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  • Articles  (149)
  • Global Warming
  • acidification
  • climate change
  • environment
  • 1990-1994  (149)
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Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical validation of GCM-simulated climates for the U.S. Great Lakes and the C.I.S. Emba and Ural River basins (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrology ; global circulation models ; statistics ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many researchers use outputs from large-scale global circulation models of the atmosphere to assess hydrological and other impacts associated with climate change. However, these models cannot capture all climate variations since the physical processes are imperfectly understood and are poorly represented at smaller regional scales. This paper statistically compares model outputs from the global circulation model of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory to historical data for the United States' Laurentian Great Lakes and for the Emba and Ural River basins in the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.). We use maximum entropy spectral analysis to compare model and data time series, allowing us to both assess statistical predictabilities and to describe the time series in both time and frequency domains. This comparison initiates assessments of the model's representation of the real world and suggests areas of model improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Socially and environmentally appropriate urban futures for the motor car (1993)
    Springer
    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: automobile ; pricing ; sustainable future ; environment ; public transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In its relatively short life, the automobile has provided a level of mobility unlikely to have been feasible with a reliance on conventional forms of land based public transport. It has contributed in both a positive and negative way to the quality of life, transforming our cities, our way of life, and giving us a greater command over time and space. Concern over the undesirable social and environmental impacts has increased over time, with calls for governments to take action to reduce the automobile's dominant role. New investment in fixed-track public transport and bus priority systems together with strategies to discourage travel have been proposed to improve accessibility and to aid in cleaning up the physical environment. This paper reviews some of the issues facing society as it works to identify policies to achieve an economically and environmentally sustainabie future. There is a need for a broader set of policies to facilitate alternative land use-transport lifestyles while facing appropriate pricing signals. Some of the key issues are adjustments in the relative prices of location and transport, spatial incentives to make public transport economically viable (i.e. changing urban densities, zoning/incentive changes to allow more infill), road pricing (i.e. charging cars the economic cost of using the roads), new information technology systems (e.g. IVHS) to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of transport infrastructure, major improvements in the fuel efficiency of fossil fuelled vehicles, and alternative-fuelled vehicles (“clean-air vehicles”).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01099973
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interconnected games and international environmental problems, II (1994)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 54 (1994), S. 97-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Modelling ; interconnection ; side payments ; game theory ; environment ; transboundary pollution ; multiple objective games ; repeated games ; tensor games ; tradeoff ; Pareto equilibrium ; Nash equilibrium ; Folk theorem ; prisoners' dilemma ; JEL C70 ; Q28
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Some features of international environmental problems are considered. A basic problem is to induce countries to adopt a cooperative approach. One of the instruments to induce countries to cooperate is an exchange of concessions in fields of relative strengths, such as swapping trade concessions for cooperation on international environmental problems. This instrument will be modelled in this paper with tensor games. Both tradeoff and non-tradeoff tensor games will be addressed, with emphasis on tradeoff tensor games with linear strict weights. The relationship between the Pareto equilibria of a non-tradeoff tensor game and the Nash equilibria of the associated tradeoff tensor games will be studied. Due to structural similarities between tensor games and repeated multiple objective games, some attention will also be paid to the latter. Relationships between objects related to Folk theorems for the tradeoff tensor game with completely additive weights and the corresponding objects for its constituting isolated games will be studied. Since many international environmental problems have prisoners' dilemma characteristics, it is analyzed how interconnection may enhance cooperation in prisoners' dilemma games.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02031729
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining the environment of transition metal ions in zeolitic catalysts: A combined computational and synchrotron-based study of nickel ions in zeolite-Y (1991)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 8 (1991), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Zeolitic catalysts ; transition metal ions ; nickel ; computation ; environment ; EXAFS ; modelling catalysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Computer modelling techniques are used to investigate the local structure of the zeolite framework around Ni2+ ions in the SI sites of Ni exchanged zeolite-Y. Our calculations show that there are pronounced inward relaxations (0.4 Å–0.6 Å) of the surrounding oxygen ions. The results allow a detailed rationalisation of recent EXAFS and diffraction studies on this zeolite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00764116
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvements of Speciation Analyses in Environmental Matrices (1992)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 109 (1992), S. 169-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: speciation ; improvement ; quality ; analysis ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The release of some organometallic compounds and other chemical forms of elements in the environment has led to great international concern because of their high toxicity. The validation of the analytical techniques became of paramount importance which led the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) to decide on the organisation of a series of projects for the improvement of the quality of speciation analyses. In addition, it was found useful to discuss thoroughly the different sources of error likely occurring in speciation analyses and a workshop was organized for this purpose; the aim of this workshop was to discuss the state of the art of speciation determinations, to define use, applicability and necessity of determinations of element species, to investigate where limitations exist and discuss the work necessary to overcome these and to detect where techniques have sufficiently been developed to produce reliable and valuable results. This paper presents the organization of the workshop, its main issue and describe the state of the current BCR projects on speciation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243233
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of mercury in environmental and biological samples by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (1993)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 111 (1993), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: mercury ; cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A continuously operating monitoring method for total mercury at sub-ng/ml level in environmental and biological samples by cold vapour atomic-absorption spectrometry with NaBH4 as a reductant was developed. The mercury vapour generator and absorption cell closed-end by quartz were used in this study. The detection limit (S/N = 3) and relative standard deviation of 12 determinations of 10 ng/ml Hg(II) were 0.11 ng/ml and 1.1%, respectively. The range of standard calibration curve was 0–50 ng/ml Hg, The proposed method was successfully applied to the completely continuous monitoring of total mercury in waste water, sediments and pork liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rice production and climate change: design and development of a GIS database to complement simulation models (1993)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 8 (1993), S. 77-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: rice ; GIS ; climate change ; model ; Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cooperative project between the International Rice Research Institute in Los Baños, Philippines, and the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, was initiated to estimate how rice yield in Asia might be affected by future climate change and enhanced UV-B irradiance following stratospheric ozone depletion. A radiative transfer model was used to estimate daily UV-B irradiance levels using remotely sensed ozone and cloud cover data for 1274 meteorological stations. A rice yield model using daily climatic data and cultivar-specific coefficients was used to predict changes in yield under given climate change scenarios. This paper gives an overview of the data required to run these two models and describes how a geographical information system (GIS) was used as a data pre- or postprocessor. Problems in finding reliable datasets such as cloud cover data needed for the UV-B radiation model and radiation data needed for the rice yield model are discussed. Issues of spatial and temporal scales are also addressed. Using simulation models at large spatial scales helped identify weaknesses of GIS data overlay and interpolation capabilities. Even though we focussed our efforts on paddy rice, the database is not intended to be system specific and could also be used to analyze the response of other natural systems to climatic change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141588
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diatom responses to late Quaternary vegetation and climate change, and to deposition of two tephras in an alpine and a sub-alpine lake in Yoho National Park, British Columbia (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 11 (1994), S. 173-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Late Quaternary ; diatoms ; pollen ; climate change ; tephra ; shallow alpine and sub-alpine Iakes ; British Columbia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The late Quaternary diatom records from alpine Opabin Lake (altitude 2285 m a.s.l.) and sub-alpine Mary Lake (altitude 2054 m a.s.l.), located in Yoho National Park, British Columbia (lat. 51 ° 21′N; long. 116 ° 20′), have been analyzed, and changes in these records have been used to reconstruct lake histories. The results have also been related to independently inferred vegetation and climate changes. Following deglaciation, when both lakes were receiving high inputs of clastic materials, benthic diatom taxa dominate the records of these two shallow lakes with small species ofFragilaria being particularly prominent. During the early to mid-Holocene period, when treeline was at a higher elevation than today, the diatom flora of both lakes became more diverse with previously minor species becoming more prominent.Cyclotella radiosa occurs in cores from both Mary Lake, and much deeper, neighbouring Lake O'Hara during the warm early Holocene, and may reflect this warmer climate, a longer ice-free season than presently, and perhaps less turbid water, or its presence may reflect a subtly higher nutrient status of the lake water during this period. The Neoglacial is marked by increased amounts of sediments originating from glacial sources in Opabin Lake, which undoubtedly led to very turbid water, and by the presence ofEllerbeckia arenaria f.teres andCampylodiscus noricus v.hibernica in Opabin Lake; however, these species are absent from Mary Lake which has not been influenced by either glacial activity since the recession of the glaciers prior toc. 10 000 years BP or water originating from Opabin Lake. The impact of the two tephras during the Holocene was dramatic in terms of increased diatom production, as exemplified by the increases in diatom numbers, but there was little effect upon species composition. The diatom records and changes in the diatom:cyst ratio suggest that the chemical status of these two small, shallow lakes has changed little during the Holocene, other than after deposition of the two tephras. These results provide evidence that shallow alpine and high sub-alpine lakes are sensitive recorders of past environmental changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686864
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Holocene pollen record from a peatland in the West Caucasus, Abkhasia, Black Sea region (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 65-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: forest dynamics ; peatland development ; mountain environments ; Castanea ; Sphagnum ; Quaternary ; pollen analysis ; human impact ; climate change ; USSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A pollen sequence spanning over 4000 years was recovered from a small (0.1 ha)Sphagnum-dominated peatland in the mountains near Sukhumi, Abkhasia, West Georgia. The peatland lies atc. 1650 m a.s.l. in denseFagus-Abies forest. The pollen record reveals totally forested surroundings throughout since at least 4000 years BP (90–95% AP). It begins with a complex forest dominated byFagus with large proportions ofCastanea, Acer andUlmus. ThenCastanea became dominant whileFagus was still prominent. This might indicate a warmer climate. Later development shows a dramatic decline ofCastanea. Its pollen drops down to 3–5%. RecentlyAbies has been experiencing an exponential growth. Now it comprises over 50% of the forest composition around the peatland. These changes have possibly been caused by human influence together with climatic change. The basin started as aPotamogeton-dominated shallow lake with ferns andAlisma along the margins. Later it developed into a sedge fen and finally aSphagnum andMenyanthes poor fen with scatteredCarex limosa. The record indicates a progression towards oligotrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678087
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rates of peat accumulation over the past 200 years in fiveSphagnum-dominated peatlands in the United States (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 35-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: carbon cycling ; climate change ; organic matter ; peat ; peatland ; Sphagnum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Using210Pb-dating of peat cores, corroborated by pollen and acid-insoluble ash approaches, rates of vertical height growth, dry mass accumulation, and organic matter accumulation were determined for fiveSphagnum-dominated peatland sites (one in Minnesota, one in Pennsylvania, one on the Maryland/West Virginia border, two in West Virginia), spanning a mean annual temperature range of 4.5 °C and differing in total annual precipitation by a factor of almost 2. Site differences in rates of vertical height growth and dry mass accumulation were documented, but both within-core and between-site differences in bulk density and ash concentrations of peat confound efforts to relate vertical height growth and dry mass accumulation to net organic matter accumulation. Taking bulk densities and ash concentrations into account, rates of net organic matter accumulation over the past 150–200 years were strikingly similar at four of the five sites, an unexpected result given the general trend that with decreasing latitude, peat deposits become older, thinner, and more highly decomposed. More comprehensive studies are needed in which net organic matter accumulation is determined at several locations within a single peatland, at several peatlands within a particular geographic/climatic region, and at peatland sites in different geographic/climatic regions. If additional studies confirm that recent (past 200 years) net organic matter accumulation is relatively insensitive to broad-scale regional climatic differences, boreal and subarctic peatlands may continue to function as a net sink for atmospheric CO2 and a net source of atmospheric CH4 with no change in rates of net organic matter accumulation, even under predicted scenarios of global climate change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00677988
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidity of twelve northern New England (U.S.A.) lakes in recent centuries (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 103-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acidification ; alkalization ; pH ; alkalinity ; diatoms ; sediment chemistry ; New England ; catchment effects ; land use ; logging ; acidic deposition ; air pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Studies of sediment cores from 12 acidic lakes in granitic, forested and uninhabited catchments in northern New England, U.S.A. produced diatom-inferred pH (IpH) 5.2 to 5.8 and alkalinity (Ialk) −12 to 31 µeq l−1, with slowly declining values at some lakes, for one to four centuries prior to logging. Increases of IpH (Δ0.05 to 0.60) and Ialk (Δ5 to 40 µeq l−1) correlate with logging in the catchments in the early-1800s to early-1900s. Recovery to pre-logging IpH and Ialk correlates with forest succession toward conifers, and is completed in the late-1800s to mid-1900s. Beginning at 1915–1920 (4 lakes), 1930–1950 (4 lakes) and 1965–1970 (4 lakes), IpH and Ialk start decreasing below pre-logging values due to atmospheric acidic deposition, leading to respective total decreases of 0.10 to 0.45 (X=0.25) and 5 to 25 µeq l−1 (X=15). Inputs of anthropogenic Pb, Zn, V, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and soot from the atmosphere are first detectable in early- to late-1800s sediment, and Cu in late-1800s sediment, increase rapidly in the late-1800s to mid-1900s, and level off or decrease since the 1960s — partly due to emission controls. Decreasing Ca, Mn, and possibly Zn relative to other metals and normalized to organic content, and increasing flux of Fe to the lakes, indicate soil and water acidification after 1900.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678090
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chrysophycean cysts in Sierra Nevada (California) lake sediments: paleoecological potential (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 73-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acidification ; Chrysophyceae ; cyst ; paleolimnology ; Sierra Nevada ; statospore ; stomatocyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-three lakes in the Sierra Nevada range of California were investigated as part of a paleoecological study of the potential effects of acid deposition on sensitive lake/watershed ecosystems. Chrysophyte cysts from surface sediment samples were analyzed and compared with data on pH and alkalinity. This paper identifies the twenty-five dominant chrysophyte cyst taxa and provides information on their morphology, abundance, distribution and ecology. Chrysophycean cysts were generally abundant and well-preserved in lake sediments of our study sites. Twelve taxa occurred in more than twenty of the thirty-three lakes; these taxa were often quite abundant. In contrast, only nine taxa occurred in ten or fewer lakes. Abundance Weighted Mean (AWM) pH varied from 6.45 to 8.34 and AWM alkalinity varied from 46 to 588 μeq/L. We delineated pH preference categories, based on AWM pH values and frequency diagrams of cyst abundance vs. lake-water pH. We classified five taxa as acidophilous, nine as circumneutrals, six as alkaliphilous and five as indifferent. Given that the cyst types differ greatly in their abundance relative to pH and alkalinity, it is clear that they have potential for paleolimnological studies of Sierra lakes biogeochemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197032
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidification and metal contamination in Whitepine Lake (Sudbury, Canada): a paleolimnological perspective (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; chrysophytes ; acidification ; Al ; Ni ; Sudbury ; recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Diatom and chrysophyte assemblages from a sediment core from Whitepine Lake were examined to infer changes in lakewater pH, nickel and aluminum concentrations since pre-industrial times, and to help determine the cause of the virtual extirpation of the lake trout population from the lake during the 1960s and 1970s. Our study indicates that acidification started in the 1920s, and that the maximum inferred pH decline (from 6.2 to 5.8) occurred between 1960 and 1970, coincident with the peak in metal mining and smelting activity in the Sudbury basin. Lakewater [Al] and [Ni], as inferred from our diatom transfer functions, increased. It appears that in addition to the pH decline, elevated [Al] may have played an important role in the decline of lake trout from Whitepine Lake in the 1960s and 1970s. Diatom-inferred lakewater pH and [Ni] have recovered slightly in the recent sediments, which coincides with reductions in emissions that have occurred since the mid-1970s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00677515
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A paleolimnological assessment of lake acidification in five Connecticut lakes (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acidification ; scaled chrysophytes ; Connecticut ; inference models ; weighted averaging ; fossils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract New England has received significant amounts of precipitation with a pH between 4.2 and 4.6. Paleolimnological studies based on siliceous microalgal remains support the hypothesis that some lakes in northern New England have acidified as a result of the acidic deposition. However, paleolimnological analyses from five software lakes in southern New England suggest that these lakes have not acidified in recent years. In all of the study lakes the inferred pH has remained relatively stable, and in two lakes the pH has actually increased slightly in recent years. Despite the relatively stable inferred pH reconstructions, significant shifts in species assemblages were observed in each lake, many of which are believed to correlate with land use changes. It is possible that effects of land use changes (e.g. increased urbanization) have masked potential effects of acid deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00677214
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable isotopic compositions of sulfur in PIRLA sediment cores (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sulfur ; stable isotopes ; cores ; lakes ; δ34S ; acidification ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Stable isotopic compositions of total sedimentary sulfur were determined for cores from eight of the PIRLA study lakes. Preindustrial sulfur deposited prior to 1800 had roughly constant isotopic compositions within a 1–2‰ range in each core. In more recent sediments, large 5–10‰ decreases in 34S content occurred and likely resulted from the addition of anthropogenic sulfur. These isotopic changes began at the same time that lead concentrations increased in sediments, suggesting a close linkage between lead and sulfur deposition in the mid and late 1800s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208296
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Sedimentary chrysophycean cyst assemblages as paleoindicators in acid sensitive lakes (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 5 (1991), S. 19-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; resting cysts ; algae ; Chrysophyceae taxonomy ; stratigraphy ; acidification ; ecology ; stomatocyst ; statospore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between surface sediment cyst assemblages and lakewater characteristics were studies in 50 lakes located in central Ontario. The main purposes of the study were to identify the environmental factors most strongly controlling the distribution of chrysophycean cysts and to develop indices and equations to infer lake water pH from cyst assemblages. Principal components analysis indicates that alkalinity and associated TDS as well as elements related to trophic status are the factors most strongly correlated with the distribution of chrysophycean cysts. There are significant differences in the relative importance of these factors among the lakes. The transfer functions developed provide good prediction of pH values. This report also provides a descriptive analysis of the ‘fossil’ chrysophycean cyst flora of Ontario lakes. The descriptions include representative SEM micrographs and detailed characterization of each morphotype in consideration of the morphological variation observed among specimens of the same morphotype. Special attention has been paid to the anatomy of the collar complex and to the nature of the cyst surface ornamentation. One hundred and thirty seven morphotypes are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226557
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing of the last highstand of Lake Lahontan (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 5 (1991), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Lake Lahontan ; lake-level change ; climate change ; paleolimnology ; paleohydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Radiocarbon and uranium-series ages of a variety of materials from the Lahontan basin indicate that the last highstand lake occurred between 14 500 and 13 000 yr B.P. Although few in number, existing radiocarbon and uranium-series age data also indicate that lakes in the western Lahontan subbasins were small or moderate in size between 30 000 and 25 000 yr B.P. Existing data do not support the conclusions of Bradbury et al. (1989) who did not find evidence of a 14 000±yr B.P. highstand lake in the sediments of the Walker Lake subbasin. These data also do not support the existence of a highstand lake in the Walker Lake subbasin between 30 000 and 25 000 yr B.P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176873
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  • 18
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    A synthesis of post-glacial diatom records from Lake Baikal (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 213-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; paleolimnology ; palynology ; Holocene ; climate change ; Lake Baikal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The biostratigraphy of fossil diatoms contributes important chronologic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic information from Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia. Diatoms are the dominant and best preserved microfossils in the sediments, and distinctive assemblages and species provide inter-core correlations throughout the basin at millennial to centennial scales, in both high and low sedimentation-rate environments. Distributions of unique species, once dated by radiocarbon, allow diatoms to be used as dating tools for the Holocene history of the lake. Diatom, pollen, and organic geochemical records from site 305, at the foot of the Selenga Delta, provide a history of paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic changes from the late glacial (15 ka) through the Holocene. Before 14 ka diatoms were very rare, probably because excessive turbidity from glacial meltwater entering the lake impeded productivity. Between 14 and 12 ka, lake productivity increased, perhaps as strong winds promoted deep mixing and nutrient regeneration. Pollen evidence suggests a cold shrub — steppe landscape dominated the central Baikal depression at this time. As summer insolation increased, conifers replaced steppe taxa, but diatom productivity declined between 11 and 9 ka perhaps as a result of increased summer turbidity resulting from violent storm runoff entering the lake via short, steep drainages. After 8 ka, drier, but more continental climates prevailed, and the modern diatom flora of Lake Baikal came to prominence. On Academician Ridge, a site of slow sedimentation rates, Holocene diatom assemblages at the top of 10-m cores reappear at deeper levels suggesting that such cores record at least two previous interglacial (or interstadial?) periods. Nevertheless, distinctive species that developed prior to the last glacial period indicate that the dynamics of nutrient cycling in Baikal and the responsible regional climatic environments were not entirely analogous to Holocene conditions. During glacial periods, the deep basin sediments of Lake Baikal are dominated by rapidly deposited clastics entering from large rivers with possibly glaciated headwaters. On the sublacustrine Academician Ridge (depth = 300 m), however, detailed analysis of the diatom biostratigraphy indicates that diastems (hiatuses of minor duration) and (or) highly variable rates of accumulation complicate paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic reconstructions from these records.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684034
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  • 19
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    Variability of sediment diatom assemblages in an upland, wind-stressed lake (Loch Fleet, Galloway, S.W. Scotland) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 43-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; concentrations ; accumulation rates ; variability ; acidification ; correspondence analysis ; cluster analysis ; surface sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The variability of diatom distribution in an acidified, upland wind-stressed lake (Loch Fleet, Galloway, S. W. Scotland) was assessed by analysis of 28 surface sediment samples and 11 cores. Correspondence analysis (CA) and cluster analysis were used to illustrate the variability of the surface sediment and core samples. There was reasonable uniformity of taxa in most of the surface sediment samples, although 7 samples, as indicated by both CA and cluster analyses were atypical. Most cores recorded clearly the acidification of the lake, although percentages of individual taxa varied up to 20% between cores. Two cores had old, preacidification diatom assemblages (of indeterminate age) close to the sediment surface. These old sediments were probably the source of the re-worked diatoms found in the atypical surface sediment assemblages. Diatom trends, as CA ordinations and pH profiles, were less variable than the surface sediment assemblages. It is argued that non-uniform sediment accumulation rates and diatom deposition cause variability in surface sediment diatom samples. This variability may be reduced in core profiles by homogenization during further resuspension/deposition cycles and burial. Cores, and the associated time component they offer, may be useful in assessing the variability of surface sediment assemblages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208298
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    Fossil midge associations and the historical status of fish in acidified lakes (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 3 (1990), S. 113-127 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleoecology ; Chaoboridae ; Chironomidae ; fish ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chaoborid and chironomid (Diptera) fossils were examined in sediment cores form nine Ontario Precambrian Shield lakes that were fishless in 1979. An abundance of Chaoborus americamus (intolerant of predation by fish) throughout cores from four lakes indicated that they were fishless historically. Occurrence of Chaoborus punctipennis and C. flavicans and absence of C. americanus in cores, except near the surface in two cases, indicated that four other lakes were inhabited by fish historically. One of these was probably periodically fishless as suggested by fluctuations among these Chaoborus species. The ninth lake was not suitable for Chaoborus; only one specimen of C. trivittatus was found in this core. Chironomid fossil associations were substantially different in historically fishless and inhabited lakes. Fishless lakes had chironomids typical of eutrophic conditions indicating that seasonal oxygen depletion likely was inimical to fish. Chironomid associations of oligotrophic waters occurred in lakes historically inhabited by fish. Both good water quality and accessibility were required for long-term habitation by fish. Partial recovery of alkalinity and rise in pH were accompanied by substantial re-invasion by fish in two lakes which had been inhabited historically by fish. Diptera associations provide valuable information on the historical suitability of lakes for fish and the presence/absence of fish in regions where acidification of surface waters has occurred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414066
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    High-frequency climatic oscillations during the last deglaciation as revealed by oxygen-isotope records of benthic organisms (Ammersee, southern Germany) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 11 (1994), S. 349-357 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: stable isotopes ; ostracods ; climate change ; late glacial ; holocene ; seasonal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution oxygen-isotope records of benthic ostracods and molluscs from Ammersee, southern Germany, show high-frequency climatic changes during the last deglaciation and parallel in great detail published faunal and floral variations reconstructed from Norwegian Sea sediments and isotope variations in Greenland ice cores. The marine and the terrestrial records give evidence of a synchronous late glacial climatic development in Greenland, NW- and Mid-Europe. However,14C-ages of the supraregional climatic events and of two tephra layers in the marine sediments of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean are significantly older than the14C-ages of the corresponding horizons on land. These differences strongly suggest that major short-term events have affected the exchangeable carbon on earth during the dramatic environmental changes related to the deglaciation and in particular have affected the CO2-distribution within the ocean and between ocean and atmosphere. Dating methods independent of climatic variations and of the global carbon budget should be given priority to refine the timescales of the marine and atmospheric processes during the last deglaciation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00677994
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    Relationships between sedimentary diatom assemblages and lakewater pH values in the Experimental Lakes Area (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Experimental Lake Area (ELA) ; paleolimnology ; inferred pH ; diatoms ; acidification ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between sedimentary diatom assemblages and lakewater pH values from 36 lakes and experimentally acidified Lake 223, in the Experimental Lakes Area, were analyzed. The relationships were used to assign diatoms in the 36 lakes into pH preference groupings. Based on their regional distribution Cyclotella stelligera and Tabellaria flocculosa strain IIIp were categorized as pH indifferent, in comparison to other areas were they have been categorized as acidophilic. Two models were then applied to calculate transfer coefficients which were used to calculate diatom-inferred pH values for Lake 223. Index B and a multiple linear regression of the pH groupings yielded similar correlations (r2 0.82 and 0.84 respectively, p=0.0001). The multiple linear regression inferred a pH of 5.36 for acidified Lake 223 compared to a measured pH of 5.46.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196869
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    A palaeoecological test of the land-use hypothesis for recent lake acidification in South-West Norway using hill-top lakes (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 69-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; pollen ; chrysophytes ; heavy metals ; acidification ; land-use ; Norway ; pH changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lakes perched on hill-tops have very small catchments. Their water chemistry is largely influenced by the chemical composition of precipitation and by the underlying bedrock geology. They are ideal sites for testing the hypothesis that land-use and associated soil changes are a major cause of recent lake acidification. On this hypothesis, hill-top lakes in SW Norway are predicted not to show any recent lake acidification because, by their very nature, the chemistry of such lakes is little influenced by land-use or soil changes. Palaeolimnological analyses of diatoms and chrysophytes show that prior to ca. 1914 the two hill-top lakes investigated were naturally acid with reconstructed lake-pH values of at least 4.8–5.1. Since ca. 1914 lake pH values declined to ca. 4.5–4.7. These results contradict the land-use hypothesis. All the available palaeolimnological evidence (diatoms, chrysophytes, pollen, sediment geochemistry, carbonaceous particles) is consistent with the acid-deposition hypothesis. In the absence of any evidence to support the land-use hypothesis as a primary cause of recent lake acidification and in the light of several independent refutations, it is perhaps time to put the land-use hypothesis for recent lake acidification to rest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208300
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    Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae) mandibles—paleolimnological indicators of the historical status of fish populations in acid-sensitive lakes (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 139-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chaoborus ; Chaoboridae ; Diptera ; fish ; acidification ; paleolimnology ; Adirondacks ; Bosmina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnological analyses of Chaoborus mandibles were used to assess the status of fish populations over the previous 150 to 300 years in five lakes from the Adirondack region of New York State. Windfall Pond (pH 6.5) has not acidified and currently has viable fish populations. Big Moose Lake (pH 5.0) has acidified in recent years, and the number of fish populations declined from 14 in the 1930's to seven in the early 1980's. The occurrence of only migratory Chaoborus (subgenus Sayomyia) in the cores indicated the long term presence of fish populations in Windfall Pond and Big Moose Lake. Brooktrout Lake (pH 5.0), Deep Lake (pH 4.7) and Upper Wallface Pond (pH 4.8) have all acidified in recent years, and all three are currently fishless. Chaoborus (Sayomyia) was present throughout the Brooktrout Lake core, but the entirely limnetic species, C. americanus, appeared in the topmost interval in the core. The appearance of C. americanus in the top of the core indicated a recent elimination of fish from Brooktrout Lake, probably during the 1970's. Elimination of fish by the 1940's was inferred for Deep Lake because C. americanus appeared above the 1930 level and replaced C. trivittatus as the dominant. Dominance of C. americanus throughout the Upper Wallface Pond core indicated that planktivorous fish were never present. These results strongly suggest that stratigraphic analyses of Chaoborus mandibles provide a useful assessment of the general status of historical fish populations in Adirondack lakes. The technique should be useful in other regions, as well as for applications other than those concerning lake acidification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226321
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    Variability in diatom and chrysophyte assemblages and inferred pH: paleolimnological studies of Big Moose Lake, New York, USA (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 5 (1991), S. 267-284 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: variability ; diatoms ; chrysophytes ; acidification ; paleolimnology ; Adirondacks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We measured variability in the composition of diatom and chrysophyte assemblages, and the pH inferred from these assemblages, in sediment samples from Big Moose Lake, in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Replicate samples were analyzed from (1) a single sediment core interval, (2) 12 different intervals from each of 3 separate cores, and (3) 10 widely spaced surface sediment samples (0–1 cm). The variability associated with sample preparation (subsampling, processing, and counting) was relatively small compared to between-core and within-lake variability. The relative abundances of the dominant diatom taxa varied to a greater extent than those of the chrysophyte scale assemblages. Standard deviations of pH inferences for multiple counts from the same sediment interval from diatom, chrysophyte, and diatom plus chrysophyte inference equations were 0.04 (n=8), 0.06 (n=32), and 0.06 (n=8) of a pH unit, respectively. Stratigraphic analysis of diatoms and chrysophytes from three widely spaced pelagic sediment cores provided a similar record of lake acidification trends, although with slight differences in temporal rates of change. Average standard deviations of pH inferences from diatom, chrysophyte and diatom plus chrysophyte inference equations for eight sediment intervals representing similar time periods but in different cores were 0.10, 0.20, and 0.09 pH unit, respectively. Our data support the assumption that a single sediment core can provide an accurate representation of historical change in a lake. The major sources of diatom variability in the surface sediments (i.e., top 1.0 cm) were (1) differences in diatom assemblage contributions from benthic and littoral sources, and (2) the rapid change in assemblage composition with sediment depth, which is characteristic of recently acidified lakes. Because scaled chrysophytes are exclusively planktonic, their spatial distribution in lake sediments is less variable than the diatom assemblages. Standard deviations of pH inferences for 10 widely spaced surface sediment samples from diatom, chrysophyte and diatom plus chrysophyte inference equations were 0.21, 0.09, and 0.16 of a pH unit, respectively.
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    Methane and nitrous oxide emissions: an introduction (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 213-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Methane ; nitrous oxide ; emission inventories ; climate change ; greenhouse gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane and nitrous oxide are important greenhouse gases. They contribute to global warming. To a large extent, emissions of methane and nitrous oxide are connected with the intensification of food production. Therefore, feeding a growing world population and at the same time controlling these emissions is a great challenge. Important anthropogenic sources of biogenic methane are wet rice fields, cattle, animal waste, landfills and biomass burning. Important anthropogenic sources of biogenic nitrous oxide are land-use change, fertilizer production and use and manure application. The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention on Climate Change implies a stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. As a small first step towards achieving this objective, the Convention requires the industrialized countries to bring their anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by 2000 back to 1990 levels. It was also agreed that all parties would make national inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and programmes for control (UN, 1992). In this context, in February 1993 an international workshop was held in Amersfoort in the Netherlands to discuss methods in national emission inventories for methane and nitrous oxide, and options for control (Van Amstel, 1993). A selection of the papers presented in Amersfoort that focus on agricultural sources is published in this volume. This introductory chapter gives background information on biogenic sources and sinks of methane and nitrous oxide and options for their control. The goal of the Climate Convention is described as well as the IPCC effort to develop an internationally accepted methodology for the monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks. Finally, some preliminary results from country inventories are given. It is concluded that a common reporting framework and transparency of the inventories are important to obtain comparable results that can be used for complying with the requirements of the Climate Convention and for facilitating the international debate about appropriate response strategies.
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    Limitations to the diagnostic information obtained from soil analyses (1990)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Soil analysis ; nutrient diagnosis ; nutrient potential ; nutrient capacity ; transfer coefficient ; soil classification ; fertility ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The limitations of various methods of soil analysis are discussed. The total analysis of an element gives a simple figure which is, however, useless for diagnositic purposes since nutrient availability differs in various soil fractions. Since the transfer coefficient applied to soil pollutants is based on total soil analysis, it also has no diagnostic value. The use of soil extractants is empirical and is only as good as the calibration curve. It should, therefore, only be applied to those soils for which a good calibration curve has been shown to exist. The scientific approach of Schofield in proposing nutrient potentials is basically correct, but it fails to fully characterize the nutrient availability in soils. Difficulties are of a fundamental nature or are soil or plant related. A possible means of improvement may be a soil classification which is geared towards soil fertility. Soils which react similarly to nutrients should be combined in classification units. For these units, detailed information on the reaction behavior must be obtained. A few simple analyses might suffice to show how a specific field fits into this reaction pattern. Based on the thorough knowledge of the soil (especially its reaction pattern) it is then possible to quantitatively predict for a specific crop plant the changes that occur when nutrients are removed by uptake or added by fertilization.
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    Environmental effects of N fertilizer use — An overview (1990)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 209-215 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Greenhouse gases ; nitrous oxide ; ammonia ; nitrogen oxides ; environment ; pollution ; nitrogen fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In recent years concern has grown over the contribution of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to the environmental problems of nitrate pollution of waters and the pollution of the atmosphere with nitrous oxide, other oxides of nitrogen, and ammonia. These gases potentially contribute to the ‘greenhouse effect’ or global heating because of their increasing concentrations in the atmosphere and to the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation. In light of these concerns, proposals to mitigate these problems have been considered, and others will be forthcoming. When they have been used in high amounts, fertilizers and animal manures have created problems of nitrate pollution. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas and may also contribute to the destruction of the stratospheric ozone when it is converted to nitric oxide. N2O is primarily produced in the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are also produced in biological processes and are important in atmospheric reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere. There is little indication that N fertilizers contribute very much to the production of nitrous oxide. More research is needed to characterize and measure the emissions of the oxides of nitrogen and ammonia and to make better estimates of global emissions based on process-related models. More efforts to increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use through modifications or use of inhibitors of biological processes as well as better management of rates, timing, and incorporation are needed to ensure increased food production while conserving natural resources.
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    Effects of restrictions and prices of N, P and K on fertiliser inputs and yield deficits of sugar beet (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 167-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: environment ; fertiliser ; optimum ; price ratio ; prices ; restrictions ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although excessive application of fertiliser has been commonplace, optimisation, as well as more limited use, is increasingly topical because of environmental and economic considerations that provide an impetus for either direct or price-induced restriction of fertiliser use. In this context, optimum N, P and K inputs, yields of sugar and yield deficits were calculated for sugar beet for current nutrient prices, multiples of 1.5, 2, 3 and 5 times current prices and for a range from 0% to 150% of the current optimum for each of four soil-fertility index categories. In terms of the optimum input, N was more impervious to price increase than P or K. For example, on low-fertility index 1 soils, reduction of inputs to circa 75% of current optimum required increases of 200% for N, 50% for P and 100% for K. Increases of 20–30%, representative of fertiliser taxes, had little impact. Variation in product price had a greater effect than nutrient price, as indicated by the exponential relationship between their proportional changes for similar effects on the price ratio, and the combined effect of small changes in each was appreciable. All nutrient-price increases induced yield deficits in the order P 〉 K 〉 N. The aggregate financial effect on yield deficit and net nutrient cost, i.e. on gross margin, was in the order N 〉 K 〉 P for very large price increases, with little difference between nutrients for increases of 100% or less. Mean effects of 100% price increases were yield deficits (%) of 0.3 to 0.4 for N, 0.7 to 2.3 for P and 0.4 to 1.3 for K, depending on index category, and reductions in gross margins (%) of 5.1 to 5.4 at index 1 and 0.7 to 1.6 at index 4 depending on the nutrient. Direct input restriction to 75% or 50% of optimum had negligible financial effects, with the exception of the 50% restriction for N. Voluntary restriction of fertiliser inputs for sugar beet, therefore, would be both environmentally and financially efficient compared with price-induced restriction at the level of a fertiliser tax. Since distribution of yield deficits was right-skewed, a two-parameter gamma distribution was used to determine the probability of exceeding deficits of 5% and 3%. Only extreme price increases or input restrictions, or excessive use in the case of N, resulted in deficit frequencies of significant proportions; comparatively, P and K were more sensitive to price increase and N more sensitive to direct restriction. Complete input restriction on high-fertility, index 4, soils breached the acceptable tolerance of deficits 〉5% for N and K but not for P. For the latter, the results implied a possible conflict between environmental good-practice and the achievement of nutrient reserves required for highest yield.
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    Tritium environmental transport studies at TFTR (1993)
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    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 145-148 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: tritium ; transport ; monitoring ; environment ; model ; validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental tritium concentrations will be measured near the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) to help validate dynamic models of tritium transport in the environment. For model validation the database must contain sequential measurements of tritium concentrations in key environmental compartments. Since complete containment of tritium is an operational goal, the supplementary monitoring program should be able to glean useful data from an unscheduled acute release. Portable air samplers will be used to take samples automatically every 4 hours for a week after an acute release, thus obtaining the time resolution needed for code validation. Samples of soil, vegetation, and foodstuffs will be gathered daily at the same locations as the active air monitors. The database may help validate the plant/soil/air part of tritium transport models and enhance environmental tritium transport understanding for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).
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    Doses from accidental releases of tritium and activation products into the atmosphere (1993)
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    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: environment ; tritium ; activation products ; dose calculations ; NET, ITER
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In view of public acceptance and the licensing procedure of projected fusion reactors, the release of tritium and activation products during normal operation as well as after accidents is a significant safety aspect. Calculations have been performed under accidental conditions for unit releases of corrosion products from water coolant loops, of first wall erosion products including different coating materials, and of tritium in its chemical form of tritiated water (HTO). Dose assessments during normal operation have been performed for corrosion products from first wall primary coolant loop and for tritium in both chemical forms (HT/HTO). The two accident consequence assessment (ACA) codes UFOTRI and COSYMA have been applied for the deterministic dose calculations with nearly the same input variables and for several radiological source terms. Furthermore, COSYMA and NORMTRI have been applied for routine release scenarios. The paper analyzes the radioation doses to individuals and the population resulting from the different materials assumed to be released in the environment.
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    Influence of landscape structure on local and regional climate (1990)
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    Landscape ecology 4 (1990), S. 133-155 
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    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: land use ; climate ; climate change ; land use alteration ; landscape patterns ; weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the physical linkage between the surface and the atmosphere, and demonstrates how even slight changes in surface conditions can have a pronounced effect on weather and climate. Observational and modeling evidence are presented to demonstrate the influence of landscape type on the overlying atmospheric conditions. The albedo, and the fractional partitioning of atmospheric turbulent heat flux into sensible and latent fluxes is shown to be particularly important in directly affecting local and regional weather and climate. It is concluded that adequate assessment of global climate and climate change cannot be achieved unless mesoscale landscape characteristics and their changes over time can be accurately determined.
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    Effects of forest fire and drought on acidity of a base-poor boreal forest stream: similarities between climatic warming and acidic precipitation (1992)
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    Biodegradation 17 (1992), S. 191-204 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: fire ; climate change ; boreal forest ; stream ; sulfate ; acidity ; watershed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a boreal forest catchment in the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, wildfire caused an increase in the concentrations of strong acid anions and base cations of the stream. In the naturally base-poor Northwest (NW) Subbasin, a 1980 wildfire caused exports of strong acid anions to increase more than export of base cations, causing a 2.5 fold increase in the acidity of the stream. Mean annual stream pH declined from 5.15 prior to fire to 4.76 two years after fire. Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), calculated as the difference between total base cations and strong acid anions, decreased to 20% of pre-fire values. Sulfate and chloride were the strong acid anions responsible for the decline in ANC, increasing four-fold. While nitrate increased eleven-fold, concentrations were too low to significantly affect ANC. There was a significant correlation between weekly sulfate concentration and base cation concentration (r 2 = 0.83) in the two years after fire. Recovery of ANC was caused by the more rapid decline in concentration of sulfate than by changes in base cations. Drought produced a similar but weaker response than fire, with increased sulfate concentrations and decreased stream pH. Climatic warming that increases drought and fire frequency would have effects that mimic the impacts of acidic precipitation (i.e. higher sulfate concentrations and acidic stream waters). Areas which have higher concentrations of stored S from past acid precipitation or have large areas of peatlands in the watershed may have aggravated losses of S and H+ after drought and fire.
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    Automatic equipment to monitor groundwater radon (1993)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 125-137 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Automatic equipment ; groundwater radon ; environment ; earthquake precursors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Prototype instrumentation, able to automatically measure groundwater radon content variations, is presented. The equipment is made of stainless steel and has spherical valves with automatic and pneumatic control. The deemanation of the gases from the water is obtained by evacuating a suitable expansion chamber. The instrumentation can make discrete sampling ranging from 1 per hour to 1 per 99 hours. The equipment was tested in the laboratory: the efficiency was measured by means of a266Ra solution. A mean value of (0.65±0.07) count/s/Bq was obtained. A calibration test was carried out by comparing countings from the automatic equipment with those obtained by the standard laboratory cell. Results of an operational check over a period of approximately one year indicate that variations in radon at the calibration site are attributable more to meteorological than to tectonic causes.
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    Thermoanalytical control of paint-shop wastes prior to disposal (1992)
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 38 (1992), S. 2087-2093 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: environment ; paint-shop wastes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die untersuchten Lackier-Abfälle kommen aus Lackierereien metallurgischer Fabriken. Wegen ihrer hohen Toxizität und Entflammbarkeit werden sie für die natürliche Umgebung als besonders gefährlich eingestuft. Lackiererei-Abfälle können auf folgende Weise entsorgt werden: Verfestigung und Deponierung auf Ablagerungsplätzen Lagern in Sondermülldeponien Veraschung In diesem Artikel wird die physikochemische Zusammensetzung und die Thermoanalyse (DTA und TG) beider Lackiererei-Abfälle und ihrer Gemische mit verschiedenen Komponenten beschrieben. Die thermoanalytischen Messungen wurden in dynamischer Luftatmosphäre ausgeführt. Die Enthalpiewerte wurden anhand der Peakflächen der DTA Kurven berechnet. Die thermoanalytischen Angaben wurden weiterhin mit den kalorimetrischen Daten von einer Sauerstoffbombe verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract The paint-shop wastes under study originated from metallurgical factory painting houses. Displaying a high toxicity and flammability, they are classified as specifically hazardous to the natural environment. Paint-shop wastes can be disposed of in the following ways: solidification and deposition in sanitary landfills; storage on a special dumping ground; incineration. This paper presents the physicochemical composition and thermal analysis (DTA and TG) of paint-shop wastes and their mixtures with various components. Thermoanalytical measurements were carried out in a dynamic atmosphere of air. Enthalpies were calculated from the peak areas of the DTA curves. Thermoanalytical data were compared with calorimetric results obtained with an oxygen bomb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979620
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    Application of thermal analysis in solid industrial wastes treatment (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 38 (1992), S. 973-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: environment ; solid industrial wastes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wahl einer geeigneten und sicheren Entsorgung sollte auf breitangelegten physikalisch-chemischen Untersuchungen basieren. Thermoanalyse in Verbindung mit anderen Angaben, die eine Identifikation von Abfallstoffen ermöglichen, ermöglicht die Bestimmung des Masseverlustes zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt während der Zersetzungsreaktion sowohl die Charakterisierung der Verbrennungseigenschaften des Ab-falles. Es wird hier die physikalisch-chemische Zusammensetzung einiger Industrieabfälle beschrieben, die eine große Gefahr für die natürliche Umwelt darstellen. Folgende Abfallmaterialien wurden untersucht: Teerabfälle aus einigen Bereichen einer Koksfabrik Lackierabfälle aus einer Metallfabrik In dynamischer Luftatmosphäre wurden thermoanalytische Messungen durchgeführt, sowie anhand der Peakflächen der DTA-Kurven Enthalpiewerte errechnet. Die thermoanalytisch erhaltenen Angaben wurden mit den Werten aus einer Sauerstoffbombe verglichen. Eine Entsorgungsmethode für obengenannte Materialien wird empfohlen.
    Notes: Abstract The choice of an appropriate and safe disposal alternative should be based on the wide range of physicochemical examination thermal analysis in conjunction with other data enables identification of wastes, allows determination of weight losses at any stage of thermal decomposition and characterization of the combustible properties of wastes. In this paper the physicochemical composition of some industrial wastes, which create serious hazards to the natural environment is presented. The following waste materials were investigated: tar wastes from several departments of the coking plant paint-shop wastes from a metallurgical factory. Thermoanalytic measurements were carried out in the dynamic atmosphere of air. Enthalpic values were calculated from the peak areas of the DTA curves. Thermoanalytic data were compared with calorimetric results obtained from an oxygen bomb. The disposal methods for above-mentioned wastes are proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979430
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    Simulating the carbon flux between the terrestrial environment and the atmosphere (1994)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 199-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: climate change ; biogeophysical feedbacks ; geographically explicit global C cycle model ; CO2 fertilization ; soil respiration ; land cover change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A Terrestrial C Cycle model that is incorporated in the Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE 2.0) is described. The model is a geographically explicit implementation of a model that simulates the major C fluxes in different compartments of the terrestrial biosphere and between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Climatic parameters, land cover and atmospheric C concentrations determine the result of the dynamic C simulations. The impact of changing land cover patterns, caused by anthropogenic activities (shifting agriculture, de- and afforestation) and climatic change are modeled implicitly. Feedback processes such as CO2 fertilization and temperature effects on photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition are modeled explicitly. The major innovation of this approach is that the consequences of climate change are taken into account instantly and that their results can be quantified on a global medium-resolution grid. The objectives of this paper are to describe the C cycle model in detail, present the linkages with other parts of the IMAGE 2.0 framework, and give an array of different simulations to validate and test the robustness of this modeling approach. The computed global net primary production (NPP) for the terrestrial biosphere in 1990 was 60.6 Gt C a−1, with a global net ecosystem production (NEP) of 2.4 Gt C a−1. The simulated C flux as result from land cover changes was 1.1 Gt C a−1, so that the terrestrial biosphere in 1990 acted as a C sink of 1.3 Gt C a−1. Global phytomass amounted 567.5 Gt C and the dead biomass pool was 1517.7 Gt C. IMAGE 2.0 simulated for the period 1970–2050 a global average temperature increase of 1.6 °C and a global average precipitation increase of 0.1 mm/day. The CO2 concentration in 2050 was 522.2 ppm. The computed NPP for the year 2050 is 82.5 Gt C a−1, with a NEP of 8.1 Gt C a−1. Projected land cover changes result in a C flux of 0.9 Gt C a−1, so that the terrestrial biosphere will be a strong sink of 7.2 Gt C a−1. The amount of phytomass hardly changed (600.7 Gt C) but the distribution over the different regions had. Dead biomass increased significantly to 1667.2 Gt C.
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    Modeling the global society-biosphere-climate system: Part 1: Model description and testing (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 1-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: integrated modeling ; integrated assessment ; greenhouse gas emissions ; global change ; climate change ; land cover change ; C cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the IMAGE 2.0 model, a multi-disciplinary, integrated model designed to simulate the dynamics of the global society-biosphere-climate system. The objectives of the model are to investigate linkages and feedbacks in the system, and to evaluate consequences of climate policies. Dynamic calculations are performed to year 2100, with a spatial scale ranging from grid (0.5°×0.5° latitudelongitude) to world regional level, depending on the sub-model. The model consists of three fully linked sub-systems: Energy-Industry, Terrestrial Environment, and Atmosphere-Ocean. The Energy-Industry models compute the emissions of greenhouse gases in 13 world regions as a function of energy consumption and industrial production. End use energy consumption is computed from various economic/demographic driving forces. The Terrestrial Environment models simulate the changes in global land cover on a gridscale based on climatic and economic factors, and the flux of CO2 and other greenhouse gases from the biosphere to the atmosphere. The Atmosphere-Ocean models compute the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the resulting zonal-average temperature and precipitation patterns. The fully linked model has been tested against data from 1970 to 1990, and after calibration can reproduce the following observed trends: regional energy consumption and energy-related emissions, terrestrial flux of CO2 and emissions of greenhouse gases, concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and transformation of land cover. The model can also simulate long term zonal average surface and vertical temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00478335
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    Modeling the global society-biosphere-climate system: Part 2: Computed scenarios (1994)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 37-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: climate change ; global change ; integrated assessment ; integrated models ; scenario analysis ; carbon cycle ; biofuels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents scenarios computed with IMAGE 2.0, an integrated model of the global environment and climate change. Results are presented for selected aspects of the society-biosphere-climate system including primary energy consumption, emissions of various greenhouse gases, atmospheric concentrations of gases, temperature, precipitation, land cover and other indicators. Included are a “Conventional Wisdom” scenario, and three variations of this scenario: (i) the Conventional Wisdom scenario is a reference case which is partly based on the input assumptions of the IPCC's IS92a scenario; (ii) the “Biofuel Crops” scenario assumes that most biofuels will be derived from new cropland; (iii) the “No Biofuels” scenario examines the sensitivity of the system to the use of biofuels; and (iv) the “Ocean Realignment” scenario investigates the effect of a large-scale change in ocean circulation on the biosphere and climate. Results of the biofuel scenarios illustrate the importance of examining the impact of biofuels on the full range of greenhouse gases, rather than only CO2. These scenarios also indicate possible side effects of the land requirements for energy crops. The Ocean Realignment scenario shows that an unexpected, low probability event can both enhance the build-up of greenhouse gases, and at the same time cause a temporary cooling of surface air temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. However, warming of the atmosphere is only delayed, not avoided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00478336
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    Model for calculating regional energy use, industrial production and greenhouse gas emissions for evaluating global climate scenarios (1994)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 79-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: energy modeling ; greenhouse gas emissions ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the integrated IMAGE 2.0 model the “Energy-Industry System” is implemented as a set of models to develop global scenarios for energy use and industrial processes and for the related emissions of greenhouse gases on a region specific basis. The Energy-Economy model computes total energy use, with a focus on final energy consumption in end-use sectors, based on economic activity levels and the energy conservation potential (“end-use approach”). The Industrial Production and Consumption model computes the future levels of activities other than energy use, which lead to greenhouse gas emissions, based on relations with activities defined in the Energy-Economy model. These two models are complemented by two emissions models, to compute the associated emissions by using emission factors per compound and per activity defined. For investigating energy conservation and emissions control strategy scenarios various techno-economic coefficients in the model can be modified. In this paper the methodology and implementation of the “Energy-Industry System” models is described as well as results from their testing against data for the period 1970–1990. In addition, the application of the models is presented for a specific scenario calculation. Future extensions of the models are in preparation.
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    Simulating changes in global land cover as affected by economic and climatic factors (1994)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 163-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: land cover ; land use ; agricultural demand ; climate change ; global change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes two global models: (1) an Agricultural Demand Model which is used to compute the consumption and demand for commodities that define land use in 13 world regions; and, (2) a Land Cover Model, which simulates changes in land cover on a global terrestrial grid (0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude) resulting from economic and climatic factors. Both are part of the IMAGE 2.0 model of global climate change. The models have been calibrated and tested with regional data from 1970–1990. The Agricultural Demand Model can approximate the observed trend in commodity consumption and the Land Cover Model simulates the total amount of land converted within 13 world regions during this period. Some degree of the spatial variability of deforestation has also been captured by the simulation. Applying the model to a “Conventional Wisdom” scenario showed that future trends of land conversions could be strikingly different on different continents even though a consistent scenario (IS92a from the IPCC) was used for assumptions about economic growth and population. Sensitivity analysis indicated that future land cover patterns are especially sensitive to assumed technological improvements in crop yield and computed changes in agricultural demand.
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    Ethanol fuels: Energy security, economics, and the environment (1991)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 4 (1991), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: ethanol ; food ; energy ; environment ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Problems of fuel ethanol production have been the subject of numerous reports, including this analysis. The conclusions are that ethanol: does not improve U.S. energy security; is uneconomical; is not a renewable energy source; and increases environmental degradation. Ethanol production is wasteful of energy resources and does not increase energy security. Considerably more energy, much of it high- grade fossil fuels, is required to produce ethanol than is available in the energy output. About 72% more energy is used to ‘produce a gallon of ethanol than the energy in a gallon of ethanol. Ethanol production from corn is not renewable energy. Its production uses more non- renewable fossil energy resources in growing the corn and in the fermentation/distillation process than is produced as ethanol energy. Ethanol produced from corn and other food crops is also an unreliable and therefore a non-secure source of energy, because of the likelihood of uncontrollable climatic fluctuations, particularly droughts which reduce crop yields. The expected priority for corn and other food crops would be for food and feed. Increasing ethanol production would increase degradation of agricultural land and water and pollute the environment. In U.S. corn production, soil erodes some 18- times faster than soil is reformed, and, where irrigated, corn production mines water faster than recharge of aquifers. Increasing the cost of food and diverting human food resources to the costly and inefficient production of ethanol fuel raise major ethical questions. These occur at a time when more food is needed to meet the basic needs of a rapidly growing world population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02229143
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    Ethical issues concerning potential global climate change on food production (1992)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 5 (1992), S. 113-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: climate change ; food ; agriculture ; ethics ; technologies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Burning fossil fuel in the North American continent contributes more to the CO2 global warming problem than in any other continent. The resulting climate changes are expected to alter food production. The overall changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, insect pests, plant pathogens, and weeds associated with global warming are projected to reduce food production in North America. However, in Africa, the projected slight rise in rainfall is encouraging, especially since Africa already suffers from severe shortages of rainfall. For all regions, a reduction in fossil fuel burning is vital. Adoption of sound ecological resource management, especially soil and water conservation and the prevention of deforestation, is important. Together, these steps will benefit agriculture, the environment, farmers, and society as a whole.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01966356
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    Environmental and social implications of waste in U.S. agriculture and food sectors (1990)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 3 (1990), S. 5-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agriculture ; waste ; environment ; economic ; social ; costs ; erosion ; pesticides ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Because the agriculture/food sectors appear to be driven by short-term economic and political forces, cheap energy, and agricultural-chemical technologies, waste and environmental/social problems in the agricultural/food sectors are estimated to cost the nation at least $150 billion per year. Most of the waste and environmental/social problems can be eliminated through better resource management policies and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02014477
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    Economics and energetics of organic and conventional farming (1993)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 53-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Agriculture ; organic ; energy ; economics ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The use of organic farming technologies has certain advantages in some situations and for certain crops such as maize; however, with other crops such as vegetables and fruits, yields under organic production may be substantially reduced compared with conventional production. In most cases, the use of organic technologies requires higher labor inputs than conventional technologies. Some major advantages of organic production are the conservation of soil and water resources and the effective recycling of livestock wastes when they are available.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965614
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    The evolution of sustainability (1992)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 5 (1992), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: sustainability ; environment ; ecology ; development ; resources ; carrying capacity ; eco development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Six separate but related strains of thought have emerged prominently since 1950 in discussions of such phenomena as the interrelationships among rates of population growth, resource use, and pressure on the environment. They are the ecological/carrying capacity root, the resources/environment root, the biosphere root, the critique of technology root, the “no growth”/“slow growth” root, and the ecodevelopment root. Each of these strains of thought was fully developed before the word “sustainable” itself was used. Many of the roots are based on fundamentally opposing assessments of the future of mankind. Many of the roots, such as the ecology/carrying capacity root, are based on physical concepts, and they exclude normative values. Others, such as the ecodevelopment root, include such values as equity, broad participation in governance, and decentralized government. When the word “sustainability” was first used in 1972 in the context of man's future, in a British book,Blueprint for Survival, normative concepts were prominent. This continued to be the case when the word was first used in 1974 in the United States to justify a “no growth” economy. “Sustainability” was first used in a United Nations document in 1978. Normative concepts, encapsulated in the term “ecodevelopment,” were prominent in the United Nations publications. After about 1978, the term “sustainability” began to be used not only in technological articles and reports but also in policy documents culminating in the use of the term in the report of the summit meeting of the Group of Seven in 1989. The roots of the term “sustainability” are so deeply embedded in fundamentally different concepts, each of which has valid claims to validity, that a search for a single definition seems futile. The existence of multiple meaning is tolerable if each analyst describes clearly what he means by sustainability.
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    Familiality of female and male homosexuality (1993)
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    Behavior genetics 23 (1993), S. 313-322 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Homosexuality ; sexual orientation ; familiality ; environment ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract We examined data from a large cohort of homosexual and heterosexual females and males concerning their siblings' sexual orientations. As in previous studies, both male and female homosexuality were familial. Homosexual females had an excess of homosexual brothers compared to heteroxual subjects, thus providing evidence that similar familial factors influence both male and female homosexuality. Furthermore, despite the large sample size, homosexual females and males did not differ significantly from each other in their proportions of either homosexual sisters or homosexual brothers. Thus, results were most consistent with the possibility that similar familial factors influence male and female sexual orientation. However, because results conflicted with those of some other studies, and because siblings' sexual orientations were obtained in a manner likely to yield more errors than in these other, smaller studies, further work is needed using large samples and more careful methods before the degree of cofamiliality of male and female homosexuality can be resolved definitively. We also examined whether some parental influences comprised shared environmental effects on sexual orientation. Scales attempting to measure such influences failed to distinguish subjects with homosexual siblings from subjects with only heterosexual siblings and, thus, did not appear to measure shared environmental determinants of sexual orientation.
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    Osmotic potential of potatoes subjected to a single cycle of water deficit (1992)
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 17-24 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; soluble solids ; drought ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) of the cultivars Alpha, Cara, Blanka, Désirée and Idit, were exposed to a transient water deficit during tuber growth. Drought stress increased the concentration of solutes as assessed by refractometry and lowered the osmotic potentials as assessed by cryoscopy in both leaf and tuber tissues of the five cultivars. Differences among cultivars, as well as between leaf and tuber tissue of the same cultivar, could indicate variability of the soluble components contributing to the osmotic potential. Differences were noted in the response of the cultivars to the environment in terms of osmotic potentials. Essentially, two types of responses were identified: transient maintenance of lower osmotic potential for 24–48 h after stress relief; and inherently high concentration of solutes and low osmotic potential. The possible advantage of sensitivity to environmental changes is also considered.
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    Toward an environment theory of decision support (1990)
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    Computational economics 3 (1990), S. 81-105 
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    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: Decision support ; environment ; knowledge system ; problem processor ; user interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces the idea of an environment theory to guide and stimulate research in the DSS field. The proposed line of work builds on and synthesizes findings from a fairly diverse body of related work. Here, we identify fundamental propositions that can serve as a guiding framework for further development of the environment theory.
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    A model on the competition between two macrophyte species in acidifying shallow soft-water lakes in the Netherlands (1990)
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    Aquatic ecology 24 (1990), S. 91-107 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: macrophytes ; competition ; Littorella uniflora ; Juncus bulbosus ; carbon dioxide availability ; acidification ; mathematical model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To predict changes in vegetation as a result of acidification in shallow Dutch lakes a mathematical model was formulated which describes the growth ofLittorella uniflora andJuncus bulbosus, species characteristic for non-acidified and acidified situations, respectively. The two species compete for light, CO2 and nutrients. The model integrates current knowledge about the ecophysiology of the species. The results generated by the model are similair to field data concerning dominance of the species in different habitats.L. uniflora is able to grow well under environmental conditions associated with acidification, as long as it is not outcompeted byJ. bulbosus. The competitive advantage of morphological adaptions of the macrophyte species are discussed in relation to the model results.
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    Enzymic imprinting in adult animals (1990)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 109 (1990), S. 724-727 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: imprinting ; environment ; proliferation ; hepatectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00841427
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    RESEDA: A knowledge-based advisory system for remote sensing (1993)
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    Applied intelligence 3 (1993), S. 317-341 
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    ISSN: 1573-7497
    Keywords: Knowledge-based system ; remote sensing ; environment ; image processing ; geographic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the design and implementation of RESEDA (RemoteSensorDataAnalysis), a knowledge-based system for the extraction of environmental information from digital raster images of the earth. The images may have been obtained from airborne or spaceborne sensors. Ancillary data is used to improve the results of the image analysis; in particular, we are using digital map data stored in a geographic information system for this purpose. The main goal of the system is to provide easy access to remote sensing technology for non-expert users, such as decision makers in environmental management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872135
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    A case study in use of framework technology as the basis for a software engineering environment (1994)
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    Journal of systems integration 4 (1994), S. 195-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: CASE ; environment ; framework ; integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the capabilities of varous types of integration infrastructure, the CASE Environments project at the Software Engineering Institute has conducted a series of studies integrating a variety of tools using “framework” technologies. This paper discusses one of these studies, in which a Software Engineering Environment was first modeled using a number of process notations and then constructed using control- and data-oriented frameworks. Public domain, commercial, and custom tools were integrated in support of the defined process scenario.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976183
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    Accelerated nitrogen inputs — A new problem or a new perspective? (1990)
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    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; atmospheric transport ; cold sensitivity ; critical loads ; forest damage ; frost sensitivity ; nitrate leaching ; nitrogen deposition ; nitrogen saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers whether new problems are arising in forest ecosystems due to increased levels of inorganic N deposition from the atmosphere, or whether there are no new problems, just a change of perception. Deposition of N has indeed increased. Wet deposition rates are reasonably quantified, but the rates of dry deposition to forests are largely unknown. Current transport and deposition models are probably under-estimating N deposition to forests. Consideration of possible effects of enhanced N deposition reveals with varying degrees of certainty that there may be effects due to high N in biomass, high uptake rates, leaching of nitrate and consequent acidification, and an overall increase in N availability. Forest ecosystems are not well-enough understood to set a “critical load” for N deposition, but enough is known to define some upper limits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009391
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    Processes of soil acidification during nitrogen cycling with emphasis on legume based pastures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 53-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; ammonia uptake ; hydroxyl ion ; leaching ; nitrate uptake ; nitrogen fixation ; proton ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In areas that remain unaffected by industrial pollution soil acidification is mainly caused by the release of protons (H+) during the oxidation of carbon (C), sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds in soils. In this review the processes of H+ ions release during N cycling and its effect on soil acidification are examined. The major processes leading to acidification during N cycling in soils are: (i) the imbalance of cation over anion uptake in the rhizosphere of plants either actively fixing N2 gas or taking up NH4 + ions as the major source of N, (ii) the net nitrification of N derived from fixation or from NH4 + and R-NH2 based fertilizers, and (iii) the removal of plant and animal products containing N derived from the process described in (i) and losses of NO3-N by leaching when the N input form is N2, NH4 + or R-NH2. The uptake of excess cations over anions by plants results in the acidification of the rhizosphere which is a “localized” effect and can be balanced by the release of hydroxyl (OH-) ions during subsequent plant decomposition. Nitrification of fixed N2 or NH4 + and R-NH2 based fertilizers, and loss of N from the soil either by removal of products or by leaching of NO3-N with a companion basic cation, lead to ‘permanent’ acidification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010717
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    Reaction of forest soil microflora to environmental stress along a moderate pollution gradient next to an oil refinery (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 175-182 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; fungal hyphae ; litter decomposition ; microbial biomass ; pollution ; soil microbiology ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-five study sites were established along a 57-km-long transect in order to estimate the impact of an oil refinery, mainly emitting sulphur dioxide (24000 t yr−1), on forest soil (F/H-horizon) chemistry and microbiology. The study demonstrated the existence of a pollution gradient which was best represented by the logarithm of the concentration of vanadium in the analyzed F/H soil layer. Of the soil microbial characteristics measured, including length of fungal hyphae, soil respiration, microbial biomass C and N, and percentage mass loss of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle litter, only fungal hyphal length was suppressed by the pollution load. No reduction in basic cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) in the F/H-horizon, or enrichment of soluble aluminum in the F/H-horizon of the Scots pine forest could be detected to result from the deposition.
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    Conversion of 15N-ammonium in forest soils (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 129-134 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; ammonium sulfate ; nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine the fate of atmospheric ammonium in forest soils, one calcareous and two acid forest soils were incubated with 15N ammonium. In the calcareous soil about 65% of the applied 15N-ammonium was recovered as nitrate after 98 days of incubation, whereas in the acid soils less than 10% of the 15N-ammonium was converted to nitrate. In all soils a large proportion of the 15N was incorporated in organic nitrogen compounds. This incorporation limits the use of 15N tracers for the elucidation of the fate of atmospheric ammonium in soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010752
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    Ammonia volatilization from cattle slurry following surface application to grassland (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 119-128 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia ; application method ; application rate ; environment ; grassland ; nitrogen ; slurry ; volatilization ; wind speed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments were conducted to examine the influence of slurry application rate, wind speed and applying slurry in narrow bands on ammonia (NH3) volatilization from cattle slurry surface-applied to grassland. The experiments were conducted in the field using a system of small wind tunnels to measure NH3 loss. There was an inverse relationship between slurry application rate and the proportion of NH4 +-N volatilized. From slurry applied at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 m3 ha-1, the respective proportions of NH4 +-N lost by NH3 volatization in 6 days were 60, 56, 49, 40, 44 and 44%. The negative relationship was most pronounced in the first 24 hours after application when 57–77% of the total loss for 6 days occurred. Wind speed had a positive effect on NH3 volatilization, although the effect was small in relation to the total loss; increasing the wind speed from 0.5 to 3.0 m s-1 increased the total 5 day loss by a factor of 0.29. The effect of wind speed was also most pronounced in the first 24 hours when much of the NH3 loss took place. The effect of reducing the surface area of the applied slurry was examined by comparing NH3 volatilization from slurry broadcast across plots with that applied in narrow bands. Although the rate of NH3 volatilization was considerably smaller from the banded application immediately after the slurry was applied, the difference between the treatments progressively narrowed until 2 days after application, after which a higher rate was maintained from the banded slurry. After 5 days the total loss from the banded application was 83% of that from broadcast slurry.
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    Ammonia volatilization from cattle slurry following surface application to grassland (1990)
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    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 109-117 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia ; environment ; grassland ; mechanical separation ; nitrogen ; slurry ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments were conducted using a system of small wind tunnels to measure ammonia (NH3) volatilization from cattle slurry after surface application to land. In each experiment slurry was applied at a rate equivalent to 80 m3 ha-1, providing the equivalent of approximately 100 kg NH4 +-N ha-1. The first experiment compared NH3 volatilization from the liquid fraction obtained by mechanical separation of slurry with that from unseparated slurry. The total NH3 loss over six days from unseparated and separated slurry were very similar, being 38 and 35% respectively of the NH4 +-N applied. For the first five hours, the rate of NH3 loss was higher from the unseparated slurry, thereafter it was consistently lower. In the second experiment, slurry was ponded in a tray to examine whether impeded infiltration or changes in the NH4 + concentration or overall pH of the slurry influenced the rapid decline in rate soon after application that is characteristic of NH3 volatilization from animal slurries applied to land. It appeared, however, that other factors such as resistance to diffusion within the slurry and/or at the slurry surface were mostly responsible for the rapid decline in rate. In the third experiment, in which NH3 volatilization was measured from slurry applied to grassland or bare soil, the total loss from slurry applied to grassland was approximately 1.5 times that from slurry applied to bare soil.
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    Influence of nutrient and water stress on Norway spruce production in south Sweden — the role of air pollutants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 251-265 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollutants ; growth ; nitrogen saturation ; nutrient stress ; optimum growth ; Picea abies ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment primarily designed for simulating the indirect effects of air pollutants for a 25-year-old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden is presented (The Skogaby project). Treatment include irrigation; artificial drought; ammonium sulphate addition; nitrogen-free-fertilization and irrigation with liquid fertilizers including a complete set of nutrients. The experiment has a randomized block design with four replicates per treatment. Growth response on an areal basis of basal area, height and dry mass of stems, branches and needles after up to four years of treatment are presented. Dry mass is estimated using allometric equations based on destructive samplings of trees. The stand suffered from temporary water stress during all four years investigated despite 970– 1160 mm of annual precipitation. Irrigation resulted in improved above-ground dry mass production (stem, bark, branches, needles, litter fall) by 20% during the first 3 years of treatment, whereas 2 years of drought treatment followed by 1 year of recovery led to 10% reduced dry mass growth. During year 2 of recovery, however, basal area growth was only about half of that of the control. Nitrogen, markedly, was a growth limiting nutrient, although the stand got approx. 20 kg N ha-1 y-1 from deposition. Ammonium sulphate addition (100 kg N ha-1 y-1) resulted in 31% improved dry mass production whereas irrigation with liquid fertilization (100 kg N ha-1 y-1) including all important nutrient elements led to 57% increased dry mass growth after 3 years of treatment. Basal area growth of the latter treatment gradually increased and during year 4 of treatment was 123% larger than the control. Nitrogen-free-fertilization resulted in a small improvement of dry mass production (+10%). After 3 years of treatment, the amount of needles had increased markedly for both treatments including irrigation, whereas drought treated trees instead had decreased their needle amount vs control. The increase in needle amount occurred as a result of both larger formation of needles and higher preservence of old needles, the opposite relations being found for the drought treated trees. At the same point larger needle formation in combination with a higher shedding of older needles was found for trees treated with ammonium sulphate and nitrogen-free-fertilizer. It is concluded that there is no stage of N saturation in the Skogaby site as there is no leaching of N from the control plots and N fertilization results in both increased tree growth and N uptake.
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    Nitrogen uptake in a Norway spruce stand following ammonium sulphate application, fertigation, irrigation, drought and nitrogen-free-fertilisation (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; drought ; forest fertilisation ; irrigation ; nitrogen uptake ; nitrogen utilisation efficiency ; nitrogen saturation ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The above-ground accumulation of N,N uptake and litter quality resulting from improved or deteriorated availability of water and nutrients in a 25 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden (as part of the Skogaby project) is presented. Treatment include irrigation; artificial drought; ammonium sulphate addition; N-free-fertilisation and irrigation with liquid fertilisers including a complete set of nutrients according to the Ingested principle (fertigation). At start of the experiment the stand contained 86.5 t dry mass and 352 kg N ha−1. The following three years the annual N uptake in untreated trees was 32 kg N ha−1 to be compared with the annual N throughfall of 17 kg ha−1. Simultaneously, the treatment with ammonium sulphate and liquid fertilisation resulted in 48 and 56 kg ha−1 y−1, respectively, in treatment specific N-uptake following an application of 100 kg N ha−1 y−1. Addition of a N-free fertiliser resulted in improved N-uptake by 19 kg N ha−1 y−1 and irrigation by 10 kg N ha−1 y−1, compared to control. A linear relation between total above-ground dry mass production and N-uptake was found for trees growing with similar water availability. Dry mass production increased with increased water availability given the same N-uptake. It is concluded that the studied stand this far is not N saturated', as N fertilisation resulted in both increased N uptake and increased growth. Addition of a N-free-fertiliser resulted in increased uptake of N compared to the control, indicating an increased mineralisation rate or uptake capacity of the root system. The linear relation between N uptake and biomass production shows that at this study site N is a highly limiting factor for growth.
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    The in vitro screening of 118 Trichoderma isolates for antagonism to Rhizoctonia solani and an evaluation of different environmental sites of Trichoderma as sources of aggressive strains (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 277-281 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggressive strains ; composted pine bark ; environment ; in vitro ; Rhizoctonia ; soil ; sources ; seedling nursery ; Trichoderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trichoderma isolates were collected from different sources and screened for their in vitro parasitism of Rhizoctonia solani. They were grouped according to the different sources and each group compared statistically. 74% of the total isolates collected were regarded as antagonistic to R. solani in vitro. Isolates associated with pine bark source were very aggressive. The most aggressive strains were isolated from soil samples collected under the Speedling® trays of a commercial seedling nursery.
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    Biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture: A perspective (1992)
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    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chemical fertilizer ; crop production ; developing countries ; environment ; inoculation ; legume ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The economic and environmental costs of the heavy use of chemical N fertilizers in agriculture are a global concern. Sustainability considerations mandate that alternatives to N fertilizers must be urgently sought. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a microbiological process which converts atmospheric nitrogen into a plant-usable form, offers this alternative. Nitrogen-fixing systems offer an economically attractive and ecologically sound means of reducing external inputs and improving internal resources. Symbiotic systems such as that of legumes and Rhizobium can be a major source of N in most cropping systems and that of Azolla and Anabaena can be of particular value to flooded rice crop. Nitrogen fixation by associative and free-living microorganisms can also be important. However, scientific and socio-cultural constraints limit the utilization of BNF systems in agriculture. While several environmental factors that affect BNF have been studied, uncertainties still remain on how organisms respond to a given situation. In the case of legumes, ecological models that predict the likelihood and the magnitude of response to rhizobial inoculation are now becoming available. Molecular biology has made it possible to introduce choice attributes into nitrogen-fixing organisms but limited knowledge on how they interact with the environment makes it difficult to tailor organisms to order. The difficulty in detecting introduced organisms in the field is still a major obstacle to assessing the success or failure of inoculation. Production-level problems and socio-cultural factors also limit the integration of BNF systems into actual farming situations. Maximum benefit can be realized only through analysis and resolution of major constraints to BNF performance in the field and adoption and use of the technology by farmers.
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    The response of mycorrhizal colonization to elevated CO2 and climate change in Pascopyrum smithii and Bouteloua gracilis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bouteloua gracilis ; climate change ; elevated CO2 ; Pascopyrum smithii ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Large intact soil cores of nearly pure stands of Pascopyrum smithii (western wheatgrass, C3) and Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama, C4) were extracted from the Central Plains Experimental Range in northeastern Colorado, USA and transferred to controlled environment chambers. Cores were exposed to a variety of water, temperature and CO2 regimes for a total of four annual growth cycles. Root subsamples were harvested after the completion of the second and fourth growth cycles at a time corresponding to late winter, and were examined microscopically for the presence of mycorrhizae. After two growth cycles in the growth chambers, 54% of the root length was colonized in P. smithii, compared to 35% in blue grama. Field control plants had significantly lower colonization. Elevation of CO2 increased mycorrhizal colonization in B. gracilis by 46% but had no effect in P. smithii. Temperatures 4° C higher than normal decreased colonization in P. smithii by 15%. Increased annual precipitation decreased colonization in both species. Simulated climate change conditions of elevated CO2, elevated temperature and lowered precipitation decreased colonization in P. smithii but had less effect on B. gracilis. After four growth cycles in P. smithii, trends of treatments remained similar, but overall colonization rate decreased.
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    Modeling the belowground response of plants and soil biota to edaphic and climatic change—What can we expect to gain? (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: climate change ; CO2 enrichment ; modeling ; root biology ; soil biota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to increase, so too will the emphasis placed on understanding the belowground response of plants to edaphic and climatic change. Controlled-exposure studies that address the significance of an increased supply of carbon to roots and soil biota, and the consequences of this to nutrient cycling will play a prominent role in this process. Models will also contribute to understanding the response of plants and ecosystems to changes in the earth's climate by incorporating experimental results into conceptual or quantitative frameworks from which potential feedbacks within the plant-soil system can be identified. Here we present five examples of how models can be used in this analysis and how they can contribute to the development of new hypotheses in the areas of root biology, soil biota, and ecosystem processes. Two examples illustrate the role of coarse and fine roots in nitrogen and phosphorus uptake from soils, the respiratory costs associated with this acquisition of nutrients, and the significance of root architecture in these relationships. Another example focuses on a conceptual model that has helped raise new ideas about the effects of elevated CO2 on root and microbial biomass, and on nutrient dynamics in the rhizosphere. Difficulties associated with modeling the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to whole-plant growth are also discussed. Finally, several broad-scale models are used to illustrate the importance of root turnover, litter decomposition, and nitrogen mineralization in determining an ecosystem's response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment. We conclude that models are appropriate tools for use both in guiding existing studies and in identifying new hypotheses for future research. Development of models that address the complexities of belowground processes and their role in determining plant and ecosystem function within the context of rising CO2 concentrations and associated climate change should be encouraged.
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    Variability of sunflower inbred lines to iron deficiency stress (1991)
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    Plant and soil 130 (1991), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; Helianthus annuus ; iron efficiency ; iron reduction ; plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been classified as a ‘Fe-efficient’ species; however differences have been reported in susceptibility to ‘Fe deficiency stress’ among cultivars and inbred lines. This paper reports research on responses of inbred lines to ‘Fe deficiency stress’ (release of protons and root capacity to reduce Fe). When plants were grown individually in aerated nutrient solution without Fe the new selected inbred lines were classified as: a) Lines with good ‘Fe deficiency stress’ response (RHA 271, RHA 273 and RHA 274); b) Lines that did not lower root external pH (HA 89 and RHA 299), one with very low reducing capacity (HA 89) and the other with reducing capacity (RHA 299); and c) One segregating line (RHA 276) from which two sister lines were selected. When a buffer (5 mM MES, 2-(N- morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid) was added to the root nutrient solution without Fe during growth, the reducing capacity of ‘Fe-inefficient’ lines was higher for buffered than for unbuffered roots. Therefore, differences among lines for reducing capacity depend on experimental conditions.
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    Impact of mild experimental acidification on short term invertebrate drift in a sensitive British Columbia stream (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 203 (1990), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; aluminum ; pH ; stream ; drift ; British Columbia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report daytime drift behavior of lotic macroinvertebrates following short term (12 h) additions of HCl or HCl plus AlCl3 to a circumneutral softwater (alkalinity ca. 100 µeq 1-1) mountain stream in British Columbia, Canada. Addition of HCl (pH reduced from 7.0 to 5.9) resulted in an overall tripling of invertebrate drift density with rapid (〈 1 h) increases in chironomid Diptera and Trichoptera. Small Ephemeroptera also entered the drift at high densities, but were delayed about 6 h. Addition of AlCl3 (0.71 to 0.95 mg 1-1 total Al3+) in HCl (stream pH reduced to 5.9) resulted in an overall 6-fold increase in invertebrate drift, with rapid increases by Ephemeroptera and delayed responses by chironomids and Trichoptera. These results suggest that the behavior of several macroinvertebrates from low alkalinity, unacidified streams can be altered by simulations of short-term, mild acidic deposition events. Further, the magnitude and timing of entry into the drift varies among taxonomic groups with the presence or absence of low concentrations of aluminum ions.
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    Impacts of environmental changes on the biogeochemistry of aquatic humic substances (1992)
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    Hydrobiologia 229 (1992), S. 59-71 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: humic substances ; aquatic ecosystems ; biogeochemistry ; acidification ; eutrophication ; UV radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Humic substances (HS) are the main constituent of the organic carbon pool in stained aquatic ecosystems. HS absorb visible and ultraviolet (UV) light, have acid-base properties and metal and nutrient binding abilities. Based on these characteristics, UV irradiation, pH and the trophic status of aquatic ecosystems will influence the impact of HS on element cycling in surface waters. With climatic change and environmental pollution, UV irradiance, acidification and eutrophication may increase further. In this paper impacts of UV irradiation, pH and eutrophication on the structure, properties and biodegradation of aquatic HS are discussed.
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    Effects of liming on the occurrence and abundance of fish populations in acidified Swedish lakes (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 230 (1992), S. 201-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; mitigation ; lake liming ; CPUE ; test fishing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Test fishing with multimesh gillnets was performed in 103 acidified Swedish lakes before and 2–4 years after liming. In a subset of 39 lakes additional test fishing was carried out 5–9 years after liming. Taking into account the sampling biases due to differences between water temperature and number of nets used on different sampling occasions, an increase of the total CPUE, the number of species caught and recruitment of dominating species was evident after liming. Decreased recruitment was found for perch (Perca fluviatilis) at a pH below 5.2 and for roach (Rutilus rutilus) at a pH below 6.1. During the acidification phase and 2–4 years after liming acid-tolerant perch dominated the lakes, but when a longer time had elapsed after liming species dominance shifted and acid-sensitive planktivorous species increased in CPUE while perch decreased.
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    Marine environmental issues of Southeast Asia: state and development (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 285 (1994), S. 139-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: marine ; environment ; management ; resources ; development ; protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seas of Southeast Asia play an important role in the economy of the surrounding countries. The region's constantly expanding coastal population and development has made great demands on marine resources, with growing evidence seen in the further degradation of the marine environment and continued exploitation of living as well as non-living resources. Integrated coastal area management has never been considered in the past while environmental protection measures and policies have largely been at local or national levels. Implementation of regional study programmes less than 10 years ago and ratification of international as well as regional agreements aimed at protecting the marine environment in recent times indicate a more enlightened approach to the problem.
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    Ammonium uptake in alpine streams in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 294 (1994), S. 157-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium ; nitrification ; acidification ; bryophytes ; alpine stream
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uptake of NH inf4 sup+ -N by streambed biota of mountain brooks was studied in the alpine zone of the High Tatra Mountains. Experiments were performed involving in situ dosing of ammonium directly to the acidified stream and incubations of ammonium and streambed bryophytes in enclosures within a range of pH from 4.45 to 8.10. NH inf4 sup+ -N uptake length decreased with decreasing stream discharge, while comparable values of discharge-normalized uptake lengths were found during two in situ experiments. Maximum uptake rates of NH inf4 sup+ -N obtained during the incubation of bryophytes (6 to 11 mg m−2 h−1) were comparable with results of two in situ experiments (8 and 12 mg m−2 h−1). The average NH inf4 sup+ -N uptake rates observed during incubations lasting 3 to 5 hours (4.3 mg m−2 h−1) were not related to the pH of stream water. Nitrification of about 50% of the NH inf4 sup+ -N added was observed in non-acidified streams, but was negligible in acidified streams. Significant photoinhibition of nitrification was observed in non-acidified streams during enclosure experiments.
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    Qualitative changes in the planktonic Cladocera assemblage of a High Tatra Mountains lake during the last 100 years (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera assemblage ; Popradské pleso lake ; changes ; acidification ; pollution ; eutrophication ; fish predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the last roughly 100 years (1881–1989) some noteworthy changes have occurred in the planktonic Cladocera taxocene of the lake Popradské pleso (High Tatra Mts., Czecho-Slovakia). Primarily, in course of the twenties up to the fifties of our century Daphnia pulicaria and Polyphemus pediculus, and later also Holopedium gibberum, disappeared from the plankton of the lake. Conversely, approximately from the mid-seventies, Daphnia longispina has become a constituent of the lake plankton. In spite of lacking data on the principal parameters of the abiotic and biotic environment from the past, the author assumes that probably the most important factor responsible for the changes referred to were fluctuations in the predation pressure of fish. Besides, organic pollution might have played a definite but less important role.
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    Secondary production of Rhyacophila minora, Ameletus sp., and Isonychia bicolor from streams of low and circumneutral pH in the Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 273 (1994), S. 163-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: secondary production ; streams ; aquatic insects ; Rhyacophila minora ; Trichoptera ; Ameletus sp. ; Isonychia bicolor ; Ephemeroptera ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We estimated the secondary production of Rhyacophila minora, Ameletus sp., and Isonychia bicolor in three acidic streams and one circumneutral stream in Randolph County, West Virginia. Quantitative benthic samples were collected monthly from these second-order streams from November 1990 to October 1991. Mean pH values in the acidic streams were 4.5, 4.8, and 4.8, and mean pH in the circumneutral stream was 6.7. Production estimates for Rhyacophia minora in the acidic streams were 49.6, 19.2, and 15.8 mg m−2 y−1. Production of R. minora in the circumneutral stream was 1.0 mg m−2 y−1. Ameletus sp. production estimates for the acidic streams were 144.8, 176.8, and 208.3 mg m−2 y−1. Ameletus sp. production in the circumneutral stream was 7.4 mg m−2 y−1. Secondary production of I. bicolor in the circumneutral stream was 116.6 mg m−2 y−1. No Isonychia were collected from the acidic streams. The higher production of R. minora and Ameletus sp. in the acidic streams may be associated with differences in macroinvertebrate community structure.
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    Chemical characteristics of lakes in the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia (1994)
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    Hydrobiologia 274 (1994), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; mountain lakes ; High Tatra Mountains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chemistry of 53 lakes at various stages of acidification and inhabited (at the presence and/or in the past) by pelagic Crustacea was studied in September 1984. Ten of these lakes were investigated in detail biannually (July and October 1987–1990). The July results reflect the influence of snowmelt and were compared with the October ones. The most important anion was sulphate with the average values of 98 and 104 µeq 1-1 in 1984 and 1987–1990, respectively. High concentrations of nitrate (21–56 µeq 1-1) were observed in lakes above the treeline. Mean relative composition of cations does not differ between July and October; small changes are in the mean relative composition of anions. Acidification of lakes, expressed as a decrease in alkalinity, is 100 µeq l-1, and is equal to the increase in the sum of sulphate and nitrate. The values of total phosphorus and COD are the lowest in the range of pH 5–6.5. Alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate and pH do not show any trend with time over the last ten years.
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    Chemical properties of an acidified humic headwater lake with respect to reducing acidic depositions and expected climate change (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 274 (1994), S. 143-154 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: humic headwater lake ; water chemistry ; acidification ; reducing acidic deposition ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the hydrological years 1989 and 1990, water analyses of the dystrophic mountain cirque Lake Huzenbach and the precipitation within its watershed were performed. Periods of droughts which are supposed to be induced by climate change as well as acidic pulses modify the chemical composition of lake water. Snow melt and heavy rains cause flash floods in lake inflows which are controlled by subsurface-flow. One of the inflows exhibits extremely low pH values [pHmin = 3.66], high concentrations for aluminium [Almax = 1.10 mg l-1], dissolved organic carbon [DOCmax = 30.7 mg l-1], and sulfate [SO4max = 9.08 mg l-1]. Organic and inorganic acids are both likely to contribute to the acidity of these surface waters. During baseflow conditions, groundwater springs still show slightly positive alkalinity values as well as increased pH values up to about 6.0. Since 1985 lake surface samples demonstrate an increasing tendency towards pH values higher than 5.0 during dry summer periods. Positive alkalinity values occur in the hypolimnion during anoxic conditions.
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    Acidification of small mountain lakes in the High Tatra Mountains, Poland (1994)
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    Hydrobiologia 274 (1994), S. 179-182 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mountain lakes ; hydrochemistry ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A hydrochemical investigation was carried out on eight small High Tatra mountain lakes (Poland). When comparing recent data with those from the period 1935–1965, a constant process of acidification of the lakes is found. The average pH of precipitation is 4.8 in the study area, but the lakes are in two stages of acidification: weak (pH 6.0–6.5) and intermediate (pH 5.5–5.8). The differences are due to differences in water sources.
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    Limnological research on northern Apennine lakes (Italy) in relation to eutrophication and acidification risk (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 274 (1994), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Northern Apennine lakes ; hydrochemistry ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; trophic state ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Substantial variability was found in the water chemistry of 22 northern Apennine lakes. In a group of lakes there is evidence of disturbance linked to eutrophication processes. Other lakes showed weak ion concentrations and alkalinity below the acidification risk threshold. However no acidified lakes were found. The lack of waterbodies with severely altered hydrochemistry may explain why no clear relationship between plankton community structure and water chemistry was observed.
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    Chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship in acidified lakes of the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 274 (1994), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; phosphorus ; mountain lakes ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLA) were measured in 28 lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) from 1983 to 1990. The relationship between log CHLA and log TP in the Tatra lakes is similar to relationships developed for lakes in other regions, but variation is higher. A part of this variation is caused by acidification of the lakes. In the lakes with pH between 4.9 and 6.3 the CHLA concentrations are often extremely low while TP concentrations decreased, but not as drastically.
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    Responses of insects, especially Chironomidae (Diptera), and mites to 130 years of acidification in a Scottish lake (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 250 (1993), S. 201-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; lake development ; Chironomidae ; diversity ; community structure ; Scotland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract About 130 years of anthropogenic acidification of Round Loch of Glenhead, SW Scotland, has resulted in successively decreased stability, diversity, productivity and survival rate of the non-biting midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) fauna. Similar trends have also been observed among mayflies, caddis-flies and water mites. The first effects of anthropogenic acidification on the insect and mite fauna, as evidenced by palaeolimnological analyses of210Pb-dated sediment cores, occurred as early as around 1850, i.e. earlier than in any other lake hitherto studied. The drop in the lake's pH was first indicated by decreased stability and changes in species composition of chironomids and mayflies in the littoral zone. Major changes in the profundal chironomid fauna did not take place until about 1950, when mean lake pH dropped below 5.0. At the same time, the littoral insect fauna became even more unstable and the first significant elimination of species occurred. Comparison with insect fauna of other lakes suggests that a pH of less than 5 might be critical for the ecological conditions in many acidified lakes. None of the twelve most common chironomid species present prior to the acidification of the lake had disappeared after 120–130 years of considerable acidification, and they are all common in oligotrophic lakes with a pH of 6.5–7.0. This is in contrast to the effects of heavy acidification on other aquatic animal groups. Chironomids are probably more sensitive to lake trophic status than lake acidity.
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    The effects of an abandoned roast yard on the fish and macroinvertebrate communities of surrounding beaver ponds (1994)
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    Hydrobiologia 294 (1994), S. 219-228 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; heavy metals ; Chironomus ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently formed beaver-ponds surrounding an abandoned copper-nickel ore roast yard near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, were influenced by highly acidic and heavy-metal contaminated effluent. Fish, including Culaea inconstans, Phoxinus neogaeus, Phoxinus eos, and Pimephales promelas, were found in the ponds upstream of the roast yard only. Macroinvertebrate taxon richness and diversity were greater in the upstream ponds than in the downstream ponds. Acid intolerant taxa, including Mollusca and Hyalella azteca, were found upstream only; acid tolerant taxa, including Enallagma and Ischnura (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) were found in the downstream ponds. One taxon, a species of Chironomus, was especially tolerant of both acid and metal stresses, and was the only invertebrate taxon found in the pond located directly on the roast yard itself. We conclude that long-abandoned mining and refining sites can continue to have a marked effect on aquatic communities.
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    The prediction of water temperatures in chalk streams from air temperatures (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 210 (1991), S. 183-189 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: water temperature ; rivers ; regression ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The water temperatures of four English chalk streams which have a large groundwater component in their discharge were studied. Simple linear regression models were used to described mean monthly water temperature as a function of mean monthly air temperature. There were no significant between-year differences within rivers, in the case of the Lambourn, Winterbourne and Tadnoll. For the Frome, only one year out of the eight studied was significantly different from the others. Further analysis revealed that there were no significant differences between the Tadnoll, Winterbourne and Lambourn, and that the relationship between maximum monthly water temperature and air temperature was best described by the equation y = 4.29 + 0.55x. Using this pooled equation to predict river temperatures for the three rivers studied gave mean deviations of less than 1 °C from the observed temperatures. It was concluded that linear regressions of the type presented are sufficiently accurate to predict the thermal regimes of rivers for a variety of limnological purposes. They can also be used to predict the temperature response of chalk streams to increased air temperatures that may be produced by climate change. The results predict that chalk streams would show less increase in temperature than other running waters under these circumstances.
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    Paleolimnological investigation of three manipulated lakes from Sudbury, Canada (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 214 (1991), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; chrysophytes ; inferred pH ; neutralization ; fertilization ; acidification ; Sudbury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stratigraphic changes in diatoms and chrysophytes from three manipulated Sudbury lakes were explored in an attempt to examine the influence of fertilization and/or neutralization on algal microfossil assemblages. Both diatom- and chrysophyte-inferred pH profiles indicate that the pH of Labelle Lake has remained fairly stable in the past. The study of Labelle and Middle lakes indicates that the addition of nutrients to acidic and non-acidic oligotrophic lakes did not directly influence diatom and chrysophyte species composition, perhaps because pH remained stable. The diatom and chrysophyte assemblages of Middle Lake only changed when the pH was raised. In Mountaintop Lake the recent shift in chrysophyte species composition and the resulting inferred pH decline is most likely related to a decline in mid-summer epilimnetic pH. Reliable paleolimnological inferences are difficult in lakes such as these because it is difficult to track limnological conditions in the absence of modern analogues.
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    Recent changes to upland tarns in the English Lake District (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 214 (1991), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: palaeolimnology ; diatoms ; acidification ; trace metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of diatom assemblages in the sediments of three lakes with small catchments in west Cumbria show recent increases in proportions of acid-tolerant taxa. These changes are correlated with the steep increases in atmospheric pollutants. In other sites with better catchment soils, diatom assemblages are less changed.
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    Effects of aluminum, calcium and low pH on egg hatching and nymphal survival of Cloeon triangulifer McDunnough (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 218 (1991), S. 157-166 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; Ephemeroptera ; pH ; Al ; Ca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of aluminum, calcium and low pH on egg hatching and nymphal survival of the mayfly Cloeon triangulifer. Percent successful hatch (living nymphs breaking free of the chorion) decreased and percent partial hatch (nymphs dying attached to the chorion) increased with increasing acidity (pH 7.5–3.0). Most hatches occurring below pH 5.0 were partial hatches. Decreased time of exposure to acidic waters increased percent successful hatch and decreased percent partial hatch. Time to first hatch was not affected by pH. Eggs were incubated in acidic waters (pH 4.0 and 5.5) with additions of calcium (10 and 100 mg l−1) and aluminum (100 and 500 μg l−1). Aluminum decreased percent successful hatch and increased percent partial hatch and calcium increased both percent successful hatch and percent partial hatch. Time to first hatch was increased by both aluminum and calcium. The 96 h LC50 for small nymphs was pH 4.75. Addition of aluminum (100 and 500 µg l−1) to acidic waters (pH 4.0 and 5.0) reduced nymphal mortality by 8–22%. Toxic effects of low pH on egg hatching and early nymphs may contribute to the absence of mayflies from acidified habitats.
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    Population structure, growth and fecundity of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in an acidified river system in Southern Norway (1991)
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    Hydrobiologia 220 (1991), S. 179-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; perch ; density ; reproductive potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Population structure, density and reproductive potential of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) from 4 acidified lakes in a river system in Southern Norway were investigated. The upper 3 lakes were most affected by acidification and the number of perch caught per unit effort indicate three-fold increase in density from the upper Gjerstadvann to the lower Brøbørvann. Low density of perch in the upper lakes is explained by; 1) Abnormal mortality occurring in episodes due to acidification, probably caused by aluminium toxicity at pH = 5.2–5.4. 2). Acid water (pH ≤ 5.0) during spawning and development of eggs and larvae, resulting in recruitment failure. Juvenile mortality of perch may depend on the density of the parental stock. In the 3 upper lakes, the density of adult perch probably was too low to produce significant juvenile mortality, and in these lakes the recruitment probably depended more on the May water quality. Improved water quality increases egg hatching and survival and also benefits zooplankton production, the main food for perch during the first summer. Low population density has reduced competition for food and thus improved growth of perch in the 3 upper lakes compared to the lower lake. The perch in Brøbørvann mature at higher age and have lower individual fecundity than perch in Gjerstadvann, an effect of both slower growth and lower length specific fecundity in Brøbørvann. In Gjerstadvann, the perch therefore have a higher reproductive potential relative to the stock density, and may, when the water quality is good enough, give rise to strong year-classes and more frequent year-class fluctuations than perch in the less acid Brøbørvann.
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    The significance of the Loosdrecht lakes research project for eutrophication policy in The Netherlands (1992)
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    Hydrobiologia 233 (1992), S. 165-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; policy ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Project on the Water Quality Research in the Loosdrecht Lakes (WQL) has come up to the expectations of the Netherlands Environment Ministry. The results reaffirm the main lines of national eutrophication policy drawn up in 1979 (Policy Document on Phosphates) and further developed in the eighties. Interesting new insights have been gained, for example into the role of sediment and seston as well as into the relative importance of trophic levels. It is not possible, however, to definitely establish the effect of WQL on eutrophication policy. The Loosdrecht project is an example of genuine ecological research, incorporating several disciplines, placing the object of research into its surroundings, emphasising the relation nature-culture and committing itself to certain value judgements and policy choices. As a consequence, there is a striking resemblance between the evolution of the project itself and that of ecosystems. All in all the Loosdrecht project should be regarded as a paradigm for future ecosystem studies.
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    Acute toxicity of Cd in stream invertebrates in relation to pH and test design (1992)
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    Hydrobiologia 239 (1992), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: metal toxicity ; Cd ; acidification ; invertebrates ; LC50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acute toxicity of Cd to three stream invertebrates (Baetis rhodani Pict., Leptophlebia marginata (L.) and Pisidium sp.) was tested at pH 5 and 7 simultaneously in static (ST) and flow through (FT) systems. In the static design, the animals were kept individually in small boxes containing aerated stream water. In the flow through system, the three species were kept together in circular aquaria simulating stream ecosystems with patches of gravel and recirculating aerated stream water. The nominal Cd concentrations ranged from 0 to 5 mg 1−1 during an exposure period of 120 h. The graphically obtained LC50 (120 h) values for B. rhodani were: pH 7: 2.3 mg 1−1 (ST), 2.5 mg 1−1 (FT) and pH 5: 3 mg 1−1 (ST), 1 mg 1−1 (FT). For L. marginata the following values were found: pH 7: 〉 5 mg 1−1 (ST), 4.4 mg 1−1 (FT) and pH 5: 〉 5 mg 1−1 (ST), 3.6 mg 1−1 (FT). Pisidium sp. showed a 100% survival in all Cd- and pH-treatments. From thee values it can be concluded that L. marginata is more tolerant than B. rhodani and that especially both species tolerated Cd better in the ST system than in the FT system, especially at pH 5. At neutral pH the Cd-concentrations in the animals were higher than at low pH, probably due to surface adsorption of Cd onto the body. B. rhodani tended to molt more at low than at neutral pH.
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    Paleolimnology: an important tool for effective ecosystem management (1992)
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 1 (1992), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: lake management ; ecosystem health ; long-term monitoring ; indicators ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effective management of aquatic resources requires long-term environmental data. However, because long-term observations are rarely available, indirect proxy methods must be used to substitute for these missing historical data sets. Major advances have been made in paleolimnology over the last decade, and many of these advances can be applied directly to integrated and cost-effective assessments of aquatic ecosystem health. This commentary uses the analogy of human health to argue that paleolimnological data provide information crucial to the decision-making processes of ecosystem managers.
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    Whole-lake experimentation as a tool to assess ecosystem health, response to stress and recovery: the Experimental Lakes Area experience (1992)
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 1 (1992), S. 159-174 
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    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: eutrophication ; acidification ; metal contamination ; natural variability ; limnocorrals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rationale and methods for and value of whole-lake experimentation are described using the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario, as the example. The ELA consists of 46 lakes (〈 100 ha in surface area), their watersheds, and several streams protected for research purposes in near-pristine boreal forest on the Precambrian Shield near Kenora, Ontario. Over more than 20 y, whole-lake experimentation has provided unique information on the effects on lakes of nutrient additions, acidification, Cd addition, and biomanipulation. Experiments are planned to study the effects of PCB addition and flooding. Recovery, mitigation, and remediation have been explored in some experiments. As well, the fate of radioactive metals in a lake and the effects of acidification on a poor fen and an upland watershed are studied. Comparison between the experimental systems and unmanipulated reference systems has proven to be essential. These reference systems also have a role in defining (absolute) ‘aquatic ecosystem health’ for small, pristine Precambrian Shield lakes. The ELA experimental data base is available, as well, for calibrating indices of relative aquatic ecosystem health, i.e., environmental degradation, using the dose-responses of lakes to eutrophication, acidification, Cd addition, and other stressors.
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    Four centuries of cumulative impacts on a Finnish river and its estuary: an ecosystem health-approach (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 2 (1993), S. 261-275 
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    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: fisheries ; acidification ; historical degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in forest cover and draining of wetlands for agriculture appear to have caused changes in the aquatic ecosystem of the River Kyrönjoki by the 16th century. In the 19th century, a decline of salmonid fish populations was widely observed as a further sign of degradation. During the latter half of the present century intensified use of naturally acidic soils has resulted in increased acidic run-off. Deterioration of water quality has extended to the estuary, where it has caused large fish-kills and affected the reproductive success of coastal species. Degradation of the coastal ecosystem, first observed in the decline of salmonids and later as a more general decline of other coastal fish populations, can be linked to spatially restricted events. The loss of key river and estuarine habitats exerted an effect over the reproduction and abundance of species migrating throughout the system. This effect contributed to observed temporal and spatial discontinuities in the degradation history. Monitoring changes in critical habitats may prove to be an early indicator of changes in the health of estuarine and coastal aquatic ecosystems.
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    Initiating and promoting the aquatic ecosystem health concept: the Society and the Journal (1993)
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 2 (1993), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: ecosystem ; health ; concept ; environment ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since the 1970's the management of aquatic habitats has changed from piecemeal monitoring to the ecosystem approach; this was initiated in the North American Great Lakes, comprising social, economic, and environmental aspects. The information included in this paper is based on the presentation made at the ‘Seminar On Ecosystem Approach To Water Management’ held in Oslo, Norway during 1991. Recently, the multidisciplinary, holistic, and integrated concept of ecosystem health has emerged, and is being advanced for the implementation of an ecosystem approach to environmental management, which has resulted in the formation of an international society (Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management Society) and the publication of a primary journal (Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health). The information has been updated to incorporate new developments and recent progress about the Society and the journal since the Oslo Seminar.
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    Status assessment in acid-sensitive and non-acid-sensitive Maryland coastal planin streams using an integrated biological, chemical, physical, and land-use approach (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 145-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: acidification ; Index of Biotic Integrity ; physical habitat ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to: (1) evaluate the ecological status of acid-sensitive and non acid-sensitive Maryland coastal plain streams using biological (Index of biotic Integrity [IBI] for fish), chemical and physical habitat conditions; (2) determine if a low IBI for coastal plain stream fish can be related to stream sensitivity from acidic inputs and (3) correlate land use activities and watershed size in the coastal plain streams with biological, chemical and physical conditions. IBI values obtained using 12 community metrics for Maryland coastal plain stream fish demonstrated that there were no significant differences in these values when acid-sensitive and non-acid-sensitive streams were compared. However, other complementary data in acid-sensitive streams such as absence of the acid-sensitive species, blacknose dace and higher numbers and biomass of tolerant species suggested that these streams may be impacted. IBI values were also found to be negatively correlated with various trace metals in acid-sensitive streams but not in non-acid-sensitive areas. Chemical conditions such as trace metals and nutrients were associated with land use activities. Highest concentrations of trace metals (chromium, nickel, and cadmium) were found in streams with the highest percentage of low residential housing. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in streams found in agricultural areas than in forested areas. Agriculturally dominated streams with highest nitrate concentrations (〉 10 mg l-1) also contained the highest percentage of livestock feeding operations. The mean IBI score for streams draining agricultural land was higher than the mean value for forested streams when all streams were compared. However, when several streams that were only marginally forested (〈 50%) were removed from the analysis, the IBI scores did not differ significantly by land use. Two physical habitat indices exhibited a strong associated with each other. Each habitat index also correlated with IBI values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042944
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  • 93
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    A field study on the fate of 15N-ammonium to demonstrate nitrification of atmospheric ammonium in an acid forest soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 13 (1991), S. 241-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; ammonium sulfate ; forest soil ; nitrate formation ; nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract To demonstrate the contribution of atmospheric ammonium to soil acidification in acid forest soils, a field study with13N-ammonium as tracer was performed in an oak-birch forest soil. Monitoring and analysis of soil solutions from various depths on the13N-ammonium and15N-nitrate contents, showed that about 54% of the applied15N-ammonium was oxidized to nitrate in the forest floor. Over a period of one year about 20% of the15N remained as organic nitrogen in this layer. The percentage15N enrichment in ammonium and nitrate were in the same range in all the forest floor percolates, indicating that even in extremely acid forest soils (pH 〈 4) nitrate formation from ammonium can occur. Clearly, atmospheric ammonium can contribute to soil acidification even at low soil pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002943
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  • 94
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    Subunit composition, biosynthesis, and assembly of the yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 24 (1992), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: V-type ATPase ; proton pump ; vacuole ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The yeast vacuole is acidified by a vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (H+-ATPase) that closely resembles the vacuolar H+-ATPases of other fungi, animals, and plants. The yeast enzyme is purified as a complex of eight subunits, which include both integral and peripheral membrane proteins. The genes for seven of these subunits have been cloned, and mutant strains lacking each of the subunits (vma mutants) have been constructed. Disruption of any of the subunit genes appears to abolish the function of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, supporting the subunit composition derived from biochemical studies. Genetic studies of vacuolar acidification have also revealed an additional set of gene products that are required for vacuolar H+-ATPase activity, but may not be part of the final enzyme complex. The biosynthesis, assembly, and targeting of the enzyme is being elucidated by biochemical and cell biological studies of thevma mutants. Initial results suggest that the peripheral and integral membrane subunits may be independently assembled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00762531
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  • 95
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    Genome and stresses: Reactions against aggressions, behavior of transposable elements (1994)
    Springer
    Genetica 93 (1994), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: environment ; genome ; stress ; transposable elements ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The action of stresses on the genome can be considered as responses of cells or organisms to external aggressions. Stress factors are of environmental origin (climatic or trophic) or of genomic nature (introduction of foreign genetic material, for example). In both cases, important perturbations can occur and modify hereditary potentialities, creating new combinations compatible with survival; such a situation may increase the variability of the genome, and allow evolutive processes to take place. The behavior of transposable elements under stress conditions is thus of particular interest, since these sequences are sources of mutations and therefore of genetic variability; they may play an important role in population adaptation. The survey of the available experimental results suggests that, although some examples of mutations and transposable elements movements induced by external factors are clearly described, environmental injuries or introduction of foreign material into a genome are not systematically followed by drastic genomic changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01435247
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  • 96
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    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
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  • 97
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    Transboundary air pollution and soil acidification: A dynamic analysis of an acid rain game between Finland and the USSR (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 2 (1992), S. 161-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution contron ; acidification ; acid rain game ; transboundary air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Transboundary air pollution is analysed as a dynamic game between Finland and the nearby areas of the Soviet Union. Sulphur emissions are used as the environmental control variables and the acidities of the soils as the state variables. Acidification is consequently considered to be a stock pollutant having long-lasting harmful effects on the environment. The state dynamics consist of two relationships: first, of a sulphur transportation model between the regions and, second, of a model describing how the quality of the soil is affected by sulphur deposition. The countries are assumed to be interested in maximizing the net benefits from pollution control as measured by the impacts on the values of forest growth net of the abatement costs. Cooperative and noncooperative solutions of the game are compared to assess the benefits of bilateral cooperation. Using empirical estimates of abatement costs, acidification dynamics and impacts on forest growth it is shown that cooperation is beneficial to Finland but not to the Soviet Union. Consequently, Finland has to offer monetary compensation to induce her neighbor to invest in environmental protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338241
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  • 98
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    Adoption of improved irrigation and drainage reduction technologies under limiting environmental conditions (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 2 (1992), S. 373-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Adoption ; irrigation technology ; environment ; drainage pollution ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Modern irrigation technologies have been suggested as a means of conserving scarce water and reducing environmental pollution caused by irrigated agriculture. This paper applies an economic model of technology selection that provides a general framework to analyzing adoption of irrigation technologies under various environmental conditions. Data from the San Joaquin Valley of California is used to verify the theoretical relationships. Results suggest key variables to be considered by policy makers concerned with adoption of modern irrigation technologies. Among these variables are crop prices, water technology costs, farm organization characteristics, and the environmental conditions of the farm or the field. Policy implications were discussed and analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304968
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  • 99
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    Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agriculture ; Sahel ; Sudan ; Mali ; cotton ; fertilization ; nutrient ; soil ; soil degradation ; depletion ; nutrient ; nutrient balance ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; acidification ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given. The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur. Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits. The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749951
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  • 100
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    The significance of agricultural sources of greenhouse gases (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 151-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia ; carbon dioxide ; climate change ; greenhouse gas mitigation strategies ; greenhouse gas sources ; methane ; nitrous oxide ; sulfur gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The impact of development of land for agriculture and agricultural production practices on emissions of greenhouse gases is reviewed and evaluated within the context of anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate. Combined, these activities are estimated to contribute about 25%, 65%, and 90% of total anthropogenic emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O, respectively. Agriculture is also a significant contributor to global emissions of NH3, CO, and NO. Over the last 150 y, cumulative emissions of CO2 associated with land clearing for agriculture are comparable to those from combustion of fossil fuel, but the latter is the major source of CO2 at present and is projected to become more dominant in the future. Ruminant animals, rice paddies, and biomass burning are principal agricultural sources of CH4, and oxidation of CH4 by aerobic soils has been reduced by perturbations to natural N cycles. Agricultural sources of N2O have probably been substantially underestimated due to incomplete analysis of increased N flows in the environment, especially via NH3 volatilization from animal manures, leaching of NO 3 - , and increased use of biological N fixation. The contribution of agriculture to radiative forcing of climate is analyzed using data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(base case) and cases where the global warming potential of CH4, and agricultural emissions of N2O are doubled. With these scenarios, agriculture, including land clearing, is estimated to contribute between 28–33% of the radiative forcing created over the next 100yr by 1990 anthropogenic emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Analyses of the sources of agriculturally generated radiative climate forcing show that 80% is associated with tropical agriculture and that two-thirds comes from non-soil sources of greenhouse gases. The importance of agriculture to radiative forcing created by different countries varies widely and is illustrated by comparisons between the USA, India, and Brazil. Some caveats to these analyses include inadequate evaluations of the net greenhouse effects of agroecosystems, uncertainties in global fluxes of greenhouse gases, and incomplete understanding of tropospheric chemical processes. Extension of the analytical approach to projected future emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC moderate growth scenario) indicates that agriculture will become a less important source of radiative forcing in the future. Technological approaches to mitigation of agricultural sources of greenhouse gases will probably focus on CH4 and N2O because emissions of CO2 are essentially associated with the socio-political issue of tropical deforestation. Available technologies include dietary supplements to reduce CH4 production by ruminant animals and various means of improving fertilizer N management to reduce N2O emissions. Increased storage of C in soil organic matter is not considered to be viable because of slow accretion rates and misconceptions about losses of soil organic matter from agricultural soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748775
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