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  • Articles  (99)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (99)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonia volatilization from drill sown rice bays (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 257-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: NH3-volatilization ; nitrogen-transformations ; denitrification ; nitrogen leaching ; nitrogen-application time ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization losses and other N transformations were studied in drill sown rice bays fertilized with urea at various times between permanent flooding (PF) and panicle initiation (PI). Ammonia loss was measured directly with flow chambers and indirectly through application of Freney et al.'s (1985) model. Both techniques indicated that ammonia volatilization was negligible from fields fertilized immediately before PF. Applying 100 kg urea-N ha−1 to floodwater one day after flooding significantly increased floodwater ammoniacal-N and urea-N content, however the concentrations fell rapidly over the following five days. Fertilizer-N dissolved in the floodwater was in the urea rather than the ammoniacal-N form, indicating slow hydrolysis until it moved into the soil. Floodwater on plots receiving urea one day after PF frequently had more than double the NO3-N concentration of plots fertilized before flooding. Applying up to 140 kg urea-N ha−1 at PI increased floodwater ammoniacal-N concentrations from almost zero to over 27 g m−3, but three days after fertilization there was less than 3 g m−3 present. Fertilization also increased NH4-N concentration in the top 40 mm of soil. Higher ammoniacal-N concentration at PI suggests higher urease activity. Floodwater pH at PI was low, with a mean daily maximum of 7.8 and this reduced ammonia loss to less than 1% of the applied N. The results indicate that volatilization from fields fertilized prior to PF is minimal because of the low floodwater pH and ammoniacal-N concentration, while low floodwater pH restricts volatilization from fields topdressed at PI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051375
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of different levels of chemical Nitrogen (urea) onAzolla and Blue-green algae intercropping with rice (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata (Bangkok) ; blue-green algae (BGA) ; N accumulation ; nitrogen fertilizer ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Application of higher levels (60 and 90 kg N ha−1) of nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) inhibited the growth ofAzolla pinnata (Bangkok) and blue-green algae (BGA) though the reduction was more in BGA thanAzolla. Inoculation of 500 kg ha−1 of freshAzolla 10 days after transplanting (DAT) in the rice fields receiving 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 as urea produced an average of 16.5, 15.0 and 13.0 t ha−1 fresh biomass ofAzolla at 30 DAT, which contained 31, 31 and 27 kg N ha−1, respectively. The dry mixture of BGA (60%Aulosira, 35%Gloeotrichia and 5% other BGA on fresh weight basis) inoculated in rice field 3 DAT at a rate of 10 kg ha−1 showed a mat formation at 80 DAT with an average fresh biomass of 8.0, 5.8 and 4.2 t ha−1 containing 22, 17 and 12 kg N ha−1, respectively with those N fertilizer doses. Application ofAzolla showed positive responses to rice crop by increasing the panicle number and weight, grain and straw yields and nitrogen uptake in rice significantly at all the levels of chemical nitrogen. But, the BGA inoculation had a significant effect on the grain and straw yields only during the dry season in the treatment where 30 kg N was applied. During the wet season and in the other treatments performed during the dry season no significant increase in yields, yield components and N uptake were observed with BGA. The intercropping ofAzolla and rice in combination with 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 as urea showed the yields, yield attributes and nitrogen uptake in rice at par with those obtained by applying 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 as urea, respectively but, the BGA did not. The analysis of soil from rice field after harvest showed thatAzolla and BGA intercropping with rice in combination with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the organic carbon, available phosphorus and total nitrogen of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050456
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus management of a rice-wheat cropping system (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055398
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk and nitrogen use on rainfed rice: Bicol, Philippines (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen use ; farmer risk aversion ; rice ; Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Year to year variability in nitrogen response is widely believed to be responsible for low levels of fertilizer application by risk averse farmers. Certain authors have claimed that production risk is not responsible for sub-optimal applications of fertilizer. Since these studies estimated fertilizer response in irrigated areas or in simulated rainfed areas in experiment stations they may have underestimated the degree of risk faced by the majority of farmers. This study seeks to address this issue of risk under farmers' conditions by using data from rainfed farmers fields in a risky rice growing area of the Philippines. Long term distributions of factors responsible for temporal variability in N-response, such as moisture stress and typhoons, are derived by using a rainfall simulator and a water balance model. These distributions are combined with a hetereoscedastic nitrogen response function to simulate long term yield distributions at different N-rates. The application of risk averse and risk neutral decision making models shows that risk aversion reduces fertilizer application by only 7–9%. These results occur because as N-rates increase, the benefits from increased average profits outweigh the disadvantages of increased variability in profits. These findings provide additional evidence to support the emerging consensus that the impact of risk aversion on fertilizer use is much smaller than previously believed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080536
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    8. New developments in nitrogen fertilizers for rice (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizers ; rice ; fertilizer efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizer products and practices currently used on rice is low, and improving this efficiency would be very beneficial to rice-growing countries. The development of new N fertilizers is best achieved by following a logical sequence of testing and evaluation procedures in a variety of settings from the laboratory to the farmer's field. Novel N fertilizers currently at various stages of testing include urea supergranules for deep placement, urea coated with various materials to control the N release rate, mixtures of a urease inhibitor with urea to reduce losses, and organic N sources other than urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048700
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies on the usefulness of ammonium sulphate and urea as fertilizers for lowland rice (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 119-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium sulphate ; fertilizer-N recovery ; NH3 volatilization ; rice ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a pot experiment it was established that NH4 volatilization losses were larger with urea than with ammonium sulphate used as a basal fertilizer for lowland rice. The difference arose from the pH-increasing effect of urea in the floodwater. This rise in pH promoted the growth of algae which in turn were responsible for large diurnal fluctuations in the pH of the floodwater thus enhancing the loss of NH3 during daytime. Ammonium sulphate lowered the pH of the water which suppressed the growth of algae. Once the rice canopy had closed, the algal population declined and the diurnal pH fluctuations largely disappeared. Urea as a topdressing was found to be less liable to give rise to NH3 volatilization than when added as basal dressing. The highest N recovery was obtained with ammonium sulphate used as basal dressing and urea as topdressing. Working a basal dressing into the soil improves the fertilizer-N recovery of urea-N, but not of ammonium sulphate-N, the latter being already high without soil incorporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074367
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen movement and uptake by rice fertilized with urea supergranules in two contrasting Mollisols (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Leaching losses ; N movement ; deep placement ; rice ; soil texture ; urea supergranule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a glasshouse experiment, the periodic movement, loss and uptake of N by lowland rice fertilized with point-placed urea supergranule (USG) was studied in two soils differing in texture. Movement of urea-N, NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N was significantly faster in Patharchatta sandy loam (Typic Hapludoll) than in Beni silty clay loam (Aquic Hapludoll) and was mostly downward with peak concentration near the placement site. Nitrogen in leachate was higher in Patharchatta sandy loam than in Beni silty clay loam. About 60–70% of leaching of urea-N took place within 2 days of USG placement. The leaching of NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N increased till 14 and 21 days of USG placement in Patharchatta sandy loam and Beni silty clay loam, respectively. Nitrogen leached through urea, NH 4 + and NO 3 - forms was, respectively, 64, 25 and 25% higher from sandy loam. During 49 days, 49 and 32% of the applied N was recovered by rice plants from silty clay loam and sandy loam, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053313
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen leaching and uptake from calcium cyanamide in comparison to urea and calcium ammonium nitrate in an ultisol from the humid tropics (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ammonium nitrate ; calcium cyanamide ; humid tropics ; maize ; nitrate leaching ; rice ; ultisol ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leaching loss of N applied as calcium cyanamide (CaCN2 — 19% N), urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN — 26% N) to a coarse textured, kaolinitic ultisol profile was studied in the laboratory using undisturbed soil columns. The soil columns were leached with an amount of water equivalent to the annual rainfall of the sampling site (2420mm) using a rainfall simulator over a period of 42 days. The ‘leachability’ of the three N fertilizers differed greatly and followed the order of CAN 〉 urea 〉 CaCN2. Most of the N lost through leaching was in NO3 form. Calcium cyanamide lost only 3% of applied N. Breakdown of CaCN2 to NH4 was incomplete (64%) and nitrification in the soil was inhibited resulting in negligible leaching loss. Nitrogen retained in the soil columns after the leaching cycle was mainly in ammoniacal form irrespective of source of N used. Effectiveness of CaCN2 as a N source was also studied in a greenhouse experiment with maize (Zea mays) and upland rice (Oryza sativa) as testing crops. Calcium cyanamide applied one week before sowing of crops was as effective as CAN and urea under conditions of no N leaching. When applied at the time of planting and two or more weeks before planting gave lower dry matter yields and N uptake than CAN and urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inducible nitrate reductase of rice plants as a possible indicator for nitrification in water-logged paddy soils (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 197-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilization ; nitrate reductase activity ; paddy soil ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When following the pattern of the disappearance of NH 4 + −N from ammonium sulfate applied to the flooded soil-rice plant system (field and greenhouse experiments) during a growing season, it was observed that the lowest NH 4 + −N level coincided with the highest value of NR activity in the leaves. Nitrate was detected in both the root and shoot systems of the rice plants and autotrophic nitrifiers (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) were particularly abundant. Since it was also demonstrated in this work that the NR activity of rice plants grown with nitrate fertilization (growth chamber culture experiments) was inducible by its substrate, it can be assumed that NH 4 + −N oxidation takes place in the water-logged soil studied. Therefore, the occurrence of the nitrification process following NH 4 + −N fertilizer application can be predicted by thein vitro orin situ evaluation of the NR activity of the rice leaf as an indicator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214548
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological control of sheath-blight of rice in india with antagonistic bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; rice ; sheath-blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Strains of fluorescent and nonfluorescent bacteria that were isolated from rice rhizospheres of Southern India and showed antagonism towardsRhizoctonia solani were evaluated for biological control of rice sheath-blight (ShB). Efficient strains of bacteria inhibited mycelial growth ofR. solani, affected sclerotial viabilityin vitro and protected IR 20 and TKM 9 rice seedlings from infection byR. solani in greenhouse tests. Pretreatment of sclerotia in bacterial suspensions resulted in reductions in ShB lesion sizes up to 31 to 44% in IR20 and 58 to 74% in TKM 9 rice. In field plots, IR 50 and TKM 9 rice plants raised from bacterized seeds had 65 to 72% less ShB than those plants from untreated seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370425
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response ofAzolla pinnata R. Brown to the split application of phosphorus and the transfer of assimilated phosphorus to flooded rice plants (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata ; biomass ; critical P level ; flooded soil ; N2-fixation ; P fertilizer ; P transfer ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Dhaka during the late wet season. Basal application of P at both 5 and 10 kg ha−1 significantly increased total biomass production and nitrogen fixation byAzolla pinnata R. Brown (local strain). Addition of both 5 and 10 kg P ha−1 in equal splits at inoculation and at six day intervals thereafter during growth periods of 12, 24 and 36 days increased biomass production and nitrogen fixation by Azolla over that attained with the basal application. Biomass and nitrogen fixation using a split application of 5 kg P ha−1 exceeded that attained with basal application of 10 kg P ha−1 and split application of 10 kg P ha−1 resulted in 0.58, 11.2, and 18.3 t ha−1 more biomass, and 0.47, 18.9, and 18.3 more kg fixed N ha−1 at 12, 24 and 36 days, respectively, than the same amount applied as a basal application. Analyses indicated that the critical level of dry weight P in Azolla for sustained growth was in the range of 0.15–0.17%. Compared with the control, where no P was added, and additional 30 and 36 kg N ha−1 were fixed after 24 and 36 days, respectively, when P was provided at 10 kg ha−1 using a split application. A separate field study showed that flooded rice plants received P from incorporated Azolla with about 28% of the P present in the supplied Azolla being incorporated into the rice plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370410
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formulation and characteristics of new recipes of Egyptian patti beans (Falafel) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: soybean ; faba bean ; patti beans ; sensory evaluation ; amino acid composition ; in vitro digestibility ; by product ; Falafel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract New recipes of Falafel were formulated and evaluated regarding acceptability, proximate chemical composition and nutritive value. Soybean meal and/or cotyledons were used to substitute for faba bean at different levels (i.e. zero %, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Data indicated that blends of faba bean (20%) and soybean meal and/or cotyledons (80%) were the most acceptable recipes compared to the control (100% faba bean) as well as the other substitution levels. Blending soybean with faba bean led to appreciable improvement in some essential amino acids. The in vitro digestibility for soybean blends were comparable to the control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092861
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical evaluation of thein situ nitrate reductase assay (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; corn ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ method, derived from anin vivo method, was used to determine nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in:i) excised barley and corn shoots and excised soybean leaves during a N-depletion experiment and; ii) roots and shoots of N-depleted barley and corn seedlings during induction of nitrate, reductase (NR). Nitrate reduction, calculated from thesein situ RNA measurements, was compared with estimates of each organ's nitrate reduction in light aerobic conditions from NO 3 − consumption and a15N model (Gojonet al., 1986b). Thein situ RNA of roots strongly underestimated their15NO 3 − reduction. In contrast, in barley and corn shoots and in the first trifoliolate leaves from 26-day-old, soybean, thein situ NRA assay gave a fair approximation of the true NO 3 − reduction rate (relative differences ranging from −14 to +32%). In young soybean leaves (from 20-day-old plants), however, thein situ NRA strongly underestimated the actual NO 3 − reduction. The physiological significance of thein situ NRA assay in shoots and roots, and its value for field studies are discussed from these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377074
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  • 15
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    Nitrogen fixation (15N dilution) with soybeans under Thai field conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain ; N2 fixation ; 15N dilution ; nodule ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Controlled environment and field studies were conducted to determine relationships between various measurements of N2 fixation using soybeans and to use these measures to evaluate a number ofBradyrhizobium japonicum strains for effectiveness in N2 fixation in Thai soils.15N dilution measurements of N2 fixation showed levels of fixation ranging from 32 to 161 kg N ha−1 depending on bacterial strain, host cultivar and location. Midseason measures of N2 fixation were correlated with each other, but not related measures taken at maturity. Ranking ofB. japonicum strains based on performance under controlled conditions in N-free media were highly correlated with rankings based on soybean seed yields and N2 fixation under field conditions. This study showed that inoculation of soybeans with effectiveB. japonicum strains can result in significant increases in yield and uptake of N through fixation. The most effective strains tested for use in Thai conditions were those isolated from Thai soils; however, effective strains from other locations were also of benefit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370097
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  • 16
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    Nitrogen fixation (15N dilution) with soybeans under Thai field conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: herbicides ; irrigation ; 15N dilution ; N2fixation ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted in northern Thailand to evaluate the effect of five herbicides and three watering schedules on soybean yields and N2 fixation. The herbicides sethoxydim, alachlor, fluazifop butyl and metolachlor when added at recommended rates for weed control did not result in detrimental effects on seed yields or benefits of N2 fixation. Paraquat additions significantly reduced the amount of N2 fixed as measured by15N dilution methods. Inoculation of the soil with a mixed strain inoculum ofBradyrhizobium japonicum increased seed yields and measurements of N2 fixation. The application of water to soybeans only when water stress symptoms such as wilting were observed resulted in drastic reductions in both yield and N2 fixation of four cultivars of soybeans. Reducing the water application from weekly to biweekly did not seriously reduce yields or N2 fixation benefits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370103
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  • 17
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    Persistence and competitiveness of threeBradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant strains in clay loam Nile valley soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; competitiveness ; nodulation ; persistence ; rhizosphere ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The survival and persistence of threeB. japonicum inoculant strains USDA 110, USDA 138 and TAL 379 were studied in a clay loam Nile valley soil. The inoculated field plots in the summer of 1985 were sown with soybean again in 1986 season. No inoculation in the season of 1986 was conducted and the plants were left to nodulated with the persisted cells of the inocula strains applied a year before. The soil had no background ofB. japonicum, however, some nodules were formed on the control plants due to the carryover of the strains with water circulation and some other agricultural practices. The results indicate the persistence of all applied inoculant strains until the next planting season in 1986 with strain USDA 110 being higher in the rhizosphere of the plants than the other two strains. The population dynamics of the three strains in both growing seasons followed the same trend with maximum rhizosphere colonization at blooming stage. While strain USDA 110 was as high in 1986 season as in 1985 season, the counts of both strains USDA 138 and TAL 379 were much lower in 1986 season. The significant response to inoculation recorded in the 1985 season was extended to the 1986 growing season. Although nodulation and seed yield still differed significantly in 1986 season from the control uninoculated plots, no significant differences were found among the strains or their mixtures. The results of the competition between the strains in the two seasons showed that strain USDA 110 was more competitive than strains USDA 138 and TAL 379. The competition patterns in the second season were not markedly different from those of the first season. The predominance of strain USDA 110 in nodules was not correlated with a numerical advantage of that strain over other strains in the host rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370108
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  • 18
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    Comparative species responses to boron on a Typic Tropaqualf in Northern Thailand (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: black gram ; boron deficiency ; borax rates ; green gram ; hollow heart ; hot-water-soluble boron ; kernel boron ; leaf boron ; peanut ; rice ; soybean ; sunflower ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of boron (B) on peanut and soybean was examined in two omission and one B fertilizer rate trial on a Typic Tropaqualf in Northern Thailand. The B rate trial was combined with a comparison of the response of sunflower, green gram, black gram, wheat, and rice in addition to peanut and soybean grown in irrigated rice-based cropping sequences over two years. Omitting B induced the hollow heart symptom in 10% of peanut kernels with the incidence of hollow hearts closely related to B concentration in the kernels. Omission of B had no effect on the appearance of soybean seed or on the grain yield of either soybean or peanut. In the B rate experiment, omitting B depressed grain yield by 50% in sunflower and by 40% to 80% in black gram, induced B deficiency symptoms in green gram and the hollow heart symptom in peanut kernels, but had not significant effect on the grain yield of soybean, peanuts, rice, or wheat. B deficiency apparently depressed grain yield in black and green gram by delaying or inhibiting reproductive development thus reducing pod set.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371190
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    Study of soybean and lentil root exudates (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacterial growth ; coumestrol ; daidzein ; Glycine max ; isoflavonoids ; rhizobia ; rhizospheric microorganisms ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of two isoflavonoids, coumestrol and daidzein which are present in aseptically grown roots and root exudates of soybean, was tested on some rhizospheric microorganisms. It was found that coumestrol promotes the growth ofR. japonicum USDA 138 (about 30%) andR. leguminosarum (about 15%) whereas it inhibits the growth ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens (about 50%) andPseudomonas sp. (about 20%). The following microorganisms were unaffected by this molecule:R. japonicum W505,Agrobacterium radiobacter, Micrococcus luteus andCryptococcus laurentii. It was found that daidzein promotesR. japonicum USDA 138 growth (about 20%) and inhibitsPseudomonas sp. growth (about 20%); other microorganisms were unaffected. In addition, coumestrol favoured the formation of ‘coccoids’ cells byRhizobium japonicum USDA 138 which could be the infective state of this strain. It seems that this compound is able to help nodulation of soybean by aRhizobium strain. This result supports the work of Peterset al. (1986) and Redmondet al. (1986) who show that flavones present in plant exudates induces expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370654
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    The effects of a high level of N, applied at planting, on nodulation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by diverse strains of Bradyrhizobium (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Glycine max ; nitrate ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule number ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The capabilities of 36 diverse strains of bradyrhizobia to nodulate the soybean cv. Wilkin were determined in pots using starter-N levels of 0 and 51 mM (KNO3). At 21 days after planting, the strains showed a broad range of nodule number per plant. Nodulation was totally suppressed by N only in a group of strains which also formed relatively few nodules under N-free conditions. When plants were grown until 42 days, these strains continued to be poorly infective under N-free conditions, whereas their nodulation was greatly improved by the high-N treatment (N became limiting at between 21 and 42 days in the high-N treatment). We conclude that optimization of plant growth potential, by application of N, is important when determining strain infectivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370714
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    Soybeans root distribution under wet soil culture on a red-brown earth (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: duplex soil ; root distribution ; soybean ; wet-soil culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root distribution of soybean was determined under wet soil culture on two Red-Brown earths in S.E. Australia. In general there was a parabolic distribution of roots with low root length densities in the furrow (saturated soil zone) and centre of the bed (dry zone). Maximum root length density (20 cm cm−3) occurred at the base of the plants, approximately 300 mm from the furrow under wet soil culture. Roots were confined to the wet aerated zone which was determined by the permeability of the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370678
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    Influence of soil moisture level on apple iron chlorosis development in a calcareous soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bicarbonate ; calciaquoll ; Malus sp. ; self-rooted ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eight apple genotypes were grown in a calcareous soil to evaluate relative Fe deficiency chlorosis susceptibility of apple rootstocks. Two soybean genotypes, known to be chlorosis-resistant and-susceptible in wet calcareous soils in Iowa and Minnesota, were used to calibrate the response of the apple genotypes. Two sites and two soil-water levels were used because high soil water is known to induce chlorisis in susceptible soybean and citrus cultivars. Generally, apple seedlings were more sensitive to high pH and high HCO3 − induced chlorosis than the sensitive soybean cultivar. Fe levels were about 14 μg·g−1 dry wt in new leaves of apple seedlings grown on low (35%) or high (48%) soil moisture levels. Similar foliar Fe concentrations were produced on soils from either of two fields of Harps silty clay loam soil (Typic Calciaquoll). Although chlorosis developed in all apple species, we observed varying degrees of severity based on visual observations.Malus micromalus, M. domestica (cv., ‘York’ seedling) andM. domestica (cv., ‘Golden Delicious’ from tissue culture) all expressed a lower level of chlorosis compared with the other species tested (M. zumi, M. hupehensis, M. honanensis, andM. baccata). Additionally, those apples with lower visual chlorosis also contained slightly higher foliar Fe levels and lower leaf P levels. This same pattern held true between the susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370629
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    Distribution of zinc fractions and their transformation in submerged rice soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: rice ; soils ; submergence ; transformation ; zinc fractions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Distribution of different forms of Zn in 16 acid alluvial rice growing soils of West Bengal (India) and their transformation on submergence were studied. The results showed that more than 84% of total Zn occurred in the relatively inactive clay lattice-bound form while a smaller fractionviz. 1.1, 1.6, 11.1 and 2.0 per cent of the total occurred as water-soluble plus exchangeable, organic complexed, amorphous sesquioxide-bound and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms, respectively. All these four Zn forms showed significant negative correlations with soil pH (r=−0.48**, −0.39*, −0.61** and −0.67**, respectively), while the latter two Zn forms showed significant positive correlations with Fe2O3 (0.68** and 0.88***) and Al2O3 (0.89*** and 0.75***) content of the soils. The different Zn forms were found to have positive and significant correlations amongst each other, suggesting the existence of a dynamic equilibrium of these forms in soil. Submergence caused an increase in the amorphous sesquioxide-bound form of Zn and a decrease in each of the other three forms. The magnitude of such decreases in water-soluble plus exchangeable and crystalline sesquioxide-bound forms was found to be correlated negatively with initial pH values of the soils and positively with the increase in the amorphous sesquioxide-bound form, indicating their adsorption on the surface of the freshly formed hydrated oxides of Fe, which view was supported by the existence of significant positive correlation between the increase in the amorphous sesquioxide-bound form of Zn and that in AlCl3-extractable iron. The existence of a positive correlation between the decrease in crystalline sesquioxide-bound Zn and that in Fe2O3 content in soil suggested that on waterlogging the soil Zn occluded in the cry talline sesquioxide was released as a result of reduction of Fe2O3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372530
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    Studies on the distribution of complementary genes causing F1 weakness in common rice and its wild relatives. 2. Distribution of two complementary genes, Hwc-1 and Hwc-2 gene in native cultivars and its wild relatives of tropical Asia (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 425-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; O. perennis ; F1 weakness ; geographical distribution of gene ; Indica-Japonica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Distribution of two complementary genes Hwc-1 and Hwc-2 causing F1 weakness was examined using 159 native rice cultivars and 30 strains of wild relatives collected from various sites of tropical Asia including the Himalayan foothills. Hwc-1 is carried by a Peruvian cultivar, Jamaica, a tester cultivar of this experiment. It was not found in the tested cultivars and strains. Hwc-2 was widely distributed in the Japonica types tested. No wild strains had either Hwc-1 or Hwc-2. Hwc-2 was infrequent in the Japonica types collected from Southern Asian countries. Hwc-2 was estimated to be indigenous to the Japonica types, may be linked with certain gene(s) related to adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041485
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    Cytological observations in some hybrids between the rice species Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud. (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Oryza glaberrima ; African rice ; interspecific hybrids ; hybrid sterility ; male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several hybrids between Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima and their backcrosses with O. sativa were studied. Their seed sterility was very different; large differences were also observed in the level of pollen sterility and in the earliness of microspore failure. The proportion of aborted embryo sacs was much lower than the rate of sterile male gametophytes. The backcross populations were much more sterile than the corresponding F1 hybrids. On the base of our observations and according to the literature, we may conclude that genic unbalance is the main cause of sterility of these hybrids, but that physiological factors may also be involved. Thus a restoration of fertility is generally possible by selection. On the other hand, male-sterile lines could be bred from some of these hybrids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022865
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    Multivariate analysis of a collection of soybean cultivars for southwestern Spain (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 113-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; variation ; varietal stability ; multivariate techniques ; clustering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Multivariate techniques were used to classify 125 soybean lines into clusters. Late maturing varieties belonging to maturity group III showed the best adaptation to the ecological conditions of the area when soybeans were sown at early planting dates. A group of experimental lines, the majority of which had semideterminate stem termination with small leaflets and intermediate maturity, were highly productive when grown as a second crop. Some lines of other groups were identified as likely parents for use in a breeding program to improve agronomic characteristics. The identified groups were quite stable in their performance through changes in environmental conditions (years and planting dates). The analyses indicated that some intercorrelated traits can be omitted in future line evaluation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022870
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    An intersubgeneric hybrid between Glycine tomentella Hayata and the soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 187-192 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; Glycine tomentella ; interspecific hybrid ; wide hybridization ; immature seed culture ; soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective of the present paper is to provide information on the morphology and cytology of an intersub-generic hybrid (2n=59) between Glycine tomentella Hayata (2n=78) and G. max (L.) Merr. (2n=40) obtained through in vitro immature seed culture. The hybrid plant was slow in vegetative growth and twinning like the female parent but morphologically was intermediate between both parents for several traits. At metaphase I, the average chromosome associations and ranges for 25 cells were 44.0 I (37–51)+7.5 II (3–11). The plant was completely pollen and seed sterile. The present investigation suggests that wild perennial Glycine species can be exploited as either the male or female parent in wide hybridization programs with the soybean, G. max.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022878
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    Inheritance studies of characters associated with floating habit and their linkage relationship in rice (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 875-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; floating habit ; genetics ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Deep water rice varieties in general have certain peculiar characters which are associated with floating habit. These characters are (i) early nodal differentiation, (ii) nodal rooting, (iii) spreading habit, (iv) awned grains, (v) brown hull colour, (vi) red pericarp (red rice), and (vii) seed dormancy. Inheritance of these characters and linkage relationship of genes governing these characters were studied in a cross between Pankaj (non floating) and Nageribao (floating) rice varieties. Nageribao, a cultivar from Assam possesses these characters. Early nodal differentiation was observed to be controlled by a single dominant gene, designated as ‘Nd’. Nodal rooting was controlled by two dominant complementary genes, designated as ‘Nr 1’ and ‘Nr 2’. We found an inhibitory factor for spreading habit and one for brown hull colour in Pankaj; the operation of two dominant duplicate genes ‘An 1’ and ‘An 2’ for controlling awning characters, a single dominant gene ‘Rd’ for red pericarp colour and a single dominant gene ‘Gd’ for grain dormancy. Joint segregations between these characters resulted in the assignment of genes in the X linkage group of indica rices with estimated map distances based on the cross-over values. The genes ‘An’ (awning), ‘Es’ (spreading habit), ‘Nr’ (nodal rooting) and ‘Nd’ (nodal differentiation) were observed to be associated with each other. The gene for red pericarp (Rd) was observed to be linked with the grain dormaney gene ‘Gd’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035427
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    Interspecific cytoplasm substitutions of an Indica strain of Oryza sativa L. and O. Glaberrima Steud (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 587-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Oryza glaberrima ; African rice ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; anther dehiscence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To study differential nucleus-cytoplasm interactions between the two cultivated rice species, Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima, cytoplasmic substitution lines were made by using a glaberrima strain (G) and an Indica strain of sativa (S). The G cytoplasm had no adverse effect on pollen development when combined with the nucleus of S. On the other hand, when the S cytoplasm was combined with the G nucleus, the substitution line showed no seed set because of male sterility although the pollen grains were normally stained with I2-KI solution. A dominant gene derived from S strain seemed to cause anther indehiscence in the substitution line. Further, a restorer gene (Rf j)from Akebono of Japonica type was effective on pollen restoration in the male sterile line, suggesting that the S cytoplasm is the same as those of Japonica type in terms of a fertility-restoring system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035393
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    Alternative strategies of recurrent selection for seed yield of soybean (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; resource allocation ; genetic recombination ; line evaluation ; maturity ; lodging ; plant height
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recurrent selection programs can be manipulated by varying either the extensiveness of testing used to identify superior lines or the number of intermating generations conducted among the superior lines between cycles of selection. The research was conducted to compare the performance of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) lines derived from populations developed by recurrent selection for seed yield using a factorial arrangement that combined one or two stages of replicated yield testing to identify superior lines with one or three generations of intermating among the selected lines. The base population AP6, which was used for this evaluation of alternative strategies of recurrent selection, was derived from 40 high-yielding strains of Maturity Groups 0 to IV. For this study, the 40 original parents of AP6 and the lines used as the parents for the most advanced cycle of selections for each of the strategies were evaluated in four Iowa environments. The number of cycles of selection completed for the strategies under evaluation varied from two to five. Strategies with two stages of replicated yield testing to select superior lines resulted in a larger number of high-yielding lines than when only one stage of testing was conducted. A larger number of high-yielding lines was obtained from strategies with one generation of intermating than when three generations were used. With the procedures used for the one-stage and two-stage tests in this study, the results indicated that an appropriate strategy for recurrent selection of seed yield in soybean would involve two stages of replicated yield testing to identify superior lines and one generation of intermating among the selected lines to form a new population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023305
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    The possible influence of cytoplasm on the performance of reciprocal soybean hybrids (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; cytoplasmic effect ; hybrid ; oil content ; protein content ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two soybean cultivars of a respectively determinate type and semi-determinate type were subject to reciprocal crossings with two varieties of an indeterminate type. The study was concerned with the performance of the parents and their reciprocal F1 hybrids in terms of mature plant weight, seed yield, harvest index, and percentage of oil and proteins in the seed. In some cases, the comparison with the better of the two parents showed that heterosis had occurred for the plant weight and seed yield. As for the other characteristics, the averages obtained for the hybrids were intermediate between those of the parents. Significant reciprocal differences were noted not only in the plant weight and seed yield, but also in the protein content, suggesting a possible positive cytoplasmic effect of the SWIFT cultivar on these characters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022598
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    Field inoculation of sorghum and rice withAzospirillum spp. andHerbaspirillum seropedicae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiotic resistance ; Azospirillum inoculation ; establishment ofAzospirillum ; establishment ofHerbaspirillum ; Herbaspirillum inoculation ; rice ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were carried out at the UAPNPBS experimental station, Seropédica, with two sorghum and one rice cultivars. The establishment, and inoculation effects, ofAzospirillum spp. andHerbaspirillum strains marked with antibiotic resistance were investigated. One grain sorghum (BR 300) and one sugar sorghum (Br 505) cultivar were used.Azospirillum lipoferum strain S82 (isolated from surface sterilized roots of sorghum) established in both cultivars and comprised 40 to 80% of theAzospirillum spp. population in roots and stems 60 days after plant emergence (DAE).Azospirillum amazonense strain AmS91 (isolated from surface-sterilized roots of sorghum) reached only 50%. At 90 DAE, S82 almost disappeared (less than 30% of establishment) while the establishment of AmS91 remained constant in roots and stems. No establishment ofH. seropedicae strain H25 (isolated from surface-sterilized roots of sorghum) orA. lipoferum strain S65 (isolated from the root surface of sorghum) could be observed on inoculated roots. Inoculation with S82, AmS91 or S65 but not withH. seropedicae H25, increased plant dry weight of both cultivars and total N in grain of the grain sorghum. In rice,A. lipoferum Al 121 andA. brasilense Sp 245 (isolated from surface sterilized rice and wheat roots respectively) established in the roots but there was no increase inAzospirillum spp. numbers due to inoculation. None of the strains affected plant growth or rice grain yield.Azospirillum amazonense, A82 andH. seropedicae Z95, which did not establish in roots, significantly enhanced seed germination.
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    Influence of organic matter and flooding on the chemical and electrochemical properties of sodic soil and rice growth (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flooding ; organic matter ; rice ; sodic soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of organic matter, added in the form ofCasuarina equisetifolia andAcacia nilotica leaves, on the chemical and electrochemical kinetics of a flooded sodic soil and rice growth, was studied in a pot experiment. With the addition of organic matter, not only the peaks of CO2 production and maximum concentrations of extractable Fe and Mn and other cations occurred earlier, but their concentrations were also significantly higher as compared to the control (no organic matter). The high concentrations of CO2 and reduced redox potential (Eh) appeared to influence the soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and the accumulation of cations and to be chiefly responsible for better rice growth. Acacia proved more effective than Casuarina in improving rice yield and the sodic soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371205
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    Transformation of zinc in soils under submerged condition and its relation with zinc nutrition of rice (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic matter ; rice ; submergence ; transformation ; zinc fraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted with two soilsviz., laterite and alluvial to study the transformation of applied Zn in soil fractions under submerged condition in the presence and absence of added organic matter and its relationship with Zn nutrition of rice plants. The results showed that application of organic matter caused a decrease in the concentration of Zn in shoot and root of rice plants and helped in translocating the element from root to shoot. The per cent utilization of applied Zn by plants was also found to increase by the application of organic matter. The transformation of applied Zn in different fractions in soils showed that a major portion (53.6–72.6%) of it found its way to mineral fractions leaving only 1.0–3.3, 6.6–18.9, 11.0–21.6 and 2.3–8.8% of the applied amounts in water soluble plus exchangeable, organic complexed, amorphous sesquioxides and crystalline sesquioxides bound fractions respectively. Application of organic matter favoured such transformation of applied Zn into these fractions except the mineral and crystalline sesquioxides bound ones. Simple correlation and multiple regression analyses between applied Zn in different soil fractions and fertilizer Zn content in plants showed that organic matter application increased the predictability of fertilizer Zn content in plants which has been attributed to the higher per cent recovery of applied Zn in plant available fractions in soils in presence of added organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371203
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    Some effects of nitrate and light intensity on soybean root growth and development (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 291-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: light intensity ; nitrate fixation ; nitrogen growth ; root growth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of light intensity and nitrate nutrition on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) root growth and development. Relative growth rates, total, root and nodule dry weights, and the rates of increase in the number of roots indicated that nitrogen fixation limited growth relative to that achieved with nitrate and that the response to nitrate increases with light intensity and varies with plant age. Nitrate increased with rate of taproot extension but light intensity had no effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371228
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    Influence of Azolla management on the growth, yield of rice and soil fertility (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata ; Azolla dual cropping ; N ; P uptake ; rice ; soil fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Azolla and urea application in a rice field transplanted with square (20 cm×20 cm) and rectangular (10 cm×40 cm) spacings for three consecutive seasons were found to increase significantly uptake of N and P by the rice plants, irrespective of seasons. Azolla treatments increased the organic C content of the soil during both wet and dry seasons, while its N and P contents were more only during the wet seasons. Urea did not affect N, P and organic C contents of the soil. Spacing had no significant effect on N and P uptake by the rice plant or N, P and C contents of the soil. Maximum N and P uptake in rice were obtained by growing two crops of Azolla after transplanting in addition to its incorporation before transplanting. This treatment showed significantly more N uptake than the urea at 60 kg N ha−1 during wet and dry seasons of 1982. Among Azolla treatments, twice Azolla dual cropping although showed comparatively lower uptake of N and P, it was comparable to that of 60 kg N ha−1 urea.
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    Changes in the population of infective endomycorrhizal fungi in a rice-based cropping system (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: corn ; cropping pattern ; inoculum potential ; mungbean ; rice ; VAM fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The numbers of infectious propagules of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi were determined at different stages of the rice-based cropping systems in two irrigated rice fields of varying strata and in a rainfed field. The most-probable-number method was used to estimate the infective VAM fungal population. On the irrigated farms the mycorrhizal inoculum was consistently less in the poorly drained low-lying field with a rice-rice cropping pattern than in the field in the better-drained upper stratum with a rice-corn-mung-bean pattern. The population of infective VAM fungi was generally low after the wet season rice crop when the field was inundated for a long period, increased during fallow in the presence of weeds, and was highest upon the maturity of the dry-season corn or rice crop. In the rainfed area the highest endophytic population was found at maturity of the mungbean crop and the lowest after land preparation prior to rice seeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370669
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    Water stress effects on leaf elongation, leaf water potential, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of rice, maize, and soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf elongation rate ; leaf water potential ; maize ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; soybean ; transpiration rate ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine and compare the responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. var, IR 36), maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-2), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) to soil water stress. Leaf elongation, dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and nutrient uptake in stressed rice declined earlier than in maize and soybean. Maize and soybean, compared with rice, maintained high dawn leaf water potential for a longer period of water stress before leaf water potential. Nutrient uptake under water stress conditions was influenced more by the capacity of the roots to absorb nutrients than by transpiration. Transport of nutrients to the shoots may occur even at reduced transpiration rate It is concluded that the ability of maize and soybean to grow better than rice under water stress conditions may be due to their ability to maintain turgor as a result of the slow decline in leaf water potential brought about by low, transpiration rate and continued uptake of nutrient, especially K, which must have allowed osmotic adjustment to occur.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370385
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    Effect of Na/Ca and Na/K ratios in saline culture solution on the growth and mineral nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium deficiency ; Na/Ca ratio ; Na/K ratio ; rice ; saline culture solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted in saline culture solution to find out the causes of rolling and bleaching of young leaves of rice, observed previously in experiments on coastal saline-sodic soil. Symptoms similar to those methioned above were observed on young leaves of cv. KS282 in saline culture solution with Na/Ca ratios of 100 or greater. These symptoms were due to Ca deficiency but not of Cu, since Cu concentration was higher in saline shoots than in the control. The decreasing Na/K or Na/Ca ratio in the saline solution decreased Na and Cl concentration in the shoot. In addition to salinity, Na/Ca and Na/K ratios of the growth medium significantly influenced the shoot and root growth of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370625
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    Mineral nutrients in floodwater and floating rice growing at water depths up to two metres (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: floodwater ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; oxygen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of N, P and K were measured in floodwater and in floating rice cultivars growing at up to 2m water depths in the central flood plain of Thailand. Concentrations of N, P and K in floodwater were often higher than those reported for oligotrophic lakes, nevertheless the floodwater contained 4–45 times less K and 15–90 times less N than concentrations reported in most soil solutions. P concentrations were similar in the floodwater and in most soil solutions. Concentrations of nutrients in leaves indicated there may be deficiencies of P at two sites and a deficiency of N at one of two sites. Data are discussed in terms of reduced nutrient uptake in rice fields at low O2 concentrations which have recently been measured in these areas.
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    Differential responses to K deficiency among soybean cultivars (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 183-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivar ; deficiency ; Glycine max ; oil percentage ; potassium ; protein percentage ; seed yield ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The seed yield per unit of potassium applied differed for five soybean cultivars which were grown to maturity under different K regimes in a glasshouse. Whereas Dodds was the most responsive cultivar to moderate increases in K supply, the cultivar Bragg was the most efficient in its ability to produce seed with low levels of available K; Lee and Forest were the least efficient cultivars while Bossier and Dodds were of intermediate efficiency. The basis for the efficiency of cv. Bragg was that the growth of its tops, as indicated by mature stem weights and its roots, were less affected by reduced K supply than those of other cultivars. This enabled it to produce more pods under K-deficient regimes, resulting in a greater seed yield per plant. The percentage reduction in oil/protein ratios in the seed of the five cultivars under moderate K deficiency correlated closely with reductions in seed yield. However, changes in this ratio were poorly related to the K percentages in the seed. All cultivars experienced an impairment of plant senescence under K deficiency as evidenced by a reduction in leaf abcission and a delay in pod maturity. The existence of genetic diversity in K-use efficiency means that breeding programmes could utilize K-efficient germplasm in developing new cultivars for soils not naturally high in potassium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372531
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    Enhancement of nitrogen fixation in lentil, faba bean, and soybean by dual inoculation with Rhizobia and mycorrhizae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: faba bean ; lentil ; mycorrhizae ; N2 fixation ; nodulation ; Rhizobia ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The combined effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) and Rhizobium on the cold season legumes, lentil and faba bean, as well as on summer legume, soybean, were studied in soils with low indeginous VA mycorrhizal spores. Inoculation of the plant with VA mycorrhizal fungi increased the level of mycorrhizal root infection of lentil, faba bean and soybean. The inoculation with Rhizobium had no significant effect on VA mycorrhizal infection percent, but VA mycorrhizal inoculation increased nodulation of the three legumes. The inoculation with Rhizobium alone significantly increased plant dry weight and N content of lentil and faba bean as well as seed yield of soybean. VA mycorrhizal inoculation also significantly increased plant dry weight and phosphorus content of the plants as did fertilization with superphosphate. Rock phosphate fertilization, however, had no significant effect on plant growth or phosphorus uptake. The addition of rock phosphate in combination with VA mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant dry weight and P uptake of the plants. The dual inoculation with both rhizobia and mycorrhizae induced more significant increases in plant dry weight, N and P content of lentil and faba bean as well as seed yield of soybean than inoculation with either VA mycorrhizae or Rhizobium alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370106
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    Soybean seedling emergence at high temperatures (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 139-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: emergence ; germination ; Glycine max ; soybean ; seed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract ‘Bragg’ and ‘Cobb’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were germinated in sand at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. Emergence decreased with increasing temperature above 37°C, with virtually no emergence at 40°C. Emergence of 12 other cultivars at 38°C ranged from 25 to 95%. ‘Foster and ‘Coker 338’ were more sensitive to high temperature than the other cultivars.
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    Carbon dioxide exchange rates in soybeans during podfilling as a function of potassium supply (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; dark respiration ; deficiency ; Glycine max ; oil protein ratio ; photosynthesis ; potassium ; seed ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic and dark respiration rates of single leaflets and whole plant canopies were measured during podfilling of soybean plants that were grown under low and high K regimes. Dark respiration rates of detached seed from these plants were also determined during the latter part of seed development. The study was carried out to test the hypothesis that low oil/protein ratios of seed from K-deficient plants resulted from the reduction in carbon availability within the plant, as a result of lower carbon assimilation rates and higher rates of respiratory carbon loss. Photosynthetic rates of upper canopy leaflets during early podfilling were depressed under K deficiency but this effect did not occur with whole plant canopies. In fact, towards the latter part of the podfilling period canopy photosynthetic rates were higher in K-deficient plants as nitrogen was exported earlier from the leaves in high-K plants, resulting in earlier leaf senescence in these plants. The level of K supply had no consistent effect on dark respiration rates of single leaflets or plant canopies, and had no effect on CO2 evolution rates from detached, developing seed. The findings do not substantiate the hypothesis that reduced photosynthetic efficiency or enhanced respiratory carbon loss are responsible for lower oil/protein ratios in seed from K-deficient soybean plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202089
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    Effect of ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen nutrition on aluminium tolerance of soybean (Glycine max L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 59-65 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; nitrogen form ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium-nitrogen supply increased Al tolerance (parameter root elongation rate) of soybean (Glycine max L.) plants compared to nitrate-nitrogen supply when grown at constant pH in solution culture. This protective effect of ammonium against Al could only partially be attributed to lowered activity of monomeric aluminium species in the ammonium solution. For ammonium and nitrate-grown plants the relationship between Al concentration in the root tips and total length could be described by the same regression equation. The higher Al tolerance of soybean plants grown in the presence of ammonium was due to restricted ad/absorption of Al which resulted from competition with positively charged Al species for binding sites in the apoplast. Induction of higher symplastic Al tolerance is unlikely because preculture with ammonium decreased rather than increased aluminium tolerance of the plants.
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    Effect of salinity on phosphate accumulation and injury in soybean (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; cultivars ; foliar injury ; Glycine max ; phosphate uptake ; sodium ; solution cultures ; soybean ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes that are grown in solution cultures are highly sensitive to the combination of both salinity and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the substrate. This effect has been observed on numerous occasions on plants grown in a saline medium that contained a substantial amount of Ca (i.e., CaCl2/NaCl=0.5 on a molar basis). Because Ca is important in regulating ion transport and membrane permeability, solution culture experiments were designed to examine the effects of various concentrations of Pi and ratios of CaCl2/NaCl (0 to 0.5 on a molar basis) at a constant osmotic potential (−0.34 MPa) on this adverse interaction. Four soybean cultivars (‘Lee’, ‘Lee 74’ ‘Clark’ and ‘Clark 63’) were tested. No adverse salinity x Pi interaction was found on Lee at any ratio and leaf P and Cl were maintained below 300 and 200 mmol kg−1 dry wt, respectively. Clark, Clark 63 and Lee 74 soybean plants, on the other hand, were severely injured by solution salinity (−0.34 MPa osmotic potential) when substrate Pi was ≥0.12 mM. Reduced substrate Ca did not intensify the salinity x Pi interaction. On the contrary, the onset of injury was hastened and more severe with increased CaCl2/NaCl ratios in isotonic solutions. Shoot and root growth rates decreased as injury increased. Leaf P concentrations from these cultivars grown in saline solutions with 0.12 mM Pi were excessive (〉600 mmol kg−1 dry wt) compared with concentrations commonly found in soybean leaf tissue yet they were independent of the severity of injury. Since leaf Cl increased wiht increased CaCl2/NaCl ratio, we suspect that the severity of foliar injury was related to the combined effects of excessive P and Cl within the tissue. Lee 74, the only injured cultivar examined that excluded Cl from its leaves, was less sensitive than either Clark cultivar and its injury was characteristically different. Other ion interactions were reported that may have played a role in injury susceptibility.
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    Pollen and coenocytic microspore germination in male-fertile and malesterilemsl soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; male-sterile ; pollen germination ; fluorescence microscopy ; apomixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Light and fluorescence microscopy were used to study coenocytic microspore germination from male-sterile (ms1 ms1) soybean plants. Anther squashes from male-sterile plants revealed that a low frequency of natural coenocytic microspore germination occurred in male-sterile anthers of four independent lines; [ms1-North carolina (T260H),ms1-Urbana (T266H),ms1-Tonica (T267H), andms1-Ames (T268H)]. Abnormalities such as giant tubes, branched tubes, tubes with swollen areas, and multiple tubes were observed from coenocytic microspores from all four lines. The Urbana line, however, demonstrated a higher percentage of coenocytic microspore germination than did the other three lines. Flowers of the Urbana line from both malefertile and male-sterile plants, as well as gynoecia pollinated with coenocytic microspores from sterile plants, were used for in vivo studies. Pollen-tube growth appeared normal in male-fertile plants. In contrast, coenocytic microspore tubes rarely were observed in gynoecia from male-sterile plants or in gynoecia from malefertile plants that had been artificially cross-pollinated withms1 ms1 plants. Few tubes from coenocytic microspores were observed in the vicinity of the micropylar region. A low frequency of seed set was achieved in the greenhouse on Urbana male-sterile plants grown in the absence of male-fertile plants. Thus, we believe either that some gametes from coenocytic microspores are able to participate in fertilization at low frequency or that apomixis occurs inms1 ms1 plants.
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    Root pulling resistance in rice: Inheritance and association with drought tolerance (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 905-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Orvza sativa L. ; rice ; drought tolerance ; genetics ; leaf water potential ; root pulling resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Avoidance of drought stress is commonly associated with root system characteristics and root development. The inheritance of root pulling resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated and its relationship with visual field scores for drought tolerance was studied. Transgressive segregation for high root pulling resistance was observed in 3 crosses (high x high, low x high, and intermediate x intermediate). Both dominant and additive genes control the variation. F1 superiority for high root pulling resistance was observed and could be exploited in an F1 hybrid breeding program. F2 distribution curves indicated that plants highly resistant to root pulling can be obtained not only from low x high and high x high crosses, but also from intermediate x intermediate crosses. Root pulling resistance in rice has a low heritability (39 to 47%). Thus, breeding for a high root pulling resistance may best be accomplished by selection based on line means rather than individual plant selection. Field screening showed significant differences in leaf water potential among random F3 lines. F3 lines with higher leaf water potential had better visual scores for drought tolerance. Visual drought tolerance scores were correlated with root pulling resistance. Plants with high root pulling resistance had the ability to maintain higher leaf water potentials under severe drought stress. The usefulness of the root pulling technique in selecting drought tolerant genotypes was confirmed.
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    Inheritance of amylose content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 38 (1988), S. 261-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; amylose content ; single grain analysis ; cooking characteristics ; dosage effects ; dull endosperm ; translucent endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of low and very low amylose contents in six rice crosses and their reciprocals was studied by single grain analysis of parents F1, F2, B1 and B2 seeds. To minimize the environmental effects, the seeds of all generations of all crosses were produced in a single season. The results indicated different dosage effects in different crosses. One major gene was found to govern a difference of 6–12% in amylose content in low and intermediate amylose parents. Very low amylose content was similarly found to be governed by one major gene in crosses between very low- and low-amylose content parents. Minor genes and modifiers also seem to play some role. In the cross between two low amylose parents differing by about 2.5% in amylose content, the differences appeared to be controlled by some minor genes and modifiers. The selection program in different crosses has been suggested.
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    Genetic analysis of ratooning ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; ratooning ability ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic analysis of generation means of F1, F2, F3, F4, and the parental populations of the cross IR10154-23-3-3A/IR15795-232-3-3-2 for ratooning ability was conducted. Good ratooning ability is a recessive trait. The parents differed by at least two pairs of major genes for ratooning ability. A large proportion of transgressive segregants in F2 suggested that the expression of ratooning ability is influenced not only by major genes but also by modifiers. Broad-sense heritability estimates computed by different methods ranged from 0.66 to 0.88. Narrow-sense heritability by the F4–F3 regression method was 0.39. The heritability estimates were 0.42 and 0.33 by the variance component method. The prevalence of additive x additive type of gene effects along with prominent additive effects imply some scope for selection in the segregating generations. However, non-additive type of gene action also affects the expression of ratooning ability.
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    Heterosis of interspecific soybean hybrids for traits related to N2 fixation (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; Glycine soja ; wild soybean ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; heterosis ; N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the performance of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), wild soybean (G. soja Sieb. et Zucc.), and soybean x wild soybean hybrids for traits relating to N2 fixation including nodulation, acetylene reduction, nodule leghemoglobin concentration, and nitrogen (N) accumulation and dry matter (DM) accumulation. In all three experiments G. max generally exceeded G. soja in nodulation, acetylene reduction, and N and DM accumulation while the soybean possessed higher nodule leghemoglobin concentration. In Experiment I, the mean of the hybrids did not differ significantly from the G. max parent in nodule mass, acetylene reduction activity, nodule leghemoglobin concentration, or DM accumulation. The hybrids did exceed the soybean parent in N accumulation, thus demonstrating high parent heterosis. In Experiments IIA and IIB with a more carefully chosen set of G. soja parents, high parent heterosis of individual crosses was common. Across the three experiments average high parent heterosis was 34, 28, and 28%, respectively, for nodule mass, N accumulation, and DM accumulation. If one accepts the assumption that hybrid vigor results from the accumulation of dominant alleles, then these alleles could theoretically be accumulated via selection in a homozygous genotype. If this is true than the results of the experiments reported here suggest that interspecific soybean x wild soybean crosses could serve as sources of homozygous lines which would exceed currently available soybean cultivars in nodule mass, and N and DM accumulation.
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    Incompletely dominant single resistance gene for peanut stripe virus in soybean line AGS 129 (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 193-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; genetics ; peanut stripe virus ; resistance ; incomplete dominance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to a soybean isolate of peanut stripe virus (PStV-strain PN) was studied in three soybean varieties, AGS 129, Ankur, and PI 230971. Genetic analysis was based on necrotic, mosaic and symptomless reactions in inoculated soybeans. A single incompletely dominant gene in AGS 129 was found to confer the resistance to PStV and was tentatively designated as Pst. The homozygous parent AGS 129, possessing the genotype Pst Pst, was immune while Ankur and PI 230971, with a genotype of pst pst, were susceptible showing mosaic symptoms. The heterozygous genotype Pst pst resulting from the cross of either Ankur or PI 230971 with AGS 129 reacted with necrosis, distinctly different from either of the homozygous genotypes. This genotypic effect was confirmed through the phenotypic segregation in BC, F2, and F3.
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    Triple test cross analysis in rice (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; epistasis ; additive ; dominance ; genetic system ; homozygote x heterozygote ; heterozygore x heterozygote
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The triple test cross analysis in rice brought out that significant epistasis is present for most of the characters in the three crosses except for 100 grain weight in two crosses (Co 39 × Co 41) and (Co 39 × Co 40) and plant height in one cross (Co 39 × IR 20). Epistasis of ‘i’ (homozygote × heterozygote) and ‘l’ (heterozygote × heterozygote) interactions are also detected in all the three crosses. The D component was significant for all the traits in the three crosses and H was significant in cross Co 39 × Co 41 for all characters. For tiller number in cross Co 39 × IR 20 and for tiller number and 100 grain weight in cross Co 39 × Co 40, the H component was not significant. In all the crosses D component was higher than H.
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    Photosynthetic ability, grain yield and an esterase band in rice genotypes (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; photosynthesis ; grain yield ; genotype ; isozyme ; esterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four Indica and one Japonica (Tainung 67) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties had an esterase band (tentatively designated as E1), and also had higher photosynthetic ability than other five Japonica varieties without E1 band. The F1 plants of Tainung 67 × Mineyutaka (low photosynthetic ability, no E1 band) showed E1 band and a low photosynthetic ability. Of 34 F2 plants, 28 had E1 band, but 6 had no E1 band of which 5 plants showed a low photosynthetic ability. These results suggest that an esterase gene and one of the photosynthesis gene are linked, and the gene for low photosynthetic ability is dominant. Among 42 new Japonica strains and 2 control varieties bred in Taiwan, most genotypes with E1 band showed higher grain yield potential (grain field/growth days) in local test. Esterase band may be used as a marker for high photosynthesis and grain yield ability in breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034463
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    Breeding of high protein quality rice (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; protein content ; protein quality ; amino acid concentration ; nutritive value ; animal growth test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three breeding lines (F8) of rice, derived from cross between Brimful X Koshihikari were tested for protein, amino acid, growth test with rats and yield parameters in field trials. The breeding lines had higher protein and amino acid concentrations than the leading Japanese cultivar Koshihikari, which was grown as a control. Grain yield in the breeding lines was lower than that of Koshihikari (4.5 t/ha). The grain-protein yield of the breeding lines was higher (500 kg/ha) than that of Koshihikari (440 kg/ha). The average gain in weight of rats fed brown and milled rices of the breeding line was 19 and 21 g, respectively: in control rats fed Koshihikari average gain was −1 and 8 g. These results showed that the breeding lines of rice can be developed which possess higher food value than the available varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037895
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    Linkage relationship between two genes conferring resistance to peanut stripe virus and soybean mosaic (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 163-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glucine max ; soybean ; peanut stripe virus ; resistance ; genetics ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The possible linkage relationship between hypocotyl color, leaflet shape, resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and to a soybean isolate of peanut stripe virus (PStV-isolate PN) was examined in two soybean lines AGS 129 and Ankur. Hypocotyl color, leaf shape and reactions to SMV-G1 and PStV were found to be inherited monogenically, with purple hypocotyl color, ovate leaf shape and resistance to both of the viruses being dominant. The reactions to SMV and PStV were conditioned by genes with 9 ± 2.4 percent recombination as coupling phase. They were inherited independently from hypocotyl color and leaf shape.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022612
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    Field evaluation of soybean genotypes selected for enhanced capacity to nodulate and fix nitrogen in the presence of nitrate (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: field ; Korean genotypes ; nitrate tolerance ; N2 fixation ; nodulation ; soil nitrate ; soybean ; ureides ; xylem exudate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of cultivars of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) which are capable of near-maximum levels of N2 fixation in high-NO 3 − soils remains a high priority in N2 fixation research. We report a field study to evaluate nodulation and N2 fixation by 32 genotypes of soybean, selected after two years of glasshouse screening for superior symbiotic activity in the presence of 2.5 mM NO 3 − . The 32 “NO 3 − -tolerant” genotypes and eight others (three commercial “check” cultivars and five “non-fixing” lines) were inoculated withBradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809 and sown into a black earth soil (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellusterts) which contained high levels of soil NO 3 − (260 kg N ha−1; 0 to 120 cm depth) and which was free of soybean rhizobia. Nitrogen fixation activity was assessed at 89 days after sowing using the relative abundance of ureides in xylem exudate [(ureide-N/ureide-N+NO 3 − -N+α amino-N)×100] as an index of fixation. Plant growth and nodulation were assessed 11 days later. Genotypes 466, 468, 469 and 464, all of Korean origin, showed the highest levels of symbiotic activity. Many of the remaining 28 “tolerant” genotypes nodulated poorly in the field and displayed levels of N2 fixation (relative ureides) which were equivalent to two of the commercial “check” cultivars, Bragg and Elf. Correlation matrices of the measured parameters revealed highly significant correlations among the indices of nodulation and N2 fixation and poor correlation between those measurements and plant growth-seed yield. The levels of NO 3 − tolerance, displayed by the four Korean lines, may prove useful in breeding programs which aim to enhance N2 fixation by soybean in high-NO 3 − soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143548
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    Effect of submergence on availability of certain plant nutrients in three Ultisol catenas (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; DTPA ; flooded ; iron ; manganese ; redox ; rice ; soil catena ; waterlogged ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil samples from surface and sub-surface horizons in the well-drained and poorly-drained members of three soil catenas were incubated under submergence or at field capacity to study the effects of these incubation conditions and prior natural drainage on the solubility of four plant micro-nutrients. Iron, Mn, Zn and Cu were extracted by water using a 1∶1 water:soil ratio. The four micronutrient metals were also extracted by DTPA solutions buffered at either pH 5.3 or pH 7.3 to compare the effectiveness of these two extractants under these incubation conditions with acid soils. Generally the extractability of the nutrients was much affected by the horizon (A, E or B) with A horizons having the greatest amounts of all nutrients and undergoing greater changes in water- and DTPA-extractability during incubation. Soil drainage class (wellvs. poorly drained) had few effects. Incubation moisture regime had major effects on water extractable Fe and Mn with lesser effects on Zn and Cu. Submerged soils generally had the greatest levels of water extractable nutrients, though rice uptake did not reflect this. DTPA at pH 5.3 extracted 2 to 3 times as much Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu as did DTPA at pH 7.3 and about 50 to 100 times as much as did water. Correlations between DTPA extractable nutrients and rice uptake were significant only for Fe and Cu and declined during incubation. The changes in all variables during incubation were complex, being related to soil properties such as organic matter content, pH and mineralogy as well as to incubation conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220793
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    Effect of aluminium on the mineral nutrition of rice (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 173-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminium ; mineral nutrition ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study of the effect of increasing aluminium concentration in a dilute nutrient solution on various aspects of the mineral nutrient uptake by the rice plant has shown that aluminium exerts a stimulation on dry matter production and nutrient uptake until a concentration threshold was reached. The value of this threshold was influenced by nutrient solution composition and cultivar. Its location could be calculated by adjusting to the experimental points a rate law from enzyme kinetics on substrate inhibition curve. On the other hand, total uptake of aluminium and its concentration in the tops was a monotonic function of aluminium concentration in the nutrient solution, the effect of which was greatly enhanced by increased phosphate concentration. A sensitive cultivar accumulated more aluminium than a resistant one. The effect of phosphate on the alleviation of aluminium toxicity was slight in the range of concentration studied. Nitrogen uptake either as ammonium or nitrate nitrogen was clearly influenced by aluminium concentration when its instantaneous value was measured by the technique of the continuously flowing culture solution. The ammonium uptake rate of two cultivars different in sensitivity to aluminium was such that the sensitive variety took up less ammonium and acidified less the culture solution flowing through the root sysstem with a residence time of a few hours. Minor elements concentration in the tops of the rice plants did not seem to be greatly influenced by aluminium with the notable exception of manganese, the uptake of which was clearly depressed by increasing aluminium concentration. Attempts were made at using the speciation of the nutrient solutions with or without aluminium complexation by fluoride in order to rank the various ionic forms of aluminium according to their toxicity. It seems that the well-known result of primary toxicity due to the free Al-ion is also true for rice but that some toxicity is associated with the AlSO4-ion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220796
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    Competition between strains ofBradyrhizobium japonicum for nodulation of soybeans at different nitrogen fertilizer levels (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacteriocin ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; ELISA ; Glycine max ; inoculation ; nitrogen fertilization ; nodulation ; soybean ; strain competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Competitive abilities of 3 strains ofBradyrhizobium japonicum (E104, E109, E110) for nodulation of soybean (Glycine max) at increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels were studied. Dry weight of plants nodulated by strain E110 were depressed at 10 g N·m−2, the highest fertilizer level, even when mixed with strain E109. Strain E104 alone or mixed with E109 increased dry matter production. Strain E110 formed many dually infected nodules with strain E104 present but not with strain E109. However, strain E104 formed nodules containing strain E109. Neither strain E110 or E109 produced bacteriocin, so the incompatibility of these two strains had to be due to another reason. Strain E104 successfully competes with strain E109 but not with E110 at 10 g N·m−2. It is concluded that strain E110 dominates the symbiotic relationships even if other strains are also present in the nodules. However, at a high N-fertilizer level strain E110 decreases the plant yield in contrast to E104, which could be recommended as inoculant at increased levels of soluble soil-N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220715
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    Rice bronzing in Nigeria caused by nutrient imbalances and its control by potassium sulfate application (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bronzing ; chloride ; iron toxicity ; magnesium ; Nigeria ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; sulfate ; sulfur ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice plants with bronzing, collected from fields in central and southern Nigeria, where the soils consisted of Tropaquent, Tropaquult and Tropaquept, showed higher iron and lower potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations than plants with little or no bronzing. Pot experiments with the soils indicated that the severity of the bronzing was affected not only by the iron concentration in the shoots but also by the potassium concentration. The application of chloride compounds to the soil increased severity of the bronzing and lead to deterioration of growth, whereas the application of sulfate compounds was beneficial. The application of potassium sulfate reduced the severity of bronzing and increased the dry matter production of rice plants grown in the field. The concentration and accumulation of potassium in the shoots increased when the bronzing severity decreased and the iron concentration was decreased by the dilution effect caused by the increased dry matter production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220722
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    Aluminum inhibition of shoot lateral branches ofGlycine max and reversal by exogenous cytokinin (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soil ; aluminum toxicity ; benzylaminopurine ; cation translocation ; cytokinin ; Glycine max ; lateral branch development ; lime response ; root morphology ; shoot morphology ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminum effects on the morphological development of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were characterized in greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. An Al-sensitive cultivar, ‘Ransom’, was grown in an acid soil (Aeric Paleudult) adjusted to 3 levels of exchangeable Al. Lateral shoot development at the nodes of the main stem was extensive in the limed soil containing 0.06 cmol(+) Alkg−1. However, lateral shoot length and weight were severely inhibited in the unlimed soil containing 2.19 cmol(+) Alkg−1, and in the unlimed soil amended to 2.63 cmol(+) Alkg−1 with AlCl3. This inhibition by the high Al/low pH condition was reversed by the exogenous application of a synthetic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). The daily application of 20 μg mL−1 BA applied locally to the lateral meristems of plants grown in the unlimed soil stimulated lateral shoot growth substantially, such that it was either comparable to or greater than that observed in the limed treatment without BA. Accumulation of K, Ca, and Mg in lateral shoot branches was also stimulated by the local application of BA. The inhibitory effects of Al on lateral shoot development were confirmed in solution culture. In addition, differential sensitivity to Al was evident among the primary root, first order lateral roots, and second order lateral roots. The length of the primary root was only slightly decreased by increasing concentrations of Al up to 30 μM. In contrast, the length of basipetally located first order lateral roots was restricted to greater extent; up to 50% by 30 μM Al. Second order lateral lengths were inhibited even more severely; up to 86% by 30 μM Al. Substantial evidence in the literature indicates that the root apex is a major site for the biosynthesis of cytokinin that is supplied to shoots, and cellular function and development in this region of the root are impaired during Al toxic conditions. This suggests that one mode of action by which Al may affect shoot growth is by inhibiting the synthesis and subsequent translocation of cytokinin to the meristematic regions of the shoot. The present observation of a reversal of Al-inhibited lateral shoot development by exogenously applied cytokinin supports this hypothesis. However, the inability of applied cytokinin to counter the restriction imposed by Al on total shoot dry matter production implies the impairment by Al toxicity of other root functions, such as ion and water transport, also played an important role in altering shoot morphology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370285
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    Balance sheet of15N labelled urea applied to rice in three Australian vertisols differing in soil organic carbon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: balance sheet ; 15N ; urea ; rice ; vertisols ; soil organic carbon ; nitrogen losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the balance sheet of15N labelled urea at three rates (zero, 31.48 and 62.97 mmol N pot−1) applied to rice under flooded conditions with two moisture regimes (continuous and alternate flooding) using three Australian vertisols differing in organic carbon level. Walkley-Black organic carbon values for the three soils were 0.65, 2.13 and 3.76 for the low carbon (LC), medium carbon (MC) and high carbon (HC) soils respectively. Rice dry weight and nitrogen uptake was significantly affected by N fertilizer rates, water regimes and soils. Alternate flooding gave much lower dry weight and nitrogen uptake than continuous flooding and the LC soil gave lower dry weight and nitrogen uptake than for the MC and HC soils. Recovery of15N labelled urea fertilizer in the rice plant was low (15.4 to 38.4%) and the15N urea not accounted for in the plant or soil and presumed lost was high (36.2 to 76.0%). Recovery was lower and loss higher under alternate flooding and for the LC soil. There was no effect of fertilizer rate. The results obtained stress the need for careful management to reduce losses of nitrogen fertilizer, particularly for soils low in organic carbon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049420
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    Inhibition of algal photosynthesis to control pH and reduce ammonia volatilization from rice floodwater (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 13-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: rice ; algicide ; pH ; alkalinity ; urea fertilizer ; NH3 volatilization ; N loss ; fertilizer efficiency ; algae ; terbutryne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When urea or ammoniacal-N fertilizers are applied to the floodwater of a rice crop, fertilizer use efficiency is often reduced because there are substantial losses of NH3 by volatilization. As pH rises the potential loss increases exponentially due to the increasing dominance of volatile NH3 gas in equilibrium with NH 4 + . We postulate that the daytime pH rise is caused mainly by photosynthesis of algae and Cyanobacteria, and that addition of a suitable photosynthetic inhibitor, concurrently with fertilizer, should suppress the pH rise, thus conserving N in the form of the non-volatile NH 4 + . We selected terbutryne (2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine) as the most promising inhibitor. In rice floodwater fertilized with urea the addition of terbutryne dampened the diurnal fluctuation in pH for 6 days and significantly increased the ammoniacal-N (AN) concentration measured in the floodwater. The concentration of ammonia gas in the air in equilibrium with the water,ϱ 0, which is proportional to the gaseous flux of NH3 at a given wind speed, was substantially reduced by terbutryne addition. Maximum values were reduced by over 50%. Terbutryne reduced the calculated cumulative NH3 emission by 43%, relative to the fertilizer (N + P) control. Terbutryne also suppressed photosynthetic oxygen production. Therefore, it may reduce N fertilizer losses by inhibiting nitrification, an aerobic process, so retarding subsequent denitrification losses of gaseous nitrogen and nitrogen oxides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049799
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    Coated and modified urea materials for increasing nitrogen use efficiency of lowland rice in heavy clay soils (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: rice ; urea supergranules ; sulfur-coated urea ; placement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Conventional as well as modified nitrogen sources and application methods were evaluated under rainfed lowland conditions in heavy clay soils of Bihar, India for 4 years. Modified nitrogen sources, viz. sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and urea super-granules (USG) were tested against prilled urea (PU) under four levels of N (0, 29, 58 and 87 kg N/ha) in the wet season. A high yielding nonphotoperiod sensitive, long duration variety ‘Pankaj’ was grown in all the four years. Point placement of USG and basal incorporation of SCU resulted in significantly higher panicle numbers per square meter, 100 grain weight and grain yield at all the levels of N tested. The unfilled grain percentage was lower in USG and SCU treatments. Regression analysis using a multifertilizer response model (MRM) showed that rice responded significantly to PU in three years out of four years, to SCU in four years and USG in three years. Economic analysis viz. input and output analysis based on the price of fertilizer (1 kg N as PU at $0.5; USG and SCU costing 10% more than PU), rough rice (ranging from 18.0 to 20.0 $ per ton) and labour wages at 1.0 $ per man day unit, also showed that USG and SCU are more input efficient than PU.
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    Effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on crop response and soil fertility in a long-term experiment (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: corn ; soybean ; wheat ; maximum yield ; optimum yield ; Bray P1 ; exchangeable K
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data from 32 years of a rotation-fertility experiment were analyzed to determine the average P and K application rates required for maximum yield and for optimum yield. A four-year rotation of corn, soybean, wheat, hay was used for the first 10 years and then changed to corn-1, soybean, wheat, corn-2. Rates of P application per 4-year rotation ranged from 0 to 196 kg ha−1 and for K from 0 to 558 kg ha−1. Multiple regression equations were fitted to the mean yields per 4-year rotation for the response of each crop to P and K applications. The range in P application rates in kg of P per 4-year rotation required to get maximum yields of corn was 118 to 172, for soybeans was 134 to 150, and for wheat was 116 to 138. The range in K application rates in kg K per 4-year rotation to get maximum yields of corn was 378 to 411, for soybeans was 324 and 476, and for wheat was 11 to 323. For rates of application where P and K added exceeded crop removals, soil test P and K increased linearly with the cumulative positive balance of P and K. Where crop removal exceeded application rate, no relation was found between crop removal and soil test.
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    The influences of organic residues on utilization of urea N by rice (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; organic residues ; residual N ; rice ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The organic materials of vetch straw, isotopically labeled with15N and unlabeled, rice straw and15N-enriched urea were applied to rice in a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the release of available N during the decomposition of vetch material and its uptake by rice, and to measure the effect of organic materials on the efficiency of urea-N utilization by rice. Measurements were made at three sampling stages during the growth period. As expected, vetch material decomposed readily and furnished a continuous supply of N for the growth of rice, although only 18.1% of vetch-N was utilized by the rice crop. However, this was not sufficient to support the survival of all tillers until harvest. After harvest, 70% of vetch-N still remained in paddy soil. The influence of organic materials on urea-N absorption by rice became apparent at about the stage of panicle initiation. The highest urea-N uptake by rice was 42.2% in vetch straw-mixed soil. Otherwise, rice straw retarded urea-N uptake by rice. Nitrogen distribution data indicated that the vetch material would stimulate urea-N uptake by rice plants. The residual effect of vetch material was evaluated by planting Sudan grass immediately after rice was harvested. Only 4.4% of residual vetch-N was utilized in 20 weeks. This low percentage of N uptake and its low availability ratio demonstrated the poor residual effects of this leguminous material.
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    Soybean, corn, and wheat yields with variable soil pH on Plinthic Acrisols (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 19 (1989), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: S ; calcite ; dolomite ; soybean ; corn ; wheat ; soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Liming costs have escalated since the mid 1970's in the United States. Studies of crop response to lime with irrigation are limited as well as those of crop response to soil acidifying agents. This study was conducted to determine yield response of irrigated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], corn (Zea mays L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to lime and S and the change in soil pH, in response to lime and S. Irrigated soybean, corn, and wheat were grown on Dothan and Tifton loamy fine sand (Plinthic Acrisols) with different levels of calcite, dolomite, and S. Soil samples were collected before applying treatments and during each growing season. Soil pH and Mehlich I extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg in addition to grain yield of each crop were determined. Highest soybean yield (4.2 t ha−1) occurred in 1984 at a soil pH of 4.9 (1:1 v/v soil—water suspension) while the yield was zero at a pH of 3.7 on S treated plots. A soil pH of 4.8 in 1985 reduced soybean yield from 3.4 to 2.7 t ha−1 in comparison to untreated plots (pH = 5.6). In 1986, soybean yield was 0.8 t ha−1 at pH 4.0 in comparison to 2.3 t ha−1 at pH 5.1 and 5.9. Corn did not respond to lime with control pH of 5.3 in 1985 or 5.1 in 1986 but S at pH 4.6 reduced yield from 12.3 to 8.7 t ha−1 in 1985 and S reduced yield from 11.0 to 0.9 t ha−1 at pH 4.0 in 1986. Sulfur reduced wheat yield from 4.3 to 1.7 t ha−1 in 1985 and from 2.2 to 0.9 t ha−1 in 1987. Soil pH after cropping with S addition was 4.4 each year. Wheat did not respond to lime when unlimed soil had a pH of 5.2 or above.
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    Ammonium assimilation in different plant species as affected by nitrogen form and pH control in solution culture (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Corn ; tomato ; rice ; nitrate ; glutamine synthetase ; ammonium assimilation ; glutamate dehydrogenase ; asparagine synthetase ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant growth, ammonium assimilating enzyme activity, and free ammonium in tissue of different plant species were compared in the presence of either NO3 or NH4 forms of N at two pH levels in solution culture. Tomato and corn growth, but not rice growth, was reduced when NH4 was the sole form of N in the solution culture. Ammonium toxicity was more severe at low than higher pH. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in roots of the three plant species was higher in the presence of NH4 than NO3 nitrogen. Asparagine synthetase activity was very low in roots of the three species regardless of the N form supplied. Glutamine synthetase activity in roots and shoots of rice was much higher than in tissue of tomato and corn. Glutamine synthetase activity in rice increased sharply in the presence of NH4, and much less free NH4 was detected in green tissues compared to tomato plants. Glutamine synthetase appears to be a key factor to detoxify NH4 in the leaves of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054728
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    Constraints on deep tubewell irrigation in three districts of Bangladesh (1987)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 1 (1987), S. 277-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: irrigation ; tubewells ; constraints ; cropping systems ; rice ; equity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The constraints on the effectiveness of twenty one deep tubewell schemes in Tangail, Mymensingh and Jamalpur Districts were studied. Major problems were the difficulty of constructing small earthworks (aqueducts), inconsistencies in credit provision, and the non-availability of HYV rice varieties with appropriate characteristics to exploit the irrigation. Research on farmer's cropping choice is reported, and conclusions aer drawn on issues of equity and project identification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102936
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    Quantitative changes of free-base, riboside, ribotide and glucoside cytokinins in developing rice grains (1989)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 349-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cytokinins ; cis-zeatin derivatives ; rice ; grain development ; GC/SIM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice grains at various growth stages were analysed for endogenous free-base, riboside, ribotide and glucoside cytokinins on the basis of GC/MS and GC/SIM using deuterium-labeled internal standards. Cytokinins identified were trans- and cis-zeatins, trans- and cis-ribosylzeatins, isopentenyladenosine, isopentenyladenosine monophosphate, trans- and cis-ribosylzeatin monophosphates, trans- and cis-zeatin-O-glucosides, trans- and cis-ribosylzeatin-O-glucosides and zeatin-9-glucoside (trans/cis geometry was not determined). The highest amounts of cytokinins were recorded at the early growth stage, namely either heading, anthesis or milk stage, suggesting that cytokinins may play important roles in the development of the grain. Cis isomers of zeatin derivatives were always present and more abundant than trans isomers. It seemed unlikely that cis isomers were released from t-RNAs during the extraction procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024665
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    Relationship of mycorrhizal growth enhancement and plant growth with soil water and texture (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 439-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glomus ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soybean plants were grown in pots with or without vesicular-arbuscular myocorrhizal (VAM) fungi in three soils of low plant-available P content, different texture and different water-holding capacities. Mineral nutrients, except P, were provided in a complete nutrient solution. The biomass of non-VAM plants was positively and fungal colonization negatively correlated with increasingly coarse soil texture. There was no correlation of soil P with host or endophyte growth. Plant growth enhancement was positively correlated with soil water content at −1.5 MPa. These observations suggest soil water status and the mycorrhizal condition interact in influencing plant growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374337
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    Genetic studies on the interspecific cytoplasm substitution lines of an Asian perennial strain of Oryza rufipogon Griff. and O. glaberrima Steud. (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 529-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryzasativa ; rice ; japonica variety ; indica variety ; O. glaberrima ; O. rufipogon ; wild rice ; cytoplasm substitution line ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; sporophytic type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the restorer gene Rf j extracted from the Japanese rice variety Akebono is effective on pollen restoration in the cytoplasm substitution line having the nucleus of Oryza glaberrima and japonica or indica cytoplasm of O. sativa, and is of the sporophytic type. The Asian perennial type of the wild rice species O. rufipogon is considered to be the progenitor of O. sativa. Two substitution lines having the cytoplasm of a perennial strain of O. rufipogon from Sri Lanka and the nucleus of O. glaberrima with or without the gene Rf j in homozygous condition have been bred by means of successive backcrosses. These lines have now reached the BC5 generation. Plants of the lines resemble morphologically the recurrent parent, but do not show pollen restoration, indicating that the cytoplasm of the rufipogon strain induced male sterility and that the gene Rf j does not act as the restorer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041498
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    Induction and selection of mutations for resistance against bacterial leaf blight in rice (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 577-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryzasativa L. ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. ; oryzae ; bacterial leaf blight ; resistance ; induced mutations ; seleetion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry seed lots of a rice cultivar, Harebare, susceptible for bacterial leaf blight (BLB), were exposed to thermal neutrons with and without pre-treatment of seed for boron-enrichment, and to gamma-rays. M1 plants of each of the treatments were grown and their seeds were separately harvested. M2 populations were raised in rice fields of a farmer in a region where BLB is epidemic every year, and M2 and control plants which expressed resistant reactions to BLB were selected. M3 and control lines as plant progenies of the selected M2 plants were raised in the same rice fields as in M2 generation in order to investigate their BLB resistance and other agronomically important traits. Variances for disease severity of M2 populations were significantly larger than those of the control population. whereas their means were not singificantly different from that of the control population, suggesting induction of mutations toward both resistance and susceptibility to BLB. Mean disease severity values of the M3 lines from selected M2 plants were significantly smaller than those of the control lines, indicating gains of selection in M2 for quantitative resistance against BLB. Thermal neutrons, especially with boron-enrichment pre-treatment were effective to induce mutations for resistance against BLB. Some M3 mutant lines with quantitatively enhanced resistance against BLB were not modified in other agronomic traits from those of the original cultivar. Significance of the induced quantitative resistance in breeding programmes for BLB resistance is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035392
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    Increased regeneration from NaCl-tolerant callus in rice (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; callus culture ; NaCl-tolerance ; salt tolerance ; organogenesis ; peroxidase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary NaCl-tolerant calli were selected from two Japonica and two Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars on basal media containing 6,000, 9,000, 12,000 or 15,000 ppm NaCl. Frequency of callus formation decreased with the increase of NaCl in the medium, especially in Indica. About half of the calli of Japonica cultivars selected on NaCl-ammended media survived 20,000 ppm NaCl but none of the Indica callus survived. In Japonica, more plants were regenerated from calli selected on all concentrations of NaCl media than from NaCl-free medium. Concentration of Cl- in callus increased dramatically with increased NaCl content but peroxidase activity decreased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037097
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    Differential response of soybean genotypes to soil pH and manganese application (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: manganese ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to evaluated response of four soybean genotypes to different soil pH conditions, and rates of manganese application. Enon sandy loam soil was used for the investigation in a greenhouse. Manganese rates were 0, 10, and 20 Kg Mn ha. The pH levels were 5.3, 6.3, and 7.0. The genotypes tested were PI 159319, PI 324924, PI 960895, and L-76-0132. Genotype PI 960895 gave the highest yield whereas I-76-0132 gave the lowest yield. Genotype PI 324924 showed normal plant growth and higher yield at pH 5.3 indicating its tolerance to low soil pH. Soil pH 5.3 resulted in highest concentration of Mn in the leaves. Relatively lower seed yield of PI 159319 at pH 5.3 was due to intolerance to low soil pH. Genotypes PI 960895 and L-76-0132 gave similar seed yields at all pH levels. Genotypes PI 159319 responded to Mn addition while the others did not. The data suggest differential response by soybean genotypes to soil pH and Mn addition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371039
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    Aeschynomene as green manure for rice (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 141-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeschynomene ; green ; manure ; Rhizobium ; rice ; stem-nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary investigation was conducted in 1 m2 microplots using two stem nodulatedAeschynomene species,A. afraspera andA. nilotica, to evaluate their beneficial effects as green manure on the yield and the nitrogen content of rice.A. afraspera andA. nilotica yielded 7.5 and 9.2 kg m−2 of fresh matter, (42.3 and 53.2 g N m−2 respectively) in 7 weeks growth. Green manuring increased grain yield by more than 80% over the control and by 45% over rice fertilized with 10 g N-urea m−2. The nitrogen content of grain and straw was significantly higher in treatments with Aeschynomene green manure than in other treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371043
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    Do cyanobacteria enhance germination and growth of rice? (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anabaena ; axenic culture ; cyanobacteria ; germination ; nostoc ; plant growth regulators ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A screening of 133 cyanobacterial strains in logarithmic growth phase was done to study their effects on rice germination and growth. In unialgal, non axenic culture 30% of the strains had no effect, while 70% of the strains had a negative effect on germination. In contrast, growth of rice was stimulated by 21% of the isolates and inhibited by 12%. Although 57% of the unicellular strains had a positive effect and many Nostoc strains had a negative one, it was not possible to correlate specific effects with taxonomic groups. Among the eight strains showing a stimulatory effect on growth only Anabaena 77S19 remained effective in axenic culture. Partitioning Anabaena 77S19 exudates into three fractions revealed that the organic fraction was more inhibitory. From this work it is concluded that presoaking rice seeds in a cyanobacterial culture should be done with caution or avoided altogether.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370650
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    Genetic studies of speciation in cultivated rice. 5. Inter- and intraspecific differentiation in the waxy gene expression of rice (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza ; rice ; Wx protein ; amylose content ; gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To get an insight in the gene regulation at the waxy locus of rice, the Wx gene product (Wx protein) controlling the synthesis of amylose was examined by electrophoretic techniques. Among nonwaxy rice strains, two different alleles, Wx a and Wx b, were found at the waxy locus. Wx a drastically enhanced the quantitative level of Wx protein as well as the amylose content in endosperm starch as compared with Wx b. The alleles acted additively in triploid endosperms. This implies that regulatory elements responsible for the Wx gene expression are on the same chromosome. The distribution patterns of Wx a and Wx b in five species of Oryza revealed that the regulatory changes are closely related to racial differentiation within a common rice species (O. sativa), suggesting that Wx b might have been selected for through the difference in grain quality during domestication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028534
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    Graft-induced changes in soybean storage proteins. I. Appearance of the changes (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 395-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; grafting ; storage protein ; 11S acidic subunit ; Kunitz trypsin inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic changes induced by grafting were observed in soybean storage proteins, involving the 11S acidic subunit composition and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Changes from Gly 1 Gly 1to Gly 1 gly 1involved the 11S acidic subunit, and those from Ti 0Ti0 to Ti 3Ti0 involved the KTI in the first progeny (G1S1) in the scion (Gly 1 Gly 1 Ti 0Ti0, var. Kinzu) grafted onto var. Raiden (gly 1 gly 1 Ti 3 Ti 3). The progenies G1S2 and G2S1 from the seeds that had been changed segregated for both proteins. However, the segregation ratio in the progenies were different from those of the F2's from the sexual crosses between Kinzu and Raiden used for grafting. These findings show that the changes (changed genes) were transmitted to the progenies in an unstable manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021847
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    Photoperiod sensitivity in three rice crosses (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 751-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Photoperiod sensitivity ; rice ; Oryza sativa L. ; plant height ; flowering duration ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The degree of photoperiod sensitivity was studied in the F5 and F6 of three crosses between sensitive and insensitive rice cultivars under field conditions. Photoperiod sensitive lines could be identified as nonflowering lines in a February-seeded nursery. These lines had a short critical daylength (i.e. late flowering date). The strongly sensitive lines also had a high degree of photoperiod sensitivity, measured as the ratio of the difference in growth duration for two seeding dates to the difference in seeding dates in the main wet season. Some lines, however, with a relatively high degree of sensitivity and a longer critical daylength, were able to flower in the February-seeded nursery. In the cross KDML 105 × IR42, photoperiod sensitivity showed a bimodal distribution, suggesting major gene control. In Latisail × IR28 and KDML 105 × IR50, the inheritance was not clear. In KDML 105 × IR42, 37 out of 97 F5 lines were strongly sensitive and in KDML 105 × IR50, 7 out of 95 F5 lines were strongly sensitive. Thus the choice of the insensitive parent greatly influenced the number of strongly sensitive lines recovered. Degree of photoperiod sensitivity was positively correlated with plant height in the wet season. In the dry season this was not observed, because the sensitive lines flowered earlier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028583
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    Inhibitory effect of streptomycin on rice tissue cultures and the selection of resistant callus clones (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 1023-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; tissue culture ; streptomycin resistance ; callus clone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Callus tissues were initiated from seed, radicle and anther cultures of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in order to study the effect of streptomycin on callus growth. Our results showed that the addition of 250 μg/ml or more streptomycin to the culture medium caused a significant inhibition of callus proliferation. The degree of inhibition depended upon the genotype, the drug concentration and the tissue source of callus. Selection of resistant cell lines began with seed and immature embryo cultures grown on various levels of streptomycin. The fastest growing sectors of callus were subcultured for additional selection. In this way, a total of 11 comparatively vigorous callus clones were isolated after 7 or 12 subcultures. Some of these clones exhibited a significant increase of resistance index when compared with unselected starting material. After 5 or 6 selection cycles, 79 plantlets were regenerated from resistant callus, but none grew to maturity because all were white (albino).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028614
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    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; low temperature ; reproductive stage ; flag leaf ; auricle distance ; spikelet sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice increased further with the increase of nitrogen supply. Spikelet sterility in Fujisaka-5 did not increase due to low temperature when nitrogen supply was increased from 10 to 40 ppm and at 80 ppm nitrogen supply it was less affected than IR36. Total nitrogen content in the leaves increased with the increase of nitrogen supply and was forced to be associated with the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature. Based on auricle distance between the last two leaves, the most sensitive stage to low temperature damage differed in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature for 10 days was very high in both the varieties and the effect of nitrogen was not clear. The effect of phosphorus on the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at reproductive stage was not clear except that at the highest phosphorus (P) level (10 ppm) the spikelet sterility increased both in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice decreased with the increase of Potassium (K) supply in both Fujisaka-5 and IR36. With an increase of potassium supply, nitrogen (N) content decreased in the leaves and panicles and spikelet sterility induced by low temperature decreased with an increase of the K to N ratio in the leaves and panicles. The results suggest that potassium might play a major role to counteract the low temperature damage at the reproductive stage of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197577
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    Influence of different soil temperatures on water use, growth and internal water status of soybean (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 288-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aerial temperature ; leaf area ; leaf water potential ; shoot growth ; soil temperature ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies on the effect of soil temperature on internal water relations of well watered soybean (Glycine max L.) at constant air temperature under controlled conditions were carried out. A specially designed thermogradient tank was used for obtaining a range of soil temperatures. Data on shoot height, shoot weight, root length, root weight, leaf area and leaf water potential were obtained at 41 days after sowing and the highest values of these parameters were recorded at 28.6°C. The air temperature during the course of these investigations was 25±1°C and it may be concluded that slightly warmer soil temperatures than air temperatures were optimal for soybean with regard to the above measured parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202098
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    Allelopathic effect of common weeds on soybean growth and soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allelopathy ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; nodulation ; soybean ; weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Water extracts of shoot of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) at 1% level significantly reduced soybean seed germination. Soybean seedlings inoculated with broth culture of nodule bacterium were grown for 25 days in N-free nutrient solution amended with cold water extracts of weed residues at 1 and 2% levels. At both levels extracts from residues of all weeds except that of lambsquarters enhanced growth of soybean. Nodulation was generally stimulated by the extracts of five weeds at 1% level except that of lambsquarters. Extracts from lambsquarters at 2% level completely suppressed and at 1% level reduced nodulation by 60%. Extracts from green foxtail (Setaria viridis), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonium pensylvanicum) and sunflower at 2% level reduced and at 1% level enhanced nodulation. The residues of lambsquarters shoot incorporated with soil at 0.5 and 1% levels caused 85 and 96% reduction respectively in seed germination and those of Pennsylvania smartweed and sunflower at 1% reduced seed germination by 40–70% but not at 0.5% level. The residues of foxtail and smartweed at both levels enhanced growth and nodulation. Under similar conditions nutsedge at 1% level stimulated nodulation but not growth. The residues of lambsquarters at both levels were inhibitory to nodulation but stimulated growth at 0.5% level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139993
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    Uptake and distribution of copper and zinc by soybean and corn from soil treated with sewage sludge (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: corn ; Cu uptake ; sewage sludge ; soybean ; Zn uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted to determine uptake and distribution of Cu and Zn by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn (Zea mays L.) grown on Enon sandy loam (fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs), treated with 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg ha−1 of sewage sludge each year. ‘Ransom’ soybeans were grown the first year and ‘FCX’ corn was grown in the same plots to maturity the second year. In general, sludge significantly increased grain yield of soybeans and corn. Copper concentration in soybean seed was higher than in leaf and stem, but Zn concentration was lower in the seed than in the other tissues, under sludge treatment. Copper in corn leaf increased more than in stem and grain as the rate of sludge addition increased. Zinc increased in corn leaf and stem as the rate of sludge increased, but Zn in grain was not affected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280191
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    Influence ofGlycine max nodulation on the persistence in soil of a genetically markedBradyrhizobium japonicum strain (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 275-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiotic resistance ; ecology ; nitrogen fixation ; soybean ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since competition with indigenous strains limits nodule occupancy by bacteria applied to seeds, the ecology of Bradyrhizobium inoculum strains used for soybean is of concern. A genetically marked strain,B. japonicum I-110 ARS, was directly enumerated from soil on selective medium. A clear long-term positive influence of even limitedGlycine max nodulation was shown by comparisons of population densities obtained with or without plant removal prior to nodule senescence in the first year and with an incompatible as well as a compatible soybean variety after 5 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214558
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    Why and how to estimate the cost of symbiotic N2 fixation? A progressive approach based on the use of14C and15N isotopes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon cost ; lupin ; N2 fixation ; PEP carboxylase ; red clover ; respiration ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, though of obvious advantage to legumes in situations in which nitrogen is limiting, results in substantial penalty to the host plant in terms of cost of maintenance, synthesis and nitrogen reduction. Accurate estimates of costs are difficult to obtain because of the lack of simple methods to measure N2 fixation and associated energy consumption. In relation to these difficulties, a multiple-step approach involving isotopes (14CO2−15N2) methodologies is described. The estimation of net respiratory cost associated with the N2 reduction activity in near-natural conditions was achieved using simultaneous14CO2 and15N2 labelling. It gives a minimum value of 2.5 mg C/mg N fixed. This value was corrected by the estimation of the amount of carbon saved through the process of CO2 fixation by the PEP carboxylase of the nodules, using14CO2 in the soil atmosphere. This gives a real respiratory cost of 4 mg C/mg N fixed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202585
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    Influence of host cultivars and Bradyrhizobium strains on the growth and symbiotic performance of soybean under salt stress (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; genetic diversity ; NaCl and KCl stress ; salt-tolerance ; soybean ; symbiotic nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the importance of salt tolerance of host cultivars, Bradyrhizobium strains, and host-Bradyrhizobium combinations on the symbiotic nitrogen fixation potential of soybean under NaCl and KCl salt stress. Plants were grown in a soil medium, and the experiments were conducted under controlled environment growth room conditions. Bradyrhizobium growth was examined in yeast-mannitol broth andB. japonicum strains tolerant of NaCl and KCl (80 mM) stress were identified. Soybean cultivar Williams, which was sensitive to salt stress, performed poorly both in growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, irrespective of whether it was matched with a tolerant or sensitive Bradyrhizobium strain. Tolerant cultivar Manchu sustained nodulation and nitrogen fixation, irrespective of whether it was matched with a tolerant or sensitive Bradyrhizobium strain. Evidence presented here suggests a need, first to select soybean cultivars that are tolerant to salt stress, and then to match them with tolerant and effective Bradyrhizobium strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370277
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    Effect of phosphorus on Azolla and its utilization in rice culture in Niger (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla ; phosphorus ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The trials to use Azolla as a green manure for rice culture were made in the Niger basin.Azolla pinnata (Niger isolate) was used for the experiments. The effect of phosphorus on the growth and N2-fixation was examined in the field and in the laboratory. The growth rate and N content were maximum with P 3.1 ppm culture solution under laboratory conditions. The threshold P content for the growth was 0.5–0.6% in the dry matter. Maximum N content was 4.1% in the laboratory culture. In the field culture, the effect of P fertilizer on the growth and N yield of Azolla was tested. The split application of 6.5 kg P ha−1 per 13 days was most effective in stimulating the growth of Azolla. One kg of P as triple superphosphate produced 3.66 kg N in the Azolla. Maximum growth rate and N content in the field trials was 4.3 days (doubling time) and 2.3%, respectively. The lower productivity in the field in comparison with the laboratory culture was considered to be due to higher temperature and light intensity. the growth of Azolla was suppressed in the hot season in the Niger basin. The growth rate and N content were reduced during the high temperature period over 30°C on an average. The effect of inoculation of Azolla on rice yield was tested in the field experiment. The grain yield was increased 27% by Azolla incolation over the treatment without Azolla inoculation in — N fertilizer treatments. While the growth of Azolla with rice plants did not attain saturated density (1.8 kg fresh weight m−2), the effect on the grain yield was comparable to 40 kg N ha−1 as urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377065
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  • 91
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    Protein, energy and mineral utilization in rats fed rice-legume diets (1986)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 36 (1986), S. 119-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; legume mixtures ; utilization of protein ; energy ; zinc ; iron and copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Protein, energy and mineral utilization were examined in growing rats fed cooked, dry legume seeds in combination with polished rice. The legumes tested included 3 varieties of common beans, black, white and brown (Phaseolus vulgaris), lentils (Lens esculenta) and peas (Pisum sativum). The rice:legume mixtures (1:1 N ratio) were the only dietary sources of protein, Zn, Fe and Cu. The rice:black bean mixture was also tested at a 4:1 N ratio. Nutrient utilization was studied by balance trials and mineral utilization was further assessed by tissue analyses. True protein digestibility (TD) and energy digestibility of the rice:legume (1:1) mixtures were high. Biological value (BV) varied only little but was lowest in the rice:lentil mixture. The rice:brown bean mixture had the lowest amount of utilizable protein (UP). The (1:1) rice:legume mixtures did not adversely affect Fe status, as measured by liver Fe content and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit, or Cu status, as measured by liver Cu content and plasma ceruloplasmin. However, femur zinc content indicated a sub-optimal Zn status. Increasing the dietary N from rice in combination with black beans resulted in a substantial improvement of BV, NPU and Zn status of the animals but had a negative effect on UP and Fe status of the rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092139
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  • 92
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    Nutritional properties of nonrice crops in the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network (1987)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 36 (1987), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; corn ; sorghum ; bushsitao ; cowpea ; mungbean ; peanut ; pigeonpea ; soybean ; protein and energy yields ; amino acid score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six legume crops and three cereal crops in the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network were compared with IR58 brown rice in terms of dry matter, energy and protein yields per hectare. Sorghum was closest to brown rice in dry matter and energy yield but soybean had the highest protein yield. Peanut and soybean had higher crude fat than the other crops which accounted for their high energy content and yield among the legumes. Amino acid analysis showed cowpea, mungbean, pigeonpea, bushsitao, and soybean protein as limiting in sulfur amino acids (cysteine + methionine). Peanut protein was limiting in either lysine or tryptophan + threonine. Corn, sorghum and wheat proteins were limiting in lysine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01892349
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  • 93
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    Protein, amino acids and some major and trace elements in Thai and Norwegian mushrooms (1987)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 37 (1987), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Thailand ; Norway ; mushrooms ; rice ; amino acids ; mineral elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six edible Thai mushroom species were analysed for protein, in vitro protein digestibility, amino acids and major and trace elements. The results for protein and amino acids were discussed relative to the contents in Thai rice. The contents of mineral elements showed great variation, in agreement with literature data. Two samples (Hunukao and Hom) were rich in calcium and one (Phang) was rich in iron and copper. For comparison results for samples of edible mushrooms obtained in Norway were included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092047
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  • 94
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    Protein and energy utilization of boiled rice-legume diets and boiled cereals in growing rats (1987)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 37 (1987), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: protein and energy utilization ; rice ; corn ; sorghum ; wheat ; six rice-legume diets ; phenols ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In growing rats, boiled milled rice-legume diets (2:1 N ratio) had lower energy digestigibility than boiled milled rice and equal if not better true digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization (NPU). Rice-soybean diets showed better NPU than the other rice-legume diets. Boiled whole-grain corn and sorghum had lower digstible energy and NPU than boiled milled rice. NPU of the diets did not follow strictly the trend of the amino acid score of the diets; phenol (tannin) content reduced energy and protein digestibility of all diets, but sugars reduced energy and protein digestibilities of rice-legume diets only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091788
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  • 95
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    Amino acid profile of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC): a rich source of vegetable protein (1987)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 37 (1987), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: winged bean ; soybean ; amino acids ; lysine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twenty one cultivars of winged bean (17 of Indian origin and 4 exotic strains obtained from Sri Lanka) were cultivated on marginal (alkaline) soils in the sub-tropics and evaluated for their food value. Whereas the seeds showed wide variations in total protein content (38.1 to 45 per cent), the amino acid compositions were in close proximity to those of soybean. Nevertheless, some strains of winged bean registered higher levels of certain amino acids as compared to soybean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091791
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  • 96
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    Protein content and amino acid profile of some wild leguminous seeds (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: legumes ; soybean ; protein ; amino acids ; lysine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seeds of 28 wild growing legumes of India were analysed for their protein content and amino acid compositions. A wide variation was observed in protein contents (18.3 to 50.9%). The amino acid composition and protein content of some of these seeds were in close proximity to that of soybean; however, some legumes registered a higher level of certain amino acids and protein as compared to the latter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092311
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  • 97
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    Identification and isolation of methionine-cysteine rich proteins in soybean seed (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: soybean ; methionine-cysteine rich protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We recently developed a method to identify methionine-containing proteins and quantitate their methionine contents [4]. We applied this method to soybeans and identified relatively methionine-rich proteins (MRP) among the albumins. By acidic methanol extraction of the albumins, we obtained a group of low molecular weight methionine-cysteine rich proteins (MCRP) that analyzed 4.0% methionine and 8.8% cysteine. MCRP made up 1–2% of the total protein in soybeans. Reversed-phase HPLC purification of MCRP yielded a protein peak that exhibited a single major band on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of 16kD and contained 6.2% methionine and 18.8% cysteine. We are cloning the gene for this protein. Increasing its level through genetic engineering could increase the methionine-cysteine content of soybeans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091726
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  • 98
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    Transmission of NPV in uniform- and mixed-age populations ofHeliothis zea [Lep: Noctuidae] on caged soybean (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; baculovirus ; Heliothis zea ; soybean ; virus transmission ; Virus de polyédrose nucléaire ; baculovirus ; Heliothis zea ; soja ; transmission d'un virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transmission d'un virus de polyédroses nucléaires (NPV) a été examinée dans des populations deHeliothis zea (Boddie) de même âge et dans des populations deHeliothis zea d'âges variés relâchées sur du soja en cages. Des collections de larves ont montré des incidents d'infection virale dans tous les traitements après la remise en liberté des larves infectées (les lères larves infectées). La transmission du NPV dans des populations de même âge a été relative à la densité des lères larves infectées qui ont été relâchées dans la population mais n'a pas été relative à la taille, au moment de leur mort, des lères larves infectées (P〈0.05). Dans des populations d'âges variés, la transmission horizontale chez les larves les plus âgées de la population a été égale à celle des populations de même âge, à condition que les lères larves infectées dans la population d'âges variés aient été toutes de même âge que les membres noninfectés les plus âgés de la population. A mesure que la population d'âges variés vieillit, la transmission augmente et est, en général, plus élevée que celle des populations de même âge. La transmission a été aussi plus élevée quand les lères larves infectées étaient de taille moyenne au moment de leur mort que lorsqu'elles étaient de taille petite ou grande au moment de leur mort. La concentration du virus déposée sur le feuillage et dans le sol après la mort de toutes les larves a été mise en corrélation avec la densité des lères larves infectées qui ont été relâchées. La concentration du virus dans le sol, mais pas sur le feuillage, a été mise en corrélation avec la taille, au moment de leur mort des lères larves infectées qui ont été relâchées.
    Notes: Abstract Transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was examined in uniformaged and uniform- vs mixed-age populations ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) on caged soybean. Larval collections revealed viral disease outbreaks occurred in all treatments following release of infected larvae (Primary infected larvae). Transmission of NPV in uniform-aged populations was related to the density of primary infected larvae released in the population but not to the size at death of primary infected larvae (P〈0.05). In mixed-age populations horizontal transmission in the oldest larvae in the population was equal to that in uniform-aged populations, providing that primary infected larvae in the mixed-aged population were all the age of the oldest noninfected cohorts. As the mixed-age population aged, transmission increased and was generally higher than that in the uniform-aged populations. Transmission was also higher when primary infected larvae were medium sized at death than when small or large at death. The concentration of virus deposited on foliage and in soil after all larvae had died on plants was related to density of primary infected larvae released. In soil, but not on foliage, the virus concentration was related to the size at death of primary infected larvae released.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372448
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  • 99
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    Transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus inHeliothis zea [Lep.: Noctuidae] larval populations on soybean (1985)
    Springer
    BioControl 30 (1985), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; baculovirus ; Heliothis zea ; soybean ; virus transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transmission d'un Virus de Polyhédroses Nucléaires (NPV) chezHeliothis zea sur soja a été examinée. Des contaminations artificielles deH. zea ont été réalisées aux densités de 6.5, 19.5 et 58.5 larves/rangée-m. Des larves supplémentaires inoculées de NPV pour mourir au 2e stade larvaire ont été relâchées dans des subdivisions d'un champ pour simuler des niveaux de mortalité de 5 et de 25%. La transmission du virus des larves infectées aux larves non infectées a été mise en corrélation avec l'incidence initiale de l'infection dans la population, mais pas avec la densité des larves/rangée-m. Le dépôt de virus sur les plantes à partir des cadavres de larves mortes de l'infection virale a été mis en corrélation avec la densité de larves/rangée-m et l'incidence initiale de l'infection dans les populations. Après la chrysalidation des larves dans la première population, seules des larves non-infectées ont été de nouveau relâchées pour examiner la transmission del'inoculum du virus restant sur les plantes et dans le sol. Le pourcentage de mortalité des larves récoltées de ce deuxième lâcher était peu élevé et n'a pas différé de manière significative entre les traitements. La concentration du virus sur le feuillage et dans le sol après le deuxième lâcher a été mise directement en corrélation avec la densité de larves/rangée-m, mais pas avec l'incidence de l'infection dans la population du premier lâcher.
    Notes: Abstract Transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) inHeliothis zea (Boddie) on soybean was examinated. Artificial infestations ofH. zea were established at densities of 6.5, 19.5 and 58.5 larvae/row-m. Additional larvae infected to die from NPV in the 2nd stage were released into subplots to simulate 5 and 25% mortality levels. Virus transmission from infected to noninfected larvae was correlated with the initial incidence of infection in the population but not the density of larvae/row-m. Deposition of virus on plants from cadavers of larvae that died of virus infection was correlated with the initial incidence of infection in the populations and the density of larvae/row-m. After pupation of larvae in the 1st population, noninfected larvae only were again released to examine transmission of viral inoculum remaining on plants and soil. The percent mortality of larvae collected from the 2nd release was low and did not differ significantly between treatments. The concentration of virus on foliage and in soil after the 2nd release was directly correlated with density of larvae/row-m but not the incidence of infection within the population in the 1st release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372250
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