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  • Chemistry  (74,950)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (9,053)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (3,832)
  • 1980-1984  (38,117)
  • 1970-1974  (35,643)
  • 1945-1949  (3,663)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Rational approaches to chemotherapy: antisickling agents (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klotz, I M -- Haney, D N -- King, L C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Aug 14;213(4509):724-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7256275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia, Sickle Cell/*drug therapy ; Aspirin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hemoglobin, Sickle ; Humans ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Protein Conformation ; Salicylates/*therapeutic use ; Solubility ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Alpha-substituted gamma-butyrolactones: new class of anticonvulsant drugs (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-09-10
    Description: Alkyl-Substituted gamma-butyrolactones were synthesized and tested for their convulsant and anticonvulsant actions in mice and guinea pigs. The alpha-substituted compounds, alpha, alpha-dimethyl-, and alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone were anticonvulsant compounds with a spectrum of activity similar to that of ethosuximide. In contrast, beta-substituted compounds were convulsant agents similar to picrotoxinin. The alpha-substituted-gama-butyrolactones represent a new class of anticonvulsant drug with experimental and clinical potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klunk, W E -- McKeon, A -- Covey, D F -- Ferrendelli, J A -- GM-07200/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-24483/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS-14834/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Sep 10;217(4564):1040-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6810462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use/toxicity ; Animals ; *Anticonvulsants ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Convulsants ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy ; Ethosuximide/pharmacology ; *Furans/*therapeutic use ; Guinea Pigs ; Mice ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Trimethadione/pharmacology
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  • 3
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    Phase transition and crystal structure of the 37 degrees C form of cholesterol (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Crystalline cholesterol undergoes a phase transition a few degrees below human body temperature. The high-temperature form has an unusually complex structure with 16 independent molecules. In the transition two molecules change side chain conformation, four reorient about their long axes, and ten remain unchanged. The transition mechanism implies relatively nonspecific intermolecular interactions, qualitatively consistent with the behavior of cholesterol in biomembranes. The transition preserves a remarkably closely obeyed pseudosymmetry present in the structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hsu, L Y -- Nordman, C E -- GM15259/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):604-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Body Temperature ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cholesterol ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Conformation
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  • 4
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    Cytochrome a3 structure in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-07-20
    Description: The iron-carbon monoxide stretching mode and the iron-carbon-oxygen bending mode in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase have been assigned at 520 and 578 cm-1, respectively. The frequencies, widths, and intensities of these modes show that the Fe-C-O grouping in carbon monoxide-cytochrome a3 is linear but tilted from the normal to the heme plane; that the iron-histidine bond in both five- and six-coordinate cytochrome a3 is strained; and that the carbon monoxide and the proximal histidine each have characteristic, well-defined orientations in all molecules. These data can account for the binding affinities of carbon monoxide and dioxygen under physiological conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Argade, P V -- Ching, Y C -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):329-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6330890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Monoxide/metabolism ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*metabolism ; Myoglobin/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
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  • 5
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    Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Arachidonic acid plays a central role in a biological control system where such oxygenated derivatives as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are mediators. The leukotrienes are formed by transformation of arachidonic acid into an unstable epoxide intermediate, leukotriene A4, which can be converted enzymatically by hydration to leukotriene B4, and by addition of glutathione to leukotriene C4. This last compound is metabolized to leukotrienes D4 and E4 by successive elimination of a gamma-glutamyl residue and glycine. Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis consists of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. The cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors, increase vascular permeability in postcapillary venules, and stimulate mucus secretion. Leukotriene B4 causes adhesion and chemotactic movement of leukocytes and stimulates aggregation, enzyme release, and generation of superoxide in neutrophils. Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4, which are released from the lung tissue of asthmatic subjects exposed to specific allergens, seem to play a pathophysiological role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These leukotrienes, as well as leukotriene B4, have pro-inflammatory effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samuelsson, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):568-75.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6301011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arachidonic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology/physiology ; Bronchi/drug effects ; Cats ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Guinea Pigs ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/*physiopathology ; Inflammation/*physiopathology ; Leukocytes/drug effects/metabolism ; Leukotriene B4/pharmacology/*physiology ; Mice ; Microcirculation/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Rats ; SRS-A/*physiology
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  • 6
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    Amphiphilic secondary structure: design of peptide hormones (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-01-20
    Description: Peptide synthesis can be used for elucidating the roles of secondary structures in the specificity of hormones, antigens, and toxins. Intermediate sized peptides with these activities assume amphiphilic secondary structures in the presence of membranes. When models are designed to optimize the amphiphilicity of the secondary structure, stronger interactions can be observed with the synthetic peptides than with the naturally occurring analogs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, E T -- Kezdy, F J -- HL-18577/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jan 20;223(4633):249-55.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6322295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Apolipoproteins ; Binding Sites ; Calcitonin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Endorphins ; Glucagon ; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone ; *Hormones/pharmacology ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; Melitten ; Models, Structural ; *Peptides/chemical synthesis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; beta-Endorphin
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  • 7
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    Fourier transform mass spectrometry (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Fourier transform mass spectrometry will play an important role in the future because of its unique combination of high mass resolution, high upper mass limit, and multichannel advantage. These features have already found application in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, multiphoton ionization, laser desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, its most notable feature is the ability to store ions. This characteristic, when combined with the others, will allow expeditious study of the interaction of gas-phase ions with both photons (photodissociation) and neutral molecules, and the convenient application of this fundamental information for chemical analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gross, M L -- Rempel, D L -- 2-8423576/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):261-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Fourier Analysis ; Ions ; Lasers ; *Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation/methods
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  • 8
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    Studying enzyme mechanism by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: High-resolution carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate complexes provide detailed structural and stereochemical information on the mechanism of enzyme action. The proteases trypsin and papain are shown to form tetrahedrally coordinated complexes and acyl derivatives with a variety of compounds artificially enriched at the site or sites of interest. These results are compared with the structural information derived from x-ray diffraction. Detailed NMR studies have provided a clearer picture of the ionization state of the residues participating in enzyme-catalyzed processes than other more classical techniques. The dynamics of enzymic catalysis can be observed at sub-zero temperatures by a combination of cryoenzymology and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. With these powerful techniques, transient, covalently bound intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be detected and their structures rigorously assigned.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackenzie, N E -- Malthouse, J P -- Scott, A I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):883-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6433481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Carbon Isotopes ; Carboxypeptidases/metabolism ; Carboxypeptidases A ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coenzymes/*metabolism ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Enzymes/*metabolism ; Freezing ; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Papain/metabolism ; Pepsin A/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors ; Pterins/metabolism ; Pyridoxal Phosphate/metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases
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  • 9
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    What is the risk from chlorofluorocarbons? (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maugh, T H 2nd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 9;223(4640):1051-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollutants ; *Atmosphere ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane ; Free Radicals ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; *Ozone ; Photochemistry ; Risk ; Singlet Oxygen ; Trichloroethanes ; Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of complex organic materials (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in combination with computerized multivariate statistical analysis enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of nonvolatile organic materials containing molecular assemblies of a complexity and size far beyond the capabilities of direct mass spectrometry. The state of the art in pyrolysis mass spectrometry techniques is illustrated through specific applications, including structural determination and quality control of synthetic polymers, quantitative analysis of polymer mixtures, classification and structural characterization of fossil organic matter, and nonsupervised numerical extraction of component patterns from complex biological samples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meuzelaar, H L -- Windig, W -- Harper, A M -- Huff, S M -- McClennen, W H -- Richards, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):268-74.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6484572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coal ; Enterobacteriaceae/analysis/isolation & purification ; Hot Temperature ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Polymers
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  • 11
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    Lariat RNA's as intermediates and products in the splicing of messenger RNA precursors (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: The splicing of messenger RNA precursors in vitro proceeds through an intermediate that has the 5' end of the intervening sequence joined to a site near the 3' splice site. This lariat structure, which has been characterized for an adenovirus 2 major late transcript, has a branch point, with 2'-5' and 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds emanating from a single adenosine residue. The excised intervening sequence retains the branch site and terminates in a guanosine residue with a 3' hydroxyl group. The phosphate group at the splice junction between the two exons originates from the 3' splice site at the precursor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Padgett, R A -- Konarska, M M -- Grabowski, P J -- Hardy, S F -- Sharp, P A -- P01-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA26717/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM32467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):898-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6206566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Precursors/analysis/*metabolism ; Oligoribonucleotides/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA Precursors ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/analysis/*metabolism
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  • 12
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    beta-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-11
    Description: The mechanism of lipid peroxidation and the manner in which antioxidants function is reviewed. beta-Carotene is a purported anticancer agent, which is believed by some to have antioxidant action of a radical-trapping type. However, definitive experimental support for such action has been lacking. New experiments in vitro show that beta-carotene belongs to a previously unknown class of biological antioxidants. Specifically, it exhibits good radical-trapping antioxidant behavior only at partial pressures of oxygen significantly less than 150 torr, the pressure of oxygen in normal air. Such low oxygen partial pressures are found in most tissues under physiological conditions. At higher oxygen pressures, beta-carotene loses its antioxidant activity and shows an autocatalytic, prooxidant effect, particularly at relatively high concentrations. Similar oxygen-pressure-dependent behavior may be shown by other compounds containing many conjugated double bonds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burton, G W -- Ingold, K U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 11;224(4649):569-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6710156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Carotenoids/*metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Linoleic Acids/metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Partial Pressure ; Peroxides/metabolism ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/metabolism ; beta Carotene
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  • 13
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    Bromine residue at hydrophilic region influences biological activity of aplysiatoxin, a tumor promoter (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-12-16
    Description: Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, which are isolated from the seaweed, Lyngbya gracilis, differ in their chemical structure only by the presence or absence of a bromine residue in the hydrophilic region. The function and the structure-activity relation of the hydrophilic region are not known. Aplysiatoxin increased malignant transformation, stimulated DNA synthesis, and inhibited the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor to cell receptors. Debromoaplysiatoxin inhibited the binding of these two substances as strongly as aplysiatoxin but did not increase malignant transformation or stimulate DNA synthesis. These results indicate that a slight change in the chemical structure of the hydrophilic region of aplysiatoxin affects its abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis and that the abilities of the tumor promoters to inhibit the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor are dissociable from their abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis under some circumstances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimomura, K -- Mullinix, M G -- Kakunaga, T -- Fujiki, H -- Sugimura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Dec 16;222(4629):1242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6316505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Carcinogens/*pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*drug effects ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Lactones/analysis/*pharmacology ; *Lyngbya Toxins ; Mice ; Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate ; Phorbol Esters/metabolism ; *Protein Kinase C ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; *Receptors, Drug ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 14
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    Phenylalanine transfer RNA: molecular dynamics simulation (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-16
    Description: Yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA was subjected to a 12-picosecond molecular dynamics simulation. The principal features of the x-ray crystallographic analysis are reproduced, and the amplitudes of atomic displacements appear to be determined by the degree of exposure of the atoms. An analysis of the hydrogen bonds shows a correlation between the average length of a bond and the fluctuation in that length and reveals a rocking motion of bases in Watson-Crick guanine X cytosine base pairs. The in-plane motions of the bases are generally of larger amplitude than the out-of-plane motions, and there are correlations in the motions of adjacent bases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvey, S C -- Prabhakaran, M -- Mao, B -- McCammon, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 16;223(4641):1189-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6560785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computers ; Cytosine ; Guanine ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA, Fungal ; *RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl ; Yeasts/analysis
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  • 15
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    Reaction of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 with DNA: structure of a DNA adduct with DNA sequence specificity (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-16
    Description: Sequence-dependent variations in DNA revealed by x-ray crystallographic studies have suggested that certain DNA-reactive drugs may react preferentially with defined sequences in DNA. Drugs that wind around the helix and reside within one of the grooves of DNA have perhaps the greatest chance of recognizing sequence-dependent features of DNA. The antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 covalently binds through N-3 of adenine and resides within the minor groove of DNA. This drug overlaps with five base pairs for which a high sequence specificity exists.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hurley, L H -- Reynolds, V L -- Swenson, D H -- Petzold, G L -- Scahill, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):843-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6494915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/*metabolism ; *Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*metabolism ; *Indoles ; Leucomycins/*metabolism ; Molecular Conformation ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 16
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    Allylamine derivatives: new class of synthetic antifungal agents inhibiting fungal squalene epoxidase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-15
    Description: A new class of synthetic antifungal agents, the allylamines , has been developed by modification of naftifine , a topical antimycotic. SF 86-327, the most effective of these compounds so far, is highly active in vitro against a wide range of fungi and exceeds clinical standards in the oral and topical treatment of guinea pig dermatophytoses. SF 86-327 is a powerful specific inhibitor of fungal squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petranyi, G -- Ryder, N S -- Stutz, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 15;224(4654):1239-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6547247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allylamine/analogs & derivatives/*chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Amines/*chemical synthesis ; Animals ; Antifungal Agents/*chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Dermatomycoses/drug therapy ; Fungi/*drug effects/enzymology ; Guinea Pigs ; Naphthalenes/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Oxygenases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Squalene Monooxygenase
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Disulfide bond engineered into T4 lysozyme: stabilization of the protein toward thermal inactivation (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-02
    Description: By recombinant DNA techniques, a disulfide bond was introduced at a specific site in T4 lysozyme, a disulfide-free enzyme. This derivative retained full enzymatic activity and was more stable toward thermal inactivation than the wild-type protein. The derivative, T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys), was prepared by substituting a Cys codon for an Ile codon at position 3 in the cloned lysozyme gene by means of oligonucleotide-dependent, site-directed mutagenesis. The new gene was expressed in Escherichia coli under control of the (trp-lac) hybrid tac promoter, and the protein was purified. Mild oxidation generated a disulfide bond between the new Cys3 and Cys97, one of the two unpaired cysteines of the native molecule. Oxidized T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys) exhibited specific activity identical to that of the wild-type enzyme when measured at 20 degrees C in a cell-clearing assay. The cross-linked protein was more stable than the wild type during incubation at elevated temperatures as determined by recovered enzymatic activity at 20 degrees C.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, L J -- Wetzel, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 2;226(4674):555-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6387910" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; *Genetic Engineering ; Kinetics ; Muramidase/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Denaturation
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  • 18
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    DNA-binding proteins (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-09-09
    Description: The structures of three proteins that regulate gene expression have been determined recently and suggest how these proteins may bind to their specific recognition sites on the DNA. One protein (Cro) is a repressor of gene expression, the second (CAP) usually stimulates gene expression, and the third (lambda repressor) can act as either a repressor or an activator. The three proteins contain a substructure consisting of two consecutive alpha helices that is virtually identical in each case. Structural and amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that this bihelical fold occurs in a number of proteins that regulate gene expression, and is an intrinsic part of the DNA-protein recognition event. The modes of repression and activation by Cro and lambda repressor are understood reasonably well, but the mode of action of CAP is still unclear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takeda, Y -- Ohlendorf, D H -- Anderson, W F -- Matthews, B W -- GM20066/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM28138/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM30894/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Sep 9;221(4615):1020-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6308768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *DNA Helicases ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Models, Chemical ; Protein Conformation
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  • 19
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    A nitrogen pressure of 50 atmospheres does not prevent evolution of hydrogen by nitrogenase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-08
    Description: The effect of a partial pressure of nitrogen of 50 atmospheres (5065 kilopascals ) on the hydrogen evolution reaction of nitrogenase has been investigated. Evolution of hydrogen was not blocked completely by 50 atmospheres of nitrogen in any of four experiments; rather, 27.3 +/- 2.4 percent of the total electron flux through nitrogenase was directed toward production of hydrogen. The ratio of hydrogen evolved to nitrogen fixed was close to 1:1, which implies that hydrogen evolution is obligatory in the fixation of molecular nitrogen by nitrogenase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simpson, F B -- Burris, R H -- AI-00848/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 8;224(4653):1095-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6585956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hydrogen ; *Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Nitrogenase ; Partial Pressure
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  • 20
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    Nonvolatile mutagens in drinking water: production by chlorination and destruction by sulfite (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-01-04
    Description: In concentrates of water produced in a laboratory simulation of a drinking water treatment process, direct-acting, nonvolatile mutagens were readily detected by means of the Ames Salmonella test. The mutagens were shown to be produced by the chlorination process. Treatment of the water with chloramine resulted in less mutagenic activity than treatment with free chlorine. Dechlorination of drinking water with sulfite sharply reduced the mutagenic activity. Treatment with sulfur dioxide is proposed as an effective, inexpensive method of reducing the direct-acting mutagenic activity of drinking water and of aqueous industrial effluents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheh, A M -- Skochdopole, J -- Koski, P -- Cole, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jan 4;207(4426):90-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6985746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chloramines ; Chlorine ; Mutagens/*analysis ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Sulfites ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Supply/*analysis
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  • 21
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    Automated synthesis of gene fragments (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1981-10-16
    Description: The DNA/RNA Synthesizer provides a complete and automated procedure for the synthesis of DNA sequences. Each base unit is added in a 30-minute cycle, permitting a tetradecamer to be constructed in 6 1/2 hours. The complete procedure is described, including a practical procedure for isolation and purification of the desired DNA sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarado-Urbina, G -- Sathe, G M -- Liu, W C -- Gillen, M F -- Duck, P D -- Bender, R -- Ogilvie, K K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Oct 16;214(4518):270-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6169150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Automation ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*chemical synthesis ; *Genes, Synthetic ; RNA/*chemical synthesis ; Solubility
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  • 22
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    Chitin: New facets of research (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-15
    Description: Research on chitin as a marine resource is pointing to novel applications for this cellulose-like biopolymer. Discovery of nondegrading solvent systems has permitted the spinning of filaments, for example, for use as surgical sutures. New methods for preparing the bioactive alkyl glycoside of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (the monomer unit of chitin) and a microcrystalline chitin has encouraged their use as promoters for growth of bifidobacteria and as an aid in digestion of high-lactose cheese whey by domestic animals. Chitin-protein complexes of several crustacean species show great variability in ratios of chitin to covalently bound protein and in residual protein in the "purified" chitins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, P R -- Brine, C J -- Castle, J E -- Zikakis, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 May 15;212(4496):749-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7221561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cheese ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chickens ; *Chitin ; Crystallography ; Lactose/metabolism ; Proteins/analysis ; Sutures ; *Technology
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  • 23
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    DNA sequencing and gene structure (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 18;214(4527):1305-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7313687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*genetics ; Eukaryotic Cells/physiology ; *Genes ; Hydrazines ; Lac Operon ; Methylation ; Prokaryotic Cells/physiology ; Sulfuric Acid Esters
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  • 24
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    Boradeption: a new procedure for transferring water-insoluble agents across cell membranes (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1982-07-09
    Description: A new process has been developed which is called "Boradeption" to signify boronic acid--dependent phase transfer of water-insoluble agents. Highly fluorescent boronic acid dervatives, FluoroBoras, are solubilized with a physiologically compatible carrier buffer containing a receptor group for boronate adduct formation. The system can be used to stain living cells. In another variation of the Boradeption concept, an insoluble reporter molecule containing a boronate receptor is solubilized with a carrier buffer containing a boronic acid functional group. The boronate-receptor complexes, which are in dynamic equilibrium, can be designed as vital stains and reagents for a variety of biological and medical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallop, P M -- Paz, M A -- Henson, E -- AG-00376-07/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HL-20764-04A1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jul 9;217(4555):166-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6178158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Transport ; *Boron Compounds/therapeutic use ; *Boronic Acids/therapeutic use ; *Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromogenic Compounds/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Fibroblasts ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Humans ; Rats ; Staining and Labeling
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    Reversible chemical modification of the scrapie agent (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-11
    Description: The scrapie agent causes a degenerative nervous system disease in sheep and goats. Studies with extensively purified preparations demonstrated that the agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Chemical modification of the scrapie agent by diethyl pyrocarbonate reduced the titer 1000-fold. Exposure of the inactivated agent to hydroxylamine, a strong nucleophile, resulted in complete restoration of infectivity. Presumably, nucleophilic residues within a scrapie agent protein undergo carbethoxylation on reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate, and subsequent addition of hydroxylamine displaces these carbethoxy groups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKinley, M P -- Masiarz, F R -- Prusiner, S B -- NS14069/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 11;214(4526):1259-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6795721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Assay ; Brain/microbiology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Diethyl Pyrocarbonate/pharmacology ; Histidine/pharmacology ; *Prions ; Ribonucleases/pharmacology ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology ; Viral Proteins/*isolation & purification/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 26
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    Nonenzymatic browning in vivo: possible process for aging of long-lived proteins (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: The incubation of lens proteins with reducing sugars leads to the formation of fluorescent yellow pigments and cross-like similar to those reported in aging and cataractous human lenses. Called nonenzymatic browning or the Maillard reaction, this aging process also occurs in stored foods. Reducing sugars condense with the free amino group of proteins, then rearrange and dehydrate to form unsaturated pigments and cross-linked products. Although most proteins in living systems turn over with sufficient rapidity to avoid nonenzymatic browning, some, such as lens crystallins and skin collagen, are exceptionally long-lived and may be vulnerable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monnier, V M -- Cerami, A -- AM 19655/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):491-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Crystallins ; Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology ; Glucose ; Glucosephosphates ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lysine ; *Proteins ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
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    The National Science Foundation looks to the future (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1981-03-13
    Description: Great advances have been made in fundamental scientific research in recent years. The new knowledge gathered, in addition to deepening our understanding of the physical universe, contributes a range of abilities and opportunities to society that would not otherwise be available. Much research that may be called applied because it addresses needs of society is quite fundamental in character, and support of such research at the National Science Foundation is to be handled in tandem by the research directorates. Other areas that require a refocusing of support are engineering science and education, at all levels, in science and engineering. Increasing our strength in these areas is essential to achieve our national economic, social, and political goals. Steps are being taken by the National Science Foundation to make its structure better able to deal with engineering and applied research and to provide greater mutual reinforcement between applied and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slaughter, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 13;211(4487):1131-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7466384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Forecasting ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Government Agencies ; Molecular Biology ; Neurochemistry ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 28
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    New chemistry of an old molecule: cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1982-12-10
    Description: The discovery that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has clinically useful antitumor properties and can form platinum blues spawned an extensive investigation of its chemistry in water. Several new molecules have been synthesized, some rather old ones have been characterized for the first time, and clues have begun to emerge about the chemical interaction of cis-DDP with its likely biological target, DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lippard, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 10;218(4577):1075-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6890712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cisplatin ; *Dna ; Hydrolysis ; Pigments, Biological
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  • 29
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    The chemistry of vision (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1982-12-03
    Description: The visual response is initiated by light reception and transduction into chemical and electrical energy in the outer-segment membranes of rod and cone cells. Recent research on the molecular events controlled by light has clarified the roles of some of the rod outer-segment biomolecules. These developments and the current unresolved questions are described.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, D F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 3;218(4576):961-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Proteins/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzymes/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Light ; Membranes/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/biosynthesis ; Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Rod Cell Outer Segment/*metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology
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  • 30
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    Antiviral agents (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1983-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krenitsky, T A -- Beauchamp, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jun 10;220(4602):1106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6857236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyclovir/metabolism ; *Antiviral Agents/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Humans ; Vidarabine/metabolism
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  • 31
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    Metastable species of hemoglobin: room temperature transients and cryogenically trapped intermediates (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Resonance Raman spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin obtained with 10-nanosecond pulses are compared with the spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin stabilized at 80 K. In comparing the deoxy with the photodissociated species, the changes in the Raman spectra are the same for these two experimental regimes. These results show that at ambient and cryogenic temperatures the heme pocket in liganded hemoglobin is significantly different from that of deoxyhemoglobin. It is concluded that measurements of the properties of intermediate species from photodissociated hemoglobin stabilized at low temperatures can be used to probe the short-lived metastable forms of hemoglobin present after photodissociation under biologically relevant solution conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ondrias, M R -- Friedman, J M -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):615-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carboxyhemoglobin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Freezing ; *Hemoglobins ; Humans ; Ligands ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Temperature
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  • 32
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    Irreversible ligands with high selectivity toward delta and mu opiate receptors (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1983-04-15
    Description: Alkylating agents that display strong selectivity for opiate receptor types delta or mu were prepared by appropriate modification of the structures of the strong analgesics fentanyl, etonitazene, and endoethenotetrahydrooripavine. The availability of these substances should facilitate studies of the structural basis of receptor specificity and of the physiologic roles of these receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, K C -- Jacobson, A E -- Burke, T R Jr -- Bajwa, B S -- Streaty, R A -- Klee, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Apr 15;220(4594):314-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6132444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Animals ; Benzimidazoles/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Brain/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enkephalin, Methionine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Fentanyl/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Isothiocyanates ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptors, Opioid/*metabolism/physiology ; Thebaine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
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  • 33
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    Trace chemistries of fire: a source of chlorinated dioxins (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bumb, R R -- Crummett, W B -- Cutie, S S -- Gledhill, J R -- Hummel, R H -- Kagel, R O -- Lamparski, L L -- Luoma, E V -- Miller, D L -- Nestrick, T J -- Shadoff, L A -- Stehl, R H -- Woods, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Oct;210(4468):385-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6159682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/analysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; *Dioxins/analysis ; *Fires ; Power Plants ; Smoke/analysis ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/analysis ; Vehicle Emissions/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Synthetic competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor: effect on ACTH secretion in the rat (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-25
    Description: Polypeptide analogs of the known members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo for enhanced potency or competitive antagonism. Predictive methods and physicochemical measurements had suggested an internal secondary alpha-helical conformation spanning about 25 residues for at least three members of the CRF family. Maximization of alpha-helix-forming potential by amino acid substitutions from the native known sequences (rat/human and ovine CRF, sauvagine, and carp and sucker urotensin 1) led to the synthesis of an analog that was found to be more than twice as potent as either of the parent peptides in vitro. In contrast, certain amino-terminally shortened fragments, such as alpha-helical CRF or ovine CRF residues 8 to 41, 9 to 41, and 10 to 41, were found to be competitive inhibitors in vitro. Selected antagonists were examined and also found to be active in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rivier, J -- Rivier, C -- Vale, W -- AA03504/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AM20917/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM26741/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 25;224(4651):889-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6326264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/secretion ; Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Radiography (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Radiography is discussed as a method for nondestructive evaluation of internal flaws of solids. Gamma ray and X-ray equipment are described along with radiographic film, radiograph interpretation, and neutron radiography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nondestructive Testing; p 63-99
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    Total and spectral solar irradiance measured at ground surface (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents the results of a series of total and spectral solar irradiance measurements made at ground surface (Table Mountain Facility, Calif., altitude 2.18 km). The spectral irradiance data are presented for the 0.3-3.0-micron spectral region for air mass 1.5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 21; 3, Fe
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    Miniature battery-operated electromagnetic flowmeter (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 7 p
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    Organic geochemistry of Early Precambrian sediments (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 11 p
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  • 39
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    Preliminary examination of lunar samples (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: Geochemical and minerological analyses of Apollo 12 soil and rock samples
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 189-216
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  • 40
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    Si:Bi array detectors and astronomical applications of the Goddard 10 micron camera (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: An improved 4 to 18 micron array camera system was developed at NASA Goddard SFC for astronomical photometry, using an Aerojet Electro Systems Corp. 16 x 16 Si:Bi accumulation mode charge injection device (AMCID) which could be suitable for eventual low-background spaceflight applications. An astronomical observing program using this device was carried out as a collaboration between NASA Goddard (Infrared and Radio Astronomy Branch and Micro Electronics Branch), the Harvard/Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona. In 1983 the camera system was revised, and a new Aeroject Si:Bi array with 16 x 16 active pixels was obtained from NASA/Ames Research Center as part of a new scientific collaboration between the Ames and Goddard infrared array research groups. The 16 x 16 device had sufficiently good sensitivity, uniformity and noise characteristics to be used for successful observations at the Mt. Lemmon 60 and 61 inch telescopes in May 1983. Complete laboratory characterization of the 16 x 16 array was carried out in summer of 1983. Initial results indicate that this detector has sensitivity and noise characteristics comparable to other devices from the same generation of Aerojet arrays.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 12 p
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  • 41
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    Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 12 landing site. Part B - Photometric and polarimetric properties of the lunar regolith (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Photometric and polarimetric properties of Apollo 12 and Surveyor 3 landing sites
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 157-161
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  • 42
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    Cold cathode gage /Lunar atmosphere detector/ (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 cold cathode gage and lunar atmospheric pressure measurements
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 93-97
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    Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 12 landing site. Part C - Mechanical properties of the lunar regolith (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Soil mechanics of regolith around Apollo 12 landing site
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 161-182
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  • 44
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    Apollo 12 multispectral photography experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 multispectral photography and film processing techniques
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 103-111
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  • 45
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    Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 12 landing site. Part A - Geology of the Apollo 12 landing site (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 landing site geology and topography
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 113-156
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  • 46
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    Passive seismic experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 passive seismometer design and signal interpretation
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 39-53
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  • 47
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    Lunar surface magnetometer experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 magnetometer data and selenomagnetic field determinations
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 55-73
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    Lunar surface closeup stereoscopic photography (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-01
    Description: Apollo 12 closeup stereophotographs of lunar dust, rocks, and soils
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 183-188
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  • 49
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    Preliminary results from Surveyor 3 analysis (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-01
    Description: Engineering and scientific analysis of Surveyor 3 dust, TV camera, and structural components
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 217-223
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  • 50
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    Solar corona photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of the solar corona by the Apollo 16 command module pilot while in lunar orbit are reported. These were designed to provide data on outer coronal forms and intensities to elongation angles of 25 deg. The results of Apollo 15 solar corona photography verified the procedures and provided the first photographs of identifiable coronal streamers curving at elongation angles of some 10 deg. By using the Apollo 15 data, exposure settings were optimized for Apollo 16, and the results show a significant improvement in photometric quality over the large range of brightness to be photographed. Ground observations of the inner solar corona (to approximately 2 solar radii from Sun center) indicate a general lack of coronal structure, and results of data reduction thus far show no streamer structure at large elongation angles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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    Astronomical photography. Part A: Gum nebula, galactic cluster, and zodiacal light photography (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the Apollo 16 command module astronomical photography was performed with the specific objective of capitalizing on the uniqueness of the double umbra as a vantage point to collect astronomical data that are obtainable only near our Moon. For this reason, these data will be compared directly to analogous photography performed from Earth orbit during Project Mercury and the Gemini Program as well as to the Apollo-duplicated photography taken from sites on the Earth surface. Comparison with Earth-based photography should yield direct information on the Earth airglow layer and on atmospheric scattering and extinction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 52
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    Photogrammetry using Apollo 16 orbital photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Discussion is made of the Apollo 15 and 16 metric and panoramic cameras which provided photographs for accurate topographic portrayal of the lunar surface using photogrammetric methods. Nine stereoscopic models of Apollo 16 metric photographs and three models of panoramic photographs were evaluated photogrammetrically in support of the Apollo 16 geologic investigations. Four of the models were used to collect profile data for crater morphology studies; three models were used to collect evaluation data for the frequency distributions of lunar slopes; one model was used to prepare a map of the Apollo 16 traverse area; and one model was used to determine elevations of the Cayley Formation. The remaining three models were used to test photogrammetric techniques using oblique metric and panoramic camera photographs. Two preliminary contour maps were compiled and a high-oblique metric photograph was rectified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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    Photogrammetry and altimetry. Part A: Apollo 16 laser altimeter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter measures precise altitudes of the command and service module above the lunar surface and can function either with the metric (mapping) camera or independently. In the camera mode, the laser altimeter ranges at each exposure time, which varies between 20 and 28 sec (i.e., 30 to 43 km on the lunar surface). In the independent mode, the laser altimeter ranges every 20 sec. These altitude data and the spacecraft attitudes that are derived from simultaneous stellar photography are used to constrain the photogrammetric reduction of the lunar surface photographs when cartographic products are generated. In addition, the altimeter measurements alone provide broad-scale topographic relief around the entire circumference of the moon. These data are useful in investigating the selenodetic figure of the moon and may provide information regarding gravitational anomalies on the lunar far side.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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    Chemistry of the upper atmosphere and the role of transport processes (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The important chemical reaction affecting the neutral composition of the upper stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere is discussed. The role of atmospheric transport processes is emphasized and the problem of taking these into account is elucidated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 147-155
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    Transient heating in the upper atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The time-dependent response of the upper atmosphere to transient heat sources is considered. The basic problem is that of heating a compressible, heat-conducting fluid, which is described in the one-dimensional case by an analytic solution. Comparisons with satellite drag data of such first-order solutions are shown to be useful in determining energy requirements and in determining some constraints on the spatial distribution of the heating. Recent OGO-6 mass spectrometer and interferometric temperature measurements show that atmospheric disturbances during geomagnetic storms are much more prominent in the auroral zones. These results suggest that joule dissipation of auroral currents are important contributors to orbital perturbations of satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 3-23
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    Dissipation of electric fields in the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The heating and movement of the upper atmosphere at ionospheric levels in response to electric currents are discussed. Joule dissipation, generation of winds, and pressure gradients are significant factors in the energetics of the ionospheric electric currents flowing during magnetic storms and also of the Sq current system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 25-40
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    Examination of the Surveyor 3 surface sampler scoop (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The operation and external appearance of the surface sampling scoop are discussed. An attempt was made to measure the magnitude of the existing adhesion between the lunar soil and the various surfaces of the scoop.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 100-114
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    NASA-ARC 36 inch airborne infrared telescope (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A 36 in. aperture telescope is being developed for installation aboard a NASA-Lockheed C-141A aircraft. This airborne observatory will permit observation of infrared emission at altitudes above 45,000 ft above much of the infrared-absorbing atmospheric water vapor. The telescope will look through a movable open port in the aircraft fuselage. A porous spoiler, upstream from the open port, will attenuate pressure disturbances and permit operation at ambient temperatures and pressures without an obscuring window. The telescope's entire structure is supported by a 16 in. spherical air bearing, which effectively isolates it from angular aircraft motions. This air bearing support, with inertial stabilization and star tracking, will permit net line of sight stability of better than 2 arcsec rms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 81-88
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    Nimbus observation of oceanic upwelling (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observing the development of upwelling on the northeast coast of Africa by measuring ocean surface emission with infrared radiometers on Nimbus satellites is reported. Using the temperature of the ocean as telemetered by the satellite, the biological potential of an area is estimated, and consequently the highest potential for fisheries.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 14-17
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    Microwave emission of Arctic Sea ice (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The feasibility of carrying microwave radiometers on Nimbus E and F missions for sea ice surveys was studied in the arctic using aircraft. It was found that passive microwave signatures of Arctic Sea ice relate specifically to the structure and type of ice. It is concluded that a new tool for conducting ice surveys from aircraft and satellites with remote sensors was discovered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 18-21
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    Astronomical photography, part T (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of astronomical interest conducted during the Apollo 15 mission are discussed. Procedures used in photographing the solar corona are described together with calibration and reduction methods. In addition, selected preliminary results obtained from the photography are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Its Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 39 p
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    First earthshine photography from lunar orbit, part S (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The first photographs of the moon taken with earthshine illumination by the Apollo 15 crew were examined. Emphasis in the analysis was placed on a comparison of predicted exposures and obtained exposures. The results of the investigation indicate the following: (1) The predicted exposure of the maria areas and the obtained exposures were in reasonably close agreement. (2) The apparent-albedo values obtained for the floor of Aristarchus Crater are seven times greater than those for the maria.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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    Electron impact ionization of H (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The results of theoretical calculations for the reactions between electrons and negative hydrogen atoms are discussed for an electron colliding with a negative hydrogen ion and neutralizing the hydrogen ion by stripping the loosely bound electron from it, and the two free electrons moving away. A semi-quantum description of the process is presented in which the target is described in terms of quantum mechanics, and the projectile electron is described in a classical fashion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 58-62
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    Geological features in Wyoming from Nimbus 1 (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The identification of ground features in Nimbus photography by comparisons with geology, soils, and vegetation maps is discussed for the Wyoming-Colorado area. It is concluded that in a semiarid region, high topographic relief shows good coassociation with exposed geology and with vegetation and, to a lesser degree, with soils types. In lower, flatter basins, most tonal patterns are related to subtle variations in soil color and vegetation cover. It is thought that maps based on spectral parameters as the proper descriptor of surface features may be required.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 2-7
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    The improvement of star positions by photographic methods (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A brief description is given of the new astrometric camera and of the program on which it is being employed. This is the photography of the southern sky so that each star appears on at least four overlapping plates. Sets of star coordinates measured on each plate are combined with a limited set of provisional meridian places to give an accurate set of relative star positions which are independent of the meridian system together with a set of residuals for each plate-star. The technique is based on a simple geometrical model of image formation on photographic plates. Current investigations are concerned with the elimination of sources of systematic deviation from this model.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Univ. of South Fla. Conf. on Phot. Astrometric Technique; p 199-208
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    An F1 Schmidt satellite camera and the methods of plate measurement and reduction (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The f1 Hewitt camera is a field flattened Schmidt system of 60cm aperture. The salient features of this equipment are briefly described. Details of the methods of plate measurement are then given. The plate reduction is carried out in two stages. The plate is first calibrated using the photogrammetric method. The formulae usually quoted have been extended to take account of the large distortion introduced by the field flattening lens. In the second stage, the satellite measurements are reduced to satellite positions corrected for refraction, aberration, and when necessary, phase.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Univ. of South Fla. Conf. on Photo. Astrometric Technique; p 141-154
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    Properties of hollow square gravitational wave detectors (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Antennas are described with gravitational radiation properties such as polarization, directivity, and scalar and tensor characteristics. These antenna devices are mechanically resonant systems in the shape of a hollow square with fundamental frequencies in the Hz range. An antenna characteristic is that the absorption cross section for quadrupole radiation at the normal frequency of vibration is the same as that of the fundamental if the damping factors are the same. The absorption cross section of quadrupole gravitational radiation is calculated for a class-1 detector of a cylindrical cross section and for a class-2 detector shaped like a hollow square.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Conf. on Exptl. Tests of Gravitation Theories; p 41-44
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    Improvements in Ross type astrometric objectives (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is shown that aspheric deformations of the first and fourth elements of the four element Ross objective can be introduced to permit one to obtain improved color corrections for astrometric purposes. The usual monochromatic aberrations are as well corrected as for the standard Ross lens. In addition, one can eliminate or reduce additional aberrations, such as secondary spectrum, chromatic spherical aberration, chromatic coma and chromatic distortion. The resulting objectives are suitable for use as intermediate and long focus astrometric objectives covering large angle fields.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Univ. of South Fla. Conf. on Phot. Astrometric Technique; p 61-84
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    Introduction to passive nutation dampers (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Coning motion can prevent photographic and TV cameras and other oriented spacecraft experiments from maintaining a steady scan, and it can introduce a ripple in the high-gain communication system. Nutation dampers are used to remove this type of spacecraft instability. The first nutation damper flown in a missile for the stabilization of the gyroscope consisted of a hollow ring that was partially filled with mercury, and the sloshing of the mercury dissipated the nutational energy. A similar mercury-ring damper was used in the Pioneer 1 lunar probe in 1958 and became the first nutation damper to be used in space. Since then many types of nutation dampers have been designed for spin-stabilized spacecraft ranging in size from small scientific satellites to large space stations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 5th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 73-81
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  • 70
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    Dynamic behavior of the mercury damper (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The dynamic behavior of the mercury nutation damper is investigated. Particular attention is paid to the eccentric annular mercury configuration, which is the final continuous ring phase that occurs in the operation of all mercury dampers. In this phase, damping is poorest, and the system is closely linear. During the investigation, the hydrodynamic problem is treated as three dimensional, and extensive use is made of a variational principle of least-viscous frictional power loss. A variational principle of least-constraint is also used to advantage. Formulas for calculating the behavior of the mercury damper are obtained. Some confirmatory experiments were performed with transparent ring channels on a laboratory gyroscope. Selected movie frames taken during wobble damping are shown along with the results of film measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 5th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 9-16
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    Experiment D015: Night image intensification (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A performance test of a night image intensification system for use as a visual aid by the crewmen in Gemini is reported. The equipment package consisted of (1) image intensification camera; (2) camera control unit; (3) viewing monitor; (4) recording monitor and photographic recorder; and (5) monitor electronics and equipment control unit. Representative photographs are predominantly of lights and clouds. Photographs of three different sections of coastline reveal a contrast between the images of land and ocean. These images range in quality from good to poor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center The Gemini Program: Phys. Sci. Expt. Sum.; p 431-443
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  • 72
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    Experiment S005: Synoptic terrain photography (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Several tentative conclusions can be derived from the results of the synoptic terrain photography experiment, with particular reference to the results from the Gemini mission. The photographs are additional confirmation of the feasibility and value of orbital photographs for geology, geography, and oceanography. The photographs have proven to be of value in the study of the tectonic problems. Although vertical or near-vertical photography is superior to oblique photography, photographs from the Gemini 12 mission have proven that low oblique photographs, and even high oblique photographs, may be of value for certain situations. The oblique views of the Makran Range were useful substitutes for vertical photographs. Equivalent aerial coverage by vertical photographs would have necessitated a camera altitude of several hundred miles. The oblique views of the Sierra Madre Oriental have been used in the search for structures that are approximately normal to the horizon and are enhanced by the foreshortening because of the photograph.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Gemini Program: Phys. Sci. Expt. Sum.; p 337-381
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  • 73
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    Experiment M403: Electrostatic charge (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Experiment M403 was flown on the Gemini 4 and 5 spacecraft in an effort to discover whether the spacecraft could accumulate sufficient excess electric charge to constitute a hazard for later Gemini-Agena rendezvous missions. An attempt was made to measure the electric field terminating on a small area of the spacecraft retrograde adapter section and to calculate the total spacecraft charge from this measured field value. The Gemini 5 instrument was inhibited from responding to electric fields that corresponded to a charge on the spacecraft. However, readings were obtained on the Gemini 5 mission that were of as great or greater magnitude than those obtained on the Gemini 4 mission. This could be interpreted as an indication that the contribution of a net spacecraft charge to the Gemini 4 measurements was negligible. An operational measurement that was performed on a later rendezvous mission was indicative of a very small exchange of charge between the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena vehicle.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Gemini Program: Phys. Sci. Expt. Sum.; p 115-124
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  • 74
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    Experiment S013: Ultraviolet astronomical camera (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Recordings of the stellar ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength region from 2000 to 4000 angstroms are reported. An analysis of the surface temperatures of the stars, the absorption effects occurring in the atmospheres of the stars, and the absorption effects of the interstellar dust is made from the photographic data obtained. In addition to gathering basic astrophysical data about hot, young stars, the experiment is used to clarify the problems and techniques of uv photography of stars from manned spacecraft.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Gemini Program: Phys. Sci. Expt. Sum.; p 81-99
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  • 75
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    Experiment M411: Two color earth limb photography (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Some simple calculations were made regarding the scattered light phenomenon of a sunlit earth limb. It was assumed that the light was to be scattered by an atmosphere irradiated by a zenith sun. Calculations were made with several different scattering coefficients assignable to various wavelengths of the extended visual region. The dependence of the excess blue-limb elevation was less obviously determined by the scattering angle than was suspected. It is reasonable to surmise that the variation of the values of excess blue-limb elevation originated principally from the red-limb variance, because the form of the blue-limb profiles (at least in their upper part) was more regular than was that of the red-limb profiles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center The Gemini Program: Phys. Sci. Expt. Sum.; p 101-114
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  • 76
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    Gyroscope test of gravitation: An analysis of the important perturbations (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Two perturbations, the earth's quadrupole moment and the earth's revolution around the sun, are discussed. Schiff's proposed gyroscope test of gravitation is analyzed, along with the capability of deciphering each separate contribution to the angular velocity of spin precession.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Conf. on Exptl. Tests of Gravitation Theories; p 82-84
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  • 77
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    On the heterodyne method of detecting gravitational waves (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A mathematical model on the heterodyne method of detecting gravitational waves is presented, using a dumbbell consisting of two masses situated in a plane and a plane-fronted gravitational wave traveling perpendicular to the plane. It is concluded that the detector sensitivity is not likely to be improved without employing very complicated and expensive super low temperature techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Conf. on Exptl. Tests of Gravitation Theories; p 45-46
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  • 78
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    Nutation dampers for manned spacecraft (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Nutation dampers are examined from the standpoint of application to manned space stations with artificial gravity. Typical spacecraft concepts and associated control requirements are considered, and examples of the dampers proposed for these spacecraft are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 5th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 103-109
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  • 79
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    Low nutation-rate dampers (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Mission requirements plus spacecraft weight and power constraints often reduce the excitation frequency of a nutation damper below 1 cpm. Since attitude stability is determined by damper performance, maximum effectiveness at low rates is demanded. Presented are design considerations that low-frequency dampers require, along with descriptions of two low-frequency systems: the Direct Measurement Explorer 1 and the Small Astronomy Satellite A (SAS-A).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 5th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 97-102
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  • 80
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    Response characteristics of a thermal-heliotrope solar-array orientation device (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The thermal heliotrope is a passive solar-array orientation device containing a bimetallic helix that rotates when activated by solar energy. The rate and extent of the rotation depends upon the properties of the two metals and the temperature of the helix. An energy-balance analysis is performed to determine the temperature distribution in the helix. By initially restricting the analysis, a simplified equation governing the response of the heliotrope is obtained. In order to gain insight into the response of the heliotrope, a series of experiments were performed. The results of these tests and the implications are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 5th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 33-39
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  • 81
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    Ground truth versus no ground truth (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The area of study was the southeastern Arizona test site and three areas within the site were studied in detail: Safford, Point of Pines, and Fort Apache-White River. These areas have terrain contrast ranging from flat arid regions to high alpine mountains. Data were obtained from the Apollo 9 photographic missions, high altitude aerial photography, and simulated ERTS-A data from high altitude aircraft. Various monoscopic and steroscopic devices were used to analyze the features, and film density variations were studied. No ground-based data were permitted. Thematic maps were prepared for geology, geomorphology, vegetation, hydrology, and soils. Interpreted boundaries were delineated, with no collaborative data used in the interpretation. Ground-based data were gathered during the overflight of high altitude aerial photography. A further study was made using the ground truth, and the data gathered on the ground were compared with original mapping. 80% to 85% of the interpretations in the areas checked were correct. It was proved that it is possible to monitor gross features of the vigor of crop lands and vegetative cover, to type soils and classify geologic features, and to determine hydrologic conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 3 p
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  • 82
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    Preprocessing of multispectral data and simulation of ERTS data channels to make computer terrain maps of a Yellowstone National Park test site (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The possibility of improving the accuracy of terrain classification by preprocessing spectral data was investigated. Terrain maps were made using the following techniques: 1) preprocessing by scan angle function transformation, using the computer-selected best set of three channels; and 2) preprocessing by ratio transformation, using the specified ERTS data channels, simulated by fitting the spectral response of each of the 12 data channels to the ERTS channels by a set of weighting coefficients. By using a simple technique during printout, the maps were produced in color. The normalized scan angle function transformation resulted in the most accurate classification. The best ratio transformation for the Yellowstone Park data was the ratio of each channel to the sum of all channels. A supervised training program involving maximum likelihood decision for selecting the best spectrometer channels and similar techniques for digitizing the data of the analog magnetic tapes were used. Cloud shadows were recognized in addition to eight classes of terrain. Preprocessing of data resulted in more accurate maps, required fewer training areas (hence less preparation and computer time), and enabled much of the area formerly classified as shadow to be reclassified according to actual terrain type.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1.; 25 p
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  • 83
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    Regional land use studies (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Remote sensing technology and data from instrumented satellites and high altitude aircraft are proposed for mapping land use on a current national basis, for monitoring changes and trends, and for creating statistical models which can be manipulated to demonstrate the probable effects of proposed land use and of environmental changes over large areas. Both Apollo spacecraft and aircraft photography were used; the spacecraft pictures delineated the cropland and urban boundaries more clearly. A computer model is also proposed for statistical analysis and for printing out updated maps automatically; this model will include a data bank which can be updated rapidly with changes detected by the computer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 84
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    A cursory examination of the sensitivity of the tropospheric range and Doppler effects to the shape of the refractivity profile (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Ray tracing techniques for examination of refractivity profile sensitivity in tropospheric range and Doppler effects on profile shape
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK, VOL. 1 15 FEB. 1971; P 22-30
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  • 85
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    Holographic method of monitoring the performance of a large telescope mirror (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Holographic monitoring method for astronomical telescope mirror
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 311-314
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  • 86
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    Evaluation of surface figure during manufacturing (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Interferometric control of surface figures during astronomical mirror manifacturing
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 291-296
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  • 87
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    General philosophy of mirror support systems (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Design requirements for mirror support systems for terrestrial telescopes
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 381-387
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  • 88
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    Some optical systems for a spaceborne telescope (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Optical mirror systems for spaceborne telescope
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 321-325
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  • 89
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    The effects of processing on the dimensional stability of beryllium mirrors (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Processing effects on dimensional stability of beryllium mirrors for telescopes
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 181-188
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  • 90
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    Possibilities for automating optical manufacture (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Computerized design and automated manufacture of optical lenses
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 137-139
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  • 91
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    Image converters and image intensifiers (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Optical properties of image converters, image intensifiers, and photocathodes
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 501-509
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  • 92
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    Electronography (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Large roll-film electronographic camera for aerial reconnaissance and astronomical observations
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 511-521
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  • 93
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    High resolution measurements in space astronomy and the requirements for diffraction limited optics (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: High resolution measurements and diffraction limited optics of large space telescope
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 33-38
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  • 94
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    The image isocon and related developments for astronomical space telescopes (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Developing image isocon camera tube for astrometric measurements in space
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 591-597
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  • 95
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    Figure control of active primary mirrors (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Figure control computer system for active primary astronomical mirrors
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 315-320
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  • 96
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    Spacecraft control (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Spacecraft attitude and reaction control, and Wiener-type filters for multivariable nonlinear processes
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SPACE PROGRAMS SUM. NO. 37-61, VOL. 3 28 FEB. 1970; P 149-164
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  • 97
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    Surface smoothness of large astronomical mirrors - A collection of foucaultgrams (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Surface smoothness foucaultgrams of large astronomical mirrors
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 153-164
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  • 98
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    Considerations relating to use of a large astronomical telescope in space (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Optical properties of large spaceborne telescopes
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 83-87
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  • 99
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    The particles and fields subsatellite magnetometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the objectives of the particles and fields subsatellite (PFS) magnetometer experiment are to calculate the interior electrical conductivity of the moon, to survey the remanent magnetization of the lunar surface, and to study the interaction of the moon with its plasma environment. The magnetometers also support the PFS particle experiment by providing onboard magnetic sectoring and a posteriori pitch angle data and plasma diagnostics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept. te]; 13 p
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  • 100
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    X-ray fluorescence experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, carried in the scientific instrument module bay of the command and service module, was used for orbital mapping of the lunar surface composition and X-ray galactic observations during transearth coast. The lunar surface measurements involved observations of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of the secondary or fluorescent X-rays produced by the interaction of solar X-rays with the lunar surface. The astronomical observations consisted of relatively long periods of X-ray measurement of preselected galactic sources such as Cygnus (Cyg X-1) and Scorpius (Sco X-1).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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