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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of inphase interaction pattern in EEG (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 133-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: time domain analysis of EEG ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Inphase interactions among EEG signals recorded using eight electrodes were investigated. The inphase interaction parameters are presented in two ways: (1) matrix form in which the number of inphase interactions are tabulated; and (2) histogram in which the number of inphase interactions are plotted pair-wise between two sites as a function of phase delays in milliseconds. The highest number of interactions occurs between 0 and 8 ms in normal brains.The values of interaction parameters are enhanced by various activities. For example, inphase interaction parameters increase in the motor area in the right hemisphere if the EEG is recorded during repeated left fist clenching. Inphase interactions are drastically altered by the presence of a tumor. We studied the inphase interactions of the EEG of a patient having an occipital tumor. The interaction parameters are greatly diminished in this area, indicating a severe impairment of neuronal communications between both hemispheres in the occipital region.The confidence limits of the changes in inphase interaction parameters during fist clenching are tested statistically using the Student's t test. The test shows that the interaction parameters increase, in general, with 1-5% confidence limits in respective cortex areas as a result of fist clenching.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030117
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  • 102
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030201
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of electromagnetic radiation in the range 20-300 MHz on the vacuolar potential of characean cells (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: characean cells ; thermal response ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A giant cell (circa 10 mm long) of Chara braunii or Nitella flexilis was placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus, and the vacuolar potential at one end was monitored with a micropipette while the other end was exposed to pulses of VHF radiation at electric field strengths up to 6250 V/m. With suitable filtering and signal averaging, offsets of the vacuolar potential could be detected in real time and at levels as low as 1 μU V. The only effect that has been reproducibly observed in the carrier frequency range 20-300 MHz was the slow ramp-like hyperpolarization previously reported [Pickard and Barsoum, 1981] and tentatively attributed to electromagnetic heating of the system. The slopes of these ramps became more pronounced with increasing frequency and behaved in accordance with theoretical predictions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030203
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of high-voltage pulses on the viability of human leucocytes in vitro (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: leucocytes ; transient currents ; spark discharges ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Human leucocytes were exposed to high-voltage pulses (transient currents) produced by discharging a capacitor through a test chamber containing the cell suspension then tested for viability using trypan blue. With the pulse discharge times of 1 and 3 μs increases in the number of dyeloaded cells were seen for field strengths above 2.6 kV/cm in the sample. For 0.2-μs pulses the critical field strength was about 5 kV/cm.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030205
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Temperature dependence of ultrasound-induced cell killing: The role of membrane fluidity (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasound ; temperature-dependent cell killing ; membrane fluidity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chinese hamster cells in suspension were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound (US) at 54 W/cm2 and various temperatures between 2 and 44 °C. Activation energies were 2.6 and 24 kcal/mole below and above 35 °C, respectively. Procaine, a local anaesthetic drug known to increase membrane fluidity, enhanced cellular inactivation by US above 41 °C, increasing the activation energy to 62 kcal/mole. The inactivation of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium by US was also dependent on the exposure temperature, with an activation energy of 2.9 kcal/mole between 2 and 44 °C. These data are most simply explained by the hypothesis that membranes are a major target for cellular inactivation by US and that the fluidity of the membranes is important in this respect.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030209
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030301
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Low frequency amplitude modulated microwave fields change calcium efflux rates from synaptosomes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 309-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave fields ; calcium efflux ; synaptosomes ; rate constants ; perfusion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium(45Ca2 +) efflux from preloaded synaptosomes was studied with a continuous perfusion technique and the rate constants of a two-phase efflux process calculated. When 16-Hz sinusoidally amplitude modulated 450-MHz microwave field (maximal incident intensity 0.5 mW/ cm2, modulation depth 75%) was applied during the second phase, the rate constant increased by 38%. Unmodulated or 60-Hz modulated signals were not effective. This microwave fieldinduced change can be distinguished from CaCl2-stimulated 45Ca2 + efflux which is most probably derived intracellularly. These data suggest that the microwave-field-induced change in calcium efflux probably did not involve intracellular calcium. Also, this change in the dynamic property of synaptosomes did not require gross anatomically intact tissue as a substrate for field tissue interaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030303
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  • 108
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    Effects of 60-Hz electric fields on specific humoral and cellular components of the immune system (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: immunology ; mice ; 60-Hz electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We evaluated humoral and cellular functions of the immune system of Swiss-Webster mice exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at 100 kV/m. No significant differences were observed in primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (precipitating antibody levels) between exposed (30 or 60 days) and control mice, nor were there significant changes in mitogen-stimulation response of spleen cells from mice similarly exposed for 90 or 150 days when compared to sham-exposed animals.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030306
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  • 109
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    Electromagnetic dosimetry in a sitting rhesus model at 225 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 385-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; rhesus model dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dosimetric measurements in a 9.5-kg tissue-equivalent rhesus model were conducted at 225 MHz using a nonperturbing temperature probe and a gradient-layer calorimeter. Temperature probe measurements showed deep penetration of electromagnetic energy, and calorimeter experiments showed an average SAR (0.285 W/kg per mW/cm2) that was nearly three times greater than that observed for the same model at 1.29 GHz.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030310
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  • 110
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    The vacuolar potential of characean cells subjected to electromagnetic radiation in the range 200-8,200 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Characean cells ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single giant cells of Chara braunii and Nitella flexilis were placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus and subjected to bursts of electromagnetic radiation (carrier frequencies from 200 to 8,200 MHz) at a nominal power level of 100 W/m2. The vacuolar potential was monitored with a micropipette, and offsets as low as 1 μ V could be resolved in real time by suitable filtering and signal averaging; under these conditions, no offsets of the vacuolar potential were detected. At much higher power levels (corresponding to 〉 2 V rms between microstrip and ground plane), the slow hyperpolarizing ramp reported at lower frequencies could be seen but, because of insufficient power, could not be accurately measured. It appeared to decay beyond 500 MHz and to be absent at and above 950 MHz. To investigate reports that snail neurons irradiated for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and approximately 15.5 W/kg developed lowered membrane resistivities, Characean cells were exposed in the microstrip apparatus for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and 230 W/m2; their membrane resistivities were found to be lowered about 18.5%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030402
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  • 111
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    Effects of X-band microwave exposure on rabbit erythrocytes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 453-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; whole blood ; washed red cells ; permeability alterations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rabbit erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated X-band microwaves in wave guide exposure chambers. Erythrocytes were exposed as whole (hep-arinized) blood suspensions or as washed cells in 1:1 isotonic buffered K+-free saline suspensions. Statistically significant increases in K+ efflux relative to thermal controls were detected when red cells were exposed in whole blood suspensions to either CW or pulsed 8.42-GHz microwaves at SARs that resulted in equilibrium sample temperatures of approximately 24 °C. Under the same exposure conditions, no statistically significant K+ efflux occurred in the case of 1:1 red cell suspensions. Measured differences in sample heating rates and temperature gradients between microwave-exposed and heated control suspensions may account in part for the differential effect of microwave exposure but such effects do not appear to explain the results of this study fully.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030408
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  • 112
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    Evidence for electrostatic enhancement of odor receptor function by worker honeybee antennae (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 413-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: honeybee ; olfaction ; electrostatics ; electret ; chemosensillae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pore plates (placoid chemosensillae) on the antennae of dead worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) apparently retained a static electric charge that was significantly different from that of the surrounding cuticle. Residual charge resulted in the concentration of airborne particulate matter over the rim of exposed pore plates to the virtual exclusion of such deposition on surrounding cuticle. Postmortem integrity of polar lipids associated with the pore plate and adjacent sense cells is hypothesized as the source of the static potential. Such a lipoidal matrix, if functioning as an electret and if attracting odorous molecules to receptor cells from outside the odor stream of individual receptors, would greatly enhance receptor efficiency of living bees.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030404
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  • 113
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    In vivo and in vitro dielectric properties of animal tissues at radio frequencies (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 421-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric properties ; radio frequencles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An open-ended coaxial line and an improved measurement method employing a computer controlled network analyzer were used to measure the permittivity of cat tissues. Muscle, spleen, kidney cortex, liver,and brain cortex were measured in vivo and in vitro at frequencies between 100 MHz and 8 GHz. The differences between the permittivities of these cat tissues, in the aforementioned range of frequencies, when measured in vivo and a few (up to four) hours after death, were found to be within the experimental uncertainty.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030405
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  • 114
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    Far-field dosimetric measurements in a full-sized man model at 2.0 GHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 433-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; microwave absorption ; man-sized model ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Electromagnetic dosimetry was conducted in a tissue-equivalent full-sized model of man irradiated at 2 GHz inside a microwave-anechoic chamber. A nonperturbing temperature probe and a gradient-layer calorimeter were used to determine local and whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR), respectively. Relatively high SAR values were found in the limbs compared to the axis of the trunk of the model. The calorimeter experiments yielded an average SAR about three times higher than that estimated theoretically for a prolate spheroidal model of man. It is suggested that resonant interactions involving the limbs may be responsible for the disparity between theory and experiment.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030406
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  • 115
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    What are non-thermal electric biological effects? (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 45-46 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Non-thermal biological effects ; electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion of the general implication of the existance of non-thermal biological effects of electromagnetic fields is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030109
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  • 116
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    Comparison of bacterial growth to high-intensity microwave exposure and conventional heating (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 471-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 8.8 GHz ; pulsed microwave ; thermal vs microwave alteration ; E coli ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Escherichia coli pol A+ and pol A- strains were exposed to 8.8-GHz microwaves pulsed at 1,000 Hz (1-μs pulse width) and an SAR of 40 W/kg, which increased the temperature of the cell culture by 7 °C. Two-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the growth rates of microwave irradiated and thermally exposed cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030410
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  • 117
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    Thin-layer liquid crystal thermometry of cells in vitro during hyperthermal microwave irradiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: liquid crystal thermometry ; microwave heating ; cells ; hyperthermia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A nonperturbing technique of thin-layer liquid crystal thermometry was developed to quantitate heating of Chinese hamster ovary cells and the bacterium Serratia marcescens when exposed to 2450-MHz microwave fields at 0.2-0.5 W/cm2. Cells suspended in culture medium were injected into 5-cm glass microcapillary tubes coated on the inside with a thin layer of liquid crystal. The tubes were sealed and placed parallel to the electric field in a watertight waveguide exposure chamber where they were heated by circulating temperature-controlled water. Even at high circulation rates, liquid crystal color changes indicated local microwave capillary tube heating of 0.1-0.25 °C. Precision of measurement was 0.02 °C. Observations during microwave heating were significantly different from observations without microwaves at the 1% level, and heating increased as circulating water flow was reduced from 300 ml/s to 100 ml/s. The results of a cell survival assay following hyperthermal treatment were in good agreement with expectations based on the observations of microwave heating using liquid crystals.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030208
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  • 118
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    Lack of effect of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation on the development of preimplantation embryos of mice (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; 2.45 GHz ; heat stress ; hyperthermia ; in vivo ; mouse ; preimplantation embryos ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The development of preimplantation embryos after exposure to microwave radiation was studied. Female CD-1 mice were induced to superovulate, mated, and exposed to 2.45-GHz microwave or sham radiation for 3 h at power densities of 9 mW/cm2 and 19 mW/cm2 on either day 2 or 3 of pregnancy (plug day was considered day 1). Another group of mice was exposed to heat stress by placing the dams in an environmental room at an ambient temperature of 38 °C and relative humidity at 62% for 3 h on day 2 of pregnancy. All groups were euthanized on day 4 of pregnancy and embryos were recovered by flushing excised uterine horns. Embryos were examined for abnormalities and classified by the developmental stages. They were then treated with hypotonic solution and dissociated for counting blastomeres. Heat stress caused stunted development of embryos, but no remarkable effect of microwave radiation could be found on the development of preimplantation embryos.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030211
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  • 119
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    Effects of weak amplitude-modulated microwave fields on calcium efflux from awake cat cerebral cortex (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave fields ; calcium efflux ; cerebral cortex ; arousal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium (45Ca2+) efflux was studied from preloaded cortex in cats immobilized under local anesthesia, and exposed to a 3.0-mW/cm2 450-MHz field, sinusoidally amplitude modulated at 16 Hz (modulation depth 85%). Tissue dosimetry showed a field of 33 V/m in the interhemispheric fissure (rate of energy deposition 0.29 W/kg). Field exposure lasted 60 min. By comparison with controls, efflux curves from field exposed brains were disrupted by waves of increased 45Ca2+ efflux. These waves were irregular in amplitude and duration, but many exhibited periods of 20-30 min. They continued into the postexposure period. Binomial probability analysis indicates that the field-exposed efflux curves constitute a different population from controls at a confidence level of 0.96. In about 70% of cases, initiation of field exposure was followed by increased end-tidal CO2 excretion for about 5 min. However, hypercapnea induced by hypoventilation did not elicit increased 45Ca2+ efflux. Thus this increase with exposure does not appear to arise as a secondary effect of raised cerebral CO2 levels. Radioactivity measurements in cortical samples after superfusion showed 45Ca2+ penetration at about 1.7 mm/hr, consistent with diffusion of the ion in free solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030302
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  • 120
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    Fluorescence depolarization studies of the phase transition in multilamellar phospholipid vesicles exposed to 1.0-GHz microwave radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 323-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: diphenylhexatriene ; fluorescence depolarization ; microviscosity ; multilamellar phospholipid vesicles ; phase transition ; 1-GHz microwave radiation ; TEM cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The phase transition in multilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles was studied during exposure to continuous wave 1.0-GHz microwave radiation. Fluorescence depolarization measurements using a lipid-seeking molecular probe, diphenylhexatriene (DPH). were performed as a function of temperature. Semilog plots of microviscosity versus temperature illustrate the phase transition which shows a 5°C shift when the vesicles are treated with chloroform as a positive control. No shift of the phase transition was found during exposure to microwave radiation at specific absorption rates between 1 and 30 W/kg. Samples were exposed in a rectangular transmission line (TEM cell), and specific absorption rates were calculated from electrical measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted power. Samples were exposed to increasing intensities of radiation, while the temperature was maintained at either 23.5 or 25.5 °C; these temperatures represented the two ends of the phase transition region for these vesicles. No statistically significant difference was found between exposed and control samples. These results are in contrast to those of others using laser Raman spectroscopy to measure the phase transition in similar multilamellar vesicles exposed to microwave radiation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030304
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  • 121
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    Local tumor hyperthermia using a computer-controlled microwave system (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 363-370 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave ; hyperthermia ; hamster ; PARA-7 tumor ; computer ; 2.45 GHz ; temperature distribution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A minicomputer-based system was designed to control the microwave (2.45-GHz) power to four local hyperthermia applicators. Errors in temperature measurement, due to electromagnetic field interactions with small thermocouple probes, are minimized by sampling the temperature only when the microwave power is off. The programmable controller can regulate the temperature in tumors in 0.1 °C increments from 30 to 60 °C. This technique reduces temperature differences throughout the tumor at steady state to less than 0.4 °C and prevents skin burns.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030308
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  • 122
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030401
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  • 123
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    Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeation in rats during exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 371-383 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: blood-brain barrier ; rats ; 2450-MHz microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Adult rats anesthesized with pentobarbital and injected intravenously with a mixture of [14C]sucrose and [3H]inulin were exposed for 30 min to an environment at an ambient temperature of 22, 30, or 40 °C, or were exposed at 22 °C to 2450-MHz CW microwave radiation at power densities of 0, 10, 20, or 30 mW/cm2. Following exposure, the brain was perfused and sectioned into eight regions, and the radioactivity in each region was counted. The data were analyzed by two methods. First, the data for each of the eight regions and for each of the two radioactive tracers were analyzed by regression analysis for a total of 16 analyses and Bonferroni's Inequality was applied to prevent false positive results from numerous analyses. By this conservative test, no statistically significant increase in permeation was found for either tracer in any brain region of rats exposed to microwaves. Second, a profile analysis was used to test for a general change in tracer uptake across all brain regions. Using this statistical method, a significant increase in permeation was found for sucrose but not for inulin. A correction factor was then derived from the warm-air experiments to correct for the increase in permeation of the brain associated with change in body temperature. This correction factor was applied to the data for the irradiated animals. After correcting the data for thermal effects of the microwave radiation, no significant increase in permeation was found.
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    Systems for exposing mice to 2,450-MHz electromagnetic fields (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 401-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2,450 MHz ; exposure system ; circular waveguide ; anechoic chamber ; mice ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two systems for exposing mice to 2,450-MHz electromagnetic fields are described. In a waveguide system, four mice were placed in a Styrofoam cage and exposed dorsally to circularly polarized electromagnetic fields. The temperature and humidity in the mouse holder were kept constant by forced-air ventilation. For 1-W input power to the waveguide, the average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined by twin-well calorimetry to be 3.60 ± 0.11 (SE) W/kg in 27-g mice. The maximum SAR at the skin surface determined thermographically was 8.36 W/kg in the head of the mouse. The second system was a miniature anechoic chamber. Six mice were irradiated dorsally to far field plane waves. Copper shielding and high-temperature absorbing material were lined inside the chamber to accommodate the high input power. The air ventilation at the location of the mice was separately controlled so that any heating in the absorber would not affect the animals. For 1-W input power, the average SAR was 0.17 ± 0.01 W/kg and the maximum SAR at the skin surface was 0.41 W/kg in the animal when irradiated with body axis parallel to the E field; the SARs were 0.11 ± 0.01 W/kg and 0.64 W/kg, respectively, when irradiated perpendicular to the E field.
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    A behavioral response of swine to a 60-Hz electric field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: miniature swine ; ELF ; 60-Hz electric field ; behavior ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that rats, given the choice, will spend more time out of a 60-Hz electric field than in it at field strengths ≥ 75 kV/m. This paper describes research to examine the relevance of these data to a different species, the pig. Miniature pigs that had been exposed to a 60-Hz electric field at 30 kV/m for 20 h/day, 7 days/week for as long as 6 months, were tested for their preference for the presence or absence of the field during a 23.5-h period. Similar to earlier results with rats, miniature pigs spent more time out of the electric field than in it during the sleeping period.
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    Possible effects of 1011 Hz radiation on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 349-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: hemoglobin ; influence of radiation on oxygen affinity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: When oxygen binds to one of the subunits of hemoglobin, the oxygen affinity of the other subunits is enhanced. This cooperative interaction of the subunits is initiated by the movement of the heme plane toward the proximal side when oxygen binds to the heme. This motion is transmitted to the surface of the globin through a “reaction channel” consisting of a group of atoms whose motion is well correlated. Considering the detailed geometry and X-ray diffraction data of the mean square displacement of the atoms surrounding the heme, a simple model for the heme plane oscillations is developed. Using this model, the natural frequency of oscillations is shown to be ≈5 × 1011 Hz. This result, along with the recent experimental data on the kinetics of the conformational changes of the heme, points to the possibility of radiation influencing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. If such an effect exists, it is likely that the oxygen affinity will be enhanced by the radiation.
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    Erratum (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 391-391 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Assessment of the immune responsiveness of mice irradiated with continuous wave or pulse-modulated 425-MHz radio frequency radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 467-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 425 MHz ; mice ; continuous wave ; pulse modulated ; immune response ; lymphocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Groups of female BALB/C mice were irradiated with 425-MHz radio frequency (RF) radiation either continuous wave (CW) or pulse modulated (PM, 1-ms pulse width, 250 pulses/s). Mice were irradiated in a rectangular strip-transmission line at average forward powers of 78, 17.7, or 5 W for CW and 17.7, 5, or 1.25 W for PM. The mean specific absorption rate, as measured using twin-well calorimetry was 7.7 W/kg for a forward power of 70 W. No differences in the mitogen-stimulated response of lymphocytes or in the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes or polyvinylpyrrolidone were observed between irradiated and sham-irradiated mice, nor between mice exposed to either CW or PM 425-MHz RF radiation.
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    Attempts to alter 45Ca2+ binding to brain tissue with pulse-modulated microwave energy (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 475-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: brain calcium ; microwave effects on brain calcium ; microwave CNS effects ; pulse-modulated microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rat brain tissue, loaded with 45Ca2+ by intraventricular injection was exposed in vitro to pulsemodulated 1-GHz (SAR of 0.29 or 2.9 W/kg) or 2.45-GHz radiation (SAR = 0.3 W/kg), and in vivo to 2.06-GHz radiation (SAR of 0.12 to 2.4 W/kg). There were no significant differences in efflux of 45Ca2+ between the microwave- and sham-irradiated groups.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030101
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    Physical properties of biological matter: Some history, principles, and applications (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 3-8 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electrical properties ; acoustic properties ; history of biophysics and bioengineering ; nonionizing radiation hazards ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030104
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    Preface (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    The dielectric method of investigating bound water in biological material: An appraisal of the technique (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric methods ; permittivity ; water ; bound water ; water of hydration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Three independent dielectric methods for the measurement of water of hydration (bound water) in a biological material are described and discussed comparatively. For well-defined aqueous solutions of biological molecules, hydration can be obtained from direct observations made on the δ dispersion or from measurement of the dielectric values of the β dispersion. For whole tissue, however, neither of these two methods is applicable, and to deduce the hydration, it is necessary to use the third technique in which the volume of the hydrated biological particle is obtained by measuring the effect of it on the known dielectric properties of pure water. The hydration can then be calculated by deducting the volume of the anhydrous particle from the experimentally determined volume of the hydrated particle. Owing to possible systemmatic errors the uncertainty in the absolute hydration value associated with this technique is rather larger than that obtained with the other two dielectric methods. For studying the differences between hydration in similar tissues, however, this objection disappears.
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    Microwave dielectric studies on proteins, tissues, and heterogeneous suspensions (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 29-43 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric properties ; permittivity ; conductivity ; microemulsions ; water of hydration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We summarize the results of several of our recent studies on the dielectric properties of protein solutions, tissues, and nonionic microemulsions at microwave frequencies extending to 18 GHz. The data in all cases are analyzed using the Maxwell mixture theory to determine the dielectric properties of the suspending water and the amount and dielectric properties of the water of hydration associated with the suspended phase. The dielectric data from the protein solutions and tissues are broadly consistent with the results of previous studies at UHF frequencies; they indicate hydration values in the range of 0.4-0.6 g water/g protein. There is evidence of a dielectric relaxation process occurring at low-GHz frequencies that can be attributed in part to dielectric relaxation of the “bound” water in the system. The remaining solvent water appears to have dielectric properties close to, if not precisely the same as, those of pure water. The average relaxation frequency of the suspending water in the microemulsions is reduced from that of pure water, evidently reflecting an average of that of the water of hydration (∼5-6 GHz) and that of pure water. This reduced average relaxation frequency implies an increased average viscosity of the water and (by Walden's rule) accounts for the unexpectedly low ionic conductivity of the preparations.
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    Physiologic regulation in electromagnetic fields (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 91-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; microwaves ; physiology ; neuroendocrine ; physiologic integration ; hyperthermia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Electromagnetic fields have been demonstrated to elicit thermoregulatory responses, neuroen-docrine, neurochemical modulations, and behavioral reactions. These physiologic regulatory processes are exquisitely tuned, interrelated functions that constitute sensitive indicators of organismic responses to radiofrequency energy absorption (the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum includes as one part microwaves). Assessment of the integration and correlation of these functions relative to the thermal inputs and homeokinetic reactions of the individual subjected to radiofrequency energy should permit differentiation between potential hazards that might compromise the individual's ability to maintain normal physiologic function and effects that are compensated by physiologic redundancy.
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    Dedication (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. ix 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Spectroscopic properties of in vivo biological systems: Boson radiative equilibrium with steady-state nonequilibrium molecular systems (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 9-16 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: vibrational emissivity ; nonequilibrium systems ; vibrational spectroscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of the boson (phonon and photon) distribution in the presence of a steady-state, nonequilibrium molecular subsystem is presented, providing thermodynamic criteria for the boson chemical-potential term, the generalized vibrational emissivity function, and the Bose type of condensation predicted by Fröhlich.
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    Photic cuing of escape by rats from an intense microwave field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 105-116 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: escape ; microwaves ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A total of 16 female hooded rats was first observed for baseline behaviors and then they received 25 2-min trials of training, five trials per day, under one of four stimulus conditions (all ns = 4): exposure to a highly intense 918-MHz field (dose rate, 60 mW/g); exposure to photic stimulation (≈350 Ix); exposure to the field in synchrony with photic stimulation; or exposure to faradic shock (≈800 μA rms). During conditioning trials, which were separated by 2-min intertrial intervals, entry by a rat into a safe area of a multimode cavity resulted in immediate and complete cessation of stimulation; exit, in resumption. Acquisition of the escape response was rapid and highly efficient for shocked animals and was less rapid and efficient but was reliably demonstrated by irradiated animals that were also signaled by light. In the absence of microwave irradiation, cessation of light did not reliably motivate escape behavior. Although there was weak evidence of escape learning by rats subjected only to microwave irradiation, their performances failed to differ reliably from those of rats in the light-only condition. These data confirm and extend those of Carroll et al, which indicate that potentially lethal, deeply penetrating, nonpulsed microwaves in a multipath field lack the sensory quality to motivate efficient aversive behavior by the rat.
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    Biological effects of low-temporal, average-intensity, pulsed ultrasound (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 147-156 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed ultrasound ; biological ultrasound ; Drosophilia ; Elodea ; cavitation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Studies with both plant and animal tissues show that, when the tissues contain micron-sized, stabilized gas bodies, pulsed ultrasound can produce damage at very low time-averaged intensities. However, it is the temporal peak intensity rather than the time-averaged intensity that is closely correlated with the effects observed. The data suggest that there may be thresholds for damage at peak intensities within an order of magnitude of 10 W/cm2.
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    The molecular basis of ultrasonic absorption by proteins (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 157-165 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasonic absorption ; proteins ; polypeptides ; peptides ; amino acids ; tissues ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This article reviews significant advances in understanding the basis for the magnitude of ultrasonic absorption in proteins and related biological materials. Carstensen and Schwan's accurate and extensive measurements on blood and hemoglobin solutions provided the initial experimental data; these were augmented by data from measurements on aqueous solutions of gelatin, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, various polypeptides, and amino acids. The initial frequency range of 1-10 MHz; was expanded to 0.035-1000 MHz; temperature and pH dependences of absorption were studied. Theoretical approaches included consideration of the relative motion of blood cells in plasma, perturbation of water structure around macromolecules, solvation of charged entities, proton-transfer reactions, and helix-coil transitions.Proton-transfer reactions between amino and carboxylic groups and water proved to be largely responsible for the observed peaks in the pH dependence of absorption coefficient; the peaks occurred in the basic and acidic regions corresponding to the pKs for titration of these groups. Such reactions could not account for the magnitude of absorption at physiological pH because only histidine titrated in this range. Extensive analysis, using relaxation theory, and, measurements have shown that the proton transfer reaction between the imidazole group of histidine and hydrogen phosphate ion (in solution) provides sufficient volume change for significant ultrasonic absorption at physiological pH. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was found with the peptide bacitracin in phosphate buffer solutions. By generalizing these results to the case of a protein, Slutsky et al estimated maximum values of frequency-dependent absorption coefficients for “typical tissue” and found them to be correct to order of magnitude, even exceeding observed values in soft tissues in some instances, instead of being far too small as was always the case in the past. Thus, in principle, adjustment of parameters, such as pK values, could bring theory and experiment into agreement for the first time.
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    Accelerated development of spontaneous and benzopyrene-induced skin cancer in mice exposed to 2450-MHz microwave radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 179-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2450-MHz microwaves ; cocarcinogenesis ; environmental and occupational carcinogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: C3H/HeA mice with high incidence of spontaneous breast cancer and Balb/c mice treated with 3,4-benzopyrene (BP) (by painting of the skin resulting in the development of skin cancer) were irradiated with 2,450-MHz microwaves (MW) in an anechoic chamber at 5 or 15 mW/cm2 (2 h daily, 6 sessions per week). C3H/HeA mice were irradiated from the 6th week of life, up to the 12th month of life. Balb/c mice treated with BP were irradiated either prior to (over 1 or 3 months) or simultaneously with BP treatment (over 5 months). The appearance of palpable tumors in C3H/HeA mice and of skin cancer in BP-treated Balb/c mice was checked every 2 weeks for 12 months. Two additional groups of mice were exposed to chronic stress caused by confinement or to sham-irradiation in an anechoic chamber; these served as controls. Irradiation with MWs at either 5 or 15 mW/cm2 for 3 months resulted in a significant lowering of natural antineoplastic resistance (mean number of lung neoplastic colonies was 2.8 ± 1.6 (SD) in controls, 6.1 ± 1.8 in mice exposed at 5 mW/cm2 and 10.8 ± 2.1 in those irradiated at 15 mW/cm2) and acceleration of development of BP-induced skin cancer (285 days in controls, 230 days for 5 mW/cm2 and 160 days for 15 mW/cm2). Microwave-exposed C3H/HeA mice developed breast tumors earlier than controls (322 days in controls, 261 days for 5 mW/cm2 and 219 days for 15 mW/cm2). A similar acceleration was observed in the development of BP-induced skin cancer in mice exposed simultaneously to BP and MWs (285 days in controls, 220 day for 5 mW/cm2 and 121 days for 15 mW/cm2). The acceleration of cancer development in all tested systems and lowering of natural antineoplastic resistance was similar in mice exposed to MW at 5 mW/cm2 or to chronic stress caused by confinement but differed significantly from the data obtained on animals exposed at 15 mW/cm2, where local thermal effects (“hot” spots) were possible.
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    Experimental results contradicting claimed 1009-MHz influence on erythrocyte mobility (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; electrophoretic mobility ; UHF radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to detect the influence of ultrahigh frequency radiation (1009 MHz) on the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes. Ines. In contradiction to an earlier report by Ismailov no effect was observed.
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    Effect of short electromagnetic pulses on brain acetylcholine content and spontaneous motor activity of mice (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave pulse ; motor activity ; brain acetylcholine ; 2,450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Mice were exposed to a single 15-ms or 25-ms pulse of 2,450-MHz microwaves which increased brain temperature by 2 °C or 4 °C, respectively. Immediately after exposure, the mice became hypokinetic but began recovering within 5 minutes. The 25-ms pulse (18.7 j deposited in the brain) caused a significant decrease in acetylcholine content of the whole brain, probably owing to increased permeability of the membrane.
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Both thermal and athermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on BHK-21/C13 cells were sought using scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with an in vitro technique that allows direct exposure of monolayer cultures to high average power densities. Culture dishes were irradiated by placing them on the open end of an E- or U-band wave guide. This technique exposes different regions of the cell monolayer lying along the longer axis of the wave guide aperture to varying power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center.Cell ultrastructure was unaffected by microwave radiation for 1 hour (41.8 or 74.0 GHz, average power densitites = 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively) with or without cooling by rapid recirculation of the culture medium. Temperature in recirculated cultures was held at 37.2 °C, and that in noncooled cultures never exceeded 42 °C during irradiation at either power density. In contrast, cell morphology was affected by microwave exposure whenever irradiation conditions were altered so that the temperature of the monolayer reached or exceeded 44.5 °C. Ultrastructural alterations included breakage of cell processes, progressive detachment of cells from the substrate, increased clumping of heterochromatin in the nuclei, and the appearance of large empty vesicles in the cytoplasm. Such morphological changes resulted from either application of higher average power densities or irradiation at the power densities described above at a higher ambient temperature (〉38.5°C).
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. I. Design and validation of a novel exposure system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 123-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; quantitative autoradiography ; ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis ; protein synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method has been devised whereby both the thermal and possible athermal biological effects resulting from microwave radiation can be assessed. Monolayer cultures of BHK-21/C13 cells were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed directly on the open end of a wave guide, and irradiated for 1 hour. In experiments seeking athermal biological effects of millimeter waves, culture medium was continuously recirculated over the cells to prevent temperature increases greater than 0.1 °C. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and of 3H-methionine into protein was quantified by measurement of optical densities of the autoradiographs in contiguous rectangular regions corresponding to portions of the cell monolayer immediately above the wave guide aperture and lying along its longer axis. Since power density was shown to vary with position along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship, it was possible to assess the extent of microwave effects on macromolecular synthesis at power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center of the waveguide.Monolayer cultures maintained at 37.2 °C by recirculation of the medium did not show microwave-induced changes in synthesis of RNA and protein (41.8 or 74.0 GHz at average power densities of 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively). Since macromolecular synthesis was examined both during and after irradiation, our results exclude both transient and persistent athermal biological effects of acute exposure to millimeter waves. In contrast, irradiation of cultures incubated in a small volume of nonrecirculated medium resulted in 1) marked heating of the monolayer, 2) a graded decline in macromolecular synthesis with increasing incident power, and 3), in some cases, destruction of the cell monolayer in the region immediately above the center of the waveguide aperture.
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. III. A search for frequency-specific athermal biological effects on protein synthesis (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: protein synthesis ; quantitative autoradiography ; BHK-21/C13 cells ; millimeter-wave radiation ; frequency-specific biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method recently developed in this laboratory has been used to directly expose BHK-21/C13 cells to high levels of microwave radiation without significant microwave-induced heating (≤ 0.1 °C). Monolayer cultures were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed on the open end of a wave guide, and maintained at 37.2 °C during irradiation at frequencies in both the E- and U-bands (average power densities 292 and 177 mW/cm2, respectively). Effects of microwave radiation were assessed at 0.1 GHz increments in the ranges of 38-48 GHz and 65-75 GHz. Protein synthesis was measured in quadruplicate cultures that were allowed to incorporate labeled methionine during the 15-minute period of microwave irradiation. Autoradiographs of each monolayer culture were scanned along the region corresponding to the longer axis of the wave guide aperture using a microdensitometer to quantify incorporation. Since microwave power incident on the cells was previously shown to vary along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship from zero at each edge of the wave guide to twice the average power density at the center of the wave guide, this technique should reveal biological effects that might only be manifested in narrow amplitude domains or “power windows.” Observations of protein synthesis in monolayer cultures irradiated at 202 closely spaced frequencies in the E- and U-bands failed to reveal changes associated with microwave exposure. Thus no evidence was obtained in support of the existence of frequency-specific athermal biological effects of microwaves. In addition, no support was found for the existence of amplitude-specific “power windows”.
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    In vitro study of microwave effects on calcium efflux in rat brain tissue (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave effects on CNS ; pulsed microwaves ; brain calcium efflux ; 1 GHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In this study we investigated the prospect of microwave-induced alteration of 45Ca2+ efflux from rat neural tissue at low pulse repetition frequencies and low power densities under in vitro conditions. Rat cerebral tissue, preloaded with 45Ca2+, was exposed to pulsed-microwave radiation (1-GHz carrier frequency) according to one of several PRF-power density exposure schemes: 16 Hz at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 15 mW/cm2, or 32 Hz at 1.0 or 2.0 mW/cm2 average power density. Measurements of radioactivity in the efflux medium and in the tissue sample were used to calculate an efflux value for each sample. The results indicate that the radiation conditions used did not alter calcium efflux in rat brain tissue.
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    Humoral and cell-mediated immune function in adult japanese quail following exposure to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation during embryogeny (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; radiation ; Japanese quail ; immunity ; leukocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, eggs were subjected to 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4.03 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. Following hatching the exposed embryos, as well as nonexposed controls, were reared to 22 weeks of age. Humoral immune potential, as indicated by comparable anti-CRBC antibody, IgM and IgG, levels at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization in both exposed and control quail was not affected significantly. However, cell-mediated immune potential, measured by the reaction to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P in the wing web, was reduced in the exposed females, but not in the exposed males. Additionally, total leukocyte numbers and absolute circulating numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were increased significantly only in the exposed females. These data show that exposure of Japanese quail during embryogenesis reduced cell-mediated immune potential and induced a general leukocytosis in females.
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    Inhibition and recovery of growth processes in roots of pisum sativum L. Exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; biologic effects ; membrane potentials ; recovery ; Pisum sativum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Roots of Pisum sativum L. were chronically exposed in aqueous inorganic nutrient medium to 60-Hz electric fields between 140 and 490 V/m (growth medium conductivity ∼ 0.08 S/m). The growth rate, meristematic mitotic index, and growth rate recovery of the roots were determined. At 140 V/m there was no perturbation in growth rate or mitotic index. At 430 V/m the growth rate and the mitotic index were reduced. The mitotic index had a maximum depression (∼ 55% of control), which occurred at 4 h. The depression in growth rate was immediate and constant over time. When roots were exposed to an electric field at 430 V/m for 2 days, the growth rate was depressed by about 40%. When the field was terminated, the growth rate steadily increased and was almost normal after 5 days. At 490 V/m root growth rate was almost completely arrested. According to these results, there is a narrow range of induced membrane potentials that span the range from slightly altered to almost completely arrested growth rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020405
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    Chronic exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on pineal function in the rat (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; pineal gland ; circadian rhythm ; melatonin ; 5 methoxytryptophol ; acetyl transferase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: As a component of studies to search for effects of 60-Hz electric field exposure on mammalian endocrine function, concentrations of melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, and serotonin-Nacetyl transferase activity were measured in the pineal glands of rats exposed or sham-exposed at 65 kV/m for 30 days. In two replicate experiments there were statistically significant differences between exposed and control rats in that the normal nocturnal increase in pineal melatonin content was depressed in the exposed animals. Concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol were increased in the pineal glands of the exposed groups when compared to shamexposed controls. An alteration was also observed in serotonin-N-acetyl transferase activity, with lower levels measured in pineal glands from exposed animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020408
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    Temporal variation of the static electric field inside an animal cage (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Static electric field ; exposure systems ; animal caging ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The temporal variation of a static electric field inside an animal cage was investigated with a newly developed small, simple field meter. The field inside the cage was found to be highly dependent on the surface conductivity of the dielectric material. As the surface of the cage became dirty because of animal occupancy, the static electric field inside it became considerably smaller from the moment the field was turned on. Clean cages also modified the static electric field inside them, the field decaying from an initial to a much lower value over several hours. The mechanism of field attenuation for both cases is surface leakage. Surface leakage for a clean cage takes place much more slowly than for a dirty cage. This was confirmed by measuring DC insulation resistance. To examine this phenomenon further, the field in a metal cage with high electrical conductivity was measured. The static electric field inside the metal cage was also found to be reduced. An improved cage design that avoids these problems, is suggested for the study of the biologic effects of static electric fields.
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    Equalizing the electric field intensity within chick brain immersed in buffer solution at different carrier frequencies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium efflux ; complex permittivity ; amplitude windows ; concentric spheres ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Presented here are the numerical relationships between incident power densities that produce the same average electric field intensity within a chick brain half immersed in buffered saline solution and exposed to a uniform electromagnetic field at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Calculations are based on modeling the buffer solution as a spherical shell in air with an inner concentric sphere of brain tissue. The results support our earlier conclusion that calcium efflux results obtained at different carrier frequencies are in agreement when related by the electric field within the brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020413
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020101
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    General properties of the interaction between animals and ELF electric fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60-Hz ; biological effects ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An analysis is given of the interaction between extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric fields and animals of arbitrary body shape. This analysis is based on three approximations which are valid in the ELF range: In living tissues, capacitive (displacement) currents are negligible compared to conduction currents; effects resulting from the finite velocity of propagation of electromagnetic fields are negligible; skin effect in living tissues is negligible. Major conclusions of the analysis are: (a) The electric field outside the body, the induced charge on the surface of the body, and the total current crossing any section through the body (eg, through the neck or limbs) are completely determined by the characteristics of the applied ELF electric field, the shape of the body, its location relative to ground and other conductors, and any conduction currents from the body to ground or other conductors. (b) All of the quantities in (a) can be measured using conducting animal models. (c) The magnitudes of the electric field outside the body and the induced charge density on the surface of the body are independent of frequency, in the ELF range, when the body is either insulated from or shorted to ground (and any other conductors in the system). (d) The only quantities affected by the electrical properties of the tissues comprising the body are the current density and electric field inside the body. (e) The electric field outside and inside a body will be unchanged by a scaled change in its size.
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    Biological effects of oscillating electric fields: Role of voltage-sensitive ion channels (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: biological effects of oscillating electric fields ; excitable cells ; voltage-sensitive ion channels ; gating charges ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An alternating component of potential across the membrane of an excitable cell may change the membrane conductance by interacting with the voltagesensing charged groups of the protein macromolecules that form voltage-sensitive ion channels. Because the probability that a voltage sensor is in a given state is a highly nonlinear function of the applied electric field, the average occupancy of a particular state will change in an oscillating electric field of sufficient magnitude. This “rectification” at the level of the voltage sensors could result in conformational changes (gating) that would modify channel conductance. A simplified two-state model is examined where the relaxation time of the voltage sensor is assumed to be considerably faster than the fastest changes of ionic conductance. Significant changes in the occupancy of voltage sensor states in response to an applied oscillating electric field are predicted by the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020104
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    Fluorescence depolarization studies of red cell membrane fluidity. The effect of exposure to 1.0-GHz microwave radiation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Crawford cell ; diphenylhexatriene ; fluorescence depolarization ; microviscosity ; 1-GHz microwave radiation ; red cell membranes ; temperature dependence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The internal viscosity of human red blood cell membranes was investigated during exposure to continuous wave 1.0-GHz microwave radiation using fluorescence measurements of a lipid seeking molecular probe, diphenylhexatriene. Samples were exposed in a Crawford cell arranged so that fluorescence was measured during microwave exposure; specific absorption rates calculated from electrical measurements were approximately 0.6, 2 and 15 W/kg. Measurements were obtained at selected temperatures between 15 °C and 40 °C and as a function of the duration of exposure at 23 °C. Arrhenius-type plots of the temperature profile data were linear and showed no difference between exposed and control samples. The exposure duration data also showed no difference between exposed and control samples except for a small effect of elevated temperature at the highest exposure. The activation energy for motion of the fluorescent probe in its environment within the membrane lipid was not affected by the application of the microwave energy and no evidence for a lipid phase transition was found. These results indicate that the increased cation efflux from red cells, observed by others at certain transition temperatures during microwave exposure, was more likely to have been caused by alteration of the membrane bound protein than by changes in the lipid constituents of the red cell membrane.
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    Interactive effects in 60-HZ electric-field exposure systems (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 33-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60-Hz ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The level of exposure of laboratory animals to 60-Hz electric fields is commonly specified in terms of the unperturbed field strength present before the introduction of experimental subjects and their cages. In the research reported in this paper, rats were housed in two parallel rows of 12.4 cm × 25.1 cm × 10.2 cm high plastic cages resting on the lower electrode of a parallel-plate exposure system, and the actual perturbed electric fields experienced by an experimental animal were investigated. The most important results are: 1) Reducing the spacing between the exposure electrodes from 8.7 to 1.7 times the height of a singly exposed rat model, while maintaining a constant unperturbed field strength, resulted in a 15% increase in the electric field at the highest point on the surface of the body and a 10% increase in the short-circuit current of the model. 2) For multiple animal exposures, increases of 10% in both the field at the highest point of the body and the short-circuit current were observed when the electrode spacing was reduced from 8.7 to 2.6 times the height of a rat. 3) Plastic cages caused 1 - 6% reductions in the electric field at the surface of the body, except very near the cage walls, where enhancements of more than 20% were observed. 4) When 16 rats were simultaneously exposed, the short-circuit current, Is, of an individual subject of weight W (in g), that was surrounded on all sides by other rats of weight W, was reduced from the short-circuit current, Iu, measured with the same subject individually exposed as follows: during a 12 h light (sleeping) cycle, Is/Iu = 1.00 - 0.0173W1/2; during a 12 h night (awake) cycle, Is/Iu = 1.00 - 0.0136W1/2.
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    Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in swedish radio stations and tall FM/TV towers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: FM radio broadcast ; VHF-TV broadcast ; UHF-TV broadcast ; electromagnetic field strengths ; personnel hazard ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Radiofrequency electric and magnetic fields have been measured around 11 large broadcast stations and tall FM/TV towers in Sweden. The results show that operating personnel may be exposed to fields exceeding by several times the present standard for occupational exposure to RF radiation. Maintenance personnel are especially vulnerable to exposure when climbing energized towers. The present study indicates that the transmitters should be switched off during the performance of certain tasks on the tower. Safe passage of maintenance personnel near energized antennas of certain types is impossible without a drastic reduction of the transmitted power. In the stations, the RF leakage radiation was generally low, but when work was done with the cabinet doors of the transmitter open, high field strengths were found in the vicinity of the transmitter even though it was switched off. It was found that the transmitter acted as a tuned receiver of energy from the other transmitters.
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    Flight, orientation, and homing abilities of honeybees following exposure to 2.45-GHz CW microwaves (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: honeybees ; invertebrates ; behavior ; solar power satellite ; 2.45-GHz microwaves ; continuous wave ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Foraging-experienced honeybees retained normal flight, orientation, and memory functions after 30 minutes' exposure to 2.45-GHz CW microwaves at power densities from 3 to 50 mW/cm2. These experiments were conducted at power densities approximating and exceeding those that would be present above receiving antennas of the proposed solar power satellite (SPS) energy transmission system and for a duration exceeding that which honeybees living outside a rectenna might be expected to spend within the rectenna on individual foraging trips. There was no evidence that airborne invertebrates would be significantly affected during transient passage through microwaves associated with SPS ground-based microwave receiving stations.
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    Microwave-induced increase of water and conductivity in submaxillary salivary gland of rats (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2880-MHz microwaves ; rats ; submaxillary salivary gland ; thermoregulation ; tissue conductivity ; tissue hydration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Hypersalivation is an important mechanism for heat dissipation by animals without sweat glands. The water content and conductivity (at 20 kHz) in sub-maxillary salivary gland (SSG) and in other tissues were investigated in adult male rats exposed to microwaves (2880 MHz, 1.5 μs pulses at 1000 Hz) or to conventional heat at 40 °C. Eighty rats in one series were exposed, one at a time, for 30 min to microwaves producing a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.2,6.3,6.8,8.4,10.8 or 12.6 W/kg. Fifty rats were sham-exposed under similar environmental conditions. In the second series, ten rats were sham-exposed, 33 rats were exposed, one at time, for 15, 30 or 60 min to microwaves at a SAR of 9.5 W/kg, and 32 rats were exposed for similar periods to conventional heat at 40 °C. In rats of the first series colonic temperatures were elevated significantly at a SAR of 4.2 W/kg, while SSG water content and conductivity increased significantly at SAR values of 6.3 W/kg and higher. In the second series of experiments increases in colonic temperature and SSG water content were greater after 15 and 30 min of microwave exposure than after exposure to heat. Also, SSG conductivity was significantly depressed by heat and significantly increased by microwaves after exposure for 15 or 30 min. The results support the hypothesis that water content and conductivity of SSG of rats can be used as a sensitive specific test of a microwave induced thermal response.
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    Microwave treatment of intracerebral l1210 leukemia: Schedule-dependent partial reversal of the effects of methotrexate (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; L1210 leukemia ; central nervous system ; methotrexate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: One-GHz microwave (MW) irradiation at a power density of 5 mW/cm2 was combined with methotrexate (MTX) in an attempt to treat more effectively central nervous system (CNS) L1210 leukemia in DBA/2J mice. When mice with CNS leukemia were treated with the combination of MW and MTX, there was no improvement in survival compared with a group of animals treated with MTX alone; however, the group that received MTX before the MW exposure had a significantly reduced survival time compared with the group treated with MTX alone or with the group to which MTX was administered after MW.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020201
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    Possible humoral mechanism of 2450-MHz microwave-induced increase in complement receptor positive cells (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2450-MHz microwaves ; complement receptors ; diffusion chambers ; soluble factors ; immune system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: These studies indicate that the increase in the frequency of complement receptor-positive (CR+) spleen cells observed 6 days after a 30-min exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves is not the result of microwave-induced alterations of lymphocyte recirculation patterns, but is mediated by a soluble, humoral factor produced by cells within the spleen.
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    Dielectric properties of animal tissues in vivo at frequencies 10 MHz - 1 GHz (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 93-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: permittivity ; in vivo ; radio frequencies ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An open-ended coaxial line sensor in conjunction with an automatic network analyzer was used to measure in vivo the permittivity of several feline tissues (skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain - gray and white matter) at frequencies between 10 MHz and 1 GHz. The estimated uncertainties of measurement were between 1.5% and 5%. The data are in general agreement with previously obtained data in vitro and in vivo. Significant differences in the properties of different types of the same tissue (eg, skeletal and smooth muscle) were observed. Many tissues were found to be non-homogeneous in its permittivity.
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    Endocrinological effects of strong 60-Hz electric fields on rats (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 105-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; ELF radiation ; rat endocrinology ; organ weights ; hormones ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Adult male rats were exposed or sham-exposed to 60-Hz electric fields without spark discharges, ozone, or significant levels of other secondary variables. No effects were observed on body weights or plasma hormone levels after 30 days of exposure at an effective field strength of 68 kV/m. After 120 days of exposure (effective field strength = 64 kV/m), effects were inconsistent, with significant reductions in body weight and plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and corticosterone occurring in one replicate experiment but not in the other. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly reduced after 120 days of exposure in one experiment, with a similar but not statistically significant reduction in a replicate experiment. Weanling rats, exposed or sham-exposed in electric fields with an effective field strength of 80 kV/m from 20 to 56 days of age, exhibited identical or closely similar growth trends in body and organ weights. Hormone levels in exposed and sham-exposed groups were also similar. However, there was an apparent phase shift between the two groups in the cyclic variations of concentrations of hormones at different stages of development, particularly with respect to follicle-stimulating hormone and corticosterone. We concluded that 60-Hz electric fields may bring about subtle changes in the endocrine system of rats, and that these changes may be related to alterations in episodic rhythms.
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    Effect of homogeneous magnetic fields on responses to toxic stimulation in spirostomum ambiguum (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ciliated protozoan ; DC magnetic field ; calcium-mediated contraction ; motility ; 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of DC magnetic fields, up to 125,000 G, on the survival of the ciliated protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum exposed to the toxic substance 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide are reported. The magnetic field diminishes the ability of the organism to survive the drug, and lengthens the extension phase of the contraction cycle. It is proposed that the magnetic field alters the regulation of intracellular (C2+) transients.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Development of xenopus laevis embryos in a static magnetic field (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 199-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: static magnetic fields ; development ; frog embryos ; low temperature ; cell membranes ; lipid phase transition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to a DC magnetic field (2.5 kG) for periods up to 1 week. The previously reported stabilization of cell membranes by stationary magnetic fields could not be demonstrated.
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    Prolonged microwave irradiation of rats: Effects on concurrent operant behavior (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 169-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave radiation ; pulse modulation ; waveguide exposure ; chronic exposure ; operant behavior ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two measures of performance were used to study the effects of pulse-modulated microwave radiation (PM MWR) on schedule-controlled operant behavior of rats: 1) cued (SD), fixed-ratio (FR) bar pressing for food reinforcement; and 2) noncued (Sd) bar pressing in the absence of food reinforcement. The animals were irradiated and the behavioral data were obtained concurrently, during daily three-hour sessions, five days per week for six to nine weeks. Each experiment began with a two to three-week baseline interval of sham irradiation; a two to three-week interval of sham irradiation followed the irradiation phase. The irradiated animals were exposed to 1.3-Ghz PM MWR (pulse width of 1 microsecond at 600 pulses per second) at whole-body, average specific absorbed-dose rates of from 1.5-6.7 mW/g. Control and irradiated animals were tested in identical, cylindrical waveguide exposure/behavioral assemblies; different groups of irradiated and sham-irradiated animals were used for each dose rate. At 1.5 mW/g, the levels of SD operant responding by control and irradiated animals were comparable, and showed similar progressive diminutions over the course of each daily session. Sd operant responding was more variable, but again comparable, with both groups showing similar, progressive declines in rate of responding during each session. At 3.6 mW/g, no specific effects on SD operant response rates were observed. However, there was an initial and transient increase in the rate of extinction of Sd responding. At 6.7 mW/g, SD response rates were slightly reduced, whereas there was a major reduction in noncued (Sd) operant responding followed by a sharp rebound during the first post-MWR week. This marked reduction in Sd operant responding at MWR onset was in contrast to the relative stability and persistence of FR responding for food reinforcement.
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    Transbilayer movement of 24Na in sonicated phosphatidylcholine vesicles exposed to frequency-modulated microwave radiation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: lipid vesicles ; Na+ leakage ; 2450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Sonicated egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles loaded with 24Na+ were exposed at 20mW to a frequency-modulated (3 Hz) microwave field in the range of 2350 to 2550 MHz, or at 80 mW to a 2450-MHz CW (continuous wave) field, in a waveguide. The vesicle suspension absorbed microwaves at about 1 mW/ml and 25 mW/ml (CW experiment). The average temperature change of the irradiated suspension was 〈 0.1 °C from ambient. Leakage of 24Na+ from the vesicles for up to 19 hours was measured. No difference was noted in the movement of 24Na+ from the vesicles in the irradiated and control dispersions.
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    In vitro microwave effects on human neutrophil precursor cells (CFU-C) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 203-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2,450-MHz microwaves ; neutrophil ; colony-forming cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Human marrow cells were irradiated with 2450-MHz CW microwaves in a fluid-filled waveguide irradiation system. Cell exposure was conducted by placing a marrow cell suspension in 20-μl glass microcapillary tubes that were positioned in the exposure chamber, and irradiated at power densities from 31 to 1,000 mW/cm2 (with corresponding specific absorption rates of 62 to 2,000 mW/g) for 15 minutes. The temperature of the sample was maintained at a fixed point. Sham-irradiated (SI) and microwave-irradiated (MWI) cells were cultured in a methylcellulose culture system for neutrophil colony proliferation. There was no reduction in neutrophil colony number on days 6-7 or 12-14 in cells exposed at 31 or 62 mW/cm2, but as the power density was increased to 1,000 mW/cm2, there was a reduction in colony number of MWI cells compared with SI cells. The microwave interaction with the human neutrophil colony-forming cells was apparently not related to temperature rise, or to the state of cell cycle, and was irreversible.
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    Chronic exposure to a 60-Hz electric field: Effects on neuromuscular function in the rat (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 227-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; rats ; soleus muscle ; plantaris muscle ; neuromuscular function ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Neuromuscular function in adult male rats was studied following 30 days of exposure to a 60-Hz electric field at 100 kV/m (unperturbed field strength). Isometric force transducers were attached to the tendons of the plantaris (predominantly fast twitch), and soleus (predominantly slow twitch) muscles in the urethan-anesthetized rat. Square-wave stimuli were delivered to the distal stump of the transected sciatic nerve. Several measurements were used to characterize neuromuscular function, including twitch characteristics, chronaxie, tetanic and posttetanic potentiation, and fatigue and recovery. The results from three independent series of experiments are reported. Only recovery from fatigue in slow-twitch muscles was consistently and significantly affected (enhanced) by electrifield exposure. This effect does not appear to be mediated by field-induced changes in either neuromuscular transmission, or in the contractile mechanism itself. It is suggested that the effect may be mediated secondary to an effect on mechanisms regulating muscle blood flow or metabolism.
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    Effect of nonionizing radiation on the purkinje cells of the uvula in squirrel monkey cerebellum (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: monkey cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; nonionizing radiation ; microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pregnant squirrel monkeys were exposed to 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves at an equivalent power density of 10 mW/cm2 (SAR 3.4 mW/g) for three hours daily in a cavity-cage module. The exposure began when pregnancy was determined by a hormonal method, and continued through the offspring's first 9.5 months. After irradiation, the brains of the offspring were fixed with formaldehyde, and the inferior vermis of each cerebella was removed and processed for histologic observations. Purkinje cell density in the uvula was determined in sagittal serial sections. There was no significant difference between control and experimental animals in the number of Purkinje cells per mm of Purkinje cell line (linear density), as well as in the density of Purkinje cells in the Purkinje cell layer.
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    The mechanisms of athermal microwave biological effects (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Biological effects ; microwave ; athermal ; exposure ; non-ionizing radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A brief survey of current ideas about the physical mechanisms of low-level millimeter/microwave-biological effects is given, and the experimental evidence supporting these ideas is reviewed. The conjectural models do not yet represent a complete physical theory, but they do counter the idea that low-level effects are physically impossible and suggest experiments.
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    Effect of nonionizing radiation on the purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: nervous system ; rat cerebellum ; nonionizing radiation ; Purkinje cells ; microwaves ; radiofrequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In one experiment, Sprague Dawley rats (16-21 days of gestation) and their offspring were exposed to 100-MHz (CW) electromagnetic radiation at 46 mW/cm2 (SAR 2.77 mW/g) for 4 h/day for 97 days. In another experiment, the pregnant rats were irradiated daily from 17 to 21 days of gestation with 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves at 10 mW/cm2 (SAR 2 mW/g) for 21 h/day. In a third experiment, 6-day-old rat pups were irradiated 7 h/day for five days with 2450-MHz radiation at 10 mW/cm2. Equal numbers of animals were sham irradiated in each group. Quantitative studies of Purkinje cells showed a significant and irreversible decrease in rats irradiated during fetal or fetal and early postnatal life. In animals exposed postnatally, and euthanized immediately after irradiation, significant decrease in the relative number of Purkinje cells was apparent. However, restoration apparently occurred after forty days of recovery.
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    Longevity and food consumption of microwave-treated (2.45 GHz Cw) honeybees in the laboratory (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves (2.45 GHz CW) ; honeybees ; solar power satellites ; longevity ; food consumption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Adult honeybees, confined singly or in small clusters, were exposed for 0.5, 6, and 24 hours to 2.45-GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at power densities of 3, 6, 12, 25, and 50 mW/cm2. Following exposure, bees were held in the incubator for 21 days to determine the consumption of sucrose syrup and to observe mortality. No significant differences were found between microwave-treated and sham-treated or control bees.
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    Thermoregulatory physiologic responses in the human body exposed to microwave radiation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 341-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave hazards ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: By introduction of an additional compartment in the hypothalamic region Stolwijk's thermo-regulatory model has been modified to consider partial heating due to hot spots induced by microwaves. It was found that because of thermoregulatory action, the temperature of the hypothalamus will not increase drastically until the rate of energy deposition exceeds the threshold level of about 50 mW/g. The primary controlling mechanisms are blood flow and sweating. For an energy deposition rate of 10 mW/g in the hypothalamus the increase in blood flow in the skin is negligible and the temperature rise of the hypothalamus as compared with blood temperature is about 0.5 °C. It was found that exposure of the head to electromagnetic radiation, in general, causes a decrease in temperature of the trunk and skin. The results show that while the deposition of energy in the hypothalamus at the rate of 10 mW/g produced significant conductive and convective effects, the same total energy uniformly distributed over the cranial cavity produces less significant effects.
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    Alterations in the rat electrocardiogram induced by stationary magnetic fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 357-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: rat ; electrocardiogram ; stationary magnetic fields ; T-wave augmentation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A field strength dependent increase in the amplitude of the T-wave signal in the rat electrocardiogram (ECG) was observed during exposure to homogeneous, stationary magnetic fields. For 24 adult Sprague-Dawley and Buffalo rats of both sexes, the T-wave amplitude was found to increase by an average of 408% in a 2.0 Tesla (1 Tesla = 104 Gauss) field. No significant magnetically induced changes were observed in other components of the ECG record, including the P wave and the QRS complex. The minimum field level at which augmentation of the T wave could be detected was 0.3 Tesla. The magnetically induced increase in T-wave amplitude occurred instantaneously, and was immediately reversible after exposure to fields as high as 2.0 Tesla. No abnormalities in any component of the ECG record, including the T wave, were noted during a period of 3 weeks following cessation of a continuous 5-h exposure of rats to a 1.5-Tesla field. The heart rate and breathing rate of adult rats were not altered during, or subsequent to, application of fields up to 2.0 Tesla. The effect of animal orientation within the field was tested using juvenile rats 3-14 days old. The maximum increase in T-wave amplitude was observed when subjects were placed with the long axis of the body perpendicular to the lines of magnetic induction. These experimental observations, as well as theoretical considerations, suggest that augmentation of the signal amplitude in the T-wave segment of the ECG may result from a superimposed electrical potential generated by aortic blood flow in the presence of a stationary magnetic field.
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    Power-frequency electric fields averaged over the body surfaces of grounded humans and animals (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 403-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; power-frequency ; 60 Hz ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calculated electric-field strengths averaged over the body surfaces of grounded humans, swine, rats, horses, and cattle exposed to vertical, uniform, power-frequency electric fields are presented. To produce the same average fields over the body surfaces of grounded animals, as that experienced by a grounded man exposed to an unperturbed vertical field of 10 kV/m, the following unperturbed fields are required: swine, 19 kV/m; rat, 37 kV/m; horse, 18 kV/m; cow, 18 kV/m.
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    Biological effects of long-term exposure of rats to 970-MHz radiofrequency radiation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 970 MHz ; rats ; long-term exposure ; serum chemistry ; hematology ; lymphocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats (N = 16) exposed individually in circularly polarized waveguides to 970-MHz electromagnetic radiation (SAR=2.5 mW/g, 22 h daily for 70 consecutive days) had significantly higher serum levels of triglycerides, albumin, and total protein compared with sham-irradiated controls. No difference was observed in the weights, hematologic profile, or in vitro lymphocyte responses to mitogens between these two groups. The higher serum levels of triglycerides in radiofrequency-radiation-exposed rats suggest a non-specific stress reaction.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Inhibition of growth rate of escherichia coli induced by extremely low-frequency weak magnetic fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: growth inhibition ; magnetic fields ; ELF ; Escherichia coli ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Cultures of Escherichia coli kept at 0 °C in a phosphate buffer solution were exposed to a sinusoidal weak 60- or 600-Hz magnetic field of strength 2 × 10-3 Tesla. A decrease of more than 40% in bacterial count was observed after a 60-h exposure to the magnetic field. Electron micrographs of exposed bacteria show ruptured cell walls, possibly due to the breaking away of flagella under the influence of the sinusoidally varying electromotive force.
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    Growth and metabolism of rodents exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; body weight ; oxygen consumption ; rat ; mouse ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: There have been a number of reports in the literature concerning growth-related changes in various animal species exposed to high-strength electric fields. Many of the laboratories reporting such effects have not documented and controlled for the secondary factors that are associated with generating high-strength electric fields (ie, corona, ozone, harmonic distortion, cage vibration, spark discharge). We have designed an exposure system in which we eliminated or minimized these secondary factors, therefore enabling us to examine only the effects of electric fields per se. Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at kV/m for up to four months. In 17 individual experiments, we found a greater number of experiments in which the exposed rats had lower body weights than controls. This trend was not evident in data obtained from 14 individual mouse experiments. In more exhaustive growth studies, we found no significant differences in body weights, organ weights, or O2 consumption between exposed and sham-exposed controls. Our failure to detect any major changes in growth was probably the result of eliminating or minimizing the secondary factors associated with electric field exposure.
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    Comparison of RF-induced calcium efflux from chick brain tissue at different frequencies: Do the scaled power density windows align? (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 407-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium efflux ; complex permittivity ; amplitude windows ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The recent suggestion that the pattern of positive and negative results of RF-induced calcium efflux from chick brain tissue, when appropriately scaled, matches at three frequencies is examined. Close scrutiny of this recently reported analysis by Joines and Blackman suggests that the uncertainties in the calculated scaling quantities are too large to permit meaningful conclusions.
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    Effects of intermittent 60-Hz high voltage electric fields on metabolism, activity, and temperature in mice (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 291-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; motor activity ; carbon dioxide production ; oxygen consumption ; core body temperature ; mice ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Transient effects of 100-kV/m extremely low frequency electric fields were studied in the white footed deermouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Gross motor activity, carbon dioxide production, oxygen consumption, and core body temperature were monitored before, during, and after intermittent field exposures (four hour-long exposures, at one-hour intervals). Thirty-four mice were exposed in cages with plastic floors floating above ground potential, and 21 mice were exposed in cages with grounded metal floor plates. The first field exposure produced an immediate, transient increase of activity and gas measures during the inactive phase of the circadian cycle. All measures returned to baseline levels before the second exposure and were not significantly changed throughout the remainder of the exposures. The rapid habituation of field-induced arousal suggests that significant metabolic changes will not be measured in experiments in which the interval between exposure and measurement is greater than two hours.
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    Biological effects of a 765-kV transmission line: Exposures and thresholds in honeybee colonies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 315-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; honeybees ; transmission lines ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Honeybee colonies exposed under a 765-kV, 60-Hz transmission line at 7 kV/m show the following sequence of effects: 1) increased motor activity with transient increase in hive temperature; 2) abnormal propolization; 3) impaired hive weight gain; 4) queen loss and abnormal production of queen cells; 5) decreased sealed brood; and 6) poor winter survival. When colonies were exposed at 5 different E fields (7, 5.5, 4.1, 1.8, and 0.65-0.85 kV/m) at incremental distances from the line, different thresholds for biologic effects were obtained. Hive net weights showed significant dose-related lags at the following exposures: 7 kV/m, one week; 5.5 kV/m, 2 weeks; and 4.1 kV/m, 11 weeks. The two lowest exposure groups had normal weight after 25 weeks. Abnormal propolization of hive entrances did not occur below 4.1 kV/m. Queen loss occurred in 6 of 7 colonies at 7 kV/m and 1 of 7 at 5.5 kV/m, but not below. Foraging rates were significantly lower only at 7 and 5.5 kV/m. Hive weight impairment and abnormal propolization occur at lower E-field intensity than other effects and limit the “biological effects corridor” of the transmission line to approximately 23 m beyond a ground line projection of each outer phase wire. Intrahive E fields of 15-100 kV/m were measured with a displacement current sensor. Step-potential-induced currents up to 0.5 μA were measured in an electrically equivalent bee model placed on the honeycomb in a hive exposed at 7 kV/m. At 1.8 kV/m body currents were a few nanoamperes, or two orders of magnitude lower, and these colonies showed no effects. E-field versus electric shock mechanisms are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020404
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  • 187
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    Millimeter wave absorption spectra of biological samples (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 285-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: absorption ; millimeter wave ; biological media ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A solid-state computer-controlled system has been used to make swept-frequency measurements of absorption of biological specimens from 26.5 to 90.0 GHz. A wide range of samples was used, including solutions of DNA and RNA, and suspensions of BHK-21/C13 cells, Candida albicans, C krusei, and Escherichia coli. Sharp spectra reported by other workers were not observed. The strong absorbance of water (10-30 dB/mm) caused the absorbance of all aqueous preparations that we examined to have a water-like dependence on frequency. Reduction of incident power (to below 1.0 μW), elimination of modulation, and control of temperature to assure cell viability were not found to significantly alter the water-dominated absorbance. Frozen samples of BHK-21/C13 cells tested at dry ice and liquid nitrogen temperatures were found to have average insertion loss reduced to 0.2 dB/cm but still showed no reproducible peaks that could be attributed to absorption spectra. It is concluded that the spectral resonances reported by others are likely to be in error.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010305
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    Calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue: Power-density versus internal field-intensity dependencies at 50-MHz RF radiation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium ions ; brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; amplitude modulation ; power-density window ; 16-Hz modulation ; 50 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In previous experiments changes were found in calcium-ion efflux from chickbrain tissue that had been exposed in vitro to 147-MHz radiation across a specific range of power densities when the field was amplitude modulated at 16 Hz. In the present study, 50-MHz radiation, similarly modulated as a sinusoid, was found to produce changes in calcium-ion efflux from chick brains exposed in vitro in a Crawford cell. Exposure conditions were optimized to broaden any power-density window and to enhance the opportunity to detect changes in the calcium-ion efflux. The results of a power-density series demonstrated two effective ranges: One spanning a range from 1.44 to 1.67 mW/cm2, and the other including 3.64 mW/cm2, which were bracketed by no-effect results at 0.72, 2.17, and 4.32 mW/cm2. Peaks of positive findings are associated with near-identical rates of energy absorption: 1.4 μW/g at 147 MHz, and 1.3 μW/g at 50 MHz, which indicates that the enhanced-efflux phenomenon is more dependent on the intensity of fields in the brain than on the power density of incident radiation. In addition, the phenomenon appears to occur at multiples of some, as yet unknown, rate of radiofrequency (RF) energy absorption. Because of the extremely small increments of temperature associated with positive findings (〈 4 × 10-4°C), and the existence of more than one productive absorption rate, a solely thermal explanation appears extremely unlikely.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010304
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010101
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  • 190
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    Microwaves modify thermoregulatory behavior in squirrel monkey (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2,450 MHz CW microwaves ; behavioral thermoregulation ; body temperature ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) trained to regulate environmental temperature (Ta) behaviorally were exposed in the far field of a horn antenna to ten-minute periods of 2,450 MHz CW microwaves. Incident power density ranged from 1 to 22 mW/cm2. The corresponding specific absorption rate (SAR), derived from temperature increments in saline-filled styrofoam models, ranged from 0.15 to 3.25 W/kg. Controls included exposure to infrared radiation of equivalent incident energy and no radiation exposure. Normal thermoregulatory behavior produces tight control over environmental and body temperatures; most monkeys select a Ta of 34-36°C. Ten-minute exposures to 2,450 MHz CW microwaves at an incident power density of 6-8 mW/cm2 stimulated all animals to select a lower Ta. This threshold energy represents a whole-body SAR of 1.1 W/kg, about 20% of the resting metabolic rate of the monkey. Thermoregulatory behavior was highly efficient, and skin and rectal temperatures remained stable, even at 22 mW/cm2 where the preferred Ta was lowered by as much as 4°C. No comparable reduction in selected Ta below control levels occurred during exposure to infrared radiation of equal incident power density.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010102
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  • 191
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    Microwave-induced pressure waves in a model of muscle tissue (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed microwaves ; thermoelastic waves ; simulated tissue ; hydrophone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwave-induced mechanical stress waves were studied in simulated muscle tissue. Pulsed microwave energy at 5.655 GHz induced pressure waves that were recorded with a hydrophone transducer. Each pulse produced a peak power density greater than 1.5 kW/cm2. Microwave absorption measurements within the model showed energy deposition to be mostly confined to a region within 2 cm of the irradiated surface. The average specific absorption rate (SAR) at the surface of the sample was about 100 W/kg. The microwave-induced stress wave propagated at a velocity of 1,600 m/sec with peak pressures of approximately 300 pascals and was detectable after having traveled a total distance of 0.61 m on a path that included two reflections at model-container interfaces.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010105
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    Comparison of the coupling of grounded humans, swine and rats to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; biological effects ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Published and new data for grounded humans, swine, and rats exposed to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields are used to determine field strengths at the surfaces of the bodies and average components of induced-current density along the axes of the bodies. At the tops of the bodies, surface electric fields are increased (enhanced) over the unperturbed field strength present before the subjects entered the field by factors of 17,7, and 4 for humans, swine, and rats, respectively. For an unperturbed field strength of 10 kV/m, average induced axial current densities in the neck, chest, abdomen, and feet are: 550, 190, 250, and 2000 nA/cm2, respectively, for humans; 40, 13, 20, and 1100 nA/cm2, respectively, for swine; and 28, 16, 2, and 1400 nA/cm2, respectively, for rats. These data are used to show that the actual electric fields experienced by animals depend strongly on the shape of the body and its orientation relative to the electric field and ground plane. This fact must be taken into account if biological data obtained with laboratory animals are to be used for the assessment of possible hazards to humans exposed to 60-Hz electric fields.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010203
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    Far-field microwave dosimetry in a rhesus monkey model (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; microwave dosimetry ; rhesus monkey dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dosimetric measurements were made in a muscle-equivalent model of an adult rhesus monkey subjected to far-field irradiation at 1.29 GHz. Profiles of microwave-induced heating in the model were obtained at eight locations, and a gradient-layer whole-body calorimeter was used to measure total absorbed energy. Average specific absorption rate (SAR) was calculated both from the calorimeter experiments and from the local temperature measurements. Thermographic imaging techniques were used to qualitatively show the microwave-induced surface heating patterns. For this model the calculated average SAR was 0.155 (W/kg)/(mW/cm2) which, at 1.29 GHs, makes the absorption cross section 84% of the geometric shadow cross section. The SAR is about three times that predicted for a prolate spheroidal model of similar mass. A disproportionally high absorption occured in the legs of the model positioned parallel to the E-polarization because of what is believed to be partial-body resonance.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010205
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    Chronic exposure to a 60-Hz electric field: Effects on synaptic transmission and peripheral nerve function in the rat (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; rat ; sciatic nerve ; vagus nerve ; superior cervical sympathetic ganglion ; chronic exposure ; 60 Hz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Several reports have suggested that the nervous system can be affected by exposure to electric fields and that these effects may have detrimental health consequences for the exposed organism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic (30-day) exposure of rats to a 60-Hz, 100-kV/m electric field on synaptic transmission and peripheral-nerve function. One hundred forty-four rats, housed in individual polycarbonate cages were exposed to uniform, vertical, 60-Hz electric fields in a system free of corona discharge and ozone formation and in which the animals did not receive spark discharges or other shocks during exposure. Following 30 days of exposure to the electric field, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, vagus and sciatic nerves were removed from rats anesthetized with urethan, placed in a temperature-controlled chamber, and superfused with a modified mammalian Ringer's solution equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Several measures and tests were used to characterize synaptic transmission and peripheral-nerve function. These included amplitude, area, and configuration of the postsynaptic or whole-nerve compound-action potential; conduction velocity; accommodation; refractory period; strength-duration curves; conditioning-test (C-T) response, frequency response; post-tetanic response; and high-frequency-induced fatigue. The results of a series of neurophysiologic tests and measurements indicate that only synaptic transmission is significantly and consistently affected by chronic (30-day) exposure to a 60-Hz, 100-kV/m electric field. Specifically, an increase in synaptic excitability was detected in replicated measurements of the C-T response ratio. In addition, there are trends in other data that can be interpreted to suggest a generalized increase in neuronal excitability in exposed animals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010204
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    The Bioelectromagnetics Society abstracts of Papers to be presented at second annual meeting, September 14-18, 1980. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 199-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010209
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  • 196
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    Effect of microwaves (2450-MHz) on the immune system in mice: Studies of nucleic acid and protein synthesis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; nonionizing radiation ; lymphoid cell metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: CBA/J adult male mice were given single or triple exposures to 2450-MHz microwaves in an environmentally controlled wave guide facility. The average absorbed dose rate for a single exposure varied from 12 to 15 mW/g. Shamexposed mice served as controls. Lymphoid cells were collected and tested for metabolic activity on days 3, 6, and 9 following a single exposure, and on days 9, 12, and 16 following triple exposures on days 0, 3, and 6. Cells were cultured in vitro for four hours to seven days before their metabolic rates were assayed. Under these conditions, microwaves failed to produce any detectable change in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of methyl(3H)-thymidine (3H-TDR) (DNA substrate), 3H-uridine (3H-UR) (RNA substrate), and 3H-leucine (protein substrate) by spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro. These data suggest that microwave-induced increases in the frequency of complement-receptor (CR)- or surface-immunoglobulin (sIg)-bearing cells were not associated with a concomitant increase in cell proliferation and/or protein synthesis, and favor the concept that microwaves under these conditions stimulate already existing B-cell precursors for maturation.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010206
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  • 197
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    Observing-responses of rats exposed to 1.28- and 5.62-GHz microwaves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 183-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: operant behavior ; observing-responses ; microwaves ; vigilance ; dosimetry ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of microwave irradiation at two different frequencies (1.28 and 5.62 GHz) on observing-behavior of rodents were investigated. During daily irradiation, eight male hooded rats performed on a two-lever task; depression of one lever produced one of two different tones and the other lever produced food when depressed in the presence of the appropriate tone. At 5.62 GHz, the observing-response rate was not consistently affected until the power density approximated 26 mW/cm2 at 1.28 GHz, the observing-response rate of all rats was consistently affected at a power density of 15 mW/cm2. The respective whole-body specific absorption rates (SARs) were 4.94 and 3.75 W/Kg. Measurements of localized SAR in a rat-shaped model of simulated muscle tissue revealed marked differences in the absorption pattern between the two frequencies. The localized SAR in the model's head at 1.28 GHz was higher on the side distal to the source of radiation. At 5.62 GHz the localized SAR in the head was higher on the proximal side. It is concluded that the rat's observing behavior is disrupted at a lower power density at 1.28 than at 5.62 GHz because of deeper penetration of energy at the lower frequency, and because of frequency-dependent differences in anatomic distribution of the absorbed microwave energy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010208
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  • 198
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    Microwave effects on energy metabolism of rat brain (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; in vivo ; brain ; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ; creatine phosphate (CP) ; NADH ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rat brain was exposed to 591-MHz, continuous-wave (CW) microwaves at 13.8 or 5.0 mW/cm2 to determine the effect on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) levels. On initiation of the in vivo microwave exposures, fluorimetrically determined NADH rapidly increased to a maximum of 4.0%-12.5% above pre-exposure control levels at one-half minute, then decreased slowly to 2% above control at three minutes, finally increasing slowly to 5% above control level at five minutes. ATP and CP assays were performed on sham- and microwave-exposed brain at each exposure time. At 13.8 mW/cm2, brain CP level was decreased an average of 39.4%, 41.1%, 18.2%, 13.1%, and 36.4% of control at exposure points one-half, one, two three, and five minutes, respectively, and brain ATP concentration was decreased an average of 25.2%, 15.2%, 17.8%, 7.4%, and 11.2% of control at the corresponding exposure periods. ATP and CP levels of rat brain exposed to 591-MHz cw microwaves at 5 mW/cm2 for one-half and one minute were decreased significantly below control levels at these exposure times, but were not significantly different from the 13.8 mW/cm2 exposures. For all exposures, rectal temperature remained constant. Heat loss through the skull aperture caused brain temperature to decrease during the five-minute exposures. This decrease was the same in magnitude for experimental and control subjects. Changes in NADH, ATP, and CP levels during microwave exposure cannot be attributed to general tissue hyperthermia. The data support the hypothesis that microwave exposure inhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain function, which results in decreased ATP and CP levels in brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010207
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010301
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  • 200
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    A thermal model of the human body exposed to an electromagnetic field (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 253-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: thermal model ; heat transfer ; dosimetry, 80 MHz ; 200 MHz ; absorption of electromagnetic energy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The human body was modeled by numerical procedures to determine the thermal response under varied electromagnetic (EM) exposures. The basic approach taken was to modify the heat transfer equations for man in air to account for thermal loading due to the energy absorbed from the EM field. The human body was represented in an EM model by a large number of small cubical cells of tissue, and the energy density was determined for each cell. This information was then analyzed by a thermal response model consisting of a series of two-dimensional transient conduction equations with internal heat generation due to metabolism, internal convective heat transfer due to blood flow, external interaction by convection and radiation, and cooling of the skin by sweating and evaporation. This model simulated the human body by a series of cylindrical segments. The local temperature at 61 discrete locations as well as the thermoregulatory responses of vasodilatation and sweating were computed for a number of EM field intensities and two frequencies, one near whole-body resonance.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010302
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