solution were adsorbed by the soil within 4 hours. Differences in toxicity between metal salts (chlorides, sulphates and acetate) were attributed to the amount left in solution. However, in many instances, acetate was found to stimulate all the stages in the mineralisation of nitrogen.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Nutrient stress ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Techniques developed to measure growth of tomatoes and beans under limiting amounts of either P, K or Ca in solution culture reveal differences among strains. Genetic analysis permits estimates of gene action for control of efficiency and the isolation of improved segregants. The genetic isolates have value in studying mechanisms contributing to uptake, transport and utilization processes.
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