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  • Angiosperms  (306)
  • phosphorus
  • Springer  (426)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1985-1989  (426)
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  • Springer  (426)
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) determination of traces of phosphorus in tungsten (1989)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 99 (1989), S. 399-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: phosphorus ; tungsten ; preconcentration ; ICP-OES
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method for the separation and preconcentration of traces of phosphorus from tungsten was developed. Solid phase extraction of the phosphovanadomolybdate complex performed on a micro-column was applied. Phosphorus was determined by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) excitation. A limit of detection of 0.4 μg/g P with respect to the solid phase is obtained. By directly coupling the extraction/elution step to the ICP instrument a detection limit of 0.06 μg/g P in W was achieved. Besides, the complexity of spectral evaluation in ICP-OES determinations of traces in spectralline-rich matrices is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244696
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental analysis of organic phosphorus compounds X. Schöniger-flask method for phosphorus (1986)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 88 (1986), S. 245-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: Schöniger-flask method ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By use of a fused-silica hook for holding the sample packet in a Schöniger combustion flask, even difficultly combustible phosphorus compounds can be completely decomposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196617
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The variation of element contents in triticale during vegetative growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: triticale ; contents of nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; stage of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Schwankungen in den Konzentration von N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As und Hg in Triticale unter Feldbedingungen untersucht. Von der Bestockung bis zur Vollreife wurden alle 10 Tage von je 0.5 m2 pro Parzelle Pflanzenproben genommen. In allgemeinen haben die Konzentrationen von Frühjar bis zur Ernte abgenommen. Der elementengehalt in Triticale war demjenigen der übrigen Getreidearten verschieden, aber der Trend der Änderungen war ähnlich.
    Notes: Abstract The variation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As and Hg concentrations was studied under field conditions in triticale. The samples were collected every 10 days from tillering to full ripening stage using plant material from 0.5 m2 per plot. The concentrations generally decreased from early growth to harvest. The elemental concentrations in triticale differed from the other cereals, but the variation's trend was similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064828
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Africa — how much fertilizer needed: Case study of Sierra Leone (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; organic matter ; fallow ; forecasting ; fertilizer requirement ; Sierra Leone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplied by an ‘average’ African soil cleared from bush fallow, assuming no losses, were approximated. Values ranged from 23 to 120 Kg N ha−1, 1.8 to 12 Kg P ha−1, 47 to 187 Kg K ha−1, depending on type of fallow, length of fallow, drainage and extent of depletion of native supplies. Additional amounts of 4 to 5 Kg N ha−1, 4 to 6 Kg P ha−1 and 14 to 20 Kg K ha−1 are obtained from the ash. Using crop nutrient removal data and approximate efficiencies of native and fertilizer N, P and K, fertilizer requirements at the reconnaissance level were estimated for selected target yields. For newly cleared uplands at cropping/fallow ratio of 2:7, N fertilizer requirements for cassava (30 t ha−1), maize (4 t ha−1), and sweet potato (16 t ha−1), were 138, 98, 42 kg ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice (4 t ha−1) required 55 kg N ha−1. Corresponding P fertilizer requirements for cassava, maize, sweet potato, upland rice (1.5 t ha−1) and ground-nut (1 t ha−1) were 190, 80, 30, 30 and 16 kg P ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice required 83 kg P ha−1. Substantial residual values of applied P are to be expected. Cassava required 60 kg ha−1 of K on newly cleared land. In soils of lowered nutrient status higher N, P, and K fertilizer requirements were indicated for all crops. Land use data from Sierra Leone were used to illustrate how the total quantities of N, P and K fertilizers in a country in the forest zone of Africa can be approximated. Fertilizer needs in Sierra Leone were in decreasing order P 〉 N ≫ K. N, P and K requirements were estimated to be 10,000 t, 20,000 t and 4,000 t respectively. The nutrient balance sheet method described in this paper is a useful tool to estimate the order of magnitude of fertilizer requirement at selected target yields for countries in Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050271
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus management of a rice-wheat cropping system (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055398
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus and mycorrhizal interaction on uptake of P and trace elements by maize (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: VAM fungi ; phosphorus ; molybdenum ; interaction ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) when applied to soils can result in marked increases in plant growth and P uptake. Application of molybdenum can also result in a synergistic interaction with phosphorus, with reslutant increases in plant dry matter production. The current investigation was designed to evaluate P X Mo X VAM interactions on yield and P uptake of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using soils from Missouri and Jamaica (West Indies) which were very low in available soil P. Corn was grown in pots amended with P and VAM, with and without Mo. Colonizing Jamaican soil amended with P withGlomus etunicatum increased shoot dry matter weights significantly. Greatest P uptake occured in treatments receiving the highest application of P and mycorrhizal inoculation. There was a significant difference between the two soils with respect to treatment effects on micronutrient accumulation of the test crop. The decreases in Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo concentration of corn leaves between control and the treated pots, is attributed to dry matter dilution effect. The results indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation increased the dry matter significantly in Jamaican soil amended with P, however not in Missouri soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054731
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of P fertilizer on alleviating chloride toxicity in wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051011
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracking phosphorus patterns in mango (Mangifera indica L) and possible relations to floral induction (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bark ; floral induction ; leaves ; mango ; phosphorus ; shoots ; stems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus concentration was tracked in four types of mango shoots. The mean phosphorus concentration was highest in laterals existing on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season, followed by young flush arising in July, laterals existing on shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and having further extension of growth. A higher percentage of floral induction was noted in the laterals on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season. The study clearly showed the association of availability of phosphorus with floral induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048797
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Yield and yield components as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048799
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A conceptual model for initial and residual responses to phosphorus fertilizers (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is formulated to describe the amount of effective phosphorus in soil. For a source that is immediately fully effective only three parameters are required — the amount of effective phosphorus initially present, the proportion of phosphorus remaining effective after each year, and a parameter which determines the lower limit for the amount of effective phosphorus. An extension of the model to sources that release their phosphorus slowly requires one further parameter — the fraction of such phosphorus released each year. The effective phosphorus in soil is then related to yield using the Mitscherlich equation. The model gave a good description of the growth response ofStylosanthes humilis to superphosphate and calcined Christmas Island C-grade phosphate (CCICP) over three years on a red earth at Katherine, N.T. Furthermore, it enabled a quantitative assessment to be made of the residual value of the CCICP that was not achieved in an earlier analysis of the data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051007
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer and liming value of lime-treated sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 313-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizers ; lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil to determine the liming and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer value of an undigested, lime-treated sewage sludge. The results are presented in terms of calculated combinations of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer required to obtain the same lucerne yield (or soil pH or extractable phosphorus level) as achieved with 5 or 10 t ha−1 of dried sludge. The sludge was a good source of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. The sludge phosphorus was 49% as effective as the fertilizer phosphorus in raising extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. The calcium carbonate of the sludge raised soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime, probably because of finer particle size in the former. It was not possible to achieve the yield obtained with 25 t ha−1 of sludge with combinations of agricultural lime, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high rates of application. This was attributed to the effects of the sludge on improving soil physical properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048634
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of the fertilizing and liming properties of lime-treated sewage sludge with its incinerated ash (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ryecorn ; ryegrass ; sewage sludge ; sewage ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to compare the fertilizing and liming properties of dried lime-treated sewage sludge with its incineration product (ash). One experiment used a mixture of ryecorn and ryegrass on a relatively fertile soil and the other lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil. The first harvest of the ryecorn-ryegrass experiment showed small but significant linear responses in dry matter yield to both ash and sludge. Ash applications did not affect foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, or uptakes, but sludge applications increased these significantly. Sludge also increased the concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu and Zn but ash only increased the concentrations of S and Mg. At the second harvest (ryegrass) 5 t ha−1 of sludge increased dry matter yield and foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations whereas ash had no effect. Levels of phosphorus extracted from the soil were increased by both amendments but the sludge was much more effective than the ash. Both ash and sludge raised soil pH. In the lucerne experiment comparisons between sludge and ash were calculated from response surfaces fitted to the data which showed marked increased in soil pH and dry matter yield. Sludge markedly increased extractable phosphorus whereas ash had no effect. The sludge was 22% as effective as ash in raising soil pH to 6.5. The amounts of ash required to obtain the same yield as 10 t ha−1 of sludge were 5.78, 12.78 and 6.39 t ha−1 respectively for three successive harvests. These results and those for foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were also ascribed to the much greater availability of the sludge phosphorus than the ash phosphorus, and the presence of nitrogen in the sludge but not in the ash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050345
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  • 15
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    Fertilization of tropical rice: A case study on Bangkok plain (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant analysis ; nutritional status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study consisted of a survey on the nutritional status of rice plants in relation to nutrient application and yield in 70 farmers' fields in four provinces of Bangkok plain during the 1977 wet season. In addition a series of fertilizer experiments were carried out on rice experimental stations in the same provinces to study yield response to N and P fertilization and to develop a fertilizer recommendation system based on plant analysis. The average grain yield in the survey was 3.2 t ha−1 and the early (high yielding varieties), medium (local) and late maturity (local) types yielded 3.3, 2.8 and 3.0 t ha−1, respectively. The average amount of fertilizers applied to these maturity types were 33, 15 and 7 kg N ha−1 and 15, 8 and 6 kg P ha−1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated only a slight correlation between yield and any level of fertilizer application. On experimental stations yields over 6 t ha−1 were obtained with applications of N over 100 kg ha−1 and P over 22 kg ha−1. Evaluation of nutritional status of plants based on plant analysis showed that in all provinces there were strong and widespread nutrient deficiences primarily of N and secondarily of P, and possibly of some other nutrients. Fertilizer application based on plant analysis gave high yield responses. It was concluded that the major constraints of yield on Bangkok plain are too low fertilizer application especially of N, and unbalanced fertilization of N and P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074365
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Mathematical algorithm for effective phosphorus determination in a rice based cropping system (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value ; rice based ; sources of P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model similar to the one suggested by Probert [3] is used to calculate effective phosphorus in two rice crops followed by green gram. The effective phosphorus values are then related to dry matter yield, grain yield and phosphorus uptake in the three crops using linear and Mitscherlich equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064178
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  • 17
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    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049562
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  • 18
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    Zinc and phosphorus interaction in a wheat-maize cropping system (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: zinc ; phosphorus ; interactions ; limed ; unlimed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the interaction effect of Zn and P in a wheat-maize cropping system, a field experiment was conducted at the H.P. Agricultural University Research Station, Palampur (India). Zinc was applied as ZnSO4·7H2O at the rate of 0, 20 and 40 kg per ha and P as superphosphate at the rate of 0, 60 and 120 kg per ha. The direct Zn-P interaction effect was investigated on wheat (S—308) and its residual effect on maize (early composite). Added Zn did not increase the grain and straw yield of wheat when P was not applied, but when P was applied, 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly. Contrary to this, in maize, only 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly when P was not applied, but when P was applied, even 40 kg per ha Zn increased the grain and straw yield of maize. The grain and straw yield of wheat and maize were higher under limed than under unlimed conditions. The concentration of Zn increased with the application of Zn and decreased with the application of P. The concentration of Zn was comparatively higher in grain than in straw of wheat and maize. The P concentration in wheat and maize plants decreased with the increasing levels of applied Zn. The concentrations of Zn were lower under limed than under unlimed condition, whereas the reverse was true for P concentrations. The respective absorption of Zn and P in wheat was 9.7 and 7.3 per cent upto tillering, 47.9 and 49.4 per cent between tillering and flowering, and 42.3 and 43.3 per cent between flowering and maturity. The corresponding absorption of Zn and P in maize was 11.7 and 9.4, 59.9 and 52.1, and 29.3 and 38.5 per cent before booting stage, between booting and tasseling stage and between tasseling and maturity stage, respectively. At maturity, about 53.1 and 13.0 per cent of the Zn and P taken up were retained by wheat straw and 46.9 and 87.0 per cent by wheat grain. The respective values for Zn and P in maize straw and grain were 66.8 and 30.3 and 33.2 and 69.7 per cent. When more Zn was applied, less Zn was translocated to grains; when more P was added, more Zn was translocated to grains. The effects of P and Zn on P distribution at maturity were opposite to that of Zn distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049804
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    Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rooting density ; root biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient competition between interplanted species is investigated using mechanistic modelling. Though tree and crop plant roots may occupy the same soil volume, nutrient competition is seen to be dependent on soil supply mechanisms. Model simulations illustrate the effects of nutrient diffusion rate, mobility/soil interaction, root diameter, soil moisture content, and rooting density on nutrient concentration gradients governing uptake adjacent to plant roots. These factors, unique for each nutrient and soil, combine to determine the potential for competition in agroforestry plantings. Nutrient competition is most likely for the more mobile nutrients and mechanistic modelling can be used to select tree and crop species with superior rooting and physiological characteristics for interplantings to better manage below-ground competition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129653
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    Seasonal dynamics of a cyanobacteria-dominated microbial community in surface sediments of a shallow, eutrophic lake (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 153-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: sediments ; cyanobacteria ; Microcystis ; bacterial biomass ; bacterial production ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal variation of microbial biomass and activity in the surface sediments (0–10 cm) of the shallow, eutrophic Lake Vallentunasjön was followed during one year. “Overwintering”Microcystis colonies dominated the microbial community during all seasons, constituting 60–90% of the total microbial biomass. Expressed on an areal basis, the benthic biomass was, throughout the year, larger than or similar to the planktonic biomass during the peak of the summer bloom, indicating an ability of the colonies to survive in the sediments for extended periods. Abundance of “other”, non-photosynthetic bacteria varied in the range 3.0–15.5 · 1010 cells g−1 d. w. over the year with minimum values in summer and maximum values in autumn in connection with the sedimentation of theMicrocystis bloom. A substantial part of the non-photosynthetic bacteria, up to circa 40%, was associated with the mucilage of healthyMicrocystis colonies. Bacterial production (3H-thymidine incorporation) appeared to be strongly temperature dependent and less influenced by the seasonal sedimentation pattern. Our data indicate an increasing proportion of non-growing cells in autumn and winter. Biomass-bound phosphorus constituted a significant portion, circa 10%, of the phosphorus content in Lake Vallentunasjön sediments. This pool has normally been overlooked in studies on phosphorus dynamics in lake sediments. Different mechanisms whereby organic phosphorus can be released from the sediments are discussed.
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    Effect of snow and soil frost melting on the concentrations of suspended solids and phosphorus in two rural watersheds in Western Finland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Particles ; phosphorus ; watersheds ; snow ; frost ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrological processes are known to have a considerable effect on nutrient transport from agricultural land to watercourses. In cold temperate regions peak discharges are caused not only by storm conditions but also by melting of snow and frost. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of snow and frost melt on concentrations of phosphorus and suspended solids. The samples were taken using flowweighted automatic sampling techniques from two agricultural drainage basins. During the beginning of the snowmelt period the concentration of suspended solids was rather low by comparison with the total phosphorus concentration and the discharge. The different behaviour compared with the relationships found during storm conditions was probably caused by continuous extraction of the soil surface by low ionic concentration melt water, and to some extent by leaching from plant residues. The gradual decrease of total phosphorus concentration during the frost thawing period could be attributed to the gradually increasing proportion of the subsurface and ground water discharge in the runoff.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877743
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    Oxidation behavior of sintered 434L ferritic stainless steel-Al2O3 composites with ternary additions (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 177-189 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sintered ferritic stainless steel composite ; porosity ; transition metals ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of sintered ferritic stainless steel-Al2O3 composites, and composites with ternary additions such as titanium, niobium, or phosphorus, have been studied at 550°C in 1 atm oxygen up to 9 hr. It is found that α-SS-6 vol.% Al2O3 is most resistant to oxidation amongst all the compacts investigated. Amongst the ternary composites, niobium-containing compacts show better oxidation resistance compared to titanium or phosphorus-containing composites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659902
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    Evolution and systematic relationships in theTriticeae (Poaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Systematics ; phylogeny ; cladistic ; phytogeography ; isozyme analyses ; chromosome pairing ; DNA analyses ; relationships ; molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution and taxonomic relationships in theTriticeae are discussed with the view to highlight aspects of this agronomically important group of plants, which may be of interest to molecular biology. Some of these aspects are addressed in more detail in adjoining papers in which specific genomic loci have been examined at the DNA sequence or isozyme level. Aspects discussed include the systematics and geographic distribution of theTriticeae species, isozyme and chromosome pairing studies on some of the species as well as more recent developments in DNA analyses. A survey of the systematics of theTriticeae indicated that the genomic system ofLöve is probably the most useful starting point for interpreting molecular data even though the system has many problems from a taxonomic point of view. The geographical distribution ofTriticeae species, using both published and unpublished data, suggested that information of this type taken together with the theory of continental drift provides a broad time-span for considering data from DNA sequence studies. The significance, and modes of analyses, of isozyme studies were assessed because they often provide valuable characters in determining relationships between species. The main character underlyingLöve's andDewey's analyses of theTriticeae, namely chromosome pairing, is discussed with particular reference to isozyme studies to show that in some cases, such as species ofHordeum sensu lato, consistent relationships are obtained. Finally, new developments in understanding chromosome structure are considered in relation to the above variables in the taxonomy and evolution of theTriticeae.
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    Occurrence of rye (Secale cereale) 350-family DNA sequences inAgropyron and otherTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Secale cereale ; Agropyron cristatum ; 350-family DNA sequences ; R and P genome ; in situ hybridization ; Nor-loci ; 5 S-DNA loci ; relationship ; chromosome pairing ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence is presented that in the R and P genomes (Secale cereale andAgropyron cristatum, respectively) of theTriticeae there exist closely related 350-family DNA sequences in the terminal heterochromatin. This observation is compared to the relationships between these two genomes derived from a comparison of theNor and5 S DNA loci as well as the available data on morphological characters, chromosome pairing, and isozyme studies. It is concluded that the R and P genomes are not closely related and that the common presence of very similar 350-family DNA sequences reflects the parallel amplification of this family of DNA sequences.
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    DNA sequence analyses of the ribosomal spacer regions in theTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 91-104 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Ribosomal DNA spacer regions ; phenetic and molecular relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two regions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were sequenced from a range of species from the tribeTriticeae. One region, the central spacer, was found to be more divergent in sequence than the other, the 18 S-spacer junction. Both regions contained sequences 20–30 bp long which were more highly conserved than the remainder of the region and their possible significance in rDNA expression is discussed. Phenetic relationships based on the sequence data were generally consistent with the relationships based on other criteria. Species possessing the S, E, J1J2, D, and B genomes clustered together, with the H genome species being the most distinct of those examined. The R, P, and V genome species occupy an intermediate position in the overall pattern of relationships. Some relationships differed in detail from those established by other parameters, for example the position of the N genome species, and explanations for discrepancies of this type are discussed.
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    The flavonoids ofBalanites aegyptiaca (Balanitaceae) from Egypt (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 153-158 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Zygophyllaceae ; Balanitaceae ; Balanites aegyptiaca ; Chemosystematics ; quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six flavonoid glycosides: quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside; 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside, 3-7-diglucoside and 3-rhamnogalactoside of isorhamnetin were extracted and identified from the leaves and branches of Egyptian material ofBalanites aegyptiaca. Only isorhamnetin: 3-rutinoside and 3-rhamnogalactoside were recorded from the fruits of the same plant.—Phytochemical aspects ofBalanites aegyptiaca and some genera ofZygophylaceae s. l. viz.Nitraria, Fagonia, Zygophyllum, Seetzenia andTribulus support its affinities with that family.
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    Putative genome donors ofArachis hypogaea (Fabaceae), evidence from crosses with synthetic amphidiploids (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 143-151 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Arachis hypogaea ; Amphidiploids ; chromosome pairing ; genome ; putative ancestors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome pairing, pollen and pod fertility in hybrids between cultivated tetraploidArachis hypogaea and 15 synthetic amphidiploids from 8 diploid species (7 of the A genome and 1 of the B genome) of sect.Arachis have been utilized for the identification of putative genome donors in the evolution of cultivatedA. hypogaea. These results, in conjunction with evidence from morphological similarities, phytogeographical distribution and some phytochemical features, confirm the segmental amphidiploid origin ofA. hypogaea. A. batizocoi andA. duranensis are suggested as the donors of the B genome and the A genome respectively.
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    Taxonomical investigations onHelleborus viridis s. l. (Ranunculaceae) in Northern Italy (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Helleborus viridis subsp.viridis and subsp.occidentalis ; H. odorus subsp.laxus. ; Range of distribution ; taxonomy ; Flora of Northern Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxon commonly namedHelleborus viridis in Lombardy (NW. Italy) differs from both, subsp.viridis and subsp.occidentalis, and is shown to fall within the variation range ofH. odorus subsp.laxus which has been reported so far for NE. Italy only. TrueH. viridis within Italy grows only in the Maritime Alps.
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    Typology of latex starch grains of certainEuphorbiaceae and their possible significance in systematics (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 189-193 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Euphorbiaceae ; Euphorbia ; Chamaesyce ; Latex starch grains ; phylogenetic and taxonomic implications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Latex starch grains of certain Indian species ofEuphorbiaceae belonging toEuphorbia, Chamaesyce, Pedilanthus, Synadenium andMonadenium have been studied. They exhibit distinct shapes in different taxa, i.e., rod, spindle, osteoid, dumb-bell and discoid. This helps i.a. in the taxonomic circumscription ofChamaesyce fromEuphorbia.
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    Germination behaviour in populations ofCapsella bursa-pastoris (Cruciferae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 161 (1988), S. 35-47 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Capsella bursa-pastoris ; Adaptation ; germination behaviour in natural populations ; seed dormancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Germination behaviour of variousCapsella bursa-pastoris populations collected from Scandinavia, Middle Europe and the Alps, was tested in unheated, non-illuminated greenhouses (46 populations) and in growth chambers using 5–7 alternating temperature regimes (16 populations). For all populations, the influence of temperature on germination rate is straightforward: the higher the temperature, the greater the germination. Germination capacity, however, may depend on the geographical region. There is also a strong seed age effect on both, rate and capacity of germination. Once dormancy was broken, seeds from all populations were able to germinate over the entire range of temperatures. Some populations revealed a more or less pronounced temperature optimum for germination capacity, others germinated equally well over the entire temperature range. This indicates genetic heterogeneity between populations. However, no correlation between germinability and any environmental pattern was detected. The data indicate thatCapsella bursa-pastoris has adopted a germination strategy which includes a broad temperature tolerance. Germination of wildCapsella plants seems to be regulated by the factors contributing to the inception and breaking of dormancy which depend on pre- and postharvest conditions. Adaptation in germination behaviour inCapsella bursa-pastoris is different from that in other life history traits (flowering behaviour, growth form parameters).
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    Differences in flavonoid constituents among the species ofFagonia sinaica complex (Zygophyllaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 161 (1988), S. 87-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Zygophyllaceae ; Fagonia sinaica ; F. cretica ; F. tenuifolia ; Flavonoids ; chemosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight flavonol glycosides were detected in the three species of theFagonia sinaica complex. They were fully characterized as the 3-glucosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin, 3-rutinoside of quercetin and 3,7-diglucoside of quercetin and isorhamnetin. Two additional glycosides were partially characterized as a kaempferol 3,7-diglycoside and quercetin 3-diglycoside.
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    Paleobotanical studies inFagaceae of the European Tertiary (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 213-229 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Cuticles ; Recent ; Tertiary ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic reassessment of megafossil records ofFagaceae in Central Europe has been undertaken on the basis of leaf cuticular characters. The oldest representatives date back to the Eocene:Quercus subhercynica spec. nova,Dryophyllum furcinerve (Rossm.)Schmalh.,Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides (Rossm.) gen. & comb. nov. In the Oligocene other members of extant genera appear:Quercus rhenana (Weyl. & Kilpp.)Knobloch & Kvaček,Fagus attenuata Goepp.,Lithocarpus saxonicus spec. nova. In the Neogene these ancient taxa (except inFagus lineage), are gradually replaced by deciduous species ofQuercus andCastanea. Trigonobalanus andCastanopsis are recorded by fruits (or wood) only.
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    Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 165-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chloranthaceae ; Platanaceae ; Trochodendrales ; Fagaceae ; Cercidiphyllum ; Paleobotany ; phylogeny ; floral structure ; leaf architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleobotanical studies indicate that several isolated and systematically depauperate groups of extant woody dicotyledons originated in the Mid Cretaceous. TheChloranthaceae had probably differentiated into insect-pollinated (Chloranthus andSarcandra) and wind-pollinated (Ascarina andHedyosmum) forms by the end of the Albian, and leaves referable to theTrochodendrales are known from the Albian and Cenomanian. In the latest Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, extinct representatives of theTrochodendrales includedNordenskioldia and theJoffrea-Nyssidium complex. ThePlatanaceae also differentiated before the end of the Albian and initially had insect-pollinated, unisexual flowers with five carpels or stamens. Some of these features persisted in the platanoid lineage until the Early Tertiary, and during the Paleocene and Eocene thePlatanaceae included forms with elliptical, palmate and pinnate foliage. The history of thePlatanaceae suggests that several features of the reproductive morphology of extant taxa may have arisen in association with a trend toward wind pollination. In the Mid Cretaceous, platanoid foliage partially intergrades with pinnateSapindopsis and pedateDebeya-Dewalquea leaves suggesting a close relationship betweenPlatanaceae andRosidae andFagaceae respectively. TheChloranthaceae, Trochodendrales, andPlatanaceae all occupy a somewhat intermediate position between theMagnoliidae andHamamelidae and are of considerable interest with respect to their role in the initial radiation of nonmagnoliid (“higher”) dicotyledons.
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    Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of theHamamelidaceae and the LowerHamamelididae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 193-211 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hamamelididae ; Trochodendrales ; Hamamelidales ; Hamamelidaceae ; Hamamelideae ; fossilHamamelidaceae ; Floral structure ; fruit ; seed ; valvate anther dehiscence ; Floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New investigations on the flower and fruit structure of extantHamamelidaceae and other LowerHamamelididae together with new finds of fossil flowers and seeds from the Upper and Lower Cretaceous provide the outline of an increasingly more differentiated picture of the early evolution of the subclass. Three patterns of valvate anther dehiscence are recognized in the subfamilyHamamelidoideae (and the subclassHamamelididae). The basic (plesiomorphic) type within theHamamelididae has 2 valves per theca. The type with 1 valve but 2 pollen sacs per theca is both consistent and exclusive for the 5 southern genera of theHamamelidaceae. They seem to be the remnants of a homogeneous group that originated before the Upper Cretaceous. This is supported by fossil hamamelidaceous flowers from the Upper Cretaceous that have thecae with 1 valve. Since several-seededHamamelidaceae predate one-seeded forms in the fossil seed record (in Europe) and the systematic structure of the one-seeded group is relatively more homogeneous, several-seeded groups are considered to be more ancient. Several parallel evolutionary trends are recognized within theHamamelidaceae as well as within the LowerHamamelididae: anther dehiscence with 2 valves per theca → 1 slit or 1 valve; pollen sacs per theca 2 → 1; pollen tricolpate → polyforate; exine coarsely reticulate → finely reticulate; loss of perianth (tepals or petals and sepals) and concomitant loss of fixed number of floral organs; differentiation of exposed nectaries.
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    Early history of theJuglandaceae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 231-250 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juglandaceae ; Paleobotany ; pollen ; fruits ; evolution ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major radiation of theJuglandaceae occurred during the early Tertiary as recorded by the proliferation of juglandaceous pollen and the appearance of fruits representing extinct and extant genera of the family. Juglandaceous pollen types of the Paleocene were predominantly triporate and exhibited a greater diversity in patterns of exinous thinning than occurs in the family today. Analyses of in situ pollen from early Tertiary juglandaceous inflorescences confirms the taxonomic value of certain patterns of exinous thinning. Data from co-occurring fruits and pollen indicate that relatively unspecialized, isopolar triporate pollen of the type presently confined to the tribeEngelhardieae also occurred in other tribes of the family during the Paleocene. Pollination has been mostly anemophilous throughout the Tertiary. Both wind and animal fruit-dispersal syndromes were established early in the radiation of the family but a greater diversity of wind-dispersed genera has prevailed.
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    Aspects of the fossil record and phylogeny of the familyRutaceae (Zanthoxyleae, Toddalioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 251-265 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Phylogeny ; fructifications ; morphology ; anatomy ; paleogeography ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative analysis of the seed morphology and anatomy of fossil and extantRutaceae (mainlyZanthoxyleae andToddalioideae) is presented. This allows to place the most important fossil taxa in a time-table and on paleogeographical maps. A phylogenetic scheme demonstrates the postulated historical relationships ofEvodia, Zanthoxylum, Fagara, Rutaspermum, Acronychia, Toddalia, Fagaropsis, andPhellodendron.
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    The genusBuxus (Buxaceae): Aspects of its differentiation in space and time (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 267-283 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Buxaceae ; Buxus ; Pollen morphology ; leaf venation ; fossil records ; systematics ; evolution ; chorogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trends of pollen grain aperture evolution and exine characters as well as characters of leaf venation, petiole and axial vascularization are briefly described and related to geographical distribution and classification ofBuxus. A review of fossil records is given. Three major taxonomic groups can be delimitated within the genus, and aspects of their relationships and chorogenesis are presented. The level of differentiation, the pattern of distribution and the fossil record speak in favour of an ancient origin of the genus.
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    Operculum development in theEudesmieae B eucalypts andEucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
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    On some pollen types withinArum (Araceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 41-44 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. ; Pollen types ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a second paper onArum pollen seven further taxa are investigated. Most of them have spinose pollen, only inA. korolkowii the pollen is scabrose. The possible relation between pollen sculpturing and the actual pollination mode is discussed.
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    Biosystematics of two sympatric species ofEucharis (Amaryllidaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 11-30 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Amaryllidaceae ; Eucharis ; Phenetics ; chromosome morphology ; isozyme electrophoresis ; speciation ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eucharis candida andE. formosa are two often sympatric species of bulbous geophytes restricted to neotropical rain forest understory. The species are most common in eastern Ecuador, and are the only two east Ecuadorean species of the genus found north of the Pastaza valley. Data from phenetic, karyotypic, and preliminary isozyme electrophoretic analyses of both species are represented. The species are distinguishable phenetically and karyologically, but isozyme-based relationships are more complex. Phenetic resolution of the isozyme phenotypes supports recognition of two species in Ecuador. A Peruvian isolate ofE. formosa, though not morphologically distinct, shows both allozyme and chromosomal divergence from Ecuadorean populations. Cladistic relationships based on overall allozyme data do not support species distinction, but a novel electrophoretic phenotype for glutathione reductase is shared only by individuals ofE. candida. An apparent geographic component within the monophyletic groups resolved in the cladogram suggests that some degree of gene flow between these two species has been maintained without the complete loss of morpholgoical species identity. This may have been mediated either by artificial population structures due to a probable long history of cultivation, or via Pleistocene refugia effects. Both species may have originated in eastern Ecuador from a common ancestral population which has since radiated outward, perhaps several times.
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    Effects of pollen donors on seed formation inEspeletia schultzii (Compositae) populations at different altitudes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 45-67 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Espeletia ; Diallel cross ; pollen donors ; parental effects ; outcrossing distance ; inbreeding ; seed abortion ; incompatibility ; pollen tube growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors (〈 15m apart) within each population was used in a diallel design in order to test the genetic base of seed set variation. Three measures of seed formation were used: (1) achene number; (2) proportion of filled achenes (fruits) that distinguishes between achenes with seeds and empty achenes; (3) proportion of aborted seeds that distinguishes between viable and aborted seeds. Self-pollinations resulted in empty achenes. Achene number did not vary between the different pollen donors. A bimodal pattern of filled achenes was found in two populations in two consecutive years. On the other hand, a unimodal pattern was found in crosses between more distant donors (〉 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.
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    Karyotypic and chloroplast genomic diversity inMedicago sect.Lupularia (Leguminosae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago lupulina ; M. secundiflora ; Chromosomes ; karyotypes ; chloroplast DNA evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made on the chromosome complements and chloroplast genomes ofMedicago lupulina andM. secundiflora, which comprise sectionLupularia ofMedicago. Both types of analyses indicated more substantial differences between these species than suggested by external morphology.Medicago lupulina has a relatively asymmetrical karyotype in terms of centromeric position and relative length. The karyotype ofM. secundiflora is comparatively more asymmetrical in centromeric position and reduced in absolute size but exhibits greater symmetry in relative length. The restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of the chloropiast DNA of these two species (with Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl II, and Xho I) show little similarity, with only 17% of the fragments matching in size. The lack of interspecific congruence among data of morphology, karyology and cpDNA inLupularia is contrary to consistency exhibited among these data inMedicago subsect.Intertextae.
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    Isozymes as molecular markers for diploid and tetraploid individuals ofNajas marina (Najadaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 131-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Najadaceae ; Najas marina ; Isozymes ; polyploidy ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of five natural populations ofNajas marina L., i.e. one diploid of subsp.marina (Europe), two of subsp.intermedia (Europe) and both a diploid (C. Africa) and a tetraploid (Middle East) of subsp.armata, has been estimated by means of electrophoretic studies. These populations differ in their morphology and karyotype. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics and status of a tetraploid cytotype from Merkaz Sappir (Israel). Almost all the variation observed is expressed in seed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The differences are in a unique allele of theAdh-2 locus and in the formation of novel heteromeric isozymes.Adh genes in seeds can be used as a marker for the autotetraploid character. The other enzyme systems tested failed in this respect. The genetic variability based on 23 loci is rather low. Nevertheless, the autotetraploid population has a higher or equal ratio of polymorphic loci than the related diploids. Cluster analysis illustrated not only thatNajas marina subsp.marina has diverged much from subsp.intermedia and subsp.armata, but also showed the difference between the latter two taxa, as well as the intermediate position of the autotetraploid population.
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    Operculum development inEucalyptus clöeziana andEucalyptus informal subg.Monocalyptus (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 183-196 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; E. clöeziana ; Monocalyptus ; Floral morphology ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; phyllotaxy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofEucalyptus clöeziana have two clearly distinct perianth whorls. The small free parts of the outer (calycine) whorl cease growth early and are lost from the flower; the parts of the inner (corolline) whorl become continuous laterally by confluence of growth centres and form an operculum in the mature flower. The stamens are inserted on a circumfloral buttress (staminophore) that is homologous to the adaxial corolline component inAngophora and the bloodwood andEudesmia eucalypts. Flowers ofMonocalyptus have only one perianth whorl, which is opercular. The stamens are similarly inserted on a circumfloral buttress. Developmental study does not provide conclusive evidence for either a calycine or corolline determination of theMonocalyptus operculum, but comparison with other eucalypt groups, includingE. clöeziana (the sister taxon), predicts an essentially corolline composition.
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    Differentiation of fourHordeum sect.Stenostachys spp. (Poaceae: Triticeae) using multivariate morphometrics (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Hordeum brachyantherum ; H. californicum ; H. capense ; H. secalinum ; Morphometrics ; cluster analysis ; classificatory discriminant analysis ; canonical analysis ; sheared principal component analysis ; bootstrap validation ; identification key
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    Notes: Abstract Field collections and 296 herbarium sheets were examined for 27 morphometric variables. A priori species identifcation was based on geographical distribution except forH. californicum, a diploid species primarily occurring in California and differing from the much more widespread tetraploidH. brachyantherum that thrives in N. America and N.E. Asia;H. capense grows in S. Africa andH. secalinum mainly in Europe. Various cluster analyses were used followed by cluster recovery verification. Classificatory discriminant analysis and validation by the bootstrap yielded 85–90% overall total correct classification of the four species. Canonical analysis revealed thatH. californicum occupies an intermediate phenetic position among the other three distinct species. Factors of shape differences were unravelled and portrayed by shearing. A revised key to species was drawn up.
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    Variation in self-fertility and floral characters ofGeranium caespitosum (Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 225-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Geranium caespitosum ; Breeding system ; ecotype ; gynodioecy ; pollen sterility ; self-fertility ; selfing ; inbreeding depression ; stigma receptivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Characters that have the potential to alter the breeding system ofGeranium caespitosum were investigated. The characters differ mechanistically, functioning either endogenously and independent of pollen transfer, or exogenously by influencing pollen transfer. Little variation in self-fertility (endogenous mechanism) was measured among populations from different elevations grown in a common garden. Variation in floral morphology (exogenous mechanism) was limited and unlikely to create a change in the breeding system. Macroscopic variation (exogenous mechanism), including gynodioecy, sexual specialization, and pollen sterility, was observed in extreme elevation populations and probably has a sizeable effect on the breeding system.
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    Cyclamen (Primulaceae) in tropical Africa (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Primulaceae ; Cyclamen ; C. somalense ; Taxonomy ; phytogeography ; Mediterranean floristic element ; Flora of Somalia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa, spec. nova, the first member of the genus known from tropical Africa, is described from the Al Miskat Mts in NE. Somalia. The new species is closely related to the E. MediterraneanC. persicum Mill. The disjunct Mediterranean element in the mountain flora of northern Somalia, to whichC. somalense belongs, is believed to be largely a relict of Tertiary origin.
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    Cytogenetical changes of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16) (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Amphidiploid ; aneuploid induction ; cytotaxonomy ; fertility ; habitat segregation ; hybrid ; multivalent ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetical studies were carried out on the successive generations of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid (2n = 32) betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16). Aneuploids, 2n = 30 to 35, frequently occurred. In latter subsequent generations the deviation of aneuploids increased, but the proportion of euploids decreased, accompanied by the reduction of fertility of pollen grains and seed sets. F2 and F4 PMCs constantly exhibited meiotic abnormality, i.e. formation of quadrivalents and univalents. The speciation process ofR. cantoniensis (2n = 32), which was presumed to arise from tetraploid hybrids between the above two species, is discussed on the basis of the above evidences.
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    The unique pollination ofLeporella fimbriata (Orchidaceae): Pollination by pseudocopulating male ants (Myrmecia urens, Formicidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Leporella ; Formicidae ; Myrmecia ; Ant pollination pseudocopulation ; floral morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leporella fimbriata is a self compatible orchid of southern Australia. It is dependant across its range on unique pollination by sexually attracted male winged antsMyrmecia urens, which pseudocopulate with the flower. Typical pollination sequences began with an initial circling then zig-zag flight to the flower. Vectors usually alighted on the inflorescence stem and quickly crawled to the flower where they adopted a copulatory position sideways along the wide labellum, pseudocopulatory probing immediately followed. In this position pollen carried on the thorax was deposited on the stigma. Departure from the labellum usually resulted in pollinium removal. Pollinator movements were restricted and the distribution leptokurtic with a mean of 3.141 ± 4.59 m. Pollination was widespread but variable from site to site and season to season with a maximum of 70% of all flowers being pollinated. Pollinator limitation is indicated. Traits essential for this pollination interaction include the coincidence of orchid and ant geographic distributions and the coincidence of flowering with the flight period of the ant. The production of pheromonelike substances and the distinctive floral morphology are also essential for attraction and manipulation of male ants. The ant mating system which the orchid can exploit is also important.
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    Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the generaAnnona andRollinia (Annonaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Annonaceae ; Annona ; Rollinia ; Beetle pollination ; flower evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynastid scarab beetle pollination appears basic within the genusAnnona. Those species ofAnnona which are more morphologically derived, as well as allRollinia spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles likeNitidulidae orStaphylinidae. Pollination of the primitive species ofAnnona byDynastinae would imply that the genus had not evolved before the Tertiary. The fossil record is in congruence with this hypothesis. Once again it is stressed that the cantharophilous syndrome, as it is found in theAnnonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae andCalycanthaceae, with beetles being exclusive pollinators, is a secondary and derived condition and obviously different from the expected basic entomophily of the original angiosperms.
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    Karyological studies in someHypochoeris spp. (Compositae) from Sicily (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hypochoeris ; Karyotype ; karyogram ; idiogram ; basic chromosome number ; symmetry of karyotype ; asymmetrical index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertia Fiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.
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    Hybridization studies in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae (Caryophyllaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene sect.Siphonomorpha ; sect.Auriculatae ; Crossing experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae were crossed artificially involving 612 crosses to test inter- and infraspecific, intervarietal and intersectional crossability. In sect.Siphonomorpha all interspecific crosses (between diploids) failed due to cross- or seed-incompatibility; however, intervarietal crosses betweenS. gigantea var.gigantea andS. gigantea var.incana produced hybrids. In sect.Auriculatae hybrids were produced betweenS. vallesia andS. boryi, both tetraploids, but crosses between these and the diploid species were unsuccessful. The delimitation and status of the species in both sections was supported by the crossing results.
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    Fragrance analyses, an aid to taxonomic relationships of the genusCoryanthes (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Coryanthes ; Fragrance analyses ; 2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde ; taxonomic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All members of the investigated genusCoryanthes (subtribeStanhopeinae) are pollinated by male euglossine bees. The different fragrance profiles are the primary reproductive isolating mechanisms, because the flowers are interfertile. The fragrance patterns of 17 species ofCoryanthes were analyzed by gas chromatography as a means to improve the classification of this genus. A first amine (2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde) was found to be the main fragrance compound of an as yet unclassifiedCoryanthes species.
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    Pothos crassipedunculatus, a new species ofPothos sect.Allopothos (Araceae) from India (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Araceae ; Pothos sect.Allopothos ; Pothos crassipedunculatus ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; systematics ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivadasan & Mohanan (Araceae), a new species closely related to the SW. Indian endemic and little known speciesP. thomsonianus Schott is described. It is characterized by the the non-ligulate, shortly vaginate petiole, thickly peduncled inflorescence, broadly ovate spathe and a sessile spadix. It is included in ser.Brevivaginati Engler of sect.Allopothos Schott.
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    Cladistic analyses of some net-veinedLiliiflorae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 123-141 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliales ; Dioscoreales ; Asparagales ; Cladistics ; relationships ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons between previous intuitive or phenetic classifications of the netveinedLiliiflorae was used to determine a suitable group of taxa for cladistic analyses. The resultant 48 genera and generic groupings comprising 19 families from within theAsparagales, Liliales andDioscoreales were then analysed. The cladistics largely supported previous treatments, with theLiliales, Dioscoreales andAsparagales all monophyletic.
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    Preferential infestation of fruits within theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis (Leguminosae) complex by the bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula ; Medicago littoralis ; Bruchidius bimaculatus ; Bruchid infestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus was found in fruits of 68 of 217 populations of theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis complex of Israel, Greece, Italy and Spain. Infestation was higher in fruits of somewhat larger than mean size, and in the more pubescent and tightly coiled fruits. Bean weevil size proved to be independent of fruit size, so that the “preference” for larger fruits does not seem due to adaptation to a larger food source or a larger domicile. Fruit size has been used to delimit the host “species”M. truncatula andM. littoralis, but the character proved to be unimodal, and it is apparent that the taxonomy of the plant complex requires further clarification. Of the 11 472 fruits examined, less than 4% were infested. Given that the plants have evolved indehiscent legumes in which typically only one of the approximately six seeds survives to reproduce, and that very few seeds of a fruit are destroyed, the bruchid's infestation appears to be non-harmful, and indeed the association may be mutualistic.
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    A survey of C-band patterns in chromosomes ofLilium (Liliaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 53-69 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Lilium ; C-banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C-band patterns are described for 20Lilium spp. distributed across six sections. All species have a similar basic karyotype (n = 12) but C-bands differ markedly between them. The patterns are characterized by a dispersed scattering of thin intercalary bands as well as centric and NOR bands. Only one species,L. canadense, shows a clear equilocal pattern with intercalary C-bands occurring proximally in all of the longer chromosome arms. Comparing species, similar patterns are revealed forL. regale andL. sulphureum, forL. formosanum andL. longiflorum (all in sect.Leucolirion) and to a lesser extent forL. hansonii, L. martagon, andL. tsingtauense (sect.Martagon). The pattern forL. henryi (previously classed in sect.Sinomartagon) matches those ofL. regale andL. sulphureum quite well and its transfer to sect.Leucolirion is proposed. This is consistent with results from interspecies hybrids betweenL. henryi andL. regale (and related species) which are reportedly fertile. No other clear similarities in C-band patterns were seen across species. It seems that C-band patterns change rapidly inLilium and hence their usefulness in classification will be restricted to identifying closely related species.
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    Chloroplast DNA variation inAnemone s. lato (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Anemone ; Pulsatilla ; Hepatica ; Chloroplast DNA ; restriction endonuclease analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA of seven species belonging toAnemone (sectt.Omalocarpus, Anemonidium, andAnemonanthea),Hepatica, andPulsatilla have been analyzed by restriction enzymes. According to the dendrogram constructed, the sections ofAnemone and the generaHepatica andPulsatilla seem to be evolutionary approximately equidistant to each others. This supports the concept that these groups should be treated on a similar taxonomic level, either as genera or subgenera.
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    Nucleolar activity of B-chromosomes inAllium cernuum (Alliaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium ; B-chromosomes ; nucleolar activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nucleolar activity was analyzed in two samples of plants of the wild onion speciesAllium cernuum, one from Canada (2n=14) and one from the United States of America (2n=14+3B), using phase contrast analysis and C- and Ag-NOR-banding. Three chromosome pairs of the standard A-chromosome complement show small telomeric satellites, which corresponds to the maximum number of Ag-NOR-bands at metaphase and to the telomeric C-heterochromatin. However, the maximum number of nucleoli observed at interphase was eight, indicating that another chromosome pair possesses nucleolar activity. Corresponding results were obtained for the A-chromosome complement of plants from the United States of America, however, these plants further possess three small metacentric supernumerary chromosomes, which show telomeric satellites on both arms, corresponding to two telomeric Ag-NOR-bands observed after silver staining. The presented data clearly indicate that the B-chromosomes ofAllium cernuum possess rDNA gene clusters which show strong nucleolar activity.
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    Taxonomic and functional implications of stigma morphology in species ofCassia, Chamaecrista, andSenna (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 93-105 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae (Fabaceae) ; Caesalpinioideae (Caesalpiniaceae) ; Cassia ; Chamaecrista ; Senna ; Stigma morphology ; taxonomy ; floral ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two stigma forms occur inChamaecrista andSenna, but only one inCassia. In the common chambered form, a stigma pore is positioned on the reflexed style tip and is the entrance to a tapering chamber. The pore rim is fringed by hairs which vary in number, size, distribution and shape. In the alternative form the stigma is situated at the apex of the curved style and is crateriform. The crater rim is fringed by hairs of variable number and shape. The stigmatic hairs are predominantly unicellular and cutinized. Stigma and hair differences aid in the taxonomy of the genera. Their functions in pollination biology are discussed.
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    Interspecific relationship of ten European orchid species as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Orchis ; Dactylorhiza ; Gymnadenia ; Taxonomy ; interspecific relationship ; enzyme electrophoresis ; computer evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species of orchid plants belonging to the generaOrchis (7),Dactylorhiza (2), andGymnadenia (1) were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis. Each species can be identified by a combination of enzyme bands different from those of all other species examined. The electrophoretic data were used for the construction of phenetic and phylogenetic trees with the help of computer programs. The trees were almost identical regardless which method was used. Our results differ considerably from a classification based on morphological evidence. The electrophoretic data indicate that the genusOrchis is not a monophyletic group.
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    A new species ofJusticia sect.Ansellia (Acanthaceae) from Tanzania (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia sect.Ansellia ; J. brevipedunculata ; spec. nova ; Flora of Tropical East Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Justicia brevipedunculata, a new species ofJ. sect.Ansellia endemic to Tanzania, is described and illustrated. Detailed palynological information is given, and relationships to other species of the section are discussed.
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    The chromosomes ofGrahamia (Portulacaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Portulacaceae ; Grahamia bracteata ; Chromosome number ; karyotype ; base number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic and gametic chromosomes of the monotypical genusGrahamia (G. bracteata) have been studied for the first time: 2n = 18, n = 9. The karyotype is symmetrical; of the nine m pairs one has microsatellites. The basic chromosome number x = 9 is considered to be primitive within the family.
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    A new look at the acetolysis method (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Beilschmiedia ; Calluna ; Polyalthia ; Strelitzia ; Acetolysis ; palynology ; sporoderm ; exine ; intine ; pollen characters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetolysis method intreduced byGunnar Erdtman is still a very welcome and highly successful technique in palynology. However, acetolysis destroys all pollen material with the exception of sporopollenin that forms the outer pollen wall, the exine. Modern palynology in its application to plant systematics and phylogeny must consider all sporoderm characters, not only those of the exine. The neglect of the intine may distort some principal palynological aspects. This is illustrated by cases of total breakdown or gross modification of thin exine structures (e.g. inBeilschmiedia, Strelitzia) and by the clarification of apertures (e.g.,Polyalthia, Fissistigma, Calluna). In our view the investigation of both acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen is obligatory for a well balanced view of pollen structure and function.
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    Meiotic analyses ofCucumis hybrids and an evolutionary evaluation of the genusCucumis (Cucurbitaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; C. sativus ; C. melo ; C. metuliferus ; C. anguria ; C. zeyheri ; C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis ; comb. nov. ; Crossing experiments ; meiosis of hybrids ; polyploidy ; isozymes ; DNA analysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Meiosis in seven interspecificCucumis hybrids has been analysed i.a. inC. metuliferus ×C. zeyheri, where the parents belong to different sections. In the triploid hybrids a remarkably high number of trivalents has been found. Additional data from literature on geographical distribution, cucurbitacins, flavonoid patterns, isozymes, C-banding, genome size, DNA amount and chloroplast DNA are used to discuss species relationships and evolution. The African cross-compatible group is divided into theMyriocarpus subgroup with the diploid speciesC. africanus, C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis and subsp.myriocarpus, and theAnguria subgroup withC. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. ficifolius, C. prophetarum, C. zeyheri and all polyploids (exceptC. heptadactylus). It is argued that the Asian subg.Melo with x = 7 is derived from the African subg.Cucumis with x = 12; the latter contains all the polyploid species and has the most common basic chromosome number of theCucurbitaceae. This phylogenetic advance is interpreted with concepts of the quantum model of evolution.
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    A comparison of within-plant karyological heterogeneity between agamospermous and sexualTaraxacum (Compositae) as assessed by the nucleolar organiser chromosome (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Taraxacum ; Agamospermy ; NOR-chromosome ; chromosomal rearrangement ; transposable genetic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological variation for the NOR chromosome was studied for four half-siblings of a sexual outbreedingTaraxacum, for three siblings of the obligate agamospermT. pseudohamatum, and for two individuals of the agamospermT. brachyglossum. No rearrangement was detected for the 113 chromosomes of sexuals, or for 41 chromosomes of two agamospermous individuals. In the other three agamospermous individuals, 3/16, 5/50, and 5/20 chromosomes showed evidence of chromosomal rearrangement. The majority of rearrangement events (10/13) occurred to the satellite rather than to the body of the NOR-chromosome. It is considered that such high levels of somatic chromosomal rearrangement in agamospermousTaraxacum may be the result of activity by transposable genetic elements. This recombination may be of selective advantage to asexual plants which cannot generate genetic variability through the sexual process.
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    Structure of the inflorescence and flower ofPetalonyx linearis (Loasaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 211-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loasaceae ; Petalonyx ; Inflorescence ; floral ontogeny ; vascular pattern ; androecium ; gynoecium ; nectary ; symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inflorescence and floral structure ofPetalonyx linearis are described to assist in understanding homologies among the diverse flowers ofLoasaceae. The inflorescence consists of racemose axes, along which each individual flower is recaulescent with its subtending leaf. Both floral vascularization and appendage initiations show a set of variations. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium may be derived from a triplacental condition. Nectary position, on a collar on which the perianth and androecium are inserted, appears homologous to the ovarian dome position of the nectary among otherLoasaceae.
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    Notes on the pollination mechanisms ofMoraea inclinata andM. brevistyla (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Moraea inclinata ; M. brevistyla ; Bees ; Anthophoridae ; Halictidae ; Pollination mechanism ; flower morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual flowers ofMoraea inclinata are nectariferous and last about six hours. They appear to be pollinated largely by bees in the familyHalictidae (Lasioglossum spp.,Nomia spp.,Zonalictus) and to a lesser extent by bees in the familyAnthophoridae (Amegilla). The mechanism of bee-pollination inM. inclinata is the “Iris type”; i.e., each flower consists of three pollination units (an outer tepal, a partly exserted anther, and the opposed style branch which terminates in a pair of petal-like crests). Bees rarely visit more than one pollination unit per flower. Transferral of pollen to the bee is passive and nototribic although all bees collected on the flowers were female and 55% of the bees carried pollen loads with 2–5 pollen taxa in their scopae.Moraea brevistyla flowers are nectariferous but lack scent and last two days. They are visited infrequently by bees and only one femaleLasioglossum spec. carried the pollen ofM. brevistyla. Unlike flowers ofM. inclinata those ofM. brevistyla deposit pollen only on the head and thorax. Bee-mediated autogamy in both species is avoided due to the erratic foraging patterns of the bees and the flexibility of each stigma lobe as the bee backs out of the flower. Approximately 2–4 flowers in the inflorescences of both species (6–8 flowers/infloresence) develop into capsules.
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    Probleme der Infloreszenztypologie vonW. Troll (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 187-199 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Marantaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; monotely and polytely ; homogenization ; racemization ; truncation ; pseudoflorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast toW. Troll's typology of inflorescences which aims at more or less rigid, well defined types, this investigation accentuates the processes that constitute the evolutionary transformations leading from one typical form to another.Troll divided the inflorescences into the two types of monotelic and polytelic synflorescences, the first with a terminal flower on the main axis, the latter with a homogeneous florescence on the indeterminate axis. Both forms are enriched by proximal branches which repeat the structure of the main axis (paracladia). The evolutionary processes leading from the more primitive monotelic type to the advanced polytelic type are truncation (loss of the terminal flower) and homogenization of the distal branches, which thus form a homogeneous florescence. A closer survey of the polytelic groups reveals the fact that, usingTroll's criteria, the same distinction can be found within these groups themselves. Loss of the terminal florescence (truncation of 2nd and higher degree) as well as homogenization of the distal paracladia may lead to florescence-like units of higher complexity. Examples can be found inAsteraceae (Figs. 1 and 2),Fabaceae (Fig. 3 a),Mimosaceae (Fig. 3 b),Acanthaceae, and also in Monocots, as exemplified by theMarantaceae (Figs. 4 and 5). The so-called racemization (inversion of efflorescences from basipetalous to acropetalous) may be mentioned as a third element of transformation, emphasizing the unity of the florescences.—In consequence, there are more organizational levels than reflected in the twoTroll types. The polytelic type comprises several degrees of truncation and homogenization, the basis for a reasonable organizational analysis should therefore be the degree of ramification of flowering branches rather than the mere question of a terminal flower on the main shoot axis (Fig. 6). On the other hand the three processes of truncation, homogenization and racemization are evolutionary transformations that may occur independently from one another, thus giving rise to a large number of variations, which can not be satisfactorily interpreted by exactly defined types. On the basis of these considerations the question of homologous parts in inflorescences is reviewed. The homology of partial florescences and paracladia is accentuated contrary toTroll's interpretation (Fig. 7). Homogenization as an evolutionary trend may transform paracladia of different degree of ramification, leading to one-flowered units on the one side and to highly complex structures as in theMarantaceae on the other.
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    Taxonomic and morphological studies inHypecoum sect.Hypecoum (Papaveraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 227-280 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Papaveraceae ; Hypecoum ; Taxonomy ; morphological variation ; mating system ; autogamy ; UV-reflection ; pollen morphology ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypecoum sect.Hypecoum comprises 8 species, one with 2 additional subspecies, in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. Five of these are recognized for the first time, viz.Hypecoum procumbens L. subsp.fragrantissimum Å. E. Dahl,H. procumbens L. subsp.atropunctatum Å. E. Dahl,H. trullatum Å. E. Dahl,H. angustilobum Å. E. Dahl andH. torulosum Å. E. Dahl. H. dimidiatum Delile andH. pseudograndiflorum Petr., which have generally been included inH. imberbe Sm., are reestablished as distinct species. Morphology and variation patterns are described and discussed with special reference to mating systems. Self-incompatibility is dominating butH. procumbens subsp.procumbens andH. torulosum are self-compatible. The broad variation ranges of the former taxon in traits presumably related to mating system (petal, anther and stigma sizes as well as pollenovule ratios) indicate varying rates of outcrossing. SEM micrographs are given of petal and stigma surfaces and of pollen grains. Chromosome counts are presented for seven taxa. All are diploid with 2n = 16.
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    Relationships between five species ofLolium (Poaceae) (1985)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 169-175 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae =Gramineae ; Lolium ; Morphology ; protein electrophoresis ; numerical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological analysis and electrophoresis of seed proteins of fiveLolium species disclosed that they form two distinct groups corresponding to those recognized from compatibility data.Lolium temulentum andL. remotum of the self-pollinated group were shown to be distinct but closely related species. Morphological intergradation and high similarities between protein profiles ofL. perenne, L. multiflorum andL. rigidum (cross-pollinated species) suggest little genetic differentiation between these taxa. This implies that treatment at the infraspecific level might better accomodate the data.
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    Development of endosperm inScrophularia himalensis with a discussion on the variation in the endosperm of the tribeScrophularieae (Scrophulariaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Scrophularieae ; Scrophularia himalensis ; Endosperm ; endosperm haustoria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scrophularia himalensis has anab initio cellular endosperm. A transverse division separates a micropylar chamber from a chalazal chamber. The second division is vertical in both, the third is also vertical but at right angles to the second and restricted to the micropylar chamber just as the fourth transverse division. The four-celled micropylar haustorium is branched, highly aggressive, and persists for a long time during seed development. The bicelled chalazal haustorium is non-aggressive and is relatively short-lived. The endosperm proper is ruminate. Variation in the early ontogeny of the endosperm and the structure of endosperm haustoria in the tribeScrophularieae are evaluated.
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    Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos (1985)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 239-246 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Bambusoideae ; Bambusa ; Dendrocalamus ; Pseudostachyum ; Melocalamus ; Melocanna ; Ochlandra ; Embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.
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    Evolution alpiner Populationen vonEuphrasia (Scrophulariaceae): Die mittel- bis kleinblütigen, drüsenhaarigen Arten (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 215-237 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. hirtella ; E. drosocalyx ; Infraspecific classification ; chorology of the Alpine Flora ; Flora of Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A more precise taxonomic concept ofE. hirtella and its infraspecific synonymy is presented. Its diploid nature (2n = 22) is confirmed. Within the European area ofE. hirtella five different races may be recognised: “typical”, “brandisii”, “capitulata”, “Rofan” and “Bretagne”. Taxonomic rank is not yet attributed to these races. The heterogeneous taxonomic assembly “E. drosocalyx” is disentangled. The type refers to products of hybrid introgression ofE. rostkoviana-characters (long glandular hairs) intoE. minima.
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    Enzymatic variability in the cattail (Typha angustifolia andT. latifolia, Typhaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Typhaceae ; Sparganiaceae ; Typha ; Esterases ; ADH ; GDH disc electrophoresis ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The enzymatic spectra ofTypha angustifolia, T. latifolia and their hybrids were examined by disc electrophoresis for three enzymatic systems: esterases, alcohol deshydrogenase, and glutamate deshydrogenase. The intermediate position of the hybrids is confirmed. The study of alcohol deshydrogenase reveales the existence of an intraspecific variability inT. angustifolia between individuals from the Massif Armoricain in France and Dellys in Algeria.
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    Variable self-compatability inNeolloydia intertexta (Cactaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 287-289 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Neolloydia intertexta ; Self-compatability ; pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self and outcross pollination treatments were applied toNeolloydia intertexta. Two distinct patterns of seed production were found, and are correlated with self-pollinated outcrossed treatments. The outcrossed result resembles the field exposed crop. The untouched controls produce a similar pattern to the actively selfed group. The self treatments produce substantially less seed than the outcrosses; thus, self-compatability is incomplete.
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    Heteromerikarpie und Fruchtpolymorphismus beiMicroparacaryum, gen. nov., (Boraginaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 291-312 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Microparacaryum gen. nov. ; Paracaryum ; Mattiastrum ; Taxonomy ; distribution maps ; heteromericarpy ; fruit polymorphism ; Flora of Western Asia (Turkey, U.S.S.R., Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microparacaryum (M. Pop. exH. Riedl)Hilger & Podlech is described as a new genus of theBoraginaceae-Cynoglosseae. It comprises the annual species hitherto included inParacaryum (DC.)Boiss. andMattiastrum (Boiss.)Brand. Distribution maps are given for all 3 genera.Microparacaryum consists of two species,M. salsum (Boiss.)Hilger & Podlech (M. s.) andM. intermedium (Fresen.)Hilger & Podlech (M. i.). ParticularlyM. i. is a very variable species, and most of the species formerly recognized belong here. Scattered all over the range of the genus, plants occur with nutlets exhibiting flat or incurved marginal wings, often in mixed populations. This fruit polymorphism is taxonomically treated by recognizing “formae”. In addition, the following new infraspecific taxa and combinations are described:M. i. var.intermedium formaparacaryoides Hilger & Podlech,M. i. var.stellatum (H. Riedl)Hilger & Podlech,M. i. var.stellatum formamattiastroides Hilger & Podlech,M. s. formamattiastroides Hilger & Podlech.
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    Rumex bithynicus Rech. f., eine neue Art und ihre Hybriden aus der nordwestlichen Türkei (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 317-319 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex ; New species ; hybrids ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rumex bithynicus sp. n. (sect.Rumex) with two new hybrids from NW Turkey is close toR. alveolatus (from NE Iran, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan and Turkmenistan).
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    Pollen ultrastructure and systematic affinities ofAnaxagorea (Annonaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 253-285 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; “Fusaea subfamily” ; Anaxagorea ; Meiocarpidium ; Palynology ; pollen ultrastructure ; intine extrusion ; systematic and phylogenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract LM, SEM and TEM observations document similar palynological features for paleo- and neotropical species ofAnaxagorea. Pollen grains are solitary, heteropolar, ellipsoidal to globose, and broadly sulcate. The exine consists of a smooth and microperforated tectum, a granular to “protocolumellar” infratectal layer, and sometimes an initial, not foliated basal layer. The intine is stratified and tends to extrude with its considerably swelling alveolarfibrillar outer layer through the aperture, already inside the unopened pollen sacs. This appears as a new and irreversible harmomegathic mechanism, limited toAnaxagorea, Meiocarpidium and possibly otherAnnonaceae. These palynological data are discussed and coordinated with those from gross-morphological, anatomical, karyological, phytochemical and other studies. All this offers convincing proof for the sometimes questioned systematic and phylogenetic coherence of the widely disjunct S. & C. American and SE. Asian members ofAnaxagorea. Furthermore, a broad comparison with otherAnnonaceae genera demonstrates somewhat closer links ofAnaxagorea with several small and relictual African genera, i.e.Meiocarpidium andPolyceratocarpus, but alsoLettowianthus andPiptostigma;Cleistopholis andAmbavia are more isolated. These genera which exhibit many “primitive” features are provisionally arranged under “tribe I” of the so-called “Fusaea subfamily”. There are loose affinities with “tribe II”, an assembly of more advanced and widespread, often proliferating generic groups, including the S. AsianCananga, the pantropicalXylopia (withPseudannona from Mauritius), a possible link toAnaxagorea and “tribe I”, and the S. AsianGoniothalamus (with the AustralasianRichella s. str. and the W. AfricanNeostenanthera andBoutiquea); the neotropicalFusaea andDuckeanthus apparently are more remote. Because of relationships to several otherAnnonaceae groups and difficulties with its circumscription and definition, the maintainance of the “Fusaea subfamily” as a whole appears questionable.
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    Evolution alpiner Populationen vonEuphrasia (Scrophulariaceae):E. alpina undE. christii (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 1-18 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. alpina ; E. christii ; E. cisalpina ; Chorology and history of the Alpine flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomic affinities, circumsciription and racial differentiation ofE. alpina and its infraspecific synonymy are considered. Its diploid nature is confirmed. The yellow-floweringE. christii is also diploid (2n = 22, first account). A detailed comparison withE. alpina (Figs. 1–2) suggests the rank of subspecies only, and gives no hints as to its suggested hybrid origin. The distribution of the two taxa is documented in maps (Figs. 3–5).
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    DasFestuca vivipara-Problem in den Alpen (1985)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 19-45 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Festuca vivipara ; F. ovina subsp.supina ; Chromosome numbers ; external morphology ; anatomy ; ecology ; distribution ; phylogeny ; Flora of the Central and Eastern Alps ; of Austria ; Slovenia ; N. Italy ; Switzerland ; and Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The differences betweenFestuca vivipara (tetraploid) andF. ovina subsp.supina (diploid), two often confused taxa, are demonstrated in regard to morphology, leaf anatomy, ecology and distribution. New maps illustrate the distribution ofF. vivipara in the Alps and the Northern Hemisphere. The development of different polyploidy levels withinF. vivipara as a consequence of occasional sexual processes is discussed. (English Summary on p. 39.)
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    Pollen morphology inLinum sect.Macrantholinum (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum ; sect.Macrantholium ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen of the two distylous species which make upLinum sect.Macrantholinum differs from that of other distylous species in the genus in being multiporate and in having much more modest differences in exine sculpturing between grains from long- and short-styled plants. Pollen morphology does not help in relating the two species to others in the genus but does support their retention in a separate section.
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    Karyotaxonomic analysis of the genusBunium (Umbelliferae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 71-88 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) ; Bunium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for 23 species of the genusBunium, distributed mainly in Middle Asia and Transcaucausia. The great diversity of basic chromosome numbers is unusual for a genus ofUmbelliferae: x = 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, and 6. This series obviously has to be interpreted as descending dysploidy. Infraspecific aneuploidy was found in three species, but there are no B-chromosomes or polyploidy. The karyotypes of 18 species are described, using two morphometric chromosome parameters, centromere position and relative length (Table 2), and illustrated (Figs. 2–4). Species vary greatly in their karyotype asymmetry (20.4–45.9%). Chromosome numbers and structures appear to be useful in the karyotaxonomical and biogeographical analysis of the genus.
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    Evolutionary trends in the androecium of theOrchidaceae (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 119-134 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Androecium morphology ; pollination ; evolutionary trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the androecium in theOrchidaceae shows three major trends. There is a progressive trend in the degree of fusion of the filament(s) and staminode(s) to the gynoecium. Secondly, there is a reduction in the number of fertile anthers. Finally, there is a progressive change in the position of the base of the anther relative to the apex of the stigma; in the more primitive orchids the apex of the stigma is always higher than the base of the anther (this position is reversed in the higher orchids). All three trends reflect variation in the evolution of pollen dispersal and pollen reception mechanisms in theOrchidaceae. Trends in the evolution of the orchid anther(s) tend to parallel trends in the evolution of their pollinaria.
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    Relationships between three species ofFestuca sect.Bovinae (Poaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae =Gramineae ; Festuca sect. ; Bovinae ; Seed protein electrophoresis ; morphology ; numerical analysis ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed protein electrophoresis confirms the existence of polymorphism among hexaploid populations ofFestuca arundinacea. Both protein and morphological results suggest thatF. pratensis andF. arundinacea should retain independent specific status. High protein homology of these two species withF. gigantea points towards phylogenetic links between these taxa.
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    Eine neue Untergattung vonGymnocalycium (Cactaceae): SubgenusPirisemineum (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Gymnocalycium subgen ; Pirisemineum ; subgen. nov. ; Flora of Bolivia ; Argentina and Paraguay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new subgenus ofGymnoalycium is described; its distribution and position within the genus are briefly discussed.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of pollen grains of some species of the genusArum (Araceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. div. ; Pollen ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary report is given on the pollen morphology of eight species of the genusArum examined by scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are spheroidal and their sporoderm sculpture possesses spines. The species vary mainly in number, shape and distribution of the spines on the pollen surface and these characters can be used to differentiate them.
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    Distinctions betweenHordeum bulbosum andH. murinum s.l. in seed and herbarium collections (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Hordeum bulbosum ; H. murinum ; Seed collections ; lodicule characters ; spikelet morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is sometimes necessary to identify eitherH. bulbosum orH. murinum on the basis of the inflorescence or “seeds” alone. The majority of taxonomic keys use the presence of swollen basal culms for the former against the annual habit for the latter. Confusion is due to similarities in inflorescences and spikelet morphology. Lodicules which always persist and are present beside the fruit in a mature caryopsis, and other characters such as the awns of the lemmas of the lateral spikelets enable conclusive distinction.
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    Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile II. effect of temperature on visitation rates and pollination possibilities (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 187-203 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pollination ecology ; visitation rates ; pollination along altitudinal gradient ; Flora of Chile, of the Andes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Visitation rates and mean numbers of visits per flower per day are determined at three altitudinal levels (2 200–3 600 m) in the high Andes of central Chile from quantified observations of flowers visitors to a total of 134 species of plants, studied over three flowering seasons. Significant altitudinal decreases in the mean no. visits/flower/minute and per day were recorded, with Level III flowers, on the average, being pollinated only about 1/2 as frequently and to as low as 1/4 as frequently in certain months, as Level I flowers. Visitation rates are generally highest in early and mid-summer at all altitudes. — The lower visitation rates at the higher elevations are due to lower insect abundance relative to plant resources and lower levels of activity for the insects present, stemming from the generally lower ambient temperatures. Seasonal differences in visitation rates may also be related to differences in insect abundance levels. The total probability of ovule pollination cannot be estimated directly from the pollination rates, because stigmas are probably receptive for longer periods at the higher elevations. When differences in the duration of stigma receptivity are estimated from differences in flower lifelength, the probability of pollination in Level III is not very different from that expected in Level I. However, for some months, the deficit in Level III may still be substantial. — These results underline the inherent dangers of predicting pollination possibilities directly from pollination rates. They also suggest that the impoverished pollination conditions assumed in hypotheses predicting higher amounts of self-compatibility at high altitudes might not be justified for all high temperate mountains.
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    Further flavonoid studies onAttalea species and some related cocosoid palms (1985)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 233-239 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Palmae ; Arecaceae ; Cocosoideae ; Attalea ; Scheelea ; Orbignya ; Flavones ; flavonols ; flavone C-glycosides ; flavonoid sulphates ; chemosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a flavonoid survey of direct and hydrolysed leaf extracts of sixteenAttalea, sevenScheelea and fourOrbignya species free tricin, tricin 7-glycosides, tricin 5-glucoside and flavone C-glycosides were the most frequent constituents; present in 100, 89, 70, and 81% of species, respectively. Luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were each found in only 15% of the sample. The present results confirm the findings of a previous survey thatAttalea, Scheelea andOrbignya are chemically heterogeneous with as much variation between species as between genera. Furthermore, threeAttalea species,A. allenii, A. guaranitica andA. victoriana showed some infraspecific variation. On the other hand all three accessions ofA. ferruginea and six ofA. geraensis examined gave identical flavonoid profiles. The results support the view thatA. geraensis andA. guaranitica are closely related but do not support the suggested close relationship based on morphology betweenA. oleifera, A. burretiana andA. piassabossu.
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    Chemotaxonomical investigations of the generaBlackstonia andCentaurium (Gentianaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 253-286 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Centaurium ; Blackstonia ; Secoiridoid glucosides ; xanthories ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanolic extracts from aerial parts and capsules of plants of 5 populations ofBlackstonia perfoliata and 99 populations of nine European and two AmericanCentaurium species (Gentianaceae) have been screened by means of TLC for the secoiridoid glucosides: sweroside, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and the m-hydroxybenzoyl esters of sweroside, namely centapicrin, desacetylcentapicrin, decentapicrin A and B as well as for the xanthones: 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone and xanthone-β-mono-glucosides. The taxonomical significance of the results is discussed. On the basis of chemotaxonomical evidence twoCentaurium species,C. pulchellum andC. tenuiflorum, are placed in sect.Parviflora instead of sect.Centaurium subsect.Parviflora.
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    Pollenfertility and seed formation in theOrnithogalum umbellatum/angustifolium complex (Liliaceae/Scilloideae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 287-297 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilloideae ; Ornithogalum ; O. umbellatum ; O. angustifolium ; Polyploid complex ; pollen shape ; pollen fertility ; seed formation ; seedlings ; weather circumstances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen fertility and seed formation of six species of theOrnithogalum umbellatum/angustifolium complex and of seven related species were studied. Four types of pollen grains could be recognized. The pollen fertility varied greatly in this complex and is not related to the ploidy level. The seed formation ofO. umbellatum showed an adaptation to a subcontinental-Mediterranean climate, that ofO. angustifolium to an Atlantic climate. In both cases raindrops seem to be important for pollination, in view of the absence of insect pollinators. After open pollination 113 seedlings were obtained in four species. Their chromosome numbers were determined. Nearly all the cultivated seedlings were aneuploid, which points to a positive selection of euploids in nature, because aneuploid individuals are rare in the wild.
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    Comparative fecundity of morphs in a mixed monoclinous-andromonoecious population ofWurmbea dioica subsp.alba (Liliaceae) in Western Australia (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Wurmbea ; Monocliny ; andromonoecy ; morph ratios ; seed set ; ovule production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A population ofWurmbea dioica subsp.alba in Western Australia contained monoclinous and andromonoecious individuals in roughly equal proportions. The average number of flowers per inflorescence for the former was 2.6 and for the latter 2.9, with its terminal flower staminate. Ovule number and seed production per perfect flower of both morphs decreased progressively from lower to upper flowers in the inflorescence. Two-flowered monoclinous individuals had a greater percentage of ovules maturing to seed than did threeflowered ones, but seed production of the latter exceeded that of the former. No differences in percent seed set or in seed production were noted for similar individuals of andromonoecious individuals. Although monoclinous and andromonoecious plants apparently contributed equally to the pollen pool, seed production of the former exceeded that of the latter. Thus, the energetic costs of monocliny exceed those of andromonoecy in this population.
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    Exkret-Flavonoide bei Höheren Pflanzen arider Gebiete (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 83-88 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Epicuticular layer ; leaf resins ; flavonoid aglycones ; distribution ; arid habitat ; ecological functions ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flavonoids generally occur in higher plants as water-soluble glycosides. However, lipophilic flavonoid aglycones can be excreted by glandular trichomes or extruded through the cuticle. They are accumulated on the plant surface as constituents of leaf resins or thin epicuticular layers. External flavonoid aglycones are found in various families throughout the higher plants, but appear to be most abundant in theAsteraceae. They occur relatively frequently in plants of (semi-)arid habitats. It is advantageous for chemotaxonomic studies that the structural diversity of exudate flavonoids is normally greater than that of the tissue glycosides in these plants.
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    Investigations into the evolutionary history of the polyploid complexAntennaria neodioica (Asteraceae: Inuleae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 143-163 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Polyploidy ; compilospecies ; agamospermy ; dioecy ; agamic complex ; phenetics ; numerical taxonomy ; interspecific hybrids ; morphology ; origins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria neodioica polyploid agamic complex is a polymorphic species occurring across North America mainly north of the terminal margin of the Wisconsin glacier. This taxonomically difficult group has recently been treated as consisting of the four subspeciesA. neodioica subsp.canadensis, subsp.howellii, subsp.neodioica, and subsp.petaloidea. TheA. neodioica agamic complex has been considered of hybrid origin with several sexual diploid species constituting its parentage. Crosses were made among five sexual diploid species ofAntennaria, morphologically similar toA. neodioica s.l., in an attempt to discover its origins. Representative specimens of the five diploid species,A. neodioica s. l., and the synthetic interspecific F1 hybrids were subjected to various analyses including PCA, cluster (UPGMA), and discriminant analyses. Results suggest that theA. neodioica complex is of multiple hybrid origin involving the four diploid speciesA. neglecta, A. plantaginifolia, A. racemosa, andA. virginica. BecauseA. neodioica is the result of diverse origin it is more desirable to consider the agamic complex as a separate, distinct species from its sexual diploid relatives. Several morphological characters in the diploid species were determined to be polygenically inherited.
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    Ultrastruktur und systematische Bedeutung des Pollens beiBocageopsis, Ephedranthus, Malmea undUnonopsis (Annonaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 165-177 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Bocageopsis ; Ephedranthus ; Malmea ; Unonopsis ; Pollen ultrastructure ; exine differentiation ; non-columellate and columellate exine ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The four genera investigated show solitary sulcate pollen grains. The structure and sculpture of the sporoderm is very similar inBocageopsis andUnonopsis, and supports the close relationship of both genera; their flower morphology also is very similar. In contrast, the sporoderm ofEphedranthus, and especially that ofMalmea, is different in some characters and suggests more remote relationships; this is also confirmed by differences in flower morphology. Within this group of genera a distinct exine progression can be recognized from non-columellate (Malmea) to granular (Unonopsis guatterioides), further to somewhat irregularly (Bocageopsis, someUnonopsis species), and finally to very regularly columellate (Ephedranthus). The sculpture of the tectum varies from a reticulum with large lumina (Malmea) to one with small performations (Ephedranthus). Within theAnnonaceae the genusMalmea is among the most primitive in respect to pollen structure. The sulcus of the four genera is very large and runs over 1/3 of the pollen grain. It is characterized by a reduction of the exine and a bulgy thickening of the intine.
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    A new pollen type, C-banded and fluorochrome counterstained chromosomes, and evolution inGuatteria and related genera (Annonaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 119-141 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Guatteria ; Guatteriopsis ; Guatteriella ; Heteropetalum ; Pollen ultrastructure ; chromosome analysis ; Giemsa C-banding ; sequential fluorochrome staining ; leaf surface micromorphology ; evolution in primitive angiosperms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Guatteria, Guatteriopsis, Guatteriella andHeteropetalum share the same conspicuous pollen type which is new for theSpermatophyta. It is zonoaperturate with a folded aperture region and an extremely reduced exine. First chromosome counts and karyotype analyses forGuatteriopsis (4 species investigated) andGuatteriella (1 species) are identical with those ofGuatteria (19 species seen): 2n = 28. The genome is characterized by diploidization and partly telocentric chromosomes. Sequentially Giemsa C- and fluorochrome banded chromosomes and interphase nuclei are described. The cuticular folding pattern is distinct forHeteropetalum only. Growth forms and ecology are reported for many species. The evolutionary pattern of theGuatteria group is discussed and compared with other genera and families.
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    Crossing and selfing experiments in theOrnithogalum umbellatum/augustifolium complex (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 179-190 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Scilloideae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum ; O. umbellatum ; O. angustifolium ; Polyploid complex ; self-pollination ; bulbil vs. seed production ; crossing experiments ; fertility relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fertility relationships ofOrnithogalum umbellatum, O. angustifolium and 9 related taxa were studied.O. umbellatum andO. angustifolium, which are not interfertile, are both recognized as a comparium. Pollination of five species belonging to theO. umbellatum/angustifolium polyploid complex, i.e.O. umbellatum, O. angustifolium, O. baeticum, O. monticolum andO. algeriense, resulted in a moderate seed set. However, the seeds obtained after these interspecific crosses did not germinate. Six related species, i.e.O. exscapum, O. nivale, O. comosum, O. collinum, O. gussonei andO. woronowii showed a very low seed set after being crossed. One exception occurs:O. nivale ×O. exscapum. The seed set was also low after the complex species had been crossed with some related species, but there was one exception: both reciprocal crosses betweenO. monticolum andO. woronowii yielded some viable seeds. No other interspecific crosses gave rise to viable seeds. Bulbil-producing species have a lower seed set after self-pollination than species which do not produce bulbils.
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    A new species ofThottea (Aristolochiaceae) from India (1985)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aristolochiaceae ; Thottea ponmudiana sp. n. ; Th. siliquosa ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thottea ponmudiana sp. nova from Kerala (India) can readily be distinguished from its closest allyTh. siliquosa and all the other known species of the genus by its yellow flowers with purple eyes, deeply lobed perianth with strongly reflexed margins, uniseriate stamens united in three bundles and strongly 4-angled, green, glabrescent fruits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984196
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein resources in wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, in Israel: Predictive method by ecology and allozyme markers (1985)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 205-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; cereals ; Protein content ; kernel weight ; correlation with allozyme markers and environmental parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Geographic variation in protein content of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, and the associations of protein content with ecological and allozyme markers were tested in an attempt to derive predictive guidelines for conservation and utilization in breeding programs. The study involved 195 genotypes of wild barley from 25 populations, 15 central and 10 marginal. These populations had been tested earlier for allozymic variation (Nevo & al. 1979 a, b). The results indicate that protein content varies both within, but particularly between populations. Notably, the 10 marginal populations exhibit high protein content but low kernel weight, as compared with the 15 central populations which displayed lower protein content but high kernel weight. Three variable combinations of climatic factors explain 40% of the variability in protein content among populations. Likewise, 3 variable combinations of allozyme allele frequencies explain a significant degree of spatial variance in protein content (R square = 0.63). — We conclude that natural populations of wild barley in Israel contain large amounts of yet untapped genes for protein content. These could be effectively screened and utilized for producing high protein cultivars of barley by following ecological and allozymic markers as predictive guidelines in screening natural populations of wild barley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984197
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