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  • Chemistry  (70,742)
  • Chemical Engineering  (5,458)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (5,077)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (3,570)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (3,221)
  • Fisheries
  • 1985-1989  (47,592)
  • 1975-1979  (35,023)
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  • 1
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    Sequence-specific peptide cleavage catalyzed by an antibody (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-03-03
    Description: Monoclonal antibodies have been induced that are capable of catalyzing specific hydrolysis of the Gly-Phe bond of peptide substrates at neutral pH with a metal complex cofactor. The antibodies were produced by immunizing with a Co(III) triethylenetetramine (trien)-peptide hapten. These antibodies as a group are capable of binding trien complexes of not only Co(III) but also of numerous other metals. Six peptides were examined as possible substrates with the antibodies and various metal complexes. Two of these peptides were cleaved by several of the antibodies. One antibody was studied in detail, and cleavage was observed for the substrates with the trien complexes of Zn(II), Ga(III), Fe(III), In(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Lu(III), Mg(II), or Mn(II) as cofactors. A turnover number of 6 x 10(-4) per second was observed for these substrates. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the use of cofactor-assisted catalysis in an antibody binding site to accomplish difficult chemical transformations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iverson, B L -- Lerner, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Mar 3;243(4895):1184-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2922606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens/immunology ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cobalt/immunology/metabolism ; Glycine/metabolism ; Haptens/immunology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Immunization ; Metals/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Oligopeptides/*metabolism ; Phenylalanine/metabolism ; Trientine/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Molecular mechanisms and forces involved in the adhesion and fusion of amphiphilic bilayers (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-11-17
    Description: The surface forces apparatus technique was used for measuring the adhesion, deformation, and fusion of bilayers supported on mica surfaces in aqueous solutions. The most important force leading to the direct fusion of bilayers is the hydrophobic interaction, although the occurrence of fusion is not simply related to the force law between bilayers. Bilayers do not need to "overcome" some repulsive force barrier, such as hydration, before they can fuse. Instead, once bilayer surfaces come within about 1 nanometer of each other, local deformations and molecular rearrangements allow them to "bypass" these forces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helm, C A -- Israelachvili, J N -- McGuiggan, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Nov 17;246(4932):919-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2814514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Lipid Bilayers ; Models, Biological ; Models, Structural ; Phosphatidylcholines ; Phosphatidylethanolamines
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    "Chemzymes" mimic biology in miniature (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waldrop, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):354-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2756423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Enzymes ; Technology, Pharmaceutical
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Molecular recognition and metal ion template synthesis (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-05-26
    Description: Methods for the design and synthesis of ligands intended to be specific for a metal ion have been a recent chemical development. This article describes how this process can be inverted so that the specifics of the coordination environment around the metal ion can be used as a template in large-scale ligand synthesis. The synthesis of macrobicyclic ligands for ferric ion has been accomplished by using active esters of catechol ligands in which catecholate coordination to iron is a prelude to the organic chemical reactions that link the coordination subunits together into one ligand system surrounding a central metal ion coordination site. The lanthanide(III) ions, which are among the most labile metal ions known, have coordination numbers of 8 or higher, and thus their encapsulation into a macrobicyclic structure is a challenging problem. Lanthanide amine complexes have been used as metal templates in the synthesis of such macrobicyclic lanthanide complexes. There is evidence that such a complex is inert to exchange in aqueous solution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMurry, T J -- Raymond, K N -- Smith, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 May 26;244(4907):938-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2658057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cations ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Iron/metabolism ; *Ligands ; Macromolecular Substances ; Metals/*metabolism ; Metals, Rare Earth/metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Templates, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Polymer synthesis and organotransition metal chemistry (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-02-17
    Description: Mechanistic and synthetic studies in organometallic chemistry have provided considerable insight into olefin metathesis and Ziegler-Natta polymerization. New homogeneous olefin metathesis catalysts based on high oxidation state transition metals have opened new opportunities in polymer synthesis by providing unprecedented control in ring-opening polymerization of cyclic alkenes. The recent development of living coordinative polymerization systems has led to the preparation of a number of new, interesting materials, including block copolymers, conducting polymers or precursors, and ionophoric polymeric substrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grubbs, R H -- Tumas, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Feb 17;243(4893):907-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2645643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Organometallic Compounds ; *Polymers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Fluid management in space construction (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-10
    Description: The low-g fluids management group with the Center for Space Construction is engaged in active research on the following topics: gauging; venting; controlling contamination; sloshing; transfer; acquisition; and two-phase flow. Our basic understanding of each of these topics at present is inadequate to design space structures optimally. A brief report is presented on each topic showing the present status, recent accomplishings by our group and our plans for future research. Reports are presented in graphic and outline form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: First Annual Symposium. Volume 1: Plenary Session; 30 p
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  • 7
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    Critical transport parameters for porous media subjected to counterflow (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to determine critical parameters at the onset of nonlinear counterflow in He II below the lambda point of He-4. Critical temperature differences have been measured in porous media for zero net mass flow and for Darcy permeabilities in the order of magnitude range from 10 to the -10th to 10 to the -8th sq cm. The normalized critical temperature gradients, which covered the liquid temperature range of 1.5 K to the lambda temperature, are found to vary with T proportional to the ratio of the superfluid density to the normal fluid density. This liquid temperature dependence appears to be consistent with duct data which are limited at low temperature by a Reynolds number criterion.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Cryogenics (ISSN 0011-2275); 29; 498-502
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  • 8
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    Analysis of turbulence in shear flows using the stabilization principle (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is made based upon the concept that the velocity fluctuations, and therefore, the Reynolds stresses, driven by the instability of the original flow grow until a new stable state is approached. The Reynolds stresses incorporated into the Orr-Sommerfeld equation are coupled with the main flow such that all the imaginary parts of the complex eigenvalues vanish, i.e., the original instability is eliminated. Using this stabilization principle, it is possible to find the Reynolds stresses as well as the mean velocity for plane Poiseuille flow with the Reynolds number slightly higher than the critical.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Mathematical and Computer Modelling (ISSN 0895-7177); 12; 8, 19
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  • 9
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    On the reverse flow ceiling jet in pool fire-ventilation crossflow interactions in a simulated aircraft cabin interior (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The behavior of the reverse flow ceiling jet against the ventilation flow from 0.58 to 0.87 m/s was investigated in a 1/3 scale model of a wide body aircraft interior. For all tests, strong reverse-flow ceiling jets of hot gases were detected well upstream of the fire. Both thicknesses of the reverse-flow ceiling jet and the smoke layer increased with the fire-crossflow parameter. The thickness of the smoke layer where the smoke flows along the main flow below the reverse-flow ceiling jet was almost twice that of the reverse-flow ceiling jet. Detailed spatial and time-varying temperatures of the gas in the test section were measured, and velocity profiles were also measured using a temperature compensated hot film.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 10
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    Interactions in boundary-layer transition (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Certain theoretical studies of boundary-layer transition are described, based on high Reynolds numbers and with attention drawn to the various nonlinear interactions and scales present. The article concentrates in particular on theories for which the mean-flow profile is completely altered from its original state. Two- and three-dimensional flow theory and conjectures on turbulent-boundary-layer structures are included. Specific recent findings noted, and in qualitative agreement with experiments, are: nonlinear finite-time break-ups in unsteady interactive boundary layers; strong vortex/wave interactions; and prediction of turbulent boundary-layer displacement- and stress sublayer-thicknesses.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 11
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    Nonequilibrium hypersonic aerothermodynamics (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nonequilibrium phenomena in hypersonic flows are examined on the basis of theoretical models and selected experimental data, in an introduction intended for second-year graduate students of aerospace engineering. Chapters are devoted to the physical nature of gas atoms and molecules, transitions of internal states, the formulation of the master equation of aerothermodynamics, the conservation equations, chemical reactions in CFD, the behavior of air flows in nonequilibrium, experimental aspects of nonequilibrium flow, a review of experimental results, and gas-solid interaction. Diagrams, graphs, and tables of numerical data are provided.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 12
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    Comparative study of high-resolution shock-capturing schemes for a real gas (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1332-134
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  • 13
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    Application of multi-grid methods for solving the Navier-Stokes equations (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents the application of a class of multi-grid methods to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional laminar flow problems. The methods consists of combining the full approximation scheme-full multi-grid technique (FAS-FMG) with point-, line- or plane-relaxation routines for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables. The performance of the multi-grid methods is compared to those of several single-grid methods. The results show that much faster convergence can be procured through the use of the multi-grid approach than through the various suggestions for improving single-grid methods. The importance of the choice of relaxation scheme for the multi-grid method is illustrated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Proceedings, Part C - Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science (ISSN 0954-4062); 203; C4, 1; 255-265
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  • 14
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    Space solar cell research (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A brief overview is given of the scope of the NASA space solar cell research and development program. Silicon cells, gallium arsenide cells, indium phosphide cells, and superlattice solar cells are addressed, indicating the state of the art of each type in outer space and their advantages and drawbacks for use in outer space. Contrasts between efficiency in space and on earth are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chemical Engineering Progress (ISSN 0360-7275); 62-67
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  • 15
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    Distortion of homogeneous turbulence by axisymmetric strain and dilatation (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rapid distortion theory is applied to study distortion of homogeneous turbulence subject to two different axisymmetric strain modes: the axisymmetric contraction (AC, nozzle-type flow), and the axisymmetric expansion (AE, diffuser-type flow). The paper explores the differences in effects of the two axisymmetric strain modes on the anisotropy of correlations and structures of turbulence; examines the effect of dilatation on the distortion of turbulence; and provides a theoretical background for turbulence model development. It is found that velocity and vorticity fluctuations are enhanced more efficiently by contraction than by expansion; contraction produces much higher anisotropy in velocity and vorticity than expansion; root-mean-square pressure is slightly reduced during contraction, whereas it increases rapidly during expansion; and vortical structures of rodlike shape develop in a contraction flow, while disklike structures develop in an expansion flow. A simple model that reflects the dependence of turbulence evolution on structural parameters such as the Reynolds-stress anisotropy and total strain is proposed, and is shown to outperform all other models for all cases examined, regardless of the mean strain rate.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 1; 1541-155
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  • 16
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    Transition limits for water-droplet crystallization with the NASA Lewis icing nozzle (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 887
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  • 17
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    Transonic region of high dynamic response encountered on an elastic supercritical wing (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 870-875
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  • 18
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    Near-wall k-epsilon turbulence modeling (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1068-107
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  • 19
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    Transonic aeroelasticity of fighter wings with active control surfaces (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 682-684
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  • 20
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    Hypersonic parabolized Navier-Stokes code validation on a sharp nose cone (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 650-656
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  • 21
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    Validation of aerodynamic parameters for high-incidence research models (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 621-628
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  • 22
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    Observation of airplane flowfields by natural condensation effects (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 593-604
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  • 23
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    Separation control on an airfoil by periodic forcing (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The introduction of transverse velocity fluctuations into a separated shear layer on an airfoil at high angles of attack is presently demonstrated to be an effective separation-control technique. Airfoil aerodynamic characteristics, including poststall lift and drag as well as maximum lift coefficient and stall angle, all exhibited improvements controlled forcing at 20 deg angle of attack led to an increased spreading of the mean velocity profile, together with increased turbulence activity; separation moved from the leading edge to about 80 percent of chord.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 820
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  • 24
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    Boundary-layer transition on a cone and flat plate at Mach 3.5 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 687-693
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  • 25
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    Numerical simulation of axisymmetric turbulent flow in combustors and diffusers (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical studies of turbulent flow in an axisymmetric 45-deg-expansion combustor and bifurcated diffuser are presented. The Navier-Stokes equations incorporating a k-epsilon model were solved in a nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. A zonal-grid method, where the flow field was divided into several subsections, was developed. This approach permitted different computational schemes to be used in the various zones. In addition, grid generation was made a more simple task. Boundary overlap and interpolating techniques were used, and an adjustment of the flow variables was required to assure conservation of mass flux. Three finite-differencing methods (hybrid, quadratic upwind, and skew upwind) were used to represent the convection terms. Results were compared with existing experimental data. In general, good agreement between predicted and measured values was obtained.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 9; 167-183
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  • 26
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    Full-potential analysis of a supersonic delta wing/body (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 235-240
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  • 27
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    Numerical simulation of thermocapillary bubble migration under microgravity for large Reynolds and Marangoni numbers (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical procedure in which the Navier-Stokes equations are discretized using tightly coupled discretizations of pressure derivatives and continuity equations is used here to extend the range of known terminal velocities of gaseous bubbles in liquids well beyond that in previous investigations. Computations performed for Reynolds numbers up to 2000 and Marangoni numbers up to 1000 show only a modest variation of the scaled bubble velocity between 0.16 and 0.5. The bubble velocity is influenced more by the Marangoni number than by the Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications (ISSN 1040-7782); 16; 2, Se
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  • 28
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    Numerical analysis of natural convection in liquid droplets by phase change (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical analysis is performed on thermocapillary buoyancy convection induced by phase change in a liquid droplet. A finite-difference code is developed using an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) scheme. The intercoupling relation between thermocapillary force, buoyancy force, fluid property, heat transfer, and phase change, along with their effects on the induced flow patterns, are disclosed. The flow is classified into three types: thermocapillary, buoyancy, and combined convection. Among the three mechanisms, the combined convection simulates the experimental observations quite well, and the basic mechanism of the observed convection inside evaporating sessile drops is thus identified. It is disclosed that evaporation initiates unstable convection, while condensation always brings about a stable density distribution which eventually damps out all fluid disturbances. Another numerical model is presented to study the effect of boundary recession due to evaporation, and the 'peeling-off' effect (the removal of the surface layer of fluid by evaporation) is shown to be relevant.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications (ISSN 1040-7782); 16; 2, Se
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  • 29
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    Effects of anisotropic heat conduction on solidification (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two-dimensional solidification influenced by anisotropic heat conduction has been considered. The interfacial energy balance was derived to account for the heat transfer in one direction (x or y) depending on the temperature gradient in both the x and y directions. A parametric study was made to determine the effects of the Stefan number, aspect ratio, initial superheat, and thermal conductivity ratios on the solidification rate. Because of the imposed boundary conditions, the interface became skewed and sometimes was not a straight line between the interface position at the upper and lower adiabatic walls (spatially nonlinear along the height). This skewness depends on the thermal conductivity ratio k(yy)/k(yx). The nonlinearity of the interface is influenced by the solidification rate, aspect ratio, and k(yy/k(yx).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications (ISSN 1040-7782); 15; 2, 19; 181-195
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  • 30
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    A multiple-time-scale turbulence model based on variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multiple-time-scale turbulence model of a single point closure and a simplified split-spectrum method is presented. In the model, the effect of the ratio of the production rate to the dissipation rate on eddy viscosity is modeled by use of the multiple-time-scales and a variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum. The concept of a variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum and the rest of the model details are based on the previously reported algebraic stress turbulence model. Example problems considered include: a fully developed channel flow, a plane jet exhausting into a moving stream, a wall jet flow, and a weakly coupled wake-boundary layer interaction flow. The computational results compared favorably with those obtained by using the algebraic stress turbulence model as well as experimental data. The present turbulence model, as well as the algebraic stress turbulence model, yielded significantly improved computational results for the complex turbulent boundary layer flows, such as the wall jet flow and the wake boundary layer interaction flow, compared with available computational results obtained by using the standard kappa-epsilon turbulence model.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals (ISSN 1040-7790); 16; 2, 19; 193-211
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    Some aspects of transient cooling of a radiating rectangular medium (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The emission from a gray radiating medium is analyzed for transient cooling in surroundings at a low temperature. The medium is rectangular with no variations in the direction normal to the cross section. The integral equation for the transient temperature distribution is solved numerically using a two-dimensional Gaussian integration subroutine. The emissive ability for a rectangle at uniform temperature is compared with that for transient cooling where the temperature distribution of the region has reached a fully developed shape, as shown by a separation of variables solution. The two solutions provide the upper and lower bounds for the emittance of a rectangle during transient cooling. The emittances for various aspect ratios are presented as a function of the mean length of the rectangle and are compared with results for a plane layer and a cylinder.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 32; 1955-196
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    Transport-related phenomena for clusters of drops (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Calculations for n-decane drops evaporating in a spherical cluster surrounded by unvitiated ambient air at atmospheric pressure were performed using two previously proposed cluster models. Both cluster models predict that turbulent transport effects are more important in the case of small clusters. This is due to the smaller volume to surface ratio and thus to the greater transport of hot unvitiated gas to the drops in order to promote evaporation. The results obtained are compared with those of two turbulent models for each one of the 'trapping factors' and similarity models.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 32; 2000-200
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    Direct simulation of three-dimensional hypersonic flow about intersecting blunt wedges (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1536-154
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    Nonlinear evolution of interacting oblique waves on two-dimensional shear layers (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of critical layer nonlinearity are considered on spatially growing oblique instability waves on nominally two-dimensional shear layers between parallel streams. The analysis shows that three-dimensional effects cause nonlinearity to occur at much smaller amplitudes than it does in two-dimensional flows. The nonlinear instability wave amplitude is determined by an integro-differential equation with cubic type nonlinearity. The numerical solutions to this equation are worked out and discussed in some detail. The numerical solutions always end in a singularity at a finite downstream distance.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 207; 97-120
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    Nonlinear evolution of oblique waves on compressible shear layers (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of critical-layer nonlinearity on spatially growing oblique instability waves on compressible shear layers between two parallel streams are considered. The analysis shows that mean temperature nonuniformities cause nonlinearity to occur at much smaller amplitudes than it does when the flow is isothermal. The nonlinear instability wave growth rate effects are described by an integrodifferential equation which bears some resemblance to the Landau equation, in that it involves a cubic-type nonlinearity. The numerical solutions to this equation are worked out and discussed in some detail. Inviscid solutions always end in a singularity at a finite downstream distance, but viscosity can eliminate this singularity for certain parameter ranges.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 207; 73-96
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    Turbulent separated flow over and downstream of a two-element airfoil (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Flow characteristics in the vicinity of the flap of a single-slotted airfoil are presented and analyzed. The flow remained attached over the model surfaces, except in the vicinity of the flap trailing edge where a small region of boundary-layer separation extended over the aft 7 percent of flap chord. The airfoil configuration was tested at a Mach number of 0.09 and a chord Reynolds number of 1.8 x 10 to the 6th in the NASA Ames Research Center 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel. The flow was complicated by the presence of a strong, initially inviscid, jet, emanating from the slot between airfoil and flap, and a gradual merging of the main airfoil wake and flap suction-side boundary layer.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Experiments in Fluids (ISSN 0723-4864); 7; 8, Se
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    Turbulence spectrum of strongly conductive temperature field in a rapidly stirred fluid (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simulation is performed of a passive scalar field convected by a rapidly fluctuating velocity field whose correlation time approaches zero. By using a code proposed in a previous study (Chasnov et al., 1988), the turbulence spectrum of the passive temperature field in the conductive subrange is determined. A theoretical model is proposed which explains the result obtained by representing the transfer of scalar variance by an eddy conductivity, whose correlation time is limited by the correlation time of the velocity field.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 1; 1698-170
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  • 38
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    Experimental shock-wave interference heating on a cylinder at Mach 6 and 8 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1557-156
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  • 39
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    Aerothermodynamic study of slender conical vehicles (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 3; 361-367
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  • 40
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    Stability of Long's vortex at large flow force (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Long's self-similar vortex is known to have two solutions for each supercritical value of the flow force. Each of those solutions is shown to have a double structure if the flow force is large. The inertial instabilities of one of those large-flow-force limit solutions are investigated, showing that they are related to the instabilities of the Bickley jet in one regime. However, the swirl in the vortex becomes important for long waves, very strongly modifying the sinuous and varicose, Bickley modes. The asymptotic results obtained agree well with the numerical solutions for the sinuous mode, but not for the varicose mode, the difficulty in the latter case being apparently due to mode jumping.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 206; 405-432
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  • 41
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    Time-dependent viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations - The finite difference Galerkin formulation and streamfunction algorithms (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical techniques are developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady incompressible flow. The extension of the finite-difference Galerkin (FDG) method of Stephens et al. (1984) to the continuous-time case in two or three space dimensions is explained, and the numerical implementation of the method is discussed with particular attention to the staggered-MAC-grid primitive-variable discretization, the application of discrete mass balance to avoid problems inherent in FDG schemes, the direct interpretation of the FDG expansion variables as a discrete streamfunction, and a mass-balance approach to two-dimensional problems with throughflow or obstacles. Numerical results are presented graphically for the evolution of asymptotic steady flow in a driven cavity at Reynolds number 400, 1000, or 3200; good agreement with published experimental data is demonstrated, with accurate predictions of secondary-vortex formation from wall bubble recirculations at Reynolds number 1000.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 84; 207-241
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  • 42
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    Two-component phase-averaged turbulence statistics downstream of a rotating spoked-wheel wake generator (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Flow-field measurements of unsteady turbulent flow downstream of a rotating spoked-wheel wake generator were performed in a short-duration light-piston tunnel, and the instantaneous-velocity data were phase averaged based on a signal synchronized with the bar-passing frequency. Mean axial velocities were found to agree well with those obtained from measurements behind a stationary cylinder and to be independent of both Reynolds and bar-passing Strouhal numbers. Reynolds stresses were found to be consistent with related cylinder-wake measurements, but were significantly higher than corresponding measurements obtained in large-scale research turbomachines. Phase-averaged triple velocity correlations were calculated from the digital velocity records, revealing the sign and the magnitude of skewness in the velocity probability density distributions for the two components.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Turbomachinery (ISSN 0889-504X); 111; 475-482
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    Bifurcation structure and the Eckhaus instability (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The bifurcation diagram corresponding to the Eckhaus stability curve has been constructed for the one-dimensional Swift-Hohenberg equation in a finite domain. Finite-amplitude solutions with particular spatial wavelength recover linear stability, as predicted by the Eckhaus curve, after a sequence of secondary bifurcations from the branch of solutions with this wavelength. No connectivity between the primary-solution branches is admissible if the stability predicted by this bifurcation diagram is to correspond to the prediction of the Eckhaus analysis. The Eckhaus curve does not exist if nonlinear couplings destroy this pattern. This is demonstrated by analysis of a coupled pair of Swift-Hohenberg equations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 63; 2048-205
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    Inverse heat transfer analysis of Bridgman crystal growth (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of asymmetry in furnace temperature profile and pulling velocity on the crystal interface shape are demonstrated while neglecting the latent heat of solidification. It is seen that the furnace temperature profile may be varied in order to influence the shape of the melt-crystal interface. An exact thermal analysis is then performed on the Bridgman technique by including the latent heat of solidification as a source term. The exact temperature field required for yielding a flat melt-crystal interface is obtained. The earlier observation regarding the influence of furnace temperature profile on the interface shape is confirmed and a criterion for achieving a flat interface is obtained. Various furnace temperature profiles are selected and their corresponding melt-crystal interface results are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 32; 1741-175
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    Navier-Stokes computations of a prolate spheroid at angle of attack (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 986-993
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    Application of transonic flow analysis to helicopter rotor problems (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The transonic aspect of helicopter flow analysis is addressed. The equations of motion and their implementations are examined, and the computation of real rotor flows is considered. Nonlifting rotor flows, high-speed hover, high advance ratio lifting rotor flows, and strong blade/vortex interaction computations are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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    Basic numerical methods (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Some of the basic finite-difference schemes that can be used to solve the nonlinear equations that describe unsteady inviscid and viscous transonic flow are reviewed. Numerical schemes for solving the unsteady Euler and Navier-Stokes, boundary-layer, and nonlinear potential equations are described. Emphasis is given to the elementary ideas used in constructing various numerical procedures, not specific details of any one procedure.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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    Test results on parabolic dish concentrators for solar thermal power systems (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents results of development testing of various solar thermal parabolic dish concentrators. The concentrators were mostly designed for the production of electric power using dish-mounted Rankine, Brayton or Stirling cycle engines, intended to be produced at low cost. Measured performance for various dishes included optical efficiencies ranging from 0.32 to 0.86 at a geometric concentration ratio of 500, and from about 0.09 to 0.85 at a geometric concentration ratio of 3000. Some malfunctions were observed. The tests should provide operating information of value in developing concentrators with improved performance and reduced maintenance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 42; 2, 19; 173-187
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    Solidification by radiative cooling of a cylindrical region filled with drops (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Transient cooling by radiation is analyzed for a cylindrical region filled with axially flowing streams of drops that are becoming solidified. This is of interest for the dissipation of waste heat from orbiting power system in space. The drops absorb, emit, and scatter radiation, and the surroundings are at a lower uniform temperature. The radiative properties are assumed gray, and the scattering is isotropic. The radiating region is a two-phase mixture that remains at the melting temperature of the drops. Its temperature uniformity maintains a high emissive power as energy is lost. This is an advantage over a sensible heat radiator in which the temperature decreases, thereby reducing the emissive power. The results provide the axial length that remains two-phase and the fraction of energy dissipated within this length in which the emissive power has not decreased because of sensible cooling. It is also shown how the radial distribution of the axial velocity of the drops can be modified to increase this energy fraction.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 3; 340-344
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    Assessment of two-temperature kinetic model for ionizing air (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 3; 233-244
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    Spectral multi-domain for large-scale fluid dynamic simulations (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A number of successful applications of a spectral collocation method extended by a multi-domain patching technique are shown. The multi-domain technique can be used to improve resolution for problems with widely disparate scales, and to reduce the ill-conditioning of the spectral operators for problems in which a large number of points are required for distributed resolution. A new nonreflecting outflow boundary treatment for unsteady transition-to-turbulence simulations is also presented, which relies on the multi-domain technique. The role of multi-domain in improving the efficiency of such calculations is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Applied Numerical Mathematics (ISSN 0168-9274); 6; 123-139
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    Spectral element simulations of laminar and turbulent flows in complex geometries (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectral element methods are high-order weighted residual techniques based on spectral expansions of variables and geometry for the Navier-Stokes (NS) and transport equations. Here, practical aspects of these methods and their efficient implementation are examined, and several examples of flows in truly complex geometries are presented. The spectral element discretization for NS equations is introduced, and the convergence of the method is addressed. An efficient data management scheme is discussed in the context of parallel processing computations. The method is validated by comparing the spectral element solutions with the exact eigensolutions for the Orr-Sommerfeld equations in two and three dimensions. Computer-aided flow visualizations are presented for an impulsive flow past a sharp edge wedge. Three-dimensional states of channel flow disrupted by an array of cylindrical eddy promoters are studied, and the results of a direct simulation of the turbulent flow in a plane channel are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Applied Numerical Mathematics (ISSN 0168-9274); 6; 85-105
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    Defect stream function, law-of-the-wall/wake method for turbulent boundary layers (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1707-171
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    Numerical study of chemically reacting flows using a lower-upper symmetric successive overrelaxation scheme (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1752-176
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    Navier-Stokes computations of lee-side flows over delta wings (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1673-167
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    A new facility to study three dimensional viscous flow and rotor-stator interaction in turbines (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A description of the Axial Flow Turbine Research Facility (AFTRF) being built at the Turbomachinery Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State University is presented. The purpose of the research to be performed in this facility is to obtain a better understanding of the rotor/stator interaction, three dimensional viscous flow field in nozzle and rotor blade passages, spanwise mixing and losses in these blade rows, transport of wake through rotor passage, and unsteady aerodynamics and heat transfer of rotor blade row. The experimental results will directly feed and support the analytical and the computational tool development. This large scale low speed facility is heavily instrumented with pressure and temperature probes and has provision for flow visualization and laser Doppler anemometer measurement. The facility design permits extensive use of the high frequency response instrumentation on the stationary vanes and more importantly on the rotating blades. Furthermore it facilitates detailed nozzle wake, rotor wake, and boundary layer surveys. The large size of the rig also has the advantage of operating at Reynolds numbers representative of the engine environment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Structural Integrity and Durability of Reusable Space Propulsion Systems; p 223-236
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    An unconditionally stable Runge-Kutta method for unsteady rotor-stator interaction (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A quasi-three-dimensional analysis has been developed for unsteady rotor-stator interaction in turbomachinery. The analysis solves the unsteady Euler or thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations in a body-fitted coordinate system. It accounts for the effects of rotation, radius change, and stress-surface thickness. The Baldwin-Lomax eddy-viscosity model is used for turbulent flows. The equations are integrated in time using an explicit four-stage Runge-Kutta scheme with a constant time step. Implicit residual smoothing is used to increase the stability limit of the time-accurate computations. The scheme is described, and stability and accuracy analyses are given.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Structural Integrity and Durability of Reusable Space Propulsion Systems; p 237-246
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    Average-passage flow model development (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A 3-D model was developed for simulating multistage turbomachinery flows using supercomputers. This average passage flow model described the time averaged flow field within a typical passage of a bladed wheel within a multistage configuration. To date, a number of inviscid simulations were executed to assess the resolution capabilities of the model. Recently, the viscous terms associated with the average passage model were incorporated into the inviscid computer code along with an algebraic turbulence model. A simulation of a stage-and-one-half, low speed turbine was executed. The results of this simulation, including a comparison with experimental data, is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Structural Integrity and Durability of Reusable Space Propulsion Systems; p 247-251
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    Laminar-flow flight experiments (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The flight testing conducted over the past 10 years in the NASA laminar-flow control (LFC) will be reviewed. The LFC program was directed towards the most challenging technology application, the high supersonic speed transport. To place these recent experiences in perspective, earlier important flight tests will first be reviewed to recall the lessons learned at that time.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Transonic Symposium: Theory, Application and Experiment, Volume 2; p 59-104
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    Laminar-flow wind tunnel experiments (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Although most of the laminar flow airfoils recently developed at the NASA Langley Research Center were intended for general aviation applications, low-drag airfoils were designed for transonic speeds and wind tunnel performance tested. The objective was to extend the technology of laminar flow to higher Mach and Reynolds numbers and to swept leading edge wings representative of transport aircraft to achieve lower drag and significantly improved operation costs. This research involves stabilizing the laminar boundary layer through geometric shaping (Natural Laminar Flow, NLF) and active control involving the removal of a portion of the laminar boundary layer (Laminar-Flow Control, LFC), either through discrete slots or perforated surface. Results show that extensive regions of laminar flow with large reductions in skin friction drag can be maintained through the application of passive NLF boundary-layer control technologies to unswept transonic wings. At even greater extent of laminar flow and reduction in the total drag level can be obtained on a swept supercritical airfoil with active boundary layer-control.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Transonic Symposium: Theory, Application and Experiment, Volume 2; p 105-145
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    Reynolds number effects on the transonic aerodynamics of a slender wing-body configuration (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Aerodynamic forces and moments for a slender wing-body configuration are summarized from an investigation in the Langley National Transonic Facility (NTF). The results include both longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic properties as well as slideslip derivatives. Results were selected to emphasize Reynolds number effects at a transonic speed although some lower speed results are also presented for context. The data indicate nominal Reynolds number effects on the longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients and more pronounced effects for the lateral-directional aerodynamic coefficients. The Reynolds number sensitivities for the lateral-directional coefficients were limited to high angles of attack.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Transonic Symposium: Theory, Application and Experiment, Volume 2; p 41-58
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    Overview of battery usage in NASA/GSFC LEO and GEOspacecrafts (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A survey of the batteries used in the low earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) missions at the Goddard Space Flight Center is described. For each spacecraft, tentative launch date is given, along with relevant battery parameters including battery size and description, depth-of-discharge, predicted mission temperature, and life requirement.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 1-3
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    The importance of batteries in unmanned missions (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The planetary program has historically used batteries to supply peak power needs for mission specific applications. Any time that additional power has been required in order to meet peak power demands or those applications where only limited amounts of power were required, batteries have always been used. Up until the mid to late 70's they have performed their task admirably. Recently, however, we have all become aware of the growing problem of developing reliable NiCd batteries for long mission and high cycle life applications. Here, the role rechargeable batteries will play for future planetary and earth observing spacecraft is discussed. In conclusion, NiCds have been and will continue to be the mainstay of the power system engineers tools for peak power production. Recent experience has tarnished its once sterling reputation. However, the industry has stood up to this challenge and implemented wide ranging plans to rectify the situation. These efforts should be applauded and supported as new designs and materials become available. In addition, project managers must become aware of their responsibility to test their batteries and insure quality and mission operating characteristics. Without this teamwork, the role of NiCds in the future will diminish, and other batteries, not as optimum for high performance applications (low mass and volume) will take their place.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 5-8
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    A review of high-speed, convective, heat-transfer computation methods (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The objective is to provide useful engineering formulations and to instill a modest degree of physical understanding of the phenomena governing convective aerodynamic heating at high flight speeds. Some physical insight is not only essential to the application of the information presented here, but also to the effective use of computer codes which may be available to the reader. Given first is a discussion of cold-wall, laminar boundary layer heating. A brief presentation of the complex boundary layer transition phenomenon follows. Next, cold-wall turbulent boundary layer heating is discussed. This topic is followed by a brief coverage of separated flow-region and shock-interaction heating. A review of heat protection methods follows, including the influence of mass addition on laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Next is a discussion of finite-difference computer codes and a comparison of some results from these codes. An extensive list of references is also provided from sources such as the various AIAA journals and NASA reports which are available in the open literature.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Nielsen Engineering and Research, Inc., Missile Aerodynamics: NEAR Conference on Missile Aerodynamics; 64 p
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    Experience with some repeat tests on the 9 inch chord CAST-10-2/DOA 2 airfoil model in the Langley 0.3-m TCT adaptive wall test section (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A co-operative testing program is in progress between the Langley Research Center (NASA) and the National Aeronautical Establishment (NAE, Canada) to validate two different techniques of airfoil testing at transonic speeds. The procedure employed is to test the same airfoil model in the NAE two-dimensional tunnel and the Langley 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (0.3-m TCT). The airfoil model used in testing was CAST-10-2/DOA-2 super-critical airfoil. The Langley 0.3-m TCT has a relatively small cross section of 13 in x 13 in, giving a (h/c) ratio of 1.44 for the same 9 in chord model. The approach employed in the 0.3-m TCT aims towards eliminating the wall effects by using active walls. The top and bottom walls are flexible. By changing the wall shapes during a test in an iterative manner, the wall interference effects are reduced. The method employed to change the wall shapes is the adaptive wall technique. The current test program provided an opportunity to validate the adaptive wall technique in the 0.3-m TCT. The relatively long chord airfoil represents a severe test case to test the efficacy of the adaptive wall technique under cryogenic conditions. The program also involved removal of side wall boundary-layer thus increasing the complexity of the wall adaptation technique. This paper deals with some salient results obtained regarding repeatability of test data and possible residual interference effects.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: CAST-10-2(DOA 2 Airfoil Studies Workshop Results; p 213-231
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    Turbulence kinetic energy equation for dilute suspensions (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A multiphase turbulence closure model is presented which employs one transport equation, namely the turbulence kinetic energy equation. The proposed form of this equation is different from the earlier formulations in some aspects. The power spectrum of the carrier fluid is divided into two regions, which interact in different ways and at different rates with the suspended particles as a function of the particle-eddy size ratio and density ratio. The length scale is described algebraically. A mass/time averaging procedure for the momentum and kinetic energy equations is adopted. The resulting turbulence correlations are modeled under less retrictive assumptions comparative to previous work. The closures for the momentum and kinetic energy equations are given. Comparisons of the predictions with experimental results on liquid-solid jet and gas-solid pipe flow show satisfactory agreement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Constitutive Relationships and Models in Continuum Theories of Multiphase Flows; p 147-162
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    Stress in dilute suspensions (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Generally, two types of theory are used to describe the field equations for suspensions. The so-called postulated equations are based on the kinetic theory of mixtures, which logically should give reasonable equations for solutions. The basis for the use of such theory for suspensions is tenuous, though it at least gives a logical path for mathematical arguments. It has the disadvantage that it leads to a system of equations which is underdetermined, in a sense that can be made precise. On the other hand, the so-called averaging theory starts with a determined system, but the very process of averaging renders the resulting system underdetermined. A third type of theory is proposed in which the kinetic theory of gases is used to motivate continuum equations for the suspended particles. This entails an interpretation of the stress in the particles that is different from the usual one. Classical theory is used to describe the motion of the suspending medium. The result is a determined system for a dilute suspension. Extension of the theory to more concentrated systems is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Constitutive Relationships and Models in Continuum Theories of Multiphase Flows; p 57-64
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    The experiments of LIPS 3 (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: LIPS 3 is a member of the Living Plume Shield series of spacecraft. In each LIPS project, the plume shield, a simple sheet metal cone, was structurally stiffened, and an active satellite was then built around it. The original purpose of the plume shield was to prevent the plume from solid propellent engines, which are fired outside the atmosphere after the aerodynamic shroud is jettisoned, from reaching the primary payload. The surface of LIPS 3 facing the plume also functioned in this manner, but the anterior surfaces were unaffected, and it was there that all solar arrays, sensors, and experiments were mounted. The purpose of LIPS 3 was to provide a test bed for new space power sources. With the long delays projected for schedules of the STS and other major launch systems, it appeared that a decade might pass before long term flight data could be obtained on many new and innovative power sources. The fact that a launch scheduled for early in 1987 required a plume shield was seen as a unique opportunity to obtain some of this data in a timely manner. The LIPS 3 system, the experiments placed aboard, and the experiment data acquisition subsystem are described. Various problems were encountered during integration and after launch; those which appear to effect the accuracy of experimental results are discussed. A preliminary description is given of the accuracy of the flight experiment data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 306-322
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    Directions for further development of GaAs/CuInSe2 thin film tandem cells (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Multijunction thin film solar cells utilizing GaAs and CuInSe2 as semiconductor absorbers are rapidly developing, becoming a viable technology for space power systems with an unparalleled combination of high efficiency, low mass, and high radiation tolerance. The prospect for evolutionary improvement of this type of cell towards efficiency of approximately equals 30 percent and specific power greater than 1 kW/kg while retaining the attribute of high radiation tolerance are good. Limitations of the present configuration and possible avenues for circumventing these problems are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 146-150
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    Advanced photovoltaic solar array development (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Phase 2 of the Advanced Photovoltaic Solar Array (APSA) program, started in mid-1987, is currently in progress to fabricate prototype wing hardware that will lead to wing integration and testing in 1989. The design configuration and key details are reviewed. A status of prototype hardware fabricated to date is provided. Results from key component-level tests are discussed. Revised estimates of array-level performance as a function of solar cell device technology for geosynchronous missions are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 122-137
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    Modelling and design of high performance indium phosphide solar cells (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A first principles pn junction device model has predicted new designs for high voltage, high efficiency InP solar cells. Measured InP material properties were applied and device parameters (thicknesses and doping) were adjusted to obtain optimal performance designs. Results indicate that p/n InP designs will provide higher voltages and higher energy conversion efficiencies than n/p structures. Improvements to n/p structures for increased efficiency are predicted. These new designs exploit the high absorption capabilities, relatively long diffusion lengths, and modest surface recombination velocities characteristic of InP. Predictions of performance indicate achievable open-circuit voltage values as high as 943 mV for InP and a practical maximum AM0 efficiency of 22.5 percent at 1 sun and 27 C. The details of the model, the optimal InP structure and the effect of individual parameter variations on device performance are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 79-89
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    A family of BAPTAs for GEO and LEO applications (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The application of a Bearing and Power Transfer Assembly (BAPTA) to a Solar Array Drive for communications satellites is presented. The basic principles which were used as guidelines for design and development are developed and the three main subassemblies are described in detail. The results of vibration qualification and thermal vacuum life tests are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, The 23rd Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium; p 241-253
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    Advances in ambient temperature secondary lithium cells (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is involved in a Research and Development program sponsored by NASA/OAST on the development of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells for future space applications. Some of the projected applications are planetary spacecraft, planetary rovers, and astronaut equipment. The main objective is to develop secondary lithium cells with greater than 100 Wh/kg specific energy while delivering 1000 cycles at 50 percent Depth of Discharge (DOD). To realize these ambitious goals, the work was initially focused on several important basic issues related to the cell chemistry, selection of cathode materials and electrolytes, and component development. The performance potential of Li-TiS2, Li-MoS3, Li-V6O13 and Li-NbSe3 electrochemical systems was examined. Among these four, the Li-TiS2 system was found to be the most promising system in terms of realizable specific energy and cycle life. Some of the major advancements made so far in the development of Li-TiS2 cells are in the areas of cathode processing technology, mixed solvent electrolytes, and cell assembly. Methods were developed for the fabrication of large size high performance TiS2 cathodes. Among the various electrolytes examined, 1.5M LiAsF6/EC + 2-MeTHF mixed solvent electrolyte was found to be more stable towards lithium. Experimental cells activated with this electrolyte exhibited more than 300 cycles at 100 percent Depth of Discharge. Work is in progress in other areas such as selection of lithium alloys as candidate anode materials, optimization of cell design, and development of 5 Ah cells. The advances made at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on the development of secondary lithium cells are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 39
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    Advanced high-temperature batteries (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The promise of very high specific energy and power was not yet achieved for practical battery systems. Some recent approaches are discussed for new approaches to achieving high performance for lithium/DeS2 cells and sodium/metal chloride cells. The main problems for the development of successful LiAl/FeS2 cells were the instability of the FeS2 electrode, which has resulted in rapidly declining capacity, the lack of an internal mechanism for accommodating overcharge of a cell, thus requiring the use of external charge control on each individual cell, and the lack of a suitable current collector for the positive electrode other than expensive molybdenum sheet material. Much progress was made in solving the first two problems. Reduction of the operating temperatures to 400 C by a change in electrolyte composition has increased the expected life to 1000 cycles. Also, a lithium shuttle mechanism was demonstrated for selected electrode compositions that permits sufficient overcharge tolerance to adjust for the normally expected cell-to-cell deviation in coulombic efficiency. Sodium/sulfur batteries and sodium/metal chloride batteries have demonstrated good reliability and long cycle life. For applications where very high power is desired, new electrolyte coinfigurations would be required. Design work was carried out for the sodium/metal chloride battery that demonstrates the feasibility of achieving high specific energy and high power for large battery cells having thin-walled high-surface area electrolytes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 37-38
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    Sodium sulfur battery flight experiment definition study (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Sodium-sulfur batteries were identified as the most likely successor to nickel-hydrogen batteries for space applications. One advantage of the Na/S battery system is that the usable specific energy is two to three times that of nickel-hydrogen batteries. This represents a significant launch cost savings or increased payload mass capabilities. Sodium-sulfur batteries support NASA OAST's proposed Civil Space Technology Initiative goal of a factor of two improvement in spacecraft power system performance, as well as the proposed Spacecraft 2000 initiative. The sodium-sulfur battery operates at between 300 and 400 C, using liquid sodium and sulfur/polysulfide electrodes and solid ceramic electrolyte. The transport of the electrode materials to the surface of the electrolyte is through wicking/capillary forces. These critical transport functions must be demonstrated under actual microgravity conditions before sodium-sulfur batteries can be confidently utilized in space. Ford Aerospace Corporation, under contract to NASA Lewis Research Center, is currently working on the sodium-sulfur battery space flight experiment definition study. The objective is to design the experiment that will demonstrate operation of the sodium-sulfur battery/cell in the space environment with particular emphasis on evaluation of microgravity effects. Experimental payload definitions were completed and preliminary designs of the experiment were defined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 36
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    Multi-mission Ni-H2 battery cell for the 1990's (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A sufficient production, test and operational database is now available to permit design technology optimization for the next decade. The evolved battery cell design features standardized technology intended to support multiple type missions (e.g., both GEO and LEO). Design analyses and validation test cells demonstrate improved performance plus attractive specific-energy characteristics will be achieved.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 33
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    KOH concentration effect on the cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells. 4: Results of failure analyse (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Effects of KOH concentrations on failure modes and mechanisms of nickel-hydrogen cells were studied using long cycled boiler plate cells containing electrolytes of various KOH concentrations ranging 21 to 36 percent. Life of these cells were up to 40,000 cycles in an accelerated low earth orbit (LEO) cycle regime at 80 percent depth of discharge. An interim life test results were reported earlier in J. Power Sources, 22, 213-220, 1988. The results of final life test, end-of-life cell performance, and teardown analyses are discussed. These teardown analyses included visual observations, measurements of nickel electrode capacity in an electrolyte-flooded cell, dimensional changes of cell components, SEM studies on cell cross section, BET surface area and pore volume distribution in cycled nickel electrodes, and chemical analyses. Cycle life of a nickel-hydrogen cell was improved tremendously as KOH concentration was decreased from 36 to 31 percent and from 31 to 26 percent while effect of further concentration decrease was complicated as described in our earlier report. Failure mode of high concentration (31 to 36 percent) cells was gradual capacity decrease, while that of low concentration (21 to 26 percent) cells was mainly formation of a soft short. Long cycled (25,000 to 40,000 cycles) nickel electrodes were expanded more than 50 percent of the initial value, but no correlation was found between this expansion and measured capacity. All electrodes cycled in low concentration (21 to 26 percent) cells had higher capacity than those cycled in high concentration (31 to 36 percent) cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 31
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    Electrocatalysts for oxygen electrodes in fuel cells and water electrolyzers for space applications (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In most instances separate electrocatalysts are needed to promote the reduction of O2 in the fuel cell mode and to generate O2 in the energy storage-water electrolysis mode in aqueous electrochemical systems operating at low and moderate temperatures (T greater than or equal to 200 C). Interesting exceptions are the lead and bismuth ruthenate pyrochlores in alkaline electrolytes. These catalysts on high area carbon supports have high catalytic activity for both O2 reduction and generation (1,2). Rotating ring-disk electrode measurements provide evidence that the O2 reduction proceeds by a parallel four-electron pathway. The ruthenates can also be used as self-supported catalysts to avoid the problems associated with carbon oxidation, but the electrode performance so far achieved in the research at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) is considerably less. At the potentials involved in the anodic mode the ruthenate pyrochlores have substantial equilibrium solubility in concentrated alkaline electrolyte. This results in the loss of catalyst into the bulk solution and a decline in catalytic activity. Furthermore, the hydrogen generation counter electrode may become contaminated with reduction products from the pyrochlores (lead, ruthenium). A possible approach to this problem is to immobilize the pyrochlore catalyst within an ionic-conducting solid polymer, which would replace the fluid electrolyte within the porous gas diffusion O2 electrode. For bulk alkaline electrolyte, an anion-exchange polymer is needed with a transference number close to unity for the Oh(-) ion. Preliminary short-term measurements with lead ruthenates using a commercially available partially-fluorinated anion-exchange membrane as an overlayer on the porous gas-fed electrode indicate lower anodic polarization and virtually unchanged cathodic polarization.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 21-22
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    The application of Dow Chemical's perfluorinated membranes in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Dow Chemical's research activities in fuel cell devices revolves around the development and subsequent investigation of the perfluorinated inomeric membrane separator useful in proton-exchange membrane systems. Work is currently focusing on studying the effects of equivalent weight, thickness, water of hydration, pretreatment procedures, as well as the degree of water management required for a given membrane separator in the cell. The presentation will include details of certain aspects of the above as well as some of the requirements for high and low power generation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 18
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    Hydrogen-oxygen proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Hydrogen-oxygen SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers (products of Hamilton Standard) both use a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) as the sole electrolyte. The SPE cells have demonstrated a ten year life capability under load conditions. Ultimate life of PEM fuel cells and electrolyzers is primarily related to the chemical stability of the membrane. For perfluorocarbon proton-exchange membranes an accurate measure of the membrane stability is the fluoride loss rate. Millions of cell hours have contributed to establishing a relationship between fluroride loss rates and average expected ultimate cell life. Several features were introduced into SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers such that applications requiring greater than or equal to 100,000 hours of life can be considered. Equally important as the ultimate life is the voltage stability of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells and electrolyzers. Here again the features of SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers have shown a cell voltage stability in the order of 1 microvolt per hour. That level of stability were demonstrated for tens of thousands of hours in SPE fuel cells at up to 500 amps per square foot (ASF) current density. The SPE electrolyzers have demonstrated the same at 1000 ASF. Many future extraterrestrial applications for fuel cells require that they be self recharged. To translate the proven SPE cell life and stability into a highly reliable extraterrestrial electrical energy storage system, a simplification of supporting equipment is required. Static phase separation, static fluid transport and static thermal control will be most useful in producting required system reliability. Although some 200,000 SPE fuel cell hours were recorded in earth orbit with static fluid phase separation, no SPE electrolyzer has, as yet, operated in space.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 19-20
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    Recent advances in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology with low platinum loading electrodes (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: High power density fuel cell systems for defense and civilian applications are being developed. Taking into consideration the main causes for efficiency losses (activation, mass transport and ohmic overpotentials) the only fuel cell systems capable of achieving high power densities are the ones with alkaline and solid polymer electrolyte. High power densities (0.8 W/sq cm at 0.8 V and 1 A/sq cm with H2 and O2 as reactants), were already used in NASA's Apollo and Space Shuttle flights as auxiliary power sources. Even higher power densities (4 W/sq cm - i.e., 8 A sq cm at 0.5 V) were reported by the USAF/International Fuel Cells in advanced versions of the alkaline system. High power densities (approximately 1 watt/sq cm) in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells with ten times lower platinum loading in the electrodes (i.e., 0.4 mg/sq cm) were attained. It is now possible to reach a cell potential of 0.620 V at a current density of 2 A/sq cm and at a temperature of 95 C and pressure of 4/5 atm with H2/O2 as reactants. The slope of the linear region of the potential-current density plot for this case is 0.15 ohm-sq cm. With H2/air as reactants and under the same operating conditions, mass transport limitations are encountered at current densities above 1.4 A/sq cm. Thus, the cell potential at 1 A/sq cm with H2/air as reactants is less than that with H2/O2 as reactants by 40 mV, which is the expected value based on electrode kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction, and at 2 A/sq cm with H2/air as reactant is less than the corresponding value with H2/O2 as reactants by 250 mV, which is due to the considerably greater mass transport limitations in the former case.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 16-17
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    Characterization testing of a 40 Ahr bipolar nickel hydrogen battery (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In a continuing effort to develop NiH2 bipolar technology to a point where it can be used efficiently in space flight, testing of a second 40 Ahr, 10-cell bipolar battery has begun. This battery has undergone extensive characterization testing to determine the effects of such operating parameters as charge and discharge rates, temperature, and pressure. The fundamental design of this actively cooled bipolar battery is the same as the first battery. Most of the individual components, however, are from different manufacturers. Different testing procedures as well as certain unique battery characteristics make it difficult to directly compare the two sets of results. In general, the performance of this battery throughout characterization produced expected results. The main differences seen between the first and second batteries occurred during the high-rate discharge portion of the test matrix. The first battery also had poor high-rate discharge results, although better than those of the second battery. Minor changes were made to the battery frame design used for the first battery in an attempt to allow better gas access to the reaction sites for the second build and hopefully improve performance. The changes, however, did not improve the performance of the second battery and could have possibly contributed to the poorer performance that was observed. There are other component differences that could have contributed to the poorer performance of the second battery. The H2 electrode in the second battery was constructed with a Goretex backing which could have limited the high-rate current flow. The gas screen in the second battery had a larger mesh which again could have limited the high-rate current flow. Small scale 2 x 2 batteries are being tested to evaluate the effects of the component variations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 12-13
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    A new concept for high-cycle-life LEO: Rechargeable MnO2-hydrogen (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The nickel-hydrogen secondary battery system is now the one of choice for use in GEO satellites. It offers superior energy density to that of nickel-cadmium, with a lifetime that is at least comparable in terms of both cycle life and overall operating life. While the number of deep cycles required for GEO use is small, LEO satellites with long lifetimes (5 to 10 years) will require secondary battery systems allowing 30,000 to 60,000 useful cycles which are characterized by an approximately 2C charge rate and C average discharge rate. Recent work has shown that birnessite MnO2 doped with bismuth oxide can be cycled at very high rates (6C) over a very large number of cycles (thousands) at depths-of-discharge in the 85 to 90 percent range, based on two electrons, which discharge at the same potential in a flat plateau. The potential is about 0.7 V vs. hydrogen, with a cut-off at 0.6 V. At first sight, this low voltage would seem to be a disadvantage, since the theoretical energy density will be low. However, it permits the use of lightweight materials that are immune from corrosion at the positive. The high utilization and low equivalent weight of the active material, together with the use of teflon-bonded graphite for current collection, result in very light positives, especially when these are compared with those in a derated nickel-hydrogen system. In addition, the weight of the pressure vessel falls somewhat, since the dead volume is lower. Calculations show that a total system will have 2.5 times the Ah capacity of a derated nickel-hydrogen LEO battery, so that the energy density, based on 1.2 V for nickel-hydrogen and 0.7 V for MnO2-hydrogen, will be 45 percent higher for comparable cycling performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 11
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    Monolithic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell development (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Monolithic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (MSOFC) is an oxide-ceramic structure in which appropriate electronic and ionic conductors are fabricated in a honeycomb shape similar to a block of corrugated paperboard. These electronic and ionic conductors are arranged to provide short conduction paths to minimize resistive losses. The power density achievable with the MSOFC is expected to be about 8 kW/kg or 4 kW/L, at fuel efficienceis over 50 percent, because of small cell size and low resistive losses in the materials. The MSOFC operates in the range of 700 to 1000 C, at which temperatures rapid reform of hydrocarbon fuels is expected within the nickel-YSZ fuel channels. Tape casting and hot roll calendering are used to fabricate the MSOFC structure. The performance of the MSOFC has improved significantly during the course of development. The limitation of this system, based on materials resistance alone without interfacial resistances, is 0.093 ohm-sq cm area-specific resistance (ASR). The current typical performance of MSOFC single cells is characterized by ASRs of about 0.4 to 0.5 ohm-sq cm. With further development the ASR is expected to be reduced below 0.2 ohm-sq cm, which will result in power levels greater than 1.4 W/sq cm. The feasibility of the MSOFC concept was proven, and the performance was dramatically improved. The differences in thermal expansion coefficients and firing shrinkages among the fuel cell materials were minimized. As a result of good matching of these properties, the MSOFC structure was successfully fabricated with few defects, and the system shows excellent promise for development into a practical power source.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 9
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    Advanced rechargeable sodium batteries with novel cathodes (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Various high energy density rechargeable batteries are being considered for future space applications. Of these, the sodium-sulfur battery is one of the leading candidates. The primary advantage is the high energy density (760 Wh/kg theoretical). Energy densities in excess of 180 Wh/kg were realized in practical batteries. Other technological advantages include its chemical simplicity, absence of self-discharge, and long cycle life possibility. More recently, other high temperature sodium batteries have come into the spotlight. These systems can be described as follow: Na/Beta Double Prime-Al2O3/NaAlCl4/Metal Dichloride Sodium/metal dichloride systems are colloquially known as the zebra system and are currently being developed for traction and load leveling applications. The sodium-metal dichloride systems appear to offer many of the same advantages of the Na/S system, especially in terms of energy density and chemical simplicity. The metal dichloride systems offer increased safety and good resistance to overcharge and operate over a wide range of temperatures from 150 to 400 C with less corrosion problems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 8
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  • 86
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    Novel nitrogen-based organosulfur electrodes for advanced intermediate temperature batteries (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Advanced secondary batteries operating at intermediate temperatures (100 to 200 C) have attracted considerable interest due to their inherent advantages (reduced corrosion and safety risks) over higher temperature systems. Current work in this laboratory has involved research on a class of intermediate temperature Na/beta double prime- alumina/RSSR batteries conceptually similar to Na/S cells, but operating within a temperature range of 100 to 150 C, and having an organosulfur rather than inorganic sulfur positive electrode. The organosulfur electrodes are based on the reversible, two electron eduction of organodisulfides to the corresponding thiolate anions, RSSR + 2 electrons yield 2RS(-), where R is an organic moiety. Among the advantages of such a generic redox couple for battery research is the ability to tailor the physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the RSSR molecule through choice of the organic moiety. The viscosity, liquidus range, dielectric constant, equivalent weight, and redox potential can in fact be verified in a largely predictable manner. The current work concerns the use of multiple nitrogen organosulfur molecules, chosen for application in Na/RSSR cells for their expected oxidizing character. In fact, a Na/RSSR cell containing one of these materials, the sodium salt of 5-mercapto 1-methyltetrazole, yielded the highest open circuit voltage obtained yet in the laboratory; 3.0 volts in the charged state and 2.6 volts at 100 percent discharge. Accordingly, the cycling behavior of a series of multiple nitrogen organodisulfides as well as polymeric organodisulfides are presented in this manuscript.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 7
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  • 87
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    A survey of advanced battery systems for space applications (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The results of a survey on advanced secondary battery systems for space applications are presented. The objectives were: to identify advanced battery systems capable of meeting the requirements of various types of space missions, with significant advantages over currently available batteries, to obtain an accurate estimate of the anticipated improvements of these advanced systems, and to obtain a consensus for the selection of systems most likely to yield the desired improvements. Few advanced systems are likely to exceed a specific energy of 150 Wh/kg and meet the additional requirements of safety and reliability within the next 15 years. The few that have this potential are: (1) regenerative fuel cells, both alkaline and solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) types for large power systems; (2) lithium-intercalatable cathodes, particularly the metal ozides intercalatable cathodes (MnO2 or CoO2), with applications limited to small spacecrafts requiring limited cycle life and low power levels; (3) lithium molten salt systems (e.g., LiAl-FeS2); and (4) Na/beta Alumina/Sulfur or metal chlorides cells. Likely technological advances that would enhance the performance of all the above systems are also identified, in particular: improved bifunctional oxygen electrodes; improved manufacturing technology for thin film lithium electrodes in combination with polymeric electrolytes; improved seals for the lithium molten salt cells; and improved ceramics for sodium/solid electrolyte cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 6
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  • 88
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    The importance of batteries in unmanned missions (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A brief overview of the current set of unmanned missions that are currently in operation and those planned for the next 5 to 10 years was presented. The important role of batteries in the development of successful missions was discussed. The workhorse battery, the NiCd, and its use throughout historical missions was explored. Its role on Observers and Landers was discussed, and the success those batteries had. The recent events in the issues of quality and life for NiCd batteries were discussed. These discussions focused on the current design activities for Mars Observer (MO), TOPEX, and Mariner Mark II. Separator selection and the need for uniform testing procedures to develop a quality battery product that can perform to mission requirements were discussed. The recent experiences with the GRO battery failure and the other events have led JPL to the decision to develop a testing program in conjunction with other NASA centers to determine the best separator material for these two missions. The decision for separator material and battery design must be made a year from now. Thus there will not be time to perform a total 2-year accelerated test. The JPL plan for coping with this compromise was discussed. A discussion of where NiH2 batteries are beginning to have an impact and the difficulties with their implementation were addressed. Such missions at Earth Observing System (EOS) and the NOAA series of satellites rely upon NiH2 for success but were not chosen for TOPEX or MO due to their large volume requirements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference; p 3
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  • 89
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    Overview of battery usage in NASA/GSFC LEO and GEO missions (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In July, 1989, Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) will be launched from a Delta rocket to study the big bang theory. The COBE, which is in a LEO/Polar orbit, will have two 20 Ah NiCd batteries, and 18 cells per battery, made by McDonnell Douglas Company. In December, 1989, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA-D) will be launched from an Atlas rocket for weather observation purposes. NOAA-D, which is in a LEO/Polar morning orbit, will have two 26.5 Ah NiCd batteries, and 17 cells per battery, made by Ge-Astro East Windor. NOAA-I, which is scheduled for May, 1991 launch in a LEO/Polar afternoon orbit, will have three 26.5 Ah NiCd batteries, 17 cells per battery, made by GE-Astro East Windor. In April, 1990, Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) will be launched from STS37 to study the gamma ray radiation phenomenon. GRO, which is in a LEO orbit, will have two modular power systems (MPS) made by McDonnell Douglas, each MPS consisting of three 50 Ah NiCd batteries, 22 cells per battery. In July, 1990, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-I) will be launched from an Atlas I rocket for weather observation purposes. GOES-I, which is in a GEO orbit, will have two 12 Ah NiCd batteries, 28 cells per battery, made by Ford Aerospace and Communications Company. In December, 1990, Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-E) will be launched from STS43 for communication purposes. TDRS-E, which is in a GEO orbit, will have three 40 Ah NiCd batteries, 24 cells per battery, made by TRW. In August, 1991, Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) will be launched from a Delta rocket. EUVE, which is in a LEO orbit, will have one modular power system (MPS) made by McDonnell Douglas. In December, 1991, Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) will be launched from STS50 to study the Earth's ozone layer and other environmental concerns. UARS, which is in a 56 deg inclination LEO orbit, will have one modular power systems (MPS) made by McDonnell Douglas.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference: Abstracts; p 1-2
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  • 90
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    Characterization testing of a 40 AHR bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Extensive characterization testing has been done on a second 40 amp-hour (Ahr), 10-cell bipolar nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) battery to study the effects of such operating parameters as charge and discharge rates, temperature, and pressure, on capacity, Ahr and watt-hour (Whr) efficiencies, end-of-charge (EOC) and mid-point discharge voltages. Testing to date has produced many interesting results, with the battery performing well throughout all of the test matrix except during the high-rate (5C and 10C) discharges, where poorer than expected results were observed. The exact cause of this poor performance is, as yet, unknown. Small scale 2 x 2 inch battery tests are to be used in studying this problem. Low earth orbit (LEO) cycle life testing at a 40 percent depth of discharge (DOD) and 10 C is scheduled to follow the characterization testing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 69-82
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  • 91
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    A new concept for high-cycle-life LEO: Rechargeable MnO2-hydrogen (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The nickel-hydrogen secondary battery system, developed in the early 1970s, has become the system of choice for geostationary earth orbit (GEO) applications. However, for low earth orbit (LEO) satellites with long expected lifetimes the nickel positive limits performance. This requires derating of the cell to achieve very long cycle life. A new system, rechargeable MnO2-Hydrogen, which does not require derating, is described here. For LEO applications, it promises to have longer cycle life, high rate capability, a higher effective energy density, and much lower self-discharge behavior than those of the nickel-hydrogen system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 61-68
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  • 92
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    Advanced rechargeable sodium batteries with novel cathodes (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Various high energy density rechargeable batteries are being considered for future space applications. Of these, the sodium sulfur battery is one of the leading candidates. The primary advantage is the high energy density (760 Wh/kg theoretical). Energy densities in excess of 180 Wh/kg have been realized in practical batteries. More recently, cathodes other than sulfur are being evaluated. Researchers at JPL are evaluating various new cathode materials for use in high energy density sodium batteries for advanced space applications. The approach is to carry out basic electrochemical studies of these materials in a sodium cell configuration in order to understand their fundamental behaviors. Thus far studies have focused on alternate metal chlorides such as CuCl2 and organic cathode materials such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 33-39
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  • 93
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    A survey of advanced battery systems for space applications (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The results of a survey on advanced secondary battery systems for space applications are presented. Fifty-five battery experts from government, industry and universities participated in the survey by providing their opinions on the use of several battery types for six space missions, and their predictions of likely technological advances that would impact the development of these batteries. The results of the survey predict that only four battery types are likely to exceed a specific energy of 150 Wh/kg and meet the safety and reliability requirements for space applications within the next 15 years.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 17-32
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  • 94
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    Comparison of two- and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solutions with NASA experimental data for CAST-10 airfoil (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved for flow over a NAE CAST-10 airfoil model. Recently developed finite-volume codes that apply a multistage time stepping scheme in conjunction with steady state acceleration techniques are used to solve the equations. Two-dimensional results are shown for flow conditions uncorrected and corrected for wind tunnel wall interference effects. Predicted surface pressures from 3-D simulations are compared with those from 2-D calculations. The focus of the 3-D computations is the influence of the sidewall boundary layers. Topological features of the 3-D flow fields are indicated. Lift and drag results are compared with experimental measurements.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: CAST-10-2(DOA 2 Airfoil Studies Workshop Results; p 233-258
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  • 95
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    An experimental AWTS process and comparisons of ONERA T2 and 0.3-m TCT AWTS data for the ONERA CAST-10 aerofoil (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An experimental Adaptive Wall Test Section (AWTS) process is described. Comparisons of the ONERA T2 and the 0.3-m TCT (transonic cryogenic tunnel) AWTS data for the ONERA CAST-10 airfoil are presented. Most of the 0.3-m TCT data is new and preliminary and no sidewall boundary layer control is involved. No conclusions are given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: CAST-10-2(DOA 2 Airfoil Studies Workshop Results; p 137-153
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  • 96
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    High Reynolds number tests of the CAST-10-2/DOA 2 transonic airfoil at ambient and cryogenic temper ature conditions (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The transonic airfoil CAST 10-2/DOA 2 was investigated in several major transonic wind tunnels at Reynolds numbers ranging from Re=1.3 x 10(exp 6) to 45 x 10(exp 6) at ambient and cryogenic temperature conditions. The main objective was to study the degree and extent of the effects of Reynolds number on both the airfoil aerodynamic characteristics and the interference effects of various model-wind-tunnel systems. The initial analysis of the CAST 10-2 airfoil results revealed appreciable real Reynolds number effects on this airfoil and showed that wall interference can be significantly affected by changes in Reynolds number thus appearing as true Reynolds number effects.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: CAST-10-2(DOA 2 Airfoil Studies Workshop Results; p 47-60
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  • 97
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    Theory of droplet. Part 1: Renormalized laws of droplet vaporization in non-dilute sprays (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The vaporization of a droplet, interacting with its neighbors in a non-dilute spray environment is examined as well as a vaporization scaling law established on the basis of a recently developed theory of renormalized droplet. The interacting droplet consists of a centrally located droplet and its vapor bubble which is surrounded by a cloud of droplets. The distribution of the droplets and the size of the cloud are characterized by a pair-distribution function. The vaporization of a droplet is retarded by the collective thermal quenching, the vapor concentration accumulated in the outer sphere, and by the limited percolative passages for mass, momentum and energy fluxes. The retardation is scaled by the local collective interaction parameters (group combustion number of renormalized droplet, droplet spacing, renormalization number and local ambient conditions). The numerical results of a selected case study reveal that the vaporization correction factor falls from unity monotonically as the group combustion number increases, and saturation is likely to occur when the group combustion number reaches 35 to 40 with interdroplet spacing of 7.5 diameters and an environment temperature of 500 K. The scaling law suggests that dense sprays can be classified into: (1) a diffusively dense cloud characterized by uniform thermal quenching in the cloud; (2) a stratified dense cloud characterized by a radial stratification in temperature by the differential thermal quenching of the cloud; or (3) a sharply dense cloud marked by fine structure in the quasi-droplet cloud and the corresponding variation in the correction factor due to the variation in the topological structure of the cloud characterized by a pair-distribution function of quasi-droplets.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Constitutive Relationships and Models in Continuum Theories of Multiphase Flows; p 65-101
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  • 98
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    Finite element flow-thermal-structural analysis of aerodynamically heated leading edges (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Hypersonic vehicles operate in a hostile aerothermal environment which has a significant impact on their aerothermostructural performance. Significant coupling occurs between the aerodynamic flow field, structural heat transfer, and structural response creating a multidisciplinary interaction. A long term goal of the Aerothermal Loads Branch at the NASA Langley Research Center is to develop a computational capability for integrated fluid, thermal and structural analysis of aerodynamically heated structures. The integrated analysis capability includes the coupling between the fluid and the structure which occurs primarily through the thermal response of the structure, because: (1) the surface temperature affects the external flow by changing the amount of energy absorbed by the structure, and (2) the temperature gradients in the structure result in structural deformations which alter the flow field and attendant surface pressures and heating rates. In the integrated analysis, a finite element method is used to solve: (1) the Navier-Stokes equations for the flow solution, (2) the energy equation of the structure for the temperature response, and (3) the equilibrium equations of the structure for the structural deformation and stresses.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; p 971-990
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  • 99
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    Contamination effects of GPS Navstar solar array performance (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The solar arrays on Navstars 1 to 6 have been limiting the electrical power capabilities in the extended life (beyond the 5 year design life). The departure from predicted performance consists of an extra 2.5 percent per year degradation beyond the radiation model estimates. This degradation is unusual in showing a linear rather than exponential decay with time. The performance of the arrays on these satellites has been examined in order to predict future behavior and to make refined projections on the Navstar 7 to 11 solar arrays. Evidence obtained from flight experiments on Navstar 5 and 6, and from laboratory experiments, suggests that contamination of the solar arrays while on orbit may be responsible. The evidence for photo-induced contamination of spacecraft surfaces is presented, and the effect on solar array output in the case of the GPS satellites is shown to be consistent with the observed anomalies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 301-305
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  • 100
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    Domed Fresnel lens concentrator technology for space application (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Over the past three years, NASA Lewis and Entech, Inc. have been investigating the use of high efficiency refractive photovoltaic concentrators for use in space. The design currently under investigation uses a square domed Fresnel lens to focus light on a GaAs concentrator cell. A prismatic cell cover, which directs light away from the front contacts and thus eliminates metalization losses, is applied to the top of the GaAs cell to further enhance array efficiency. The latest experimental results based on testing the GaAs cell/prism cover assembly at standard and operating conditions are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 286-291
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