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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of mangrove leaf litter by the tropical sesarmid crab Chiromanthes onychophorum (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 49 (1978), S. 377-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In high-diversity tropical mangrove swamps, the relationship between the breakdown to detritus of mangrove plant litter and secondary production of associated estuaries is little understood. This study examined one step in this relationship, the breakdown of mangrove leaf litter to detrital-sized particles by the sesarmid crab Chiromanthes onychophorum, locally very abundant in mangrove swamps of peninsular Malaysia. Contents of the proventriculus (stomach) and of the posterior hindgut, including rectum, were analyzed and particle sizes were measured. Gut contents consisted of more than 95% by volume of mangrove leaf fragments. Particles in the hindgut were of smaller mean size than those in the proventriculus. It is concluded that C. onychophorum consumes fallen leaves or their fragments, incompletely digests them, and returns them to the environment as fecal matter in a more finely-divided state than when they were ingested. C. onychophorum may therefore be a significant agent of mangrove leaf degradation to detrital-sized particles in swamp areas where it is abundant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455032
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects on ionic composition of blood and tissues ofAnodonta grandis grandis (Bivalvia) of an addition of aluminum and acid to a lake (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 17 (1988), S. 479-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that summer low pH, episodic events cause stress and mortality in aquatic organisms including mussels, alum (aluminum sulfate) was added near the point of inflow to Lake 114 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario from 3 to 5 July 1984. Lake 114 was at pH 5.9 before the alum addition. The alum produced measured extremes of pH 4.5 and [Al] of 2,237 μg/L near the point of addition. This study examined the effects of the alum addition on ionic concentrations of blood and tissue (gills, adductor muscle, foot and visceral mass) of the floater mussel,Anodonta grandis grandis. Mussels were collected from a second lake, 377, and introduced into Lake 114 at five locations five days before the alum addition. In response to transfer from the oligotrophic, unmanipulated Lake 377 to acidified Lake 114 (pH 5.9), blood of mussels showed a marked elevation of [Ca++], decline in [Mg++] and a temporary increase in [Cl−] but no change in [Na+], [K+] or [SO4 =]. During the alum addition, in mussels near the point source of the alum addition, blood [Na+] and [Cl−] declined and [Ca++] became still more elevated. Mussels suffered no mortality associated with the alum addition and almost no mortality during 26 days in Lake 114. Gill increased in [Al], [Ca], [Mn], declined in [Na] and showed no change in [Cd] in mussels near the alum addition. Visceral mass and adductor muscle also had lower [Na] in mussels near the point of alum addition. We attribute the increase in blood [Ca++] to the dissolution of the Ca stores in the shell and/or mantle of mussels. This would provide protection to the mussels during short-term declines in pH such as spring or summer episodic events. Never-theless, chronic exposure to small decreases in pH by mussels, already near the limits for obtaining sufficient Ca++, might be intolerable. It follows that acidification to the pH of 5.9 of soft water lakes containing mussels would be expected to lead to the loss of A.g. grandis from these waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055513
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of bioaccumulation of metals byElliptio complanata (Bivalvia) during acidic snowmelt in three south-central Ontario streams (1987)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (1987), S. 762-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01616698
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminum and acid on calcium uptake by the crayfishOrconectes virilis (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 14 (1985), S. 739-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aluminum increases in concentration in acidified waters and is sometimes more toxic to aquatic organisms at acidic than at neutral pH. This paper examined the interaction of pH and Al in inhibiting uptake of Ca++ from lake water by postmolt crayfish,Orconectes virilis (Hagen). Aluminum at 200 μg/L in non-acidified media had no effect on45Ca uptake. Media at pH 5.5 without Al reduced45Ca uptake to 30% of that in non-acidified media. Aluminum at each of the concentrations of 200, 500 or 1,000 μg/L in media at pH 5.5 reduced45Ca uptake slightly more, to about 20% of that in non-acidified media. The degree of inhibition of45Ca uptake by Al in acidified media was not related to its concentration. Lack of dose-response may be explained by the limited solubility of Al salts and the limited concentrations of the toxic monomeric species which are present in spite of increases in total Al concentration. These toxic species are presumably in the dialyzable fraction of Al which represented 6 to 17% of total lumogallion-reactive Al in media at pH 5.5 and 1 to 10% of total reactive Al at pH 7.O. At pH 5.5, concentration of dialyzable Al was only 67% higher in 1,000 μg/L than in 200 μg/L Al media. Lack of Al toxicity at pH 7.0 may be explained by changes in Al species to less toxic species and/or the apparent lower solubility of A1C13 in the Precambrian Shield lake water at pH 7.0 than at 5.5. Aluminum toxicity constitutes a small additional stress to moltingO. virilis in softwater lakes acidified to between pH 6.0 and 5.0 which have elevated Al levels. In this pH range, natural populations ofO. virilis subject to acidification fail, apparently because of difficulties of ionic regulation coupled with other factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055781
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feasibility of using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of C, N, P, and diatoms in lake sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 21 (1999), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Lake Arendsee ; Germany ; freeze-core ; eutrophication ; calcite ; near-infrared reflectance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The present study explored whether rapid, non-destructive near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) could complement conventional paleolimnological and chemical analyses of sediment cores for greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The study used a 47-cm long freeze-core from the deepest point in Lake Arendsee, Mecklenburg Plain in northern Germany taken in 1993 to elucidate eutrophication history and to identify the pre-impact algal communities in this system. The core had been analyzed for total C, CO32-, N, P, and diatoms. Thirty-four of the 47 1-cm thick core sections were scanned by NIRS and calibrations were developed for total C, CO32-, N, P, N:P, total diatoms, and three dominant diatom species with different sedimentary profiles (Stephanodiscus binatus, Cyclotella rossii, and Fragilaria crotonensis). Total C ranged from 167-194 mg g-1 dry weight (d.w.), CO32- from 31.3-66.4 mg g-1 d. w., N from 9.9-17.4 mg g-1 d. w., and P from 0.7-6.0 mg g-1 d. w. Calibrations developed using multiple linear regression between NIR-predicted values and chemically-measured values were excellent for P (r2 〉 0.99), good for C, N, and N:P (r2 〉 0.93), and satisfactory for CO32-(r2 〉 0.8). Calibrations for total diatoms and for individual species were highly statistically significant (r2 between 0.54 and 0.69). Although the calibrations are not useful for reliable predictions of the content of diatoms in the samples, the results indicate that NIRS detects spectral properties associated with diatoms or lake conditions when they were present, and that further work is warranted to attempt to improve the results. The study demonstrated that rapid, non-destructive, simultaneous analysis of total C, CO32-, N, P, and N:P in sediment cores is feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008013427084
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Whole-lake experimentation as a tool to assess ecosystem health, response to stress and recovery: the Experimental Lakes Area experience (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 1 (1992), S. 159-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: eutrophication ; acidification ; metal contamination ; natural variability ; limnocorrals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rationale and methods for and value of whole-lake experimentation are described using the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario, as the example. The ELA consists of 46 lakes (〈 100 ha in surface area), their watersheds, and several streams protected for research purposes in near-pristine boreal forest on the Precambrian Shield near Kenora, Ontario. Over more than 20 y, whole-lake experimentation has provided unique information on the effects on lakes of nutrient additions, acidification, Cd addition, and biomanipulation. Experiments are planned to study the effects of PCB addition and flooding. Recovery, mitigation, and remediation have been explored in some experiments. As well, the fate of radioactive metals in a lake and the effects of acidification on a poor fen and an upland watershed are studied. Comparison between the experimental systems and unmanipulated reference systems has proven to be essential. These reference systems also have a role in defining (absolute) ‘aquatic ecosystem health’ for small, pristine Precambrian Shield lakes. The ELA experimental data base is available, as well, for calibrating indices of relative aquatic ecosystem health, i.e., environmental degradation, using the dose-responses of lakes to eutrophication, acidification, Cd addition, and other stressors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044713
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing the health of a zooplankton community in a small Precambrian Shield lake during recovery from experimental acidification (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 273-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: biomass ; diversity ; crustaceans ; cladocerans ; copepods ; rotifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acidified lakes recover chemically relatively quickly following the reduction or cessation of acidic inputs. Although fish, invertebrate, and phytoplankton communities are reported to begin to return to preacidification states in chemically-improving lakes, the process and extent of biological recovery are not well-documented. The experimental acidification of Precambrian Shield Lake 223 (27.4 ha surface area; 14.4 m maximum depth) in the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, provides an opportunity to compare the zooplankton community prior to acidification with that during progressive acidification and during chemical recovery. Acidified with sulfuric acid from pH 6.47 (ice-free season mean) in 1976 to pH 5.0 (1981 to 1983), Lake 223 has been allowed to recover in steps of pH 5.5 (1984 to 1987), pH 5.8 (1988 to 1990), and pH 6.11 (1991). Total zooplankton biomass showed no trend to increase or decrease during the acidification and recovery, but species composition changed. Compared with species composition at pH 6.13 early in acidification in 1977, the ‘recovering’ community at pH 6.11 in 1991 had the previously-dominant cladoceran species present in very low numbers and had two newly-appearing cladoceran species. The community had lost one species of calanoid and gained none and lost two species of cyclopoids and gained two. It appeared to lose four species of rotifiers and gain seven. In nearby unmanipulated reference Lake 239 (56.1 ha; 30.4 m), species shifts were recorded but they involved rarer species, not dominants as in Lake 223. Although the zooplankton community in 1991 is in a new state with respect to species composition, static measures of total community biomass, contribution to biomass by the four main taxonomic groups, per cent smilarity to the preacidification community (for crustaceans), and biomass of herbivores do not indicate impairment of community health. Lowered species diversity for both crustaceans and rotifers partially returned to preacidification levels. Nevertheless, the rotifer community in 1991 was more dissimilar to the preacidification community than was the crustacean community, and carnivore biomass appeared to be depressed in Lake 223. The Lake 223 zooplankton community at pH 6.11 in 1991 appears to be in a state of flux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115286
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applying near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic-bound cadmium in lake picoplankton (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 5 (1996), S. 135-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: whole-lake experiment ; limnocorrals ; fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the 0.1–3 μm particle size fraction in a Precambrian Shield lake (37-ha Lake 382 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario) receiving experimental additions of cadmium to determine fate and effects of low cadmium loading. This size fraction is important in binding cadmium in water. The study examined the feasibility of using near-infrared reflectance spectrophotometry (NIRS) for quantifying carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in this size fraction in 20-fold concentrated water samples from the lake and from a limnocorral experiment exploring the effect of fertilization on sedimentation of cadmium from the water column. NIRS was also used for detecting and characterizing organic matter in this size fraction associated with cadmium. Aliquots (1.5 ml) of the concentrated samples were applied to pre-ashed Whatman GF/C glass fibre filters. The filters containing 40–150 μg carbon, 1–21 μg nitrogen, 1–10 μg phosphorus, and 0.21–2.21 ng cadmium, were scanned by NIRS, then analyzed by traditional methods for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Cadmium was determined in the concentrated samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Coefficients of determination,r 2, between chemically-measured and NIRS-predicted values were 0.921 for carbon, 0.852 for nitrogen, 0.869 for phosphorus, and 0.752 for cadmium. Several lines of evidence suggested that the organic material associated with cadmium was predominantly algae 〈3 μm. NIRS is useful for measuring organic matter in this size fraction and is potentially useful for characterizing organic matter that binds metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662802
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in the abundance of cladocera at pH 5.1 in experimentally-acidified lake 223, Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario (1986)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 30 (1986), S. 629-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake 223 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario was experimentally-acidified with H2SO4 from 1976 to the present. Cladocerans increased in absolute and relative abundance and in total biomass when the pH of Lake 223 was lowered from 6.7 to 5.1. Comparing the cladoceran community at pH 6.7 (1974) with that at pH 5.1 (1981 to 1983), Daphnia galeata mendotae disappeared, Diaphanosoma birgei became rare, Holopedium gibberum increased in abundance and Daphnia catawba, recorded for the first time in 1980, became abundant. Bosmina longirostris became more abundant. Except for the decline in D. birgei, the changes in cladoceran species composition with acidification are consistent with known responses of these species to low pH. The increase in importance of cladocerans in 1981 to 1983 was at the expense of copepods. It was hypothesized to be caused by the decline in predation by small fish during 1981 to 1983 as acidification reduced minnow populations and inhibited reproduction in trout and sucker. The loss of the population of the invertebrate predator, the opposum shrimp, Mysis relicta, in 1979 had little effect on cladoceran biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303326
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  • 10
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    Effects of aluminum and acid on calcium uptake by the crayfishOrconectes virilis (1985)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0090-4341
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0703
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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