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  • Articles  (71)
  • Rhizosphere  (36)
  • Copper  (35)
  • 1980-1984  (71)
  • 1945-1949
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (71)
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  • Articles  (71)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Phytoalexin ; Phytophthora megasperma ; Salinity ; Soybean ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rhizosphere salinity decreased the capacity of soybean to accumulate a pterocarpanoid phytoalexin (glyceollin) in the stem in response toPhytophthora megasperma var.sojae. Rapid (48h) accumulation was depressed by NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 and MgSO4 applications. Time-course accumulations was slowed by applications. Time-course accumulation was slowed by application of 0.131M NaCl. Glyceollin accumulation was also reduced in plants subjected to a period of high salinity stress (0.177M NaCl, 72 h) after a period of nonsalinized growth. Calcium chloride completely suppressed glyceollin accumulation in normally-resistant plants but no susceptibility to the fungus was observed.
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  • 2
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calluna vulgaris ; Dark sterile forms ; Deschampsia flexuosa ; Fascicle ; Mycoflora ; Oidiospores ; Oxycoccus palustris ; Pernettya mucronata ; Reproductive ; structures ; Rhizosphere ; Root-inhabiting fungi ; Saprophytic survival ; Segmenting ; Vaccinium myrtillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many different species of fungi have been isolated from the root region of heath plants. In the absence of rapidly growing species,Dark Sterile forms predominated in culture plates. It is suggested that these have an important ecological role in the soil-root interface. AsDS forms do not appear in culture plates easily any floristic list of fungi from the root surface not mentioningDS forms must be accepted with caution. Attention is drawn to the fact that these are truly root-inhabiting fungi possessing some parasitic or mycorrhizal propensities.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brackish water alluvial soil ; Crop-induced phosphate mobilization ; Flooded soils ; Immobilization ; Resin extractable phosphate ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Sandy loam soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Poor or lack of response of lowland rice to P fertilization is a well-known fact. Several studies were conducted in this direction however, our understanding regarding the underlying mechanism has been far from clear. A remarkable influence of rice plants on P transformation in submerged soil is identified in this experiment which may shed light on this problem. Accordingly, in presence of rice plants P was mobilized during the initial growing period followed by immobilization. The increased microbial activity in presence of physiologically active roots was responsible for P mobilization, while capacity of rice plants to reoxidize the rhizosphere, by secretion of oxygen from roots, during later growing period was responsible for P immobilization. The extent of P mobilization decreased while that of immobilization increased with increasing P levels in different soils. At a given P level the ratio of P mobilization to immobilization was higher in a soil where crop growth was better and P uptake was higher as compared to another soil where crop growth was poor with lower P uptake. Thus, lowland rice plants appear to possess an unique physiological mechanism, to regulate the contrasting changes in P availability in the rhizosphere depending on P requirement by the plants or P availability in soil, which in turn is responsible for the poor or lack of response to P fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber. Two soils with widely varying properties were used.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Berseem yield ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Concentrations ; Sulphur effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A screen-house experiment with 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm S was conducted to study the effect of S on the yield and, Mn, Cu, Fe and Mo concentrations of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at three stages of growth in a normal and reclaimed soil. Higher levels of S decreased the yield in both the soils. Yield in normal soil was much higher than in reclaimed soil. Application of S increased Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations in all cuts in both soils. Molybdenum concentration was lowered following S application in both the soils in all the cuts. Molybdenum content increased with the stage of plant growth.
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  • 5
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowpeas ; Copper ; Cu/Mo ratio ; Molybdenum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a Typic Torripsamments (loamy sand) soil, 4 levels each of Cu and Mo,viz, 0, 5, 10 and 20; and 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ppm, respectively, were added to study Cu−Mo relationship in cowpeas in a screen-house. Application of Mo reduced Cu content andvice versa in leaves, stems and roots of cowpeas. Stems accumulated more of Mo and Cu than leaves and roots, showing thereby, that it might be the site of interaction for Mo and Cu. Molybdenum increased to a toxic level in plant (for animals) following its application. Cu/Mo ratio was narrowed with Mo and widened with Cu addition. It was either more than 2∶1 or less which suggested that Mo would cause Cu deficiency and Cu in the absence of Mo would be toxic to ruminants.
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  • 6
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 325-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cluster bean ; Cyanopsis tetragonoloba ; Rhizosphere ; Tobacco necrosis virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In TNV-bearing soils, the virus occurred adsorbed to soil colloids in low levels. By direct assay, the TNV could be more readily isolated from the rhizosphere of naturally infected cluster bean plants. The level of reaction of the TNV isolated from the rhizosphere soil was the same as TNV-D (cb isolate) in precipitin ring tests with antisera against TNV-A and TNV-D. The phenomenon of release of TNV from the infected roots into the soil and adsorption of TNV particles to colloidal particles in the soil are discussed from the point of ecology and stability of TNV in soils.
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  • 7
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    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Allelopathy ; Ecophysiology ; Grassland ; Plantago ; Nitrate production ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrate uptake ; Nitrification ; Nitrifying bacteria ; Rhizosphere ; Root environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of nitrate in an old established dune grassland soil and its uptake by plants was studied by comparing amounts of mineral nitrogen and numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere on the one hand, and on the other accumulated nitrate and levels of nitrate reductase (NaR) of individual plants of three Plantago species,i. e., P. major, P. lanceolata andP. coronopus. For these three Plantago species andP. media basal levels of NaR in the absence of nitrate were determined in plants grown in culture solutions. The basal NaR levels ofP. major andP. media (species occurring on nutrient-rich soils) were significantly higher than those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus (species found on nutrient-poor soils). NaR activity increased in the presence of nitrate and was suppressed by ammonium. From the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere and NaR activity in the leaves it was concluded that nitrate was produced in the root environments of the three Plantago species and that the compound was taken up by the plants. NaR activities and numbers of nitrifying bacteria were higher for individuals ofP. major than for those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus. No correlation was found between the ammonium levels and the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil, and no indications of inhibition of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere were obtained. For individuals ofP. lanceolata a correlation was found between the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil and NaR activity in the leaves. The results are discussed in relation to the ecological habitats of the three species.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Barley ; Cerelas ; Microdochium bolleyi ; Nuclear staining ; Phialophora radicicola ; Rhizosphere ; Root cortex death ; Take-all ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nuclear staining with acridine orange was used to assess cell viability in the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots from glasshouse and field experiments. Results from this method correlated well with nuclear assessments made in unstained or Feulgen-stained roots, and other evidence is presented to support the validity of the method. The pattern of root cortex death (RCD) was similar in wheat and barley and consistent over a wide range of conditions. Behind the extending root tip and zone of nucleate root hairs, nuclei disappeared progressively from the outer five (of six) cortical cell layers of the root axes, starting in the epidermis. Stainable nuclei remained in the sixth cell layer, next to the endodermis, and in most cell layers around the bases of root laterals and in a small region immediately below the grain. The onset of cell death was apparently related more to the age of a root region than to its distance behind the root tip, and it was not closely correlated with endodermal or stelar development assessed by staining with phloroglucinol/HCl. The rate of RCD was much faster in wheat than barley in both glasshouse and field conditions, and faster in some spring wheat cultivars than in others in the glasshouse. RCD occurred in sterile vermiculite and perlite and was not enhanced by the presence of soil microorganisms; nor was it enhanced in soil by the addition of the non-pathogenic fungal parasitesPhialophora radicicola var..graminicola orMicrodochium bolleyi. RCD is suggested to be endogenously controlled by the amount of photosynthate reaching the cortex. Its implications for growth of soil microorganisms and especially for growth and biological control of root-infecting fungi are discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrobacter ; Blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; Herbage removal ; Pseudomonas ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Streptomycin-resistant Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter were isolated from semi-arid grassland soil and their relative responses in the rhizosphere of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) subjected to herbage removal were evaluated. Using plants grown in normal soil, the two bacteria showed differential responses to herbage removal, which were most marked in the rhizoplane, where the Pseudomonas showed a two-log unit increase over a 60 hour period, while Arthrobacter, in contrast, exhibited a one-log unit decrease in viable counts for at least 48 hours after defoliation, responses which are similar to those observed in root exudate medium experiments by earlier workers. These results suggest that the rhizoplane may be a critical environment for interaction of these two types of microorganisms, and that sequential responses of the root-associated soil microorganisms may occur after herbage removal from this important rangeland plant. These responses are most likely associated with increased exudate release following herbage removal, which has been best documented using blue grama grown under sterile conditions.
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  • 10
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Fallow period ; Inoculum potential ; Non-host plant ; Rhizosphere ; Root exudate ; Soil amendment ; Survival ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies on the survival ofPseudomonas solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt of tomato, under laboratory conditions showed that soil amendments had little effect on the population of the pathogen. When the host plant was grown in amended soil there was a positive influence on growth of the pathogen. The population level of the pathogen incorporated into the soil was reduced to one-half within a period of 46 days. The pathogen survived in the rhizosphere of non-host plants belonging to the families Acanthaceae and Leguminosae even in the absence of the natural hosts, but its incidence in the rhizosphere of plants belonging to Graminae and Cyperaceae was comparatively low indicating possibilities of reducing the inoculum potential of the pathogen in tomato fields by allowing such plants to grow during fallow periods.
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  • 11
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Zinc ; Microelements ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc concentrations were measured in sunflower leaves from plants grown hydroponically in a closed continuous flow system and with boron concentrations ranging from deficient to toxic. Leaves were analyzed at the stage of flower development. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between B concentration in solution and Mn concentration in leaves. Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in the leaves were not changed by the different B levels, although the B concentration in leaves increased with an increasing concentration in solution, showing a close correlation each other.
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  • 13
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 123-129 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glass wall method ; Observation chamber ; Rhizosphere ; Root dynamics ; Savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A relatively small, low cost root observation chamber of steel construction has been designed for replicated use in a natural plant community. An undisturbed soil profile, suitable for detailed study can be obtained by avoiding conventional backfilling methods and despite such factors as the recognized need for teh chamber roof to be below ground level. Installation procedure emphasizes preparation of the observation face in established woody plant communities. The technique incorporates microscopic study of roots and simultaneous recording of major soil climatic factors.
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  • 14
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Copper ; Flowers ; Iron ; Leaves ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Koots ; Shoots ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added. The addition of 100 to 300 ppm of FA produced highly significant increases in the growth and development of above and below ground plant parts, in the uptake of nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), and in the formation of numbers of flowers per plant. Effects of adding 500 and more ppm of FA were less beneficial.
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  • 15
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 215-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; chloride-extractable Cu ; Copper ; EDTA-extractable Cu ; Incubation ; Isotopically-exchangeable Cu ; Moisture content ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amount of copper extracted from soils by EDTA was found to increase with the temperature of extraction. Under controlled conditions of extraction, the amount of applied copper extracted from soils by EDTA decreased during incubation of soils under both moist and dry conditions. The recovery of applied copper by EDTA appeared to be related to the amounts of manganese and iron oxides in the soil. On the basis of comparisons with calcium chloride-extractable copper and isotopically-exchangeable copper it is suggested that EDTA extraction could over-estimate the availability of soil copper to plants.
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  • 16
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Estuaries ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant densities ; Salt marshes ; Sorption ; Spartina alterniflora ; Trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Element and extractant-specific desorption of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn fromSpartina alterniflora detritus was observed. Desorption of a substantial fraction of the total detrital Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn occured rapidly when the detritus was treated with 0.1N HCl or 1 MgCl2. This treatment removed precipitated/coprecipitated and adsorbed trace elements, respectively, suggesting that a large fraction of detritus-bound trace elements are in readily exchangeable, surface reaction sites. The carboxylic acid functional group cation exchange capacity of the detritus also suggests an important role of surface exchange reactions in the dynamics of trace elements during decomposition. The rate and magnitude of changes in the trace element content of detritus has important implications for estuarine biogeochemical cycling of these elements including the potential for biological uptake of trace elements by detritus-consuming fauna.
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  • 17
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant uptake ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake of trace metals by two plant species (French bean and maize) has been measured on two soils subjected to various waterlogging regimes. Uptake of both manganese and iron was increased due to soil waterlogging, although reoxidation of the soil affected iron more than manganese. Zinc and copper uptake was influenced by a species factor; French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed preferential uptake of zinc, whereas maize (Zea mays) took up copper preferentially. Uptake of cobalt by both species was increased due to waterlogging, following the pattern of manganese. The abilities of these species to take up trace metals from soil followed the pattern predicted by selective extraction of soil for manganese, iron and cobalt, but not for zinc and copper.
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  • 18
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 131-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Copper ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with three clay loam lowland rice soils (Haplustalf) to study the effect of application of three different levels of Cu(0, 1.25, 2.5 ppm) and Mn (0, 10, 20 ppm) in all possible combinations on the changes in the DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, F, Mn and Brays 2 extractable P in soil. The results showed that application of Cu decreased the content of extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and P in soils, the rate of decrease gradually declining with the progress of incubation period. Application of Mn also depressed the content of extractable Cu, Fe and P but increased that of extractable Zn.
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  • 19
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aerobic and anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria developed in the rhizosphere of barley seedlings and exhibited N2ase activity when seedlings were grown in sterilized sand-nutrient cultures containing low levels of combined nitrogen. The source of the N2-fixing bacteria appeared to be the seed. Average daily rates up to 0.9 μmoles C2H4 h−1 g−1 dry root tissue were measured, but the intensity of the activity was affected by moisture levels and concentration of combined N in the rhizosphere. Removal and washing of the roots did not remove the activity, and roots remained active even after surface-sterilization. An unidentified aerobic N2-fixing bacterium was isolated from the rhizoplane of active barley roots. Inoculation of barley seedlings with the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium enhanced N2ase activity of excised roots 10-fold, with average rates of 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3 μmoles h−1 g−1 dry root assayed under pO2 of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 atm respectively. The aerobic N2-fixing bacterium also exhibited N2ase activity when inoculated into the rhizosphere of oat, rice and wheat seedlings. Microscopic observations of sterilized live and stained barley roots suggest that the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium is an endophyte which infects root tissue and metamorphoses into vesicle-like structures.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Cation exchange ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Illite clay ; Nickel ; Organic matter ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Transition metal complexes ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ion exchange behavior of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd) in soils is shown to be strongly influenced by complex formation with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren). In a heavy clay (illite) soil, the metal (complex) concentration in the equilibrium solution is lowered by some two orders of magnitude, as compared to the aqueous metal ions. In a sandy loam, in which the exchange properties are nearly exclusively due to organic matter, the addition of tetren leads to a significant increase of the metal (complex) in solution. These effects are interpreted in terms of the high adsorption selectivity of the metal complexes for clay particles (illite clay) and the competition of tetren with the chelating groups of the humic fraction (sandy loam). In this case the resulting tetren complexes remain in solution and can be immobilized by addition of small amounts of clay to such a soil.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cation exchange ; Copper ; Copper complex ; Copper-64 ; Corn ; Cyperus papyrus ; Papyrus ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Transport ; Xylem ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The consequences of complex formation with tetren (tetraethylenepentamine) for the uptake and mobility of copper in the plant is studied. Short term supply of double labelled Cu-tetren (64Cu,14C-tetren) in nutrient solution to corn plants (Zea mays L., cv. spec.) indicates a stoichiometric uptake of the 1-1 complex. This is reflected in the increased shoot/root ratio of the64Cu-content (two orders of magnitude) resulting from an enhanced mobility of the complexed Cu in the plant. Increasing Cu-concentrations reduce the uptake of tetren, and an interaction between the uptake of tetren and Cu-tetren is demonstrated. The changed mobility of the64Cu-tetren complex is shown in more detail using cut shoots of papyrus plants (Cyperus papyrus L. cv. spec.) andin vivo detection of the64Cu radiation during transport. Results are discussed in terms of the effect of complex formation on the cation exchange process during xylem transport.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 445-454 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clay type ; CEC ; Douglas-fir ; Hebeloma crustuliniforme ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen Phosphorus ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Rhizosphere ; pH ; Root-soil interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a greenhouse pot study, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedling were grown in a forest soil amended with clays and ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Mycorrhizal seedlings grew taller, increased root and shoot dry weight more, and accumulated more nitrogen and phosphorus than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal effects were most pronounced in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium enhancement of phosphorus uptake was demonstrated for both mycorrhizal and control seedlings. Rhizosphere pH was altered by nitrogen source and the presence of mycorrhizas. Ammonium fertilization decreased pH, while nitrate fertilization increased pH.
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  • 23
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Gezira soils ; Iron ; Micronutrient availability ; Microbial activity ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The three major soil series comprising the Gezira scheme (Sudan) are Hosh, Suleimi, and Laota. Surface soil samples from each soil series were employed to study the effect of soil moisture on the DTPA-extractable micronutrient cation under aerobic conditions. The study continued for 8 weeks using an incubation technique at two levels of soil moisture (continuously moist and moist/dry cycles). The DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from air-dry soil samples were much higher compared to values from their incubated counterparts. For the three soils the CO2 production (microbial activity) reached the maximum in 5 weeks and then levelled off while the lowest values of micronutrient cation from the incubated soils were obtained between 2 to 8 weeks. Generally, the study suggests that the hot dry months preceding crop growth should increase clay surface acidity and hence availability of mironutrient cations.
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  • 24
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Fertilizers ; Intensive cropping ; Iron ; Lime ; Manure ; Manganese ; Micronutrient ; Weedicide ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An assessment of the status of available micronutrients has been made in a long term field experiment on a fixed rotation of soybean-potato-wheat at the Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke on acid soil. Results of eight years fertilizer applications with lime has resulted in reduction of available micronutrients whereas the FYM application with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers increased the available micronutrients of soil. The maximum loss of 1.0 Zn and 13.2 Fe kg/ha respectively were from the lime treated plots with balanced dose of fertilizers and the highest gain of 0.26 Zn, 1.08 Cu, 13.2 Fe and 54.0 Mn kg/ha respectively were recorded from the FYM treated plots with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers. Organic carbon was significantly positive correlated with av. Zn & Mn, whereas av. Mn significantly negative correlated with pH. Other relationship were found to be non significant.
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  • 26
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 431-435 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antarctic ; Hyphomycetes ; Monacrosporium cionopagum ; Monacrosporium ellipsosporum ; Nematophagous ; Predaceous fungi ; Rhizosphere ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The present investigation examines the comparative growth rates, at various temperatures between 4 and 30°C, of two nematophagous fungiMonacrosporium ellipsosporum (Preuss), (Grove), Cooke and Dickinson andM. cionapagum (Drechsler), (Subramanian), Cooke and Dickinson, both isolated from the Antarctic and from Britain. No psychrophilic species were found although the results clearly show that both the Antarctic isolates were psychro-tolerant, displaying lower minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures for growth than the British isolates. A modified form ofM. ellipsosporum isolated from the Antarctic grew only between 4 and 15°C, indicating it to be much better adapted to such cold habitats than the other isolates examined.
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  • 27
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 299-316 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bio-toxic ; Cadmium ; Contamination ; Copper ; Copper ; Health hazard ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Localisation ; Migration ; Nickel ; Pollution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The migration of common bio-toxic heavy metals in two typical soils of Japan under the influence of various leaching solutions was investigated. The results of the present study have indicated that the Pb and Cu ions were less mobile than those on Zn and Cd. Thus, the former two ions have largely been concentrated in the surface horizon while the latter two have been localised in the sub-surface layers. Ni has exhibited greater mobility than other heavy metals under all the leaching stress in both the soils. It is clear from the present study that Ni, Cd and Zn might pose a greater threat of ground water pollution than Cu and Pb. The specific migration properties of each metal ion varied depending on the nature of the ion and leaching solutions. The major soil factors governing the mobility of heavy metals in the soils have been discussed in the light of the results of the present investigation.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Copper ; Extractability ; Sewage sludge ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dried digested sewage sludge (cake) was mixed, in varied proportions, with three contrasting soils and cropped intermittently to ryegrass or young barley over a period of 710 days. Results are presented for periods 1–4, 13–16 and 22–23 months after the sludge and soil were mixed. At any given time the quantities of Cu or Zn that wereextractable (by EDTA or acetic acid) from a given soil showed a simple relationship to the ‘total’ quantities of Cu and Zn present. Theavailability of these elements to test crops also showed a simple relationship to their ‘total’ quantities. As a result the quantities available or extractable at any given time appeared to be related to each other also. However, though the extractabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, and the availabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, the changes were not matched. Increased extractability did not necessarily lead to increased uptake, and in some cases uptake increased even when extractability did not. It should not be assumed too readily therefore that because, at a given time after a soil is sludged, the quantities of added Cu and Zn that are extractable or available are sometimes correlated, the former actually measures the latter.There is no reason to assume that extractants remove all or only the forms of combination of Cu or Zn that may be taken up by crops.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Copper complex ; Corn ; Heavy metals ; Nutrient solutions ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Zea mays L ; Zinc ; Zinc complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Complex formation of copper with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) has some pronounced effects on the rate of uptake of the metal in corn, grown on nutrient solutions. At normal copper levels (0.02 ppm) in the medium, complex formation leads to a nearly hundredfold decrease in the rate of uptake, growth rate being slightly improved. Similar effects are observed at high copper levels (0.05 and 1 ppm) in which case the growth rate, severely affected in the absence of tetren, can be restored to normal values. High excess of tetren in the medium leads to copper-deficiency. Evidence is presented that the metal is taken up and translocated to the shoot as a metal complex and that its rate of translocation through the xylem is higher than for the aqueous ion. The effects in the case of zinc are similar although somewhat less marked.
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  • 30
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 13-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Exudation ; Lupins ; Lupinus albus L. ; Micro-organisms ; Proteoid roots ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A model predicted that the concentration profile of exudate would be less steep and its concentration values higher for larger diameter roots and that rhizosphere volume/g of root would be maximised at a particular root size for a given exudation rate. Root hairs, if active in secretion, would increase the rhizosphere volume/g of root and the substrate concentrations in it. Proteoid roots would increase the concentration of diffusing substance even further, although the rhizosphere volume per g of root may decline due to overlap effects. These effects are discussed in relation to the rate and extent of reactions between exudates and the soil.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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  • 32
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 371-380 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Calcium ; Copper ; Iron ; Irradiance ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake rate ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Scion effects ; Season ; Source of nitrogen ; Temperature ; Tissue nutrient level ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rates of uptake of nutrients from solution by apple roots were measured (a) in a root laboratory, using intact roots of mature trees growing under field conditions and (b) in controlled environment using young trees. Maximum nitrate inflows into Discovery/M.9 roots under field conditions were only slightly lower than those into roots of the same genotype in controlled environment, but up to 80 times lower than those into roots of Worcester Pearmain seedlings. At any given external P concentration, P inflows into roots of field-grown trees were about 2.5-times lower than those into the roots of young trees in controlled environment. Nitrate inflows were constant above a solution concentration of 20 mmol m−3 in both field-grown and small trees. In both cases, phosphate inflows increased linearly with solution concentration up to 10 mmol m−3. Among the various plant and environmental factors influencing nutrient uptake characteristics of apple roots were: the scion genotype, tissue nutrient levels, root origin, the form in which N is supplied, level of irradiance of the shoot, root temperature and the season of the year. The effects of these factors are illustrated with examples.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Pollution ; Soil solution ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Of 20 Dutch soils, concentrations in the soil solution and total contents of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu were determined. In addition, distribution constants were measured for Cd and Pb. Soil solution concentrations of the heavy metals as well as their total contents in the soil and exchangeable fraction, calculated with the distribution coefficients, were compared with uptake in vegetables grown in pots. Log-log plots of concentrations in the plant and the soil solution concentrations showed the best correlation for Cu, Cd and Zn. Increasing Zn appeared to increase Cd uptake at high solution concentrations of Cd and to decrease uptake at low solution concentrations. For Pb generally no significant relationship between plant uptake and soil solution concentration or any other soil parameter for Pb could be found.
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  • 34
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    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Availability ; Copper ; Extractable Cu ; Roots ; Soils ; Transport ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption, distribution and concentration of Cu in white clover were examined in plants grown on 21 soils under controlled environment conditions, and the results compared with those from a previous study with perennial ryegrass. The clover absorbed more Cu and, in general, had higher concentrations in the shoots over six successive harvests than did the ryegrass. However, concentrations of Cu in the roots, and the proportion of the total plant Cu found in the roots were lower with the clover. The concentration of Cu in the shoots of the clover, and the total amount in shoots plus roots, respectively, were correlated with the concentration of Cu extracted from the soils by 0.05M EDTA (r=0.473 and 0.700), by 0.005M DTPA (r=0.610 and 0.638) and by 1.95 per cent HNO3 (r=0.627 and 0.699). Some of these correlations were improved slightly when the concentrations of extractable Cu were adjusted for soil pH. The exploration of the soils by root extension appeared to be less important in the acquisition of Cu by the clover than it was for the ryegrass.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Coffea arabica L. ; Coffee ; Copper ; East Africa ; Fungicide ; Pollution ; Soils ; Woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Samples of soils, litter and vegetation, collected from 24, 14 and 4 years old stands of coffee (Coffea arabica L.), which had been routinely treated with copper fungicides, were analysed for copper content. Total soil copper content was found to be a function of (a) stand age and (b) soil depth. Highest levels were encountered in the 0–20 cm zone of the 24 year old stand; soil collected beneath these bushes showed significant contamination to a depth of 80 cm. Soils from the younger stands showed proportionally less copper contamination. Copper levels in litter samples showed increases relative to stand age; litter from the oldest stand was heavily contaminated and leaf litter showed a higher copper content than that of the woody fraction. Tissues from coffee bushes could be divided into 2 groups on the basis of their copper content; those tissues which demonstrated a progressive age-dependent increase (bark, lateral stems and fine roots) and those tissues where copper levels did not reflect the cumulative exposure of the plant to this element (wood, different age classes of foliage).
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  • 36
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 319-337 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregates ; Aluminium ; Bacterial mucilage ; Binding agents ; Calcium ; Cation bridges ; Complexing agents ; Dispersion ; Electron microscopy ; Electrophoretic mobility ; Fungal hyphae ; Glues Iron ; Management Periodate ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Roots ; Slaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability of pores and particles is essential for optimum growth of plants. Two categories of aggregates macro- (〉 250 μm) and micro- (〈250 μm) depend on organic matter for stability against disruptive forces caused by rapid wetting. Dispersion of clay particles from microaggregates is promoted by adsorption of complexing organic acids which increase the negative charge on clays. The acids are produced by plants, bacteria and fungi. However, the dispersibility of clay in microaggregates is offset by the binding action of polysaccharides, mainly mucilages produced by bacteria, but also by plant roots and fungal hyphae. The stability of microaggregates is also enhanced by multivalent cations which act as bridges between organic colloids and clays. Macroaggregates are enmeshed by plant roots, both living and decomposing, and are thus sensitive to management, and increase in number when grasses are grown and the soil is not disturbed. Lack of root growth,i.e. fallow, has the opposite effect. Various implications for management of soil structure are discussed.
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  • 37
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Calcium ; Manganese ; Nodulation ; pH Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of factors associated with soil acidity (low pH, low calcium, high aluminium and high manganese) on theTrifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique. 200 μM manganese increased root elongation in the range pH 4.3–5.5, but had no effect on root hair formation, the number of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere, or nodule formation. Root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected at pH 4.3 when 500 or 1000μM calcium was supplied, whereas multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 and 4.7.50–1000μM calcium had no effect either on the multiplication of Rhizobium in the range pH 4.3–5.5, or on nodule formation in the absence of aluminium. 50 μM aluminium inhibited, root elongation and root hair formation at pH 4.3 and 4.7; the effect on root elongation was reduced by increasing the calcium concentration from 50 to 1000μM. 50μM aluminium also inhibited Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and reduced nodule formation at pH 5.5 (at which aluminium precipitated out of solution), but root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected. These, effects of aluminium at pH 5.5 may explain the poor response to inoculation by white clover in acid mineral soils after liming.
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  • 38
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Manganese ; Total concentrations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece. Bio-accumulation of Mn and Zn in the humic horizon took place only in moderately acid soils (pH 5–6). Mean concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu, in the mineral section of the soil profiles, were 1383, 93, and 51 ppm, respectively. Soils from hard limestone and basic and ultrabasic igneous rock contain these three minor elements at significantly higher concentrations compared to soils from the rest of the soil parent materials. In most of the soil profiles concentration of Cu increased, and of Mn decreased, with soil depth. Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in the underlaying “rocks” were within the range of their average concentrations found in the mineral soil, except for hard limestone where much lower concentrations of these elements have been found. The latter supports the theory that the parent material of soils associated with limestones might not be a solution product of the limestone rock.
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  • 39
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 369-380 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: French beans ; Nutrient uptake ; pH ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract French bean seedlings grown on choline, ammoniacal and nitrate forms of nitrogen together with equivalent basal application of P as KH2PO4 were tested for nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere. Statistical tests on soil (rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere) and plant (root and shoot) revealed that with the exception of P, levels of all other estimated macro-(Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and micro-nutrients (Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+) were significantly changed after 42 days growth as compared to 21 days growth period. The higher uptake into shoots of Na+, K+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and H2PO4 − and higher biomass accumulation in the rhizosphere were associated with lower rhizosphere pH. The uptake of Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased with higher rhizosphere pH. While ammoniacal and choline forms decreased rhizosphere pH and increased the P uptake, nitrate form reversed the trend showing significant inverse relationship between shoot phosphate and rhizosphere pH. Calcium and iron were associated with an inhibition of the translocation of P from root to shoot. However, no causal relationships could be established. Both shoot weight and shoot P content were closely associated with a number of rhizosphere soil parameters.
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  • 40
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    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Fixed ammonium ; Maize ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significantly lower amounts of exchaneable NH4, soluble NO3 and clay-fixed NH4 forms of N were observed in the unfertilized fields with high rather than low-density cropped plots. Irrespective of planting densitites, the fixed NH4 content in soil increased with increase in the period of crop growth. N uptake by plant and total bacterial population of rhizosphere soil were significantly higher in the plots with the high than with the low-density planting. Availability of native fixed NH4 + to crops and biological utilization of a considerable amount of recently mineralized NH4 + in fixed form is indicated.
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  • 41
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Avena sativa ; Copper ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oats ; Protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of fertilization with nitrogen and copper on the amino acid composition of oat straw has been studied. The plants (Avena sativa cv Yielder) were grown in peat with a very low copper content and supplied with two levels of nitrogen (NH4 or NO3) and three levels of copper sulphate. The higher level of nitrogen stimulated growth only when copper was added, whereas, without copper, it had an adverse effect on growth and prevented grain formation altogether. The higher level of nitrogen increased the nitrogen content of the straw at all levels of copper, but particularly in plants receiving no copper. Total amino acids in the straw hydrolysate of copper sufficient oats accounted for about 50% of the total N and was about 20% higher in copper-deficient tissues. The addition of copper caused a decrease in the amounts of all amino acids. The relative proportions of most of the amino acids to glycine remained fairly constant. Threonine, serine, alanine, iso-leucine, histidine and arginine showed small significant differences with copper treatment, whereas valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, lysine and cysteic acid (derived from cysteine and cystine) showed no differences. The proportion of aspartic acid relative to glycine in the straw hydrolysate was greatly increased in copper deficient plants supplied with the higher level of nitrogen, particularly as ammonium. The proportion of glutamic acid was also increased by the higher level of nitrogen, but showed no effect of added copper. Most of the difference in aspartic acid could be accounted for as free asparagine. The possible reasons for higher proportions of asparagine are discussed in relation to the metabolism of the oat plant.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Rhizosphere ; Salt tolerance ; Soil solution ; Sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Junge Zuckerrübenpflanzen, deren Wurzeln wurzelnahen Bodenlösungen mit hohen Salzkonzentrationen (bis 〈−3,0 MPa) ausgesetzt waren, paßten sich dem Salzstreß durch Erhöhung ihrer Gehalte on osmotisch wirksamen Substanzen (OWS) an. Der OWS-Anstieg war in den Wurzeln deutlich geringer als in den Sprossen. In den wurzelnahen Bodenlösungen junger, welkender Zuckerrüben wurden maximale Salzkonzentrationen, die ψo-Werten von −1,6 bis 〈−3,0 MPa entsprachen, gefunden. Diese erheblichen Unterschiede standen in enger Beziehung mit den ψo-Werten der welkenden Sprosse. Es wird gefolgert, daß die maximale Salzkonzentration der wurzelnahen Bodenlösung, aus der eine wurzel kaum noch Wasser entziehen kann, in etwa dem ψo-Wert der welkenden Blätter entspricht.
    Notes: Summary When roots of young sugar beets were exposed to rhizospheric soil solutions of high salt concentrations (up to 〈−3,0 MPa) their adaption occurred by increasing their contents in osmotically effective substances (OES). The increase of the OES-contents was much smaller in the roots than in the shoots. In the rhizospheric soil solutions of young, wilting sugar beets there were found maximum salt concentrations ranging from −1,6 to 〈−3,0 MPa. These large differences were closely related to the ψo-values found in the wilting shoots. It is concluded that the maximum salt concentration of the rhizospheric soil solution preventing uptake of soil water corresponds to the ψo-values of the wilting shoot.
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  • 43
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phragmites communis ; Reed ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Roots ; Soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation of nitrogenase activity (ethylene evolution) to soil temperature or incubation temperature of roots was determined on two genera of swamp plants, namely rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in tropical climate and reed (Phragmites communis) grown in temperate regions. For both intact rice plants and excised rice roots the optimum temperature was 35°C. On excised roots nitrogenase activity responded more sensitivity to changes in temperature. In contrast to intact rice plants no ethylene evolution occurred on excised roots at 17 and 44°C. On reed roots temperature optimum was between 26 and 30°C which is clearly lower than on rice (35°C). The temperature range in which nitrogen fixation occurred was, however, similar to that of rice, although on a lower level. The results suggest a higher potential of the tropics for associative N2 fixation, while in cooler climates the lower temperatures appear to be a major limiting factor.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of phosphorus and molybdenum alone and combined, on the uptake and utilization of Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu and P by rice (Var. IR-579) was studied in the greenhouse at varying levels of Mo (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and (0,100 and 200 ppm). Application of P increased the dry matter yield of shoot and root. Combined application of P and Mo increased the dry matter yield of shoot. Application of Mo increased the concentration of Mo and P in shoot. Applied P caused an increase in the concentration of Mo, Zn and P in shoot. Combined application of P and Mo resulted in an increase in concentration and uptake of Mo in shoot.
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  • 46
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 391-394 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Concentration gradients ; Rhizosphere ; Soil-root interface ; Soil slicing method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of concentration gradients in the vicinity of plant roots. Plants are grown in small containers in which the roots are separated from the soil by a screen of nylon cloth. Root hairs but not roots penetrate the screen into the soil. In order to investigate the rhizospheric soil, the soil is frozen by liquid nitrogen and sliced into layers about 0.06 mm thick by means of a refrigerated microtome.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple monoculture ; Phytotoxins ; Replant problem ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere ; Root exudates ; Soil micro-organisms ; Soil sickness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary One of the factors giving rise to soil sickness in apple orchards is the rhizosphere microflora. The composition of the microbial coenosis in the rhizosphere changes with increasing age of the apple trees. An increase in the counts of micromycetes and actinomycetes and a decrease in bacterial counts was found in agreement with the decreasing pH of the rhizosphere soil. The presence of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere of old apple trees was rare, but the planting of apple seedling into sick soil induced their proliferation. The relative proportion of individual genera of micromycetes changed according to the tree age; fungi of the genus Mucor were more often found in the rhizosphere of younger trees than in that of older ones while fungi of the genus Penicillium had an opposite trend. Biological tests showed that Penicillium fungi form the majority of the phytotoxic microflora. The amount of phytotoxic micromycetes was higher in ‘sick’ soil as compared with control soil in which apple trees had not been grown for at least 15 years. Higher numbers of phytotoxic micromycetes were isolated also from the rhizosphere of apple seedlings grown in ‘sick’ soil as compared with those growing in control soil. An increase in the amount of phytotoxic micromycetes in apple tree rhizosphere could be induced by mere addition of 5% (w/w) ‘sick’ soil to the soil in which apple trees were grown for the first time. By adding sterilized ‘sick’ soil, the amount of phytotoxic micromycetes in the apple seedling rhizosphere was not affected. Increased numbers of phytotoxic micromycetes affected negatively the growth of apple trees and the morphology of apple tree roots. This demonstrated the possibility of transfer of a factor participating in the etiology of soil sickness in apple orchards.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition ; Inoculum potential ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium growth rates ; Rhizosphere ; Temperature ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The competition between slow- and fast-growing types of rhizobia for nodulation of cowpeas was studied using modified Leonard-jars. Rhizosphere populations of Rhizobium, mixed and pure populations, were examined on cowpea plants grown in large glass tubes. At 25°C and at a low level of inoculation, the fast-growing strain, NGR 234, dominated the rhizosphere but at 30°C, the slow-growing strain CB 756 dominated or was equally represented depending on its initial level in the mixed inoculum. At 25°C/23°C (day/night), the fast-growing strain from Lablab (NGR 234) was a superior competitor for nodule sites compared with three slow-growing strains of Rhizobium. When plants were grown at 30°/26°C, the slow-growing rhizobia were the better competitors for host nodulation. Fast-growing strains from Mimosa and Leucaena were poor competiors at both temperatures. The results were influenced by the proportions of the competing strains, as well as the total numbers of rhizobia, in the mixed inoculum. Other factors, including ‘host preferences’, host compatibility and time taken for nodule initiation, also contributed to the relative success of competing strains. The results reflect the persistent isolation in tropical regions of slow-growing cowpea-type of rhizobia from most tropical legumes. Dual occupancy of nodules by both fast- and slow-growing rhizobia occurred in 0–15% of the nodules formed for most paired inocula. However, the fast-growing Leucaena isolate NGR 14/1 was present in 73 to 83% of the nodules formed by the slow-grower CB 756.
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  • 49
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Autochthonous ; Biomass ; Cultivation ; Inoculation ; Lignocelluloses ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Soil stability ; Soil structure ; Zymogenous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An inherent (autochthonous) biomass is characteristic of a soil while the input of substrates for plant roots or crop residues promotes the transient (zymogenous) biomass. However successful micro-organisms will show aspects of both types of ecological strategy. The biomass generated from plant residue substrates can include toxin-producing and pathogenic species but also beneficial organisms such as N-fixers and polysaccharide-producers. Rhizosphere activity can, depending on soil, plant and microbial species, stabilize or destabilize soils. Microbial activity should be considered in soil management and it may be possible to manipulate the soil population balance towards beneficial organisms.
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  • 50
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 379-387 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Chernozemic soil ; Fungi ; Rhizosphere ; Trifluralin herbicide ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study examined the effects of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), a soil incorporated herbicide, on soil microflora both in the general soil environment and in the rhizosphere of trifluralin damaged wheat roots. Two Dark Brown Chernozemic soils were treated with various trifluralin rates in the growth chamber and wheat [Triticum aestivum L. ‘Neepawa’] was seeded. Trifluralin generally had no effect on fungi, bacteria, or actinomycete populations in either the general soil or in the rhizosphere. CO2 evolution was unchanged when trifluralin was added to the soil. In wheat plots, at two field locations, there were no significant effects of trifluralin (1.0 kg ha−1) on soil fungi, bacteria, actinomycete, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrifying Nitrobacter propulations. A pure culture study with 42 soil microorganisms showed that many isolates were inhibited at 400 to 100,000 μg g−1 but not at concentrations 〈16 μg g−1. Similar data were obtained from tests on four different soils. These studies indicate that trifluralin is unlikely to cause changes in the numbers of soil microorganisms when used at recommended levels.
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  • 51
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 77-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Microorganisms ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary No root systems in nature are without a microbial population. These may be freeliving or symbiotic. The incidence and nutrition of the freeliving microorganisms is discussed. Shortage of substrate makes it unlikely that the N-fixers in the population can fix useful amounts of N. There is a possibility that P supply is improved, but an analysis of possible processes shows them to be rather unlikely, and evidence for them to be poor. Manganese and iron uptake can be altered by microbial activity. Growth of plants can be affected by non-nutritional bacterial effects. The ecology of Rhizobium in the soil is briefly discussed, and the varying needs of different identified strains is stressed. Mycorrhizal infection of plants leads to large growth increases in appropriate conditions. This is almost always linked to increased P uptake, but zinc and copper nutrition can also be improved. The processes involved are briefly discussed. Rapid and extensive infection is important; it is very sensitive to temperature. New modelling methods are now becoming available to measure the behaviour of the fungal infections. The microorganisms require C compounds from the plant, and new measurements of this cost are discussed. The possibility of practical use of mycorrhizal fungi seem to be improving.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intermediate deep water rice ; Nitrogenase ; Plant density ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere soil of intermediate deep water rice was investigated employing gas chromatographic acetylene reduction assay. A raise in the plant density decreased the rhizosphere nitrogenase. Moreover, nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere soil varied among the three rice varieties under intermediate deep water situations. Results indicate that nitrogen fixation is affected by plant density and the rice variety.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Chemical activity ; Copper ; Inorganic salt ; Nickel ; Plant uptake ; Sludgeborne ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the chemical activity and the uptake by Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. S24) of Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni added to a sandy and a heavy clay soil in two different forms: as inorganic salts and sludge-borne. The chemical activity of heavy metals as evaluated with different extractants was higher for the inorganic salt treatment and for the sandy soil, indicating that the chemical form of the metal and soil characteristics largely affect their extractability. The different chemical activity was also reflected in plant uptake. For all metals the degree of plant accumulation decreased in the following order: sandy soil-salt ≫ sandy soil-sludge〉 clay soil-salt〉clay soil-sludge. These findings indicate that caution must be used when using results of inorganic salt treatments and different soil types to evaluate plant uptake of heavy metals from sludge amended soils.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Caloium ; Nodulation ; pH Phosphate ; Polymeric hydrolysis ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of aluminium on theTrifolium repens var Huia-Rhizobium trifolii strain HP3 symbiosis were studied using an axenic solution-culture system. With, 10 μM phosphate, 50 μM aluminium reduced or inhibited root elongation at pH〈5.0, root hair formation at pH〈 5.0–5.5, and Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and nodule formation at pH〈6.0. In the absence of aluminium, root elongation and root hair formation were reduced at pH〈4.3, and Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation were inhibited at pH〈5.0. Root hair formation was more sensitive to aluminium at pH〈5 than was root elongation. No effect of aluminium on Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation at pH〈5 was detected because both were sensitive to pH alone. At pH 5.5 most of the aluminium changed immediately to a form which was susceptible to low-speed centrifugation, but which was detected by the aluminon method of analysis, and after 24 h a precipitate formed. the concentration of phosphate was reduced also, to approximately 1μM. Toxicity was overcome by either increasing the phosphate concentration from 10 to 50 μM, or by increasing the pH to 6.0 and the calcium, concentration to 1000μM.
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  • 55
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration status ; Microorganisms ; Mucilage ; Rhizosphere ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Outer layers of wheat roots grown in aerated and unaerated nutrient solutions were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Root growth was considerably impaired in unaerated nutrient solution. In contrast to aerated roots, no mucilaginous layer but dense bacterial colonization were observed on the root caps of unaerated roots. The root cap mucilage had apparently been decomposed by the microorganisms. The peripheral root cap cells of the unaerated roots appeared to contain less cell organelles than those of the aerated roots, while the central cap cells and the meristematic cells of the root tip seemed not to be affected by lack of aeration. The bacterial population in the elongation, root hair, and lateral root zones, was also remarkably higher on roots grown in unaerated nutrient solution. In the lateral root zone of unaerated roots, even the cortical cells were invaded by bacteria.
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  • 57
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    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 363-371 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fluorescence microscopy ; Exudates ; Microbial ecology ; Model root ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The construction and assembly of a model root region is described. The model was used to manipulate the soil matrix, soil microorganisms, and to simulate release of root exudates. The design of the apparatus facilitated long-term, direct microscopic observations of microbial activity in soil and on artificial roots. Preliminary studies indicate that microbial responses to osmotic stress and to changes in components of exudate solutions are easily monitored.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Copper ; Lead ; Specific surface area ; Plant uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five soils of increasing specific surface area (SSA) were loaded to five levels of contamination with Cd, Pb and Cu, and bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown on the soils for 30 days. A linear correlation was found between the concentration of Cd in the soil solutions and the amount absorbed by the plant per gram root material for four out of the five soils, and, in the case of Cu, for all five soils. Quantitatively, there was insufficient Cd or Cu in the soil solution to account for plant uptake of these metals. The amount of Cd absorbed by plants could also be related to the adsorption density (concentration/SSA soil) of the metal in four of the five soils, whereas the Cu content of plants could be related to the adsorption density of all five soils. It is thought that the metals were removed from the soil solution by root absorption and replenished by metal cations adsorbed onto surface sites in the soil. Consideration of the adsorption density of these metals in the soil may be a useful means to determine the permissible limits for heavy metal application for a wide range of soils. Lead uptake was significantly correlated to total Pb in soils, but not to the adsorption density or soil solution concentrations. The possible interpretation of the results are discussed.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Lead ; Copper ; Zinc ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the roots, stems and leaves of bulgarian bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined for plants grown in various soils of increasing levels of contamination of these metals. Most of each heavy metal absorbed by plants was retained in roots. Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in roots increased in response to soil concentrations, whereas, in stems, only Cd and Pb concentrations increased and Cu concentration was relatively constant. It is thought that Cu transport to the stele was metabolically controlled, whereas Cd and Pb reached the stem by leakage across non suberised areas of the endodermis. Uptake of heavy metals was associated with a decrease in zinc content in plants and a decrease in yield. By regression analysis decrease in both zinc content and plant yield could be best related to Cd content in stems. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium phosphate ; Copper ; Coprecipitation ; Iron phosphate ; Solution cultures ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Coprecipitation of Cu and Zn in insoluble phosphates of Fe and Ca from a modified Long Ashton nutrient solution was found to be highly pH dependent. In one experiment, more than 95% and 75% of the Cu and Zn respectively were removed from solution after two days at pH 6.5 while at pH 5.0 less than 30% and 20% respectively were removed. Significant desorption of both metals took place within one day after acidification.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrocnemum ; Nitrification ; Rhizosphere ; Salinity ; Suaeda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nitrification rate in the rhizosphere of Suaeda and Arthrocnemum plants growing in saline soils, as affected by microbial populations, temperature, pH, and organic matter, was examined in the field throughout the year. The genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were most common in the rhizosphere soil. The bacterial counts in the rhizosphere of both plants fluctuated during the study period, reaching peak values during February–March and in August. The nitrate concentration in the rhizosphere soil could be related with the observed increase in the numbers of ammonium-oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizers in the latter part of the study period. The pH of the rhizosphere soils did not have any influence on the nitrification rate at the values measured. The rhizosphere organic content varied between 1.8 and 4% (w/w), showing the continuous availability of organic matter in the soil. The seasonal changes in bacterial populations in the rhizospheres of both plants was described as the result of the combination of several factors.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Aspergillus niger ; Aspergillus sydowi ; Capsicum annuum ; Chilli Citrulline ; Cladosporium cladosporioides ; Exudates ; Fusarium moniliforme ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.Capsici ; Fusarium solani ; Inhibitory ; Methionine ; Penicillium janthocitrinum d-1-β ; phenylalanine ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere ; Stimulatory ; Trichoderma viride ; d-Xylose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From root exudates of three cultivars of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) 12 amino acids and 7 sugars were detected. Methionine, d-1-β phenylalanine, citrulline and d-xylose were detected only from the root exudates of resdistant cultivars. The root exudates of resistant variety inhibited spore germination of the pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.capsici), but that of susceptible variety enhanced spore germiantion of the same. Spore germiantion of antagonistic fungi (Trichderma viride andAspergillus sydowi) was also influenced by the root exudates of resistant and susceptible varieties, but the influence was different. Spore germiantion of a number of rhizosphere fungi was studied and in general root exudate of susceptible cultivar enhanced spore germiantion of majority of fungi, but spore germination of antagonistic fungi against the pathogen was inhibited. However, root exudate of resistant cultivar stimulated spore germination of antagonistic fungi.
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  • 63
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation ; Grasslands ; Rhizosphere ; Stripmined land reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From 36 to 71% of bacteria, depending on the sampling site, that were isolated from the soil or rhizosphere of undisturbed prairie soil or reclamation sites of strip-mined grassland areas in western North Dakota were capable of reducing acetylene. These bacteria generally could be divided into two populations; one capable of acetylene reduction under aerobic conditions and another capable of acetylene reduction under anaerobic conditions. The reclamation site to which no topsoil had been applied, pH 8.5, had a bacterial population which generally was capable of higher levels of acetylene reduction than individual bacteria isolated from other sites.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soil ; Complexed metals ; Copper ; Iron oxides ; Lime ; Manganese oxides ; Organic matter ; Redistribution ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The redistribution of zinc and copper in a soil as a result of waterlogging has been studied using selective extractants to remove metals held by specific mechanisms. Waterlogging over a period of 16 weeks resulted in a lowering of soluble, exchangeable and organically bound zinc and copper. There is a concomitant increase in the levels of these metals held by specific adsorption (acetic acid extractable) and by poorly ordered oxides (oxalate extractable). It is suggested that the breakdown of these oxides of iron and manganese, which is brought about by waterlogging, provides surfaces with high adsorptive capacity for zinc and copper. Addition of 1% dried grass or 1% lime to the soil caused an acceleration in metal redistribution. Some of the copper released was retained in the standing water, presumably as a soluble chelate. This was not the case with zinc.
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  • 66
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    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 473-477 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hexachloroxyclohexane ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Redox potential ; Rhizosphere ; Rice plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of application of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH=gamma BHC), to a submerged tropical field soil at rates equivalent to recommended field rates (1–2.5kg a.i./ha) and twice this level, upon the rhizosphere soil nitrogenase, nitrogen fixers, and soil redox potential (Eh) was investigated. The rhizosphere soil from HCH-treated field exhibited significantly higher nitrogenase activity than that from untreated fields. HCH retarded the drop in redox potential of the field soil upto 80 days after transplantation under submerged conditions. Populations of nitrogen-fixingAzospirillum sp. and Azotobacter, to a greater extent, and anaerobic organisms, to a lesser extent, were stimulated in HCH-treated soils. Results indicate the stimulation of heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria by HCH in submerged paddy soils.
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  • 67
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 275-286 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Availability ; Copper ; Extractable-Cu ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrogen ; Roots ; Soils ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption and transport of Cu were studied in perennial ryegrass grwon on 21 soils under controlled environment conditions. Neither the concentration, nor the total amount, of Cu in the shoots was related to available Cu in the soils as assessed by extraction with 0.05M EDTA, 0.005M DTPA, or 1.95 per cent HNO3. The concentration in the roots and, more especially, absorption per unit weight of root (i.e. μg Cu g dry wt−1) were, however, highly correlated with available soil Cu. This suggests that, unless the extent of exploitation of the soil by roots is taken into account, measurements of available Cu will not be effective in predicting uptake by plants. On average, 63 per cent of the Cu absorbed by the roots was retained in the roots, and variation in the proportion retained was related to the transport of nitrogen from roots to shoots. On some soils the concentrations of N and Cu in the shoots were significantly correlated, and variation in N concentration accounted for a considerable proportion of the variance in the Cu concentration at later harvests. The relative importance of the measured soil (pH, organic matter) and plant (dry weight, N content) factors changed markedly over 6 successive harvests.
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  • 68
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Chromium ; Copper ; Crops ; Heavy-metal tolerance/interaction ; Lead ; Nickel ; Sewage sludge ; Toxicity ; Trees ; Vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poplar (Populus euramericana ‘Robusta’), oats (Avena sativa L. ‘Leander’), maize (Zea mays L. ‘Ona 36’), English ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), butter head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Reskia’), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ‘Subito’) and French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Prelude’), were grown in pots with pure sewage sludge (pH 6.7), amended with Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn acetates, either added singly or in combination, to study metal effects on plant growth and metal uptake. Phytotoxic metal doses varied with metal and plant species, increasing in the order Cd〈Ni〈Cu〈Zn〈Cr and Pb. The threshold dose of toxic metals applied in combination was generally lower than that of metals given singly. Addition of Cd, Ni and Zn was clearly reflected in the respective plant concentrations. This was much less so for Cu, whereas Cr and Pb concentrations were not affected in most plant species. Critical plant (leaf) metal concentrations were lower for metals applied in combination than for single metals. Because of such phenomena the use of critical levels as a diagnostic tool for determining potential multiple metal toxicity is limited.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Downy mildew ; Microflora ; Phyllosphere ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of phyllosphere microflora showed that in the resistant cultivar (PHB-14) there was a significantly higher population of fungi, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, compared to susceptible cultivar (NHB-3) under healthy and diseased situations. The cultivars during earhead stage supported maximum phyllosphere fungal and gram negative bacterial populations. The rhizosphere of the susceptible cultivar under downy mildew influence supported maximum fungal and gram negative bacterial populations and the rhizosphere effect was the highest in downy mildew colonized susceptible NHB-3 at the earhead stage (95 days after planting). Among the fungi isolated Cladosporium dominated the phyllosphere of resistant, susceptible and susceptible cultivar under the influence of downy mildew. Among the rhizosphere microflora the population ofAspergillus sp. was found to be greatest in resistant, susceptible and the susceptible cultivar under the influence of downy mildew.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fluorescent antibody ; Immunofluorescence ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizosphere ; Root surfaces ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of nativeRhizobium japonicum 123 in the rhizospheres of field and pot grown plants as determined by immunofluorescence were calculated on the basis of root surface area. The density ofR. japonicum 123 on the root fluctuated between a few hundred to over a thousand per square centimeter of root surface. As root volume expanded rapidly, the Rhizobium density fell to less than one hundred per unit area. There was no appreciable effect due to different plant, nitrogen amendment, or addition of another strain ofR. japonicum, on the surface density of the nativeR. japonicum population on roots. Nor did the native population influence the added strain. Direct examination of root surface segments revealed that naturalized rhizobia existed sparsely on root surfaces in the form of short rods. They were observed to be attached sideways or in a polar manner on root hairs, epidermal cells, and at junctions of tap and lateral roots. There was no evidence of specific stimulation of the homologous Rhizobium by the host plant as a prelude to nodulation.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Aluminium ; Boron ; Copper ; Factorial design ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nutrient solutions ; pH ; Phosphorus uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sorption of phosphorus from nutrient solution and the pH change in the nutrient solution were monitored over a 24 hour period forTrifolium repens L. cv. ‘Grasslands Huia’ plants. Two different concentration levels of micro-nutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and Al formed the factors of a fractional replicate of a 26 factorial design. Measurements were made at four time intervals (30 minutes after the plants were placed on the pots, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours later). In addition to phosphorus, fourteen other nutrients (including nitrate and ammonium) were monitored throughout the experiment. The sorption of phosphorus was significantly influenced by both aluminium and iron. The effect of aluminium and iron on phosphorus sorption is attributed to physico-chemical sorption processes involving the root surface. However the effect on the removal of phosphorus by boron, copper, manganese and zinc was observed only as first order interaction effects —B−Zn, Cu−Zn, Mn−Zn. Thus these three elements (B, Cu and Mn) only affect phosphorus removal in conjunction with zinc. Aluminium and iron together had a separate but very significant effect on the removal of phosphorus at most periods throughout the experiment. In contrast, pH was affected only by aluminium, iron (the pH drop was enhanced) and manganese (the pH drop was decreased) as main effects independent of the other treatment elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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