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  • growth
  • Springer  (174)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1990-1994  (174)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Einflüsse purinreicher Ernährung auf Gewichtsentwicklung, Kataboliten im Blutplasma und den Harnsäuretransport von Erythrozyten — eine Modellstudie an Hunden (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021669
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vitis vinifera ; Empoasca vitis ; leafhopper ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; growth ; yield ; fruit quality ; starch ; carbohydrate reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines,Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopperload on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper-loads up to 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382000
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the ecdysteroid agonists RH 5849 an RH 5992, alone and in combination with a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecdysteroid agonists ; juvenile hormone analogue ; Spodoptera exigua ; growth ; moulting ; metamorphosis ; imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological activity assays with RH 5849 and RH 5992 indicated that both compounds affected growth and development of last-instar larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a dose-dependent manner. Within the first 24 h after treatment by continuously offering leaves dipped in a water solution of ≥50 mg/l RH 5849 and ≥0.5 mg/l RH 5992, symptoms of a prematurely induced larval moult and head capsule apolysis were visible. Intoxicated larvae died shortly afterwards, showing signs of unsuccessful ecdysis. LC50-values of RH 5849 and RH 5992 for fifth-instarS. exigua larvae were 110 and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. Pyriproxyfen alone affected the larval stage and disturbed normal metamorphosis. One supernumerary larval instar occurred occasionally. LC50-value for pyriproxyfen was 1.7 mg/l. Larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, continued to grow until they attained a size and weight about 2–3 times that of the controls. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary moults. Concerning thein vivo imaginal wing disc growth and development, only in larvae treated with 10 and 50 mg/l RH 5849 or 0.5 mg/l RH 5992, tracheole migration was observed earlier than in the controls. When applying 300 mg/l RH 5849 or 3–7 mg/l RH 5992, the discs remained small and no signs of tracheole migration were observed. In larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, tracheole migration was not prematurely induced and a pupal cuticle was produced in the discs of larvae, undergoing a supernumerary moult. No clear signs of evagination were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383546
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of larval dietary supply on the food consumption, food utilization efficiency, growth and development of the lacewingChrysoperla carnea (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysoperla carnea ; food consumption ; growth ; development ; efficiency of food utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were fed either an optimal or a suboptimal number of eggs of the mothAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller) in the first and/or second larval instar, or in all three larval instars. Parameters for the duration, growth, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) of each instar were established for seven different dietary regimes. Larvae that had a suboptimal food supply in the first instar had a significantly longer developmental time, gained significantly less weight, and had a slightly lower ECI in that instar larvae. Suboptimally-fed second less, but remained only slightly longer in that instar and had a similar ECI to optimally-fed second instar larvae. The developmental time of suboptimally-fed third instar larvae was similar to that of optimally-fed larvae of that stage. Whereas the growth of the former was significantly less than that of larvae optimally fed in that instar, the ECI of the former was significantly higher. Despite the relatively smaller size of larvae fed suboptimally in the first and/or second instar, when such larvae were subsequently supplied with an overabundance of prey eggs, they consumed approximately the same number of eggs during the remainder of their larval life as did larvae whose food supply had not been restricted previously. When larvae were allowed to consume different numbers of eggs in their third instar, their gain in weight and therefore the weights attained by the resulting adults (based on the weights of 3-day-old cocoons) had a highly significant positive correlation with the number of eggs consumed in this instar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382710
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gravimetricvs. respirometric determination of metabolic efficiency in caterpillars ofPieris brassicae (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nutrition ; utilization ; efficiency ; growth ; metabolism ; energy ; respirometry ; Pieris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadiumPieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant,Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving plant food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386518
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azadirachtin inhibits secretion of trypsin in midgut of Manduca sexta caterpillars: reduced growth due to impaired protein digestion (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Azadirachtin ; Manduca sexta ; growth ; feeding efficiency ; nitrogen utilisation ; proteinase ; trypsin ; allelochemicals ; antifeedant ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When given by injection to tobacco hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta, the allelochemical azadirachtin inhibits growth without reducing food intake. The growth reducing effect of azadirachtin is therefore in this case independent of the compound's well-known antifeedant effect. The cause of this reduced rate of growth is an increase in the costs associated with growth. These increased costs are largely a consequence of a decrease in the efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen. This is associated with a drastic reduction in the activity of midgut trypsin. Azadirachtin has no effect on the activity of trypsin in vitro. Thus azadirachtin directly or indirectly inhibits the production of trypsin by the enzyme-secreting cells of the midgut wall; it is suggested that this is the cause of the increased costs and reduced rate of growth. The interesting parallel between this plant defence strategy and that of direct inhibition of herbivore proteinases by allelochemical proteinase inhibitors is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350345
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Hg2+ toxicity to a N2-fixing cyanobacterium in long- and short-term experiments (1992)
    Springer
    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Hg2+ toxicity ; cyanobacterium ; Nostoc calcicola ; growth ; photopigments ; nucleic acids ; photosynthesis ; membrane integrity ; nutrient uptake ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicological responses of the filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Bréb. towards Hg2+ were studied to enumerate the decisive lethal events. In low-dose, long-term experiments (0.05–0.25 μm Hg2+, 10 days), photoautotrophic growth was severely inhibited with concurrent loss of photosynthetic pigments (phycocyanin〉chlorophyll α〉carotenoids) and nucleic acids. The termination of growth after a day 4 exposure to 0.25 μm Hg2+ has been attributed to the complete inhibition ofin vivo photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium (O2 evolution〉14CO2 incorporation). The elevated Hg2+ concentrations irreversibly damaged the cell membrance as observed under light microscopy, and as indicated by the leakage of intracellular electrolytes and phycocyanin. In high-dose, short-term experiments (0.5–20.0 μm Hg2+, up to 6 h), thein vivo activities of selected enzymes (glutamine synthetase 〉 nitrate reductase 〉 nitrogenase) were less inhibited by Hg2+ than the uptake of nutrient ions (NH 4 + 〉NO 3 − 〉PO 4 3− ).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061321
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of potassium levels over the range occurring in host plants on the growth of an insect herbivore (Manduca sexta) (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Consumption ; food utilization efficiencies ; growth ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; Nicotiana tabacum ; potassium ; tobacco hornworm ; water regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Third instar tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta L.: Sphingidae) on low dietary potassium had a lower relative growth rate than individuals on diets with potassium concentrations reflecting those in host-plants, due to decreased consumption rate, lower efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI and ECD), and a prolonged growth/feeding phase. Furthermore, these larvae, when placed on a diet with a moderate potassium concentration through the fourth stadium, ended up being smaller due to lower ECI and less biomass gained, and had a prolonged growth phase, which suggest an irreversible cost of the previous low potassium diet. Third instar hornworms on high potassium diets had lower ECI and ECD, and they had a prolonged growth phase. These individuals, when placed on a moderate potassium diet in the fourth stadium, gained less biomass, than those previously offered hostplant-like-potassium diets. Body potassium concentrations (% dw) at the end of the third stadium were similar among treatment groups. With increasing potassium concentrations in the diet, utilization efficiencies of potassium decreased and potassium concentrations in the frass increased. Correspondingly, water content (% fw) of the newly-molted fourth instar larvae declined with increasing potassium, indicating a passive loss of water during potassium excretion. Low and high dietary potassium reduced survivorship of third instar larvae; fourth instar caterpillars previously fed the low potassium diet also had poor survivorship. We conclude that, within the normal range of potassium concentrations in the hostplants, caterpillar performance is largely unaffected by potassium concentration, but that potassium-poor and potassium-rich diets, such as those hornworms may sometimes experience, can reduce growth and survivorship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367169
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal concentration of ammonium ion in a minimal synthetic medium for the growth of Candida albicans (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 113 (1991), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; ammonium ; physiology ; medium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Candida albicans strain B 311-10 with and without starvation was cultivated in the minimal synthetic medium of Shepherd et al. [18], modified without biotin, aminoacids, low glucose concentration [20] and with decreasing amounts of (NH4)2SO4, to determine the optimal growth requirement for this strain. All the experiments were carried out under sterile conditions at 25 °C in a thermostat with initial O.D.s (675 nm) of 0.500 and 0.100. Cell growth was generally monitored everyday for six days with a spectrophotometer by determining the absorbance of the cultures at 675 nm. All the experiments were repeated three times and a statistical analysis of the data with a probability of 99% and 1% of error was performed to confirm the validity of the results. Best growth was obtained with starved cells at an initial O.D. of 0.100 and with a 0.1 g/L concentration of (NH4)2SO4. At this concentration, the growth of C. albicans B 311-10 was best between the first and the fourth day with the maximum at the third day. With (NH4)2SO4 concentrations of 0.05 and 0.5 g/L, cell growth was the same.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436116
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The growth of Epidermophyton floccosum and E. stockdaleae at different temperatures (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 112 (1990), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Epidermophyton floccosum ; E. stockdaleae ; growth ; incubation temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of 17 strains of genus Epidermophyton (15 strains belonging to Epidermophyton floccosum, one to E. floccosum var. nigricans and one to E. stockdaleae) to grow at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C) was stated. The strains were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and regularly controled over a period of 14 days when the plates were incubated at 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C, and over a period of 70 days when the temperature was 4 °C. The optimal growth of E. floccosum was observed at 28 °C and 31 °C, and no signs of growth were recorded neither at 4 °C nor at 40 °C. The optimal development of E. stockdaleae was observed at 25 °C and 28 °C. This species grew from 4 °C to 31 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436647
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass and nutrient uptake ofAilanthus excelsa as affected by N and P fertilization on an aridisol (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ailanthus excelsa ; biomass ; growth ; N and P fertilizers ; N content ; N uptake ; P content ; P update ; silvicultural efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a coarse sand soil having pH 8.8 and organic matter 0.06% in Indian arid region, to study the influence of N and P fertilizers on growth, biomass and nutrient content ofAilanthus excelsa, which is an important fodder species of arid and semi arid regions. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 9 and 18 g N tree−1 as Urea) and of phosphorus (0, 3 and 6 g P2O5 tree−1 as Single Superphosphate) in factorial combinations were taken in triplicate and the experiment was laid in Randomised Block Design. Application of 9 g N plant−1 improved tree height by 15 to 25%, collar circumference by 30 to 37% and crown diameter by 18 to 26% in the initial 3 years. Total biomass increase due to 9 g N plant−1 was 76% and 59%, respectively, after 1 and 2 years of planting. Application of 3 g P2O5 tree−1 increased tree height by 8 to 18% and collar circumference by 17 to 24% during initial three years, and total biomass by 70% at 1 year and 30% at 2 years of age. Combined application of 18 g N and 3 g P2O5 tree−1 (N18P3) was the best treatment which increased tree height by 49%, 85% and 35% and collar circumference by 56%, 10% and 11% at 1, 2, and 3 years of age, respectively. N18P3 treatment increased the total biomass by 181% at 1 year and 185% at 2 years of age. N and P applications improved considerably the branching of roots and root length and enhanced root biomass by 2 to 3 folds. N18P3 treatment increased the nitrogen uptake by 304% (4.02 g tree−1) at 1 year and 211% (42.56 g tree−1) at 2 years of age. The P uptake was maximum (290.4 mg tree−1) due to N18P3 treatment in 1 year old and 11.37 g tree−1 due to N9P6 treatment in 2 year old plantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750471
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of split application of potassium on growth, yield and potassium accumulation by soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: growth ; K accumulation ; K nutrition ; physiological efficiency ; soybean ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted during 1989 to 1991 on a loamy sand (Typic ustochrept) soil to study the K nutrition of soybean. Soybean responded significantly up to 50 kg K ha−1 when applied 1/2 of K at planting and 1/2 at flower initiation (two split) or applying 1/3 K at planting, 1/3 at flower initiation and 1/3 at pod development (three splits). Split application was more beneficial than applying full K at time of planting due to higher leaf area index, crop growth rate, chlorophyll content of fresh leaves, K accumulation in soybean and better agronomic and physiological efficiency of applied K. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and apparent recovery of K reduced as rate of applied K was increased from 50 to 75 kg ha−1. Highest K+ concentration (3.4 % of dry matter) was recorded in 30-day-old plants at 75 kg K ha−1 which depressed progressively with the age of the crop. At maturity, the K concentration of soybean seed varied from 1.5% (unfertilised K plants) to 2.1 % (when 75 kg K ha−1 was applied in three splits).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750249
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On critical phenomena in interacting growth systems. Part I: General (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 74 (1994), S. 91-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Random process ; local interaction ; critical phenomena ; invariant distribution ; growth ; eroder ; convexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Components which are placed in a finite or infinite space have integer numbers as possible states. They interact in a discrete time in a local deterministic way, in addition to which all the components' states are incremented at every time step by independent identically distributed random variables. We assume that the deterministic interaction function is translation-invariant and monotonic and that its values are between the minimum and the maximum of its arguments. Theorems 1 and 2 (based on propositions which we give in a separate Part II), give sufficient conditions for a system to have an invariant distribution or a bounded mean. Other statements, proved herein, provide background for them by giving conditions when a system has no invariant distribution or the mean of its components' states tends to infinity. All our main results use one and the same geometrical criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186808
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The exceptional growth of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Lake Geneva (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 76-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sa velinus alpinus ; growth ; Lake Geneva ; latitude ; eutrophication ; fish density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), is exceptionally high in Lake Geneva; one of the highest every recorded. This can be explained by three factors: (1) the Arctic charr of Lake Geneva is the most southerly indigenous population in the world, (2) the trophic resources are important because of the eutrophication of the lake, (3) the fish density is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877260
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Uptake of macroelements by the helophytePhalaris arundinacea L. (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 70-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Macrophytes ; growth ; assimilation ; macroelements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Helophytes are often incorporated into biological wastewater treatment plants. In favourable situations, they can take up large amounts of nutrients. One helophyte, the reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), is fast growing when supplied with sufficient light and nutrients. Experiments were carried out under natural climatic conditions in small plastic tanks filled with sand with regular additions of a balanced and concentrated nutrient solution. In the growing season (May–October), plant production reached 10.5 kg m−2 of dry biomass, of which 66% was in the aerial parts. Maximum nutrient uptake capacity was reached just after flowering and before senescence (beginning of October): 49% N, 34% P, 52% K and 34% Mg of the input was fixed in the aerial parts, which are easily harvestable. The corresponding values for the below ground parts were 12%, 10%, 11% and 11% respectively. Excretion of K and Mg has been observed when nutrients are translocated to the storage organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877436
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 17
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    Population dynamics, productivity and biomass allocation ofZizania latifolia in an aquatic-terrestrial ecotone (1993)
    Springer
    Ecological research 8 (1993), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: aquatic macrophyte ; biomass ; growth ; leaf life span ; shoot density ; spatial distribution ; Zizania latifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The population and production ecology of aZizania latifolia stand at a sheltered shore of the Hitachi-Tone River were investigated. Shoot emergence was observed twice a year; the fist was a synchronized shoot emergence in April and the second was from August to October. Aboveground biomass was mostly occupied by leaves and peaked at 1500 g dry weight m−2 in August. The belowground biomass also reached its peak, 750 g dry weight m−2, in August. The secondary shoots were small in spite of their high density. Leaves were produced continuously throughout the season. The leaf life span was as short as 55.6 days for cohorts that emerged from May through to September. Total annual net production ofZ. latifolia could be more than 3400 g dry weight m−2. Shoot clusters of several centimeters were observed in April. The following self-thinning caused a regular distribution of the remaining shoots in August. Most shoots produced in August to October were found near a shoot persisting since April. They showed more concentrated distribution than shoots in April. A large biomass allocation to leaves and the ability to produce many clump shoots during the late growing period may facilitate dominance ofZ. latifolia in relatively sheltered sites.
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    A model for ultrafine powder production in a plasma reactor (1991)
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 11 (1991), S. 371-386 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasmas ; aerosol ; modelling ; growth ; reactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed for the analysis of the production of ultrafine particles in thermal plasma reactors. The model initially solves the fluid flow, temperature, and concentration fields using a classical control volume approach. The nucleation and growth of ultra fine particles are then solved along each streamline. The evolution of the particle distribution is described by a statistical approach, using the first moments of the distribution as the dependent variables. Brownian coalescence is considered in the free molecular regime. In the discussion, the model is used to demonstrate the effects of some important parameters, such as the initial concentration of metal vapor, its radial distribution, and the radial injection of a cooling gas, on the particle size distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458917
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    The Dutch twin register: Growth data on weight and height (1992)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 22 (1992), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Dutch Twin Register ; weight ; height ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract As part of a longitudinal developmental study of newborn and young Dutch twins, data on weight and height are collected. Birth weight and height are available for 3275 pairs; data on growth, for 1390 pairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067004
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    Synthesis of monodispersed organic-inorganic hybrid spheres (1994)
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 2 (1994), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: hybrid materials ; monodispersed particles ; growth ; seeds ; LCD spacer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the attempt to prepare a new group of monodispersed silica-polymer hybrid particles, which consists of silica and amide polymer: poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(2-ethyloxazoline) (POXZ). Preparation method is based on the growth of hybrid seeds by the addition of TEOS-polymer solution. Monodispersed PVP-silica hybrid particles of 1.24 µm in diameter were prepared by growing the hybrid seeds of 0.54 µm by the addition of TEOS-PVP solution with ammonia catalyst. In the case of POXZ-silica particles, addition of TEOS-POXZ solution to the solution containing 0.54 µm seeds resulted in monodispersed POXZ-silica hybrid particles and four times repetition of the addition for particle growth gave the hybrid particles of the diameter of 1.6 µm. Improvement of mechanical properties of hybrid particles was observed when the particles were heated at 100 ∼ 200°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486220
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    Growth and aging phenomena in silica gels (1994)
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 2 (1994), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: aging in silica gels ; growth ; aggregation ; X-ray scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth and aging of silica aggregates are influenced both by temperature and by catalyzing fluorine ions as shown by SAXS and BET. It was found that both fluorine and increased temperature slightly increased the fractal dimension Df during aging, but the fluorine catalyzed system showed a lower BET surface area. To understand the effect of fluorine and increased temperature on the aggregates, 2D aggregations and SAXS simulations were carried out using two new programs GRASP and DALAI. In agreement with experiments it was found that binary RLCCA aggregates have a slightly higher Df value compared to DLCCA aggregates and that branch-flexibility during aging increases Df even further.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486255
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    Low water potentials affect expression of genes encoding vegetative storage proteins and plasma membrane proton ATPase in soybean (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 251-262 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell wall proteins ; growth ; roots ; stems ; water deficit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have examined growth, water status and gene expression in dark-grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings in response to water deficit (low water potentials) during the first days following germination. The genes encoded the plasma membrane proton ATPase and two proteins of 28 kDa and 31 kDa putatively involved in vegetative storage. Water potentials of stems and roots decreased when 2-day-old seedlings were transferred to water-saturated air. Stem growth was inhibited immediately. Root growth continued at control rates for one day and then was totally inhibited when the normal root-stem water potential gradient was reversed. Expression of mRNA for the 28 kDa and 31 kDa proteins, measured independently using specific 3′-end probes, occurred about equally in stems. However, only the mRNA for the 31 kDa protein was detected in roots and at a lower abundance than in stems. Low water potentials increased the mRNA only for the 28 kDa protein in stems and the 31 kDa protein in roots. This differential expression followed the inhibition of stem growth but preceded the inhibition of root growth. The expression of the message for the ATPase, measured using a probe synthesized from a partial oat ATPase clone, was low in stems and roots but there was a 6-fold increase at low water potentials in roots. The increase followed the inhibition of root growth. This appears to be the first instance of regulation of ATPase gene expression in plants and the first demonstration of differential expression of the 28 kDa, 31 kDa, and ATPase messages. The correlation with the differential growth responses of the stems and roots raises the possibility that the differential gene expression could be involved in the growth response to low water potentials.
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    Gibberellins: perception, transduction and responses (1994)
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    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1529-1555 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gibberellin ; growth ; development ; perception ; receptor ; gene expression ; signal transduction ; response mutant ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016489
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    Human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in cellular growth state determination (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 37-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Microvascular endothelial cells ; Cell ; growth ; Extracellular matrix ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We introduce two methods, both of which are based on cellular-extracellular matrix interaction, which will facilitate the study of human microvascular endothelial cells. One method describes the means to obtain a G1 population baseline in human microvasclular endothelial cells. Because of the contribution of the extracellular matrix in endothelial cell growth, synchronization in G1 was possible only after the incorporation of angiostatic levels of heparin and hydrocortisone into the extracellular matrix. In the second method, we demonstrate that selective perturbation of human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions results in the induction of a transitional growth state, between proliferative and differentiated growth states, in human microvascular endothelial cells. In the functional, microtubule formation assays, transitional growth state endothelial cells display rates that are indermediate between those obtained from differentiated and proliferative endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of the human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in the determination of cellular growth state. Our findings also imply that responsiveness of microvascular endothelial cells to their cellular-extracellular matrix environs is highest during the differentiated growth state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050259
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    Reduction in vigour of leafless potato cuttings in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 365-371 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; multiplication ; micropropagation ; growth ; leaf removal ; tissue culture variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removing the leaves from single node potato cuttings in vitro allows propagules to be placed in culture vessels at increased densities with the intent of saving resources and space. Under light intensities of 22 wattsm−2, the removal of the subtending leaf resulted in fewer nodes, shorter plantlets, smaller leaf area, and lower fresh and dry weights of 4-week-old plantlets of cvs Atlantic, Kennebec, Russet Burbank and Shepody. Fewer nodes and reduced plantlet height may result in inefficient multiplication protocols because fewer propagules are available and shorter internodes make dissection more difficult. The coefficient of variation for the various growth parameters was greater when propagules lacked leaves, indicating that the variability of the plant material for propagation was increased. A reduction of vigour and growth was still evident when plantlets of cv. Shepody were grown for 6–8 weeks.
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    Filter-feeding in the polychaeteNereis diversicolor: a review (1994)
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    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 453-458 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: filter-feeding ; energy cost ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent findings concerning filter-feeding inNereis diversicolor is given. It has been discovered that the facultative filter-feederN. diversicolor may meet its metabolic requirements on a pure diet of phytoplankton, just as a typical obligate filter-feeder. Consequently, this worm is likely to be a hitherto undervalued key organism in the control of phytoplankton production in many shallow brackish water areas.
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    Growth and reproduction ofPorphyra columbina Mont. (Bangiales, Rhodophyceae) from southern New Zealand (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 35-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Porphyra columbina ; growth ; reproduction ; chemical composition ; seasonality ; Rhodophyceae ; New Zealand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in biomass and chemical composition, and the reproductive phenology ofPorphyra columbina Mont. were monitored at three sites in southern New Zealand over two growing seasons. Both temporal and spatial variations were found. Seasonal changes in biomass and chemical components were correlated with seawater nitrate concentrations and temperature. The summer decline in biomass was a result of the onset of unsuitable environmental conditions and the release of reproductive tissue. Under more suitable conditions, the decline in biomass was delayed. There was an inverse relationship between vegetative growth and reproduction. Reproductive plants first appeared in August at a time of increasing temperature, irradiance and daylength. Only larger plants which were mainly found in subsites low on the shore became reproductive. Plants sampled from high subsites had a shorter growth season, were generally smaller, had lower nitrogen and pigment content and were non-reproductive.
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    Biology of Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) Lamouroux (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales), a commercial carrageenophyte (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 61-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Furcellaria ; morphology ; life history ; chemical constituents ; ecophysiology ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Information on the commercially utilized marine red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis is summarized from published sources. Biological aspects under discussion include: nomenclature, taxonomy, morphology, development and life history, distribution, phenology, ecophysiology, growth and resource management. A brief history of the utilization of this species, and an account of its chemical constituents including the hydrocolloid furcellaran are also presented.
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    Enhanced growth of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda in high CO2 concentrations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 355-362 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra yezoensis ; red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leafy thalli of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda, initiated from conchospores released from free-living conchocelis, were cultured using aeration with high CO2. It was found that the higher the CO2 concentration, the faster the growth of the thalli. Aeration with elevated CO2 lowered pH in dark, but raised pH remarkably in light with the thalli, because the photosynthetic conversion of HCO 3 − to OH− and CO2 proceeded much faster than the dissociation of hydrated CO2 releasing H+. Photosynthesis of the alga was found to be enhanced in the seawater of elevated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, CO2 + HCO 3 − + CO 3 − ). It is concluded that the increased pH in the light resulted in the increase of DIC in the culture media, thus enhancing photosynthesis and growth. The relevance of the results to removal of atmospheric CO2 by marine algae is discussed.
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    Growth ofDunaliella viridis Teodoresco: effect of salinity, temperature and nitrogen concentration (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 319-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella viridis ; growth ; salinity ; temperature ; nitrogen concentration ; batch culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of a strain ofD. viridis has been studied in batch culture under different combinations of temperature, salinity and nitrogen concentrations. Changes in these variables have a significant effect on cell division, biomass production, cell volume and pigment yield. This strain grows optimally at 1 M NaCl and 30 °C. Increasing salinity up to 4 M NaCl leads to a significant decrease of cell division rate and maximal population; growth at lower temperature decreases the rate of division of the cells but increases maximal cell density. Pigment yield decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature. Nitrogen concentration has a large effect on total cell biomass and pigment production, but not on cell division rate. Saturation of growth occurs at 5 mM NO 3 − ; higher concentration (e.g. 10 mM) leads to a decrease of maximal cell density and photosynthetic pigment content.
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    Maximizing okadaic acid content fromProrocentrum hoffmannianum Faust (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 41-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Prorocentrum ; semi-continuous culture ; okadaic acid ; growth ; suspension culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clonal cultures ofProrocentrum hoffmannianum Faust (clone 882a) were grown under optimal environmental conditions for maximal okadaic acid production. The environmental conditions of 25 °C and 86 µmol photon m-2 s-1 were used to cultivateP. hoffmannianum in a semi-continuous 36-L culture vessel with continuous cell suspension and pH control. Using these conditions, a 3-fold increase in harvestable biomass and okadaic acid content was observed when compared to batch culture techniques.
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    Changes in pigmentation of phytoplankton species during growth and stationary phase — consequences for reliability of pigment-based methods of biomass determination (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: fluorescence ; growth ; pigments ; phytoplankton ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In applied water ecology several methods for estimating the biomass or activity of phytoplankton depend on the proportion of accessory pigments (xanthophylls) to chlorophyll a. Therefore, changes in pigmentation during growth and stationary phase were investigated in four different species (Amphidinium klebsii, Euglena gracilis, Prymnesium parvum, Cryptomonas ovata) typical representatives of the major algal groups. The ratios of the different xanthophylls to chlorophyll a depended not only on the growth phase, but also on the species. InAmphidinium andEuglena, the ratio of xanthophylls to chlorophyll rises continuously during the growth phase and declined during the stationary phase. InPrymnesium, quantitative pigmentation was found to be nearly independent of the growth phase. InCryptomonas, however, this ratio was relatively constant during growth, but increased in the stationary phase. In contrast to higher plants, in which the breakdown of chlorophylls occurs before that of the xanthophylls, in three of the species both pigment classes were reduced in parallel when the cultures were in the stationary phase. AgingCryptomonas, however, exhibited a pigment breakdown pattern similar to higher plants. The use of these findings for the widely applied biomass determination by chlorophyll fluorescence and for other pigment-based methods is discussed.
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    Changes in pigmentation of phytoplankton species during growth and stationary phase — consequences for reliability of pigment-based methods of biomass determination (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: fluorescence ; growth ; pigments ; phytoplankton ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In applied water ecology several methods for estimating the biomass or activity of phytoplankton depend on the proportion of accessory pigments (xanthophylls) to chlorophyll a. Therefore, changes in pigmentation during growth and stationary phase were investigated in four different species (Amphidinium klebsii, Euglena gracilis, Prymnesium parvum, Cryptomonas ovata) typical representatives of the major algal groups. The ratios of the different xanthophylls to chlorophyll a depended not only on the growth phase, but also on the species. InAmphidinium andEuglena, the ratio of xanthophylls to chlorophyll rises continuously during the growth phase and declined during the stationary phase. InPrymnesium, quantitative pigmentation was found to be nearly independent of the growth phase. InCryptomonas, however, this ratio was relatively constant during growth, but increased in the stationary phase. In contrast to higher plants, in which the breakdown of chlorophylls occurs before that of the xanthophylls, in three of the species both pigment classes were reduced in parallel when the cultures were in the stationary phase. AgingCryptomonas, however, exhibited a pigment breakdown pattern similar to higher plants. The use of these findings for the widely applied biomass determination by chlorophyll fluorescence and for other pigment-based methods is discussed.
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    Mathematical model ofLaminaria production near a British Columbian salmon sea cage farm (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: integrated culture ; kelp ; salmon ; growth ; economics ; nutrient uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The technical and economical feasibility of farmingLaminaria saccharina for a food base product near a salmon sea cage farm was evaluated. Suitability of kelp for nutrient removal was also analyzed. A computer model of a conceptualized system was developed in order to make the assessments. Kelp growth was modelled as a linear function of temperature and background dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration, and it was partially experimentally validated. Based on model simulations, aLaminaria farm containing 10,60 m ropes on each end of a salmon sea cage farm is fertilized by the salmon farm and yields annually 1600 kg of dried kelp. The payback period for the initial investment of $61 × 103 is 6 years after which an annual net profit of 20 × 103 Canadian dollars ($16.68 × 103 US) can be achieved. The net present worth of the kelp farm was positive for a rate of return up to 25%. Kelp production on multiple salmon farms or at a higher kelp density could increase the overall revenue. The kelp farm does not appreciably affect background nutrient or oxygen levels. With a few modifications in the model,Nereocystis andMacrocystis farming can be substituted and evaluated for feasibility and nutrient removal efficiency.
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    Determination of an ethylene biosynthesis pathway in the unicellular green alga,Haematococcus pluvialis. Relationship between growth and ethylene production (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 93-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Haematococcus pluvialis ; ethylene ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the freshwater ChlorophyceaeHaematococcus pluvialis, precursors of ethylene biosynthesis cycle are the same as those of higher plants: L-methionine → S-adenosylmethionine → 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid → ethylene. However, the enzymatic complex of the last step of ethylene synthesis-ACCoxidase-differs from that of higher plants. It is stimulated by Co2+ (at least 10-5 M), Mn2+ (at least 10-6 M) and Ag2+ (at least 10-4 M), inhibited by Cu2+ (at least 10-5 M) and not affected by Zn2+, Fe2+ or Mg2+. ACCoxidase is also inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid and by dark. Ethylene production is more important in young, mobile, green cells in active growth phase than in old, encysted and red cells in stationary growth phase. No peaks in ethylene production or respiration were observed during batch culture, as opposed to the situation with climacteric fruits.
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    Temperature responses of economically important red algae and their potential for mariculture in Brazilian waters (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 4 (1992), S. 339-345 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: temperature ; growth ; red algae mariculture ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented on temperature responses, based onin vitro growth performance, of eight species of colloid-producing red algae; these include the five most important commercial species of agarophytes in South America. The temperature optima do not conform strictly to geographic distribution, and intolerance to high temperature is not the factor that controls the spreading of temperate species ofGracilaria to warmer areas. WithinPterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet et Thuret, populations from two distinct localities had different responses to temperature optima. Data suggest that the disjunct distribution of this species in the American Atlantic is due to its poor performance at temperatures above 26 °C. The fastest maximum growth rate was observed inHypnea cornuta (Lamouroux) J. Agardh (doubling time 2.8 d), and the slowest inP. capillacea from Cabo Frio (doubling time 50.0 d). All the species studied, including the valuable Chilean and Argentinean species ofGracilaria, could tolerate the temperature regimes of the Brazilian waters.
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    Effect of nutrient pulse concentration and frequency on growth ofGracilaria chilensis plants and levels of epiphytic algae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 525-533 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria chilensis ; growth ; nutrient pulses ; epiphyte abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of nutrient pulse concentration and frequency onGracilaria chilensis Bird, McLachlanet O Oliveira growth and epiphyte abundace was investigated for plants grown in an indoor culture facility. The frequency of nutrient pulses (which ranged from 1 pulse to 4 pulses per 14 days) had a strong influence on plant growth, while pulse concentration (from 72 to 143 µM as ammonium) had a lesser influence. Growth became a function of total N flux only when plants received nutrient pulses at least twice per 14 days. Both pulse frequency and pulse concentration affected the abundance of epiphytic algae found attached toGracilaria thalli, but pulse frequency was the more significant of the two factors. Their effects could be combined into the single factor, total N flux. Both reasonableG. chilensis growth and low levels of epiphytes were achieved under these conditions (20 °C, 25 µ mol photon m−2 s−1 PAR) if ammonium was pulsed at relatively high concentrations (up to 150 µM) once every 7 days into otherwise nitrogen-depleted seawater.
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    Effect of light intensity and ammonium-N on carotenogenesis ofTrentepohlia odorata andDunaliella bardawil (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 547-549 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Trentepohlia odorata ; Dunaliella bardawil ; light intensity ; nitrogen ; growth ; carotenogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract AxenicTrentepohlia odorata was cultured at three different NH4Cl levels (3.5 × 10−2, 3.5 × 10−3, 3.5 × 10−4 M) and three different light intensities (48, 76, 122 µmol m−2 s−1). Chloride had no effect on growth over this range of concentration. High light intensity and high NH4Cl concentration enhanced the specific growth rate. The carotenoid content increased under a combination of high light intensity and low N concentration. WhenD. bardawil was exposed to the same combination of growth conditions, there was an increase in its carotenoid content. The light saturation and the light inhibition constants (K s andK i, respectively) for growth, and the saturation constant (K m) for NH4Cl were determined. TheK s andK i values were higher inT. odorata (66.7 and〉 122 σmol m−2 s−1, respectively) than inD. bardawil (5.1 and 14.7 µmol m−2 s−1, respectively). TheK m value determined at 122 µmol m−2 s−1, however, was lower inT. odorata (0.048 µM) than inD. bardawil (0.062 µM).
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    Influence of enhanced CO2 on growth and photosynthesis of the red algaeGracilaria sp. andG. chilensis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 563-571 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; Gracilaria ; growth ; nitrate ; 18O2 ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of elevated CO2 concentrations on growth and photosynthesis ofGracilaria sp. andG. chilensis was investigated in order to procure information on the effective utilization of CO2. Growth of both was enhanced by CO2 enrichment (air + 650 ppm CO2, air + 1250 ppm CO2, the enhancement being greater inGracilaria sp. Both species increased uptake of NO3 − with CO2 enrichment. Photosynthetic inorganic carbon uptake was depressed inG. chilensis by pre-culture (15 days) with CO2 enrichment, but little affected inGracilaria sp. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that O2 uptake was higher in the light than in the dark for both species and in both cases was higher inGracilaria sp. The higher growth enhancement inGracilaria sp. was attributed to greater depression of photorespiration by the enrichment of CO2 in culture.
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    Influence of subsidiary energy on growth ofDunaliella viridis Teodoresco: the role of extra energy in algal growth (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 323-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella viridis ; subsidiary energy quantification ; growth ; carotenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An account is given of the influence of different levels of mechanical energy, in the form of bubbling, on the growth of the microalgaDunaliella viridis when other variables (e.g. temperature, nutrient supply, photon fluence) do not change. The extra energy was quantified accurately through the application of the classical equations of mass and energy conservation providing a method for the calculation of the energy efficiency of primary production related to the total energy input, in which photon fluence was found to be the most important. The specific growth rate (μ) of the population vs the input of auxiliary energy fits to a second order polynomial function with a maximum growth rate at 0.63 W m−2. The increase of maximal cell density follows a hyperbolic saturation kinetics, with saturation at those same values of extra energy. Both primary production and the efficiency of energy transformation inD. viridis vs the variation of total energy input fit to hyperbolic functions, reaching a maximum efficiency for primary production of 0.85%.
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    Effects of deep seawater on the growth of several species of marine micro-algae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 75-77 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: deep seawater ; micro-algae ; growth ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deep seawater (DSW; seawater under the euphotic layer), obtained from Deep Seawater Laboratory in Muroto, Japan, was applied to the culture ofDunaliella tertiolecta, D. salina, Nannochloropsis oculata, N. salina, Porphyridium cruentum, Tetraselmis tetrahele, andChaetoceros ceratosporum. DSW supported the exponential growth of every species. The growth yields were at 14.7 (±2.3 SD) mg dry weight per liter, and could be heightened by the addition of nitrate to DSW.
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    Sexual dimorphism in growth from 8 to 18 years (1993)
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    International journal of anthropology 8 (1993), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: growth ; anthropometric characteristics ; sexual dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mixed longitudinal study of growth and development has been conducted, centering on an analysis of differences based on sex between the ages of 8 and 18 years for a series of 12 anthropometric indicators. The sample consisted of 50 girls and 63 boys. Proceeding from the specific differences, the variables can be divided into four groups with identical structures of differences. The first group comprises measurements of body height, body mass, shoulder width and pelvic span, all of which have higher values in boys between 8 and 10 and between 14 and 18. Between the ages of 11 and 13 girls are taller, heavier, with broader shoulders and pelvises. The second group covers measurements of subcutaneous fat. which are higher for girls throughout the period under review. The third group of indicators comprises the diameters of the joints of the extremities, i.e. of elbows and knees. Throughout the period under observation, these measurements are higher in boys, with the absolute differences between the sexes being the same at the age of 8 and ten years later. The fourth group consists of circumferences measurements of the extremities. It was found that calf circumferences manifested a specific inversion of the curves between 14 and 15, with girls showing a larger calf circumference up to the age of 14, and boys from the age of 15. The effect of earlier onset of puberty in girls was found to be reflected only on the inversion of the curve flow of the variables from the first group.
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    Somatotypes in Spanish children (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 6 (1991), S. 257-265 
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    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Children somatotyping ; Spanish population ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the Heath-Carter (1972) method modified byHebbelinck et al. (1973), the somatotypes ina Spanish school-age population were determined. The study shows an evolution in the components of the somatotype with age, and a distribution of somatoplots in the somatochart which presnts peculiar characteristics in both sexes.
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    Growth ofDunaliella viridis Teodoresco: effect of salinity, temperature and nitrogen concentration (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 319-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella viridis ; growth ; salinity ; temperature ; nitrogen concentration ; batch culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of a strain ofD. viridis has been studied in batch culture under different combinations of temperature, salinity and nitrogen concentrations. Changes in these variables have a significant effect on cell division, biomass production, cell volume and pigment yield. This strain grows optimally at 1 M NaCl and 30 °C. Increasing salinity up to 4 M NaCl leads to a significant decrease of cell division rate and maximal population; growth at lower temperature decreases the rate of division of the cells but increases maximal cell density. Pigment yield decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature. Nitrogen concentration has a large effect on total cell biomass and pigment production, but not on cell division rate. Saturation of growth occurs at 5 mM NO 3 − ; higher concentration (e.g. 10 mM) leads to a decrease of maximal cell density and photosynthetic pigment content.
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    Enhanced growth of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda in high CO2 concentrations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 355-362 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra yezoensis ; red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leafy thalli of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda, initiated from conchospores released from free-living conchocelis, were cultured using aeration with high CO2. It was found that the higher the CO2 concentration, the faster the growth of the thalli. Aeration with elevated CO2 lowered pH in dark, but raised pH remarkably in light with the thalli, because the photosynthetic conversion of HCO 3 − to OH− and CO2 proceeded much faster than the dissociation of hydrated CO2 releasing H+. Photosynthesis of the alga was found to be enhanced in the seawater of elevated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, CO2 + HCO 3 − + CO 3 − ). It is concluded that the increased pH in the light resulted in the increase of DIC in the culture media, thus enhancing photosynthesis and growth. The relevance of the results to removal of atmospheric CO2 by marine algae is discussed.
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    Cage culture ofKappaphycus alvarezii var.tambalang (Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 4 (1992), S. 311-313 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Kappaphycus ; cage culture ; growth ; production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Kappaphycus alvarezii var.tambalang was cultured in a 3 × 3 m bamboo raft installed inside a 4 × 4 m floating net cage ofLates calcarifer (sea bass) broodstock at SEAFDEC Sub-station Igang, Guimaras, Philippines, from December 1989 to May 1990. Growth and production ofK. alvarezii var.tambalang was influenced by the culture months. The highest growth rate and production were recorded in January and May, respectively, while the lowest growth rate and production were observed in March. Average growth rate (wet weight) ranged from 3.72 to 7.17% day-1, while production ranged from 575.5 to 2377 g m-1 line-1. A total production of approximately 123 t (fresh) or 37 t (dried) ha-1 in the 5-month harvest season was produced from this culture system. Cultivation ofK. alvarezii var.tambalang in cages is possible, which indicates that seaweeds can be grown with carnivorous finfish, a practice which is still untapped.
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    Effect of high nitrate concentrations on growth and nitrate uptake by free-living and immobilizedChlorella vulgaris cells (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 369-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: nitrate uptake ; growth ; immobilized cells ; alginate bead ; Chlorella vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth and nitrate uptake were studied on free-living and immobilizedChlorella vulgaris cells cultivated in medium containing different nitrate concentrations. First, the effect of nitrate concentrations on growth indicated that cells can live in the presence of high concentrations as high as 97 mM. Although no lethal effect on cells was observed such concentration a slow down in growth and a decrease in biomass produced was observed. The rate of nitrate uptake increased with the nitrate concentration in the medium. The maximum uptake rate was reached in first days of culture in both free-living and immobilized cells. The rate dropped more rapidly for cells growing in 2 mM nitrate than for cells growing in higher nitrate concentration. The maximum rate was very much the same for free-living and immobilized and was within the order of 0.45 to 0.57 μg NO3 h−1 10−6 cells. Immobilization modified the changes of nitrate uptake rate for concentration higher than 2 mM.
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    Strain selection in Gracilaria spp. 2. Selection for high and low temperature resistance in G. verrucosa sporelings (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; strain selection ; growth ; photosynthesis ; rubisco ; agar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A strain selection procedure using Gracilaria verrucosa gametophytic sporelings was found to be an efficient tool for the improvement of Gracilaria strains. Two strains, C-2 and A-18, which were isolated and grown clonally, showed higher growth rates under high and low temperature conditions, respectively, than the local Gracilaria conferta. Growth rate, photosynthesis and chlorophyll, which were measured under different temperature and photon flux densities, demonstrated an overall advantage of the selected strains over the wild type strains of both G. verrucosa and G. conferta. Growth rates were also generally in positive correlation with the carboxylase activity of Rubisco. The G. verrucosa wild type also had a 40% higher agar content than G. conferta. The selected strains thus showed higher potential for outdoor cultivation than local wild type populations.
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    Temperature profiles of cellular growth and exopolysaccharide synthesis by Botryococus braunii Kütz. UC 58 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Botryococcus braunii ; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis ; temperature profiles ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature profiles (range 20–33 °C) were obtained for growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis of the microalga Botryococcus braunii strain UC 58 under photoautotrophic conditions. The maximum temperature for growth was 32 °C and the temperature dependence of the specific growth rate was described by the Hinshelwood equation based on the Arrhenius relationship. The optimal range of temperatures for growth and extracellular EPS synthesis (25–30 °C) concurred and production of 4.5–5 g l−1 of EPS was obtained routinely, leading to high broth viscosities. Below 23 °C EPS biosynthesis was negligible, although the specific growth rate maintained high values. At supraoptimal temperatures EPS biosynthesis decreased, accompanying the increase in doubling time. The polymers formed at temperatures within the optimal range for production, when dissolved in water, produced solutions (2 gl−1) with the highest viscosity, suggesting that their molecular weight showed the highest values. The degree of polymerization of the EPS synthesized at suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures was significantly below the values within the optimal range.
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    Growth and carotenogenesis in eight strains ofDunaliella salina Teodoresco from Chile (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 4 (1992), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella salina ; Chilean strains ; culture ; growth ; carotenogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of growth and carotenogenesis in eight strains of the green algaDunaliella salina collected from salt ponds at Salar de Atacama (23° 30′ S; 68° 15′ W) and Antofagasta (23° 39′ S; 70° 24′ W), Chile and kept in unialgal cultures at the Laboratorio Cultivo de Algas, University of Concepcion. The algae were grown in Erdschreiber medium supplemented with 12.5% w/v NaCl, under a continuous photon flux density of approximately 150 μmol m-2 s-1 at 25 ± 4 °C without aeration. When growth reached the stationary phase, the amount of NaCl was increased to 25%. Total carotenoid content was measured during the exponential growth phase and 20 days after the addition of salt. Strain CONC-001 (Laguna La Rinconada, Antofagasta) exhibited the highest growth rate (k = 0.32 div d-1) and the lowest total carotenoid content (7.2 and 13.7 mg l-1 at 12.5 and 25% NaCl, respectively). Strain CONC-007 (Salar de Atacama) had the lowest growth rate (k = 0.14 div d-1) and yielded the highest total carotenes per volume unit (23.1 and 35.6 mg 1-1 at 12.5 and 25% NaCl) and per cell (ca. 42 pg at 25% NaCl). Total carotenoid synthesis did not increase in strains CONC-001 and CONC-006 with the increase of salinity. These strains had the greatest increase of total carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio (4.5- and 9.3-fold, respectively). The seven strains from Salar de Atacama had higher total carotenoid contents than the strain from Antofagasta. Cell size also varied. Strain CONC-001 cells were smallest; strain CONC-006 had the largest cells. There was an inverse correlation between maximum cell density and mean cell size.
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    Studies on carrageenans and effects of seawater phosphorus concentration on carrageenan content and growth ofAgardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft and Wynne (Rhodophyceae, Solieriaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 3-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; Agardhiella ; carrageenan ; phosphorus ; cultivation ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gas liquid chromatography, chemical analyses, and infrared and13C-NMR spectroscopies indicated that phycocolloids extracted fromAgardhiella subulata had a dominant ι-carrageenan feature with less deviant ι-carrageenan and υ-carrageenan. The presence of methylated galactose and a small contamination by xylose were registered. Unattached plants were cultivated for 4 weeks in tanks receiving seawater enriched with 53.5 µM nitrate and 0 to 20 µM phosphate (Pi) week−1. The growth was phosphorus (P)-limited up to a tissue P content of 0.14 ± 0.03% dry weight. Maximal specific growth rate and carrageenan content were observed with enrichments of 6 µM Pi and 3 µM Pi, respectively. Hence carrageenan production was promoted in the range of 3–6 µM Pi. Further Pi enrichment was useless. This phenomenon, observed with P nutrition, is comparable to the ‘Neish effect’ in nitrogen nutrition studies.
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    Effects of dietary testosterone on growth and sex ratio in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (1992)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 9 (1992), S. 513-517 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: dietary testosterone ; diets ; reproduction ; growth ; juvenile atlantic salmon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diets to which testosterone (1 or 10 ng/g diet) had been added were fed to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for nine months beginning for months after hatching (Experiment 1) and upon completion of yolk absorption (Experiment 2) to determine the effects on growth, gonadal development, and sex ratio. Dietary testosterone at 10 ng/g fed to juvenile salmon at four months after hatching (Exp. 1) induced significant changes in condition factor (0.69±0.01) compared to controls (0.79±0.01) at the end of the test period. In both experiments, salmon treated with 10 ng/g diet induced a significantly higher percentage of male fish compared to controls. Dietary testosterone at 1 ng/g fed to juvenile salmon beginning four months after hatching induced significant increases in weight (18.95±0.99) and length (13.58±0.23) compared to controls (14.55±1.50 and 11.94±0.43, respectively). In Experiment 1 or 2, there was no apparent influence of dietary testosterone on precocious male sexual development. Dietary testosterone at 1 or 10 ng/g fed to juvenile salmon upon completion of yolk absorption (Exp. 2) induced no consistent changes in growth in juvenile Atlantic salmon. These studies indicate that low levels of dietary testosterone may influence physiological responses in juvenile Atlantic salmon dependent upon timing of treatment.
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    Effects of salinity on the growth and lipid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cells in culture (1994)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 13 (1994), S. 451-461 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; turbot ; cell culture ; salinity ; growth ; lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The direct effects of osmotic pressure (salinity) on growth performance and lipid composition were investigated in fish cells in culture. Cell lines from a relatively stenohaline marine species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (TF) and an anadromous species, Atlantic salmon (AS) were cultured in media supplemented with NaCl to produce osmotic pressures varying from 300 to 500 mOsm kg−1. The growth rates of the two cell lines were affected in a similar manner by the salinity of the media with the rank order for both peak cell numbers and growth rates up to the day of peak cell number being 300 〉 350 〉 400 〉 450 〉 500 mOsm kg−1. Cell death occurred in both cell lines in older cultures at all salinities with the greatest loss of viable cells in media of 300 and 350 kg−1. However, there were quantitative and qualitative differences between the cell lines in their lipid metabolism in response to the salinity of the media. The lipid content expressed per cell showed a positive correlation between lipid per cell and salinity in TF cells, but this was less apparent in AS cells. The percentage of total polar lipid classes increased with increasing salinity in TF cells due mainly to graded increases in the percentages of choline phospholipids. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the proportions of polar and neutral lipid classes with salinity in AS cells. The only significant effect of salinity in AS cells was a decreased proportion of dimethylacetals in total lipid at the highest salinity. The same significant effect of salinity on dimethylacetal content of total lipid was observed in TF cells. However, in addition there was a graded decrease in the percentage of 18:2n-9 in TF cell total lipid with increasing salinity. This was accompanied by increased percentages of total n-3 and n-6 PUFA with higher proportions of both groups of PUFA at 450 and 500 compared with 300 mOsm kg−1. The results show that environmental salinity, in the absence of hormonal or other physiological stimuli, has direct effects on the growth and lipid metabolism of fish cells and that these effects differ in cells from different fish species.
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    Influence of dietary soybean trypsin inhibitors and DL-ethionine on sulfur amino acid adequacy of diets for young rats (1992)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 42 (1992), S. 337-349 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Trypsin inhibitors ; ethionine ; Wistar rats ; growth ; sulfur amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Weanling male Wistar rats were fed 20% protein diets based on casein or either of two combinations of soy protein isolate and ground raw soy providing three levels of soybean trypsin inhibitors (SBTI; 0,448 and 808 mg of trypsin inhibited per 100g of diet respectively). DL-ethionine was included at three levels (0,0.05% and 0.10%) with each level of SBTI. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks ofad libitum feeding, diets containing SBTI without DL-ethionine were associated with decreases in weight gain, feed efficiency, serum cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen. Higher levels of triglycerides, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and altered serum free amino acid levels were also found. Increased dietary levels of DL-ethionine also resulted in deficits in growth and feed efficiency, decreased serum cholesterol, increased SGPT and similar alterations in serum free amino acids. Combination of dietary SBTI with DL-ethionine resulted in even greater growth deficits and serum cholesterol decreases as well as increases in SGPT and serum triglycerides and changes in serum free amino acid levels. Methionine deficiency in the young rats fed SBTI and DL-ethionine was indicated by the changes in serum amino acids and growth deficits. Moderation of some effects over the 12 week test period suggested decreased methionine requirements in the older rats.
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    A growing 2D spherulite and calculus of variations Part II: A 2D spherulite of polypropylene in a linear temperature field (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 695-703 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 2D spherulire ; growth ; linear temperature field ; calculus of variations ; theory and experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A 2D spherulite grows in a linear-temperature field from a nucleus of polypropylene at (0,0). The growth lines and the growth fronts are computed by the calculus of variations. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory
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    Effects of waterlogging on growth and some physiological parameters of four Brassica species (1990)
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    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 203-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica ; chlorophyll ; growth ; iron ; manganese ; waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Waterlogging tolerance of four Brassica species, Brassica campestris L., B. carinata A. Br., B. juncea (L.) Czern and Coss., and B. napus L. was assessed after 4 weeks growth in greenhouse at two waterlogging treatments, unflooded control soil, and fully waterlogged soil. Shoot fresh and dry biomass, in both mean and relative terms, was highest in B. juncea and lowest in B. napus at waterlogging treatment. B. carinata was as good as B. juncea in mean shoot fresh and dry matter but it had almost same relative shoot fresh matter as that in B. campestris, but was second highest in relative shoot dry weight. Waterlogging treatment caused a marked reduction in chlorophyll content in all four species but the species difference was not evident. However, B. juncea and B. napus had lower relative total chlorophyll than the other species. A marked increase in soluble protein content of B. juncea and a significant increase in total amino acids in B. carinata was observed under waterlogged conditions as compared to the other species. At the waterlogging regime, an increase in iron content in both shoots and roots was observed in all four species. B. juncea accumulated lower amount of iron in both shoots and roots as compared to the other species, whereas B. carinata had also lower iron in the roots. The species did not differ for shoot manganese content but B. carinata had significantly higher manganese in the roots as compared to the other species.
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    Effects of waterlogging on growth and some physiological parameters of fourBrassica species (1990)
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    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 203-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica ; chlorophyll ; growth ; iron ; manganese ; waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Waterlogging tolerance of fourBrassica species,Brassica campestris L.,B. carinata A. Br.,B. juncea (L.) Czern and Coss., andB. napus L. was assessed after 4 weeks growth in greenhouse at two waterlogging treatments, unflooded control soil, and fully waterlogged soil. Shoot fresh and dry biomass, in both mean and relative terms, was highest inB. juncea and lowest inB. napus at waterlogging treatment.B. carinata was as good asB. juncea in mean shoot fresh and dry matter but it had almost same relative shoot fresh matter as that inB. campestris, but was second highest in relative shoot dry weight. Waterlogging treatment caused a marked reduction in chlorophyll content in all four species but the species difference was not evident. However,B. juncea andB. napus had lower relative total chlorophyll than the other species. A marked increase in soluble protein content ofB. juncea and a significant increase in total amino acids inB. carinata was observed under waterlogged conditions as compared to the other species. At the waterlogging regime, an increase in iron content in both shoots and roots was observed in all four species.B. juncea accumulated lower amount of iron in both shoots and roots as compared to the other species, whereasB. carinata had also lower iron in the roots. The species did not differ for shoot manganese content butB. carinata had significantly higher manganese in the roots as compared to the other species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444234
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    Metabolic activities of the sugarbeet pathogens Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. under pyramin stress (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrate metabolism ; DNA-P ; growth ; nitrogen metabolism ; pyramin ; respiration ; RNA-P, sugarbeet pathogenic fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of different concentrations of active ingredient of the herbicide pyramin on metabolic activities of Fusarium solani and Sclerotium rolfsii were examined. High concentrations of this herbicide (1000 and 2000 μg mL-1 for F. solani and 100 and 200 μg mL-1 for S. rolfsii) had inhibitory effects on the metabolic activities of both fungi. These were demonstrated by significant decreases in growth, and increases in rates of CO2 evolved, O2 consumed and keto acids produced. These were accompanied by increased rates of sugar, nitrate and inorganic phosphorus absorption as well as lowered rates of synthesis of carbohydrates and insoluble nitrogenous (including protein) and phosphorus (including RNA-P and DNA-P) compounds. In addition, rates of excretion of both nitrogen and phosphorus fractions by the mycelial mats were increased. A concentration of 25 μ g mL-1 exerted little or no effect on the metabolic activities of these fungi, although S. rolfsii was somewhat sensitive to this concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011017
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    Growth and CO2 assimilation of lowland rice in response to timing and method of N fertilization (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; light response ; N uptake ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand more clearly the dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield development in relation to N fertilization, a field experiment was conducted in Laguna, Philippines. The soil, a Maahas clay (Aquic Hapludalf), was flooded, puddled, and then planted with 20-day-old seedlings of IR64 rice. Treatments were six combinations of N fertilizer timing and method: (1) 0 N control; (2) prilled urea broadcast at 15 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) (BR-LATE); (3) prilled urea injected with a spring auger applicator at 15 DAT and broadcast at 60 DAT (INJ-LATE); (4) prilled urea broadcast and incorporated at 0 DAT and broadcast at 40 DAT (BR-EARLY); (5) urea super granules (USG) manually deep-placed at 3 DAT and prilled urea broadcast at 40 DAT (DP-EARLY); and (6) USG manually deep-placed at 3 DAT (DP). Except for the control, all treatments received a total of 58 kg N ha-1. Yield results were consistent with those of other experiments, namely, DP had the highest yields, the early-split treatments (BR-EARLY and DP-EARLY) were second best, followed by the late-split treatments (BR-LATE and INJ-LATE), with the control having the lowest yield. Sequential harvest results showed that the advantages of DP in terms of dry matter assimilation, tillering, and leaf area index (LAI) were expressed later in the season. For all treatments, midday net CO2 assimilation (Ac) peaked around 48 DAT, approximately panicle initiation. Grain yield was highly correlated with midday Ac at panicle initiation and flowering but not at other growth periods. Rates of midday Ac and night respiration depended strongly on shoot N content. We conclude that N application method and timing should be designed to give high shoot N content at panicle initiation and flowering, and that DP satisfied this requirement best among the treatments tested.
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    Influence of nutrient and water stress on Norway spruce production in south Sweden — the role of air pollutants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 251-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollutants ; growth ; nitrogen saturation ; nutrient stress ; optimum growth ; Picea abies ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment primarily designed for simulating the indirect effects of air pollutants for a 25-year-old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden is presented (The Skogaby project). Treatment include irrigation; artificial drought; ammonium sulphate addition; nitrogen-free-fertilization and irrigation with liquid fertilizers including a complete set of nutrients. The experiment has a randomized block design with four replicates per treatment. Growth response on an areal basis of basal area, height and dry mass of stems, branches and needles after up to four years of treatment are presented. Dry mass is estimated using allometric equations based on destructive samplings of trees. The stand suffered from temporary water stress during all four years investigated despite 970– 1160 mm of annual precipitation. Irrigation resulted in improved above-ground dry mass production (stem, bark, branches, needles, litter fall) by 20% during the first 3 years of treatment, whereas 2 years of drought treatment followed by 1 year of recovery led to 10% reduced dry mass growth. During year 2 of recovery, however, basal area growth was only about half of that of the control. Nitrogen, markedly, was a growth limiting nutrient, although the stand got approx. 20 kg N ha-1 y-1 from deposition. Ammonium sulphate addition (100 kg N ha-1 y-1) resulted in 31% improved dry mass production whereas irrigation with liquid fertilization (100 kg N ha-1 y-1) including all important nutrient elements led to 57% increased dry mass growth after 3 years of treatment. Basal area growth of the latter treatment gradually increased and during year 4 of treatment was 123% larger than the control. Nitrogen-free-fertilization resulted in a small improvement of dry mass production (+10%). After 3 years of treatment, the amount of needles had increased markedly for both treatments including irrigation, whereas drought treated trees instead had decreased their needle amount vs control. The increase in needle amount occurred as a result of both larger formation of needles and higher preservence of old needles, the opposite relations being found for the drought treated trees. At the same point larger needle formation in combination with a higher shedding of older needles was found for trees treated with ammonium sulphate and nitrogen-free-fertilizer. It is concluded that there is no stage of N saturation in the Skogaby site as there is no leaching of N from the control plots and N fertilization results in both increased tree growth and N uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029077
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    Growth, biomass allocation and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars in a mediterranean environment; a pot experiment under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass allocation ; carbon isotope discrimination ; growth ; water use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants of two bread wheat cultivars,Triticum aestivum L. ‘Katya Al’ and ‘Mexipak 65’, were grown in pots during the crop season in the field in NW Syria, a region with a Mediterranean climate. The experiment involved two treatments. Control plants were well-watered throughout the experiment (watering to 0.22 g water g−1 dry soil). In the second treatment, water was withheld from the plants until soil water content had decreased to 0.10 g water g−1 dry soil, the level that was maintained thereafter. Water use was measured by weighing the pots, and growth by destructive sampling. Growth of Katya and Mexipak was similar. Mexipak had a lower (though not significant atp〈0.05) plant water use efficiency (WUEp) in both treatments due to higher rates of water loss. On a leaf area basis differences in water use were especially high since Mexipak had a smaller total leaf area. In spite of a smaller investment in photosynthesizing area, Mexipak achieved similar growth as Katya. Carbon isotope discrimination and organic nitrogen concentration (both higher for Mexipak) suggest that Mexipak accomplished higher mean net photosynthetic rates with a higher mean leaf diffusive conductance, higher intercellular carbon dioxide partial pressure, and possibly a greater investment in the photosynthetic apparatus compared to Katya. Differences in carbon isotope discrimination suggest a larger difference in average photosynthetic WUE (net photosynthesis/transpiration) than in plant WUE. This could indicate that loss of carbon in respiration was greater in Katya. Gas exchange measurements on the youngest fully expanded leaves showed only minor differences between the cultivars. It is hypothesized that Mexipak, with a smaller total leaf area, is able to maintain high leaf conductance and photosynthesis for a longer period of time during the day or during the life span of leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347711
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    Growth and development of seminal and crown root systems in N-limited barley, and their contributions to nitrate acquisition during vegetative and generative growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 239-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; crown roots ; growth ; nitrate reductase ; nitrate uptake ; seminal roots ; solution culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cvs Golf and Laevigatum) was grown under nitrogen limitation, controlled by the relative rate of nitrate-N addition (RA), in solution culture. The seminal and crown root systems were kept apart, but in contact with the same nutrient solution throughout culturing. Growth, nitrate uptake, and in vitro nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the different root parts were studied at plant ages from 40 (late vegetative stage) to 110 (mid grain-filling) days. The RA was during this time interval stepwise decreased from 0.08 day−1 to 0.005 day−1. The ratio between seminal root dry weight and total plant dry weight decreased drastically during post-anthesis growth, whereas the contribution by crown roots remained unchanged. Tissue nitrogen concentrations in seminal roots did not change with time, but decreased in crown roots after day 80. The NR activity decreased with age in both seminal and crown roots. The Vmax for net nitrate uptake decreased throughout the experiment in the seminal root system, but not in the crown root system. The kinetic properties (Vmax and KM) were used to calculate the nitrate concentration required to maintain a relative rate of nitrate-N uptake that equals the relative addition rate. These concentrations (2 to 5 mmol m−3) were found to closely match actually measured nitrate concentrations in the nutrient solution (1 to 6 mmol m−3). From uptake kinetics, it was deduced that the contribution by seminal roots to total nitrate uptake at these concentrations decreased from more than 50% in vegetative plants, to about 20% just after main shoot anthesis, and to less than 5% during grain-filling. ei]Section editor: H Lambers
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016289
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    Supplemental calcium does not improve growth of salt-stressed Brassicas (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 415-418 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica ; calcium ; growth ; salinity ; salt tolerance ; seawater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Whole plant and callus cultures of different rapid-cycling Brassica species were treated with salinity (8 dS m-1) and/or supplemental Ca (up to 10 mM total concentration). None of these cultures responded to supplemental Ca with improved growth indicating that the salt tolerance of these genotypes was not dependent upon Ca.
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    The role of free sugars and amino acids in the regulation of biomass partitioning and plant growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 191-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; biomass partitioning ; growth ; Spinacia oleracea ; sugars ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical plant growth models postulate an important role for growth substrates such as sugars and amino acids. To test this experimentally, spinach plants were grown under controlled conditions and with nitrogen added daily, following different exponential addition schemes. Plants were harvested during exponential growth. Free amino acid levels or free sugar levels were only weakly correlated with growth and biomass partitioning. Factor analysis showed however that the product of free sugar concentration and amino acid concentration yielded a parameter adequately reflecting the plant's nutritional state. It is concluded that growth and biomass partitioning under limiting N conditions cannot be modelled solely based on N substrate levels.
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    Contributions of the surface of the root tip to the growth of Zea roots in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 315-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell wal's ; epidermis ; growth ; root development ; soil penetration ; stiffness ; Zea diploperennis ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the epidermal layer of roots of Zea is traced from the quiescent centre to the zone where root hairs develop. In the zone of cell division a three layered coat forms on the outside of the epidermal cells consisting of the outer epidermal walls, overlaid by a two-layered pellicle composed of a thick fibrillar inner layer of polysaccharide, and a thin fibrillar outer layer of protein. The epidermal cells divide several times in the same longitudinal file but rarely across a radius to give a new longitudinal file. Thus, the radial walls become much thicker than all but the original transverse walls, and packets of up to 32 daughter cells derived from a single initial may be distinguished. The pellicle develops during these divisions as a continuum over the outer walls of the daughter cells. It is proposed that the pellicle provides a stiffening to the forward end of the root which permits it to penetrate soil without bending. Support for this hypothesis is shown by the Zea mays mutant Ageotropic in which the pellicle is absent, the epidermal surface is disorganized, and which grows crookedly through soil. In the zone of extension growth of normal roots of two Zea species the pellicle thins and disappears. Circumferential strips of the pellicle were peeled off the young epidermal cells and could be stretched to twice their length. This deformation is partly the result of the pellicle stretching and breaking above the attachments of the radial walls. After normal thinning of the pellicle, detachment of the radial walls at their outer ends produces a corrugated surface in the proximal zone of the root tips. In dicotyledons (e.g., soybean), there is no similar pellicle, but a stiff root tip is produced by a long multi-layered root cap, the proximal portion of which covers the elongating epidermal surface.
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    Growth and osmotic adjustment of two tomato cultivars during and after saline stress (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; osmotic adjustment ; saline stress ; solutes ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a short period of saline stress was studied in two phenotypically different cultivars, one of normal fruit-size (L. esculentum cv. New Yorker) and one of cherry fruit-size (L. esculentum var.cerasiforme cv. PE-62). In both cultivars the relative growth rate (RGR) and the leaf area ratio (LAR) decreased following salinisation. The leaf turgor potential (ψp) and the osmotic potential at full turgor (ψos) decreased to the same extent in both cultivars. However, the contributions of organic and inorganic solutes to the osmotic adjustment was different between cultivars. New Yorker achieved the osmotic adjustment by means of the Cl− and Na+ uptake from the substrate, and by synthesis of organic solutes. In the cherry cultivar organic solutes did not contribute to the osmotic adjustment, instead, their contribution decreased after salinisation. After the salt stress was removed, the water stress disappeared, the content of organic solutes decreased in plants of both cultivars and, therefore, their growth was not retarded by the diversion of resources for the synthesis of organic solutes. However, the toxic effects of the Cl− and Na+ did not disappear after removal of the salt stress, and the net assimilation rate (NAR) and the rate of growth (RGR) did not recover.
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    The completion of cell proliferation and growth in wheat radicle (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: DNA contents ; DNA synthesis ; growth ; proliferation ; radicle ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of proliferation and growth of cortical and central metaxylem cells in a radicle and the transitional zone of a wheat embryo was studied during the final stages of embryogenesis. Cell divisions finished nearer the root tip in the central metaxylem than was the case in the cortex. After divisions ceased the cells of both tissues maintained the ability to synthesize DNA and the cells began DNA endoreduplication. The maximal levels of endoreduplication were 4C and 8C in cortical and central metaxylem cells, respectively. As a result of nonsimultaneous cessation of divisions, the metaxylem cells were two or three times longer than cortical cells. The proportion of cells with the maximal DNA content was smaller in the transitional zone than in the radicle. During the final embryonal stages cell growth rate was decreased. It was established that the transition of cells to DNA synthesis was inhibited in all sites of the radicle during the completion of embryogenesis. The cell growth was topped in proximal sites of the radicle. In the division zone the cells which had already begun DNA synthesis were able to complete it and divided. Cell growth stopped simultaneously with completion of proliferation in this zone.
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    Interactive effects of mycorrhization and elevated carbon dioxide on growth of young pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) trees (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Climate change ; elevated carbon dioxide ; growth ; Laccaria laccata ; mycorrhization ; oak ; Quercus robur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was germinated and grown at ambient CO2 level and 650 ppmv CO2 in the presence and absence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata for a total of 6 month under nutrient non-limiting conditions. Mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 each supported the growth of the trees. Stem height, stem diameter, and dry matter accumulation of pedunculate oak were increased by mycorrhization. Elevated atmospheric CO2 enhanced stem height, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight, as well as lateral root formation of the trees. In combination, mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 had a more than additive, positive effect on tree height and biomass accumulation, and further improved lateral root formation of the trees. From these findings it is suggested that the efficiency of the roots in supporting the growth of the shoot is increased in mycorrhized oak trees at elevated atmospheric CO2.
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    Factors associated with occurrence of crown disease in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and its effect on growth and yield (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Elaeis guineensis ; oil palm ; crown disease ; physiological disorder ; growth ; yield ; genetic predisposition ; mineral nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crown disease was investigated in oil palm families derived from four sources of (Deli) dura female and three sources of pisifera male parents. These families were planted both at Bah Lias (after rubber) and Gunung Melayu (after oil palm) in North Sumatra. We observed the first symptoms on emerging leaves at 8 months after planting; severity reached a peak at 12 months and diminished gradually until virtually no new leaves were affected in palms older than 35 months. At Gunung Melayu crown disease, in terms of severity score on newly emerged leaves and percentage affected palms, was about double that at Bah Lias. At both locations it was highest in material exclusively bred in Indonesia. In this material crown disease significantly retarded vegetative growth, and reduced cumulative yield of oil for the first 6 years of production by about 4.5% with the highest loss in the first year. The relation between crown disease and nutritional status was inconsistent, but a crop rotation effect on crown disease merits further research. The contribution of the dura parents to crown disease was more evident than that of the pisifera. Screening of genotypes appears to be the most effective method of control of crown disease.
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    Role of magnesium in combination with liming in alleviating acid-soil stress with the aluminium-sensitive sorghum genotype CV323 (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; growth ; magnesium nutrition ; nutrient uptake ; root length ; soil acidity ; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment to study the effects of Mg nutrition on root and shoot development of the Al-sensitive sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotype CV323 grown in pots of sandy loam under different acid soil stress is reported. This experiment had a factorial design: four rates of liming were combined with four rates of Mg fertilization. When no Mg was added, the pH of the soil solutions (collected in ceramic cups) increased from 4.0 (unlimed) to 4.2, 4.7 and 5.9 at the increasing rates of liming. After 30 days of growth dry matter yields of the limed treatments were 40%, 115% and 199% higher than that of the unlimed treatment. Without liming and at the highest liming rate, adding Mg did not affect plant biomass significantly. At the two intermediate levels of liming, however, 11.3 mg extra Mg per kg soil increased dry matter yield to the same levels as found at the highest liming rate. Concentrations of Mg in the soil solution rose after Mg was added and fell when lime was added, but adding both Mg and lime increased Mg concentrations in the plant shoots. In plants of the limed treatments, dry matter yield was correlated closely with the Mg concentration in the shoot. This was not so in the unlimed treatment. Furthermore, in the unlimed treatments root development was inhibited, but reduced Mg uptake by the plants resulted mainly from the direct effect of Al- (or H-) ions in the soil solution rather than from impaired root development. It is concluded that Mg fertilization counteracted the interfering effects of Al- and H ions on Mg uptake.
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    Salt tolerance of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 uptake ; growth ; monovalent ions ; osmotic adjustment ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In view of the need to exploit saline water resources in agriculture in arid zones, we investigated the salt tolerance of Opuntia ficus-indica in plants growing in solution culture. Salt (NaCl) was added in concentrations ranging from 5 (control) to 200 mol m-3. Cladode growth was sensitive to salinity, being 60% of the control at 50 mol m-3 NaCl. The root-to-stem ratio decreased significantly only at 200 mol m-3. Various other parameters were studied, such as water content, Na, K and Cl content, osmotic pressure, and CO2 uptake. Of these parameters the decreases in cladode water content and CO2 uptake were related to the decrease in cladode growth. Raised salinity increased cladode osmotic pressure, which was associated with tissue dehydration. We concluded that osmotic adjustment does not occur in prickly pear under salt stress.
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    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching ; growth ; lateral roots ; maize ; root morphology ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The architecture of the root system is related to its water and mineral uptake. In this paper, the number, growth, and branching of first-order lateral roots are studied on field grown maize (early maturing cultivar ‘Dea’), mainly in relation to the depth and to the rank of the bearing phytomer. The soil was a deep clay loam, without any barrier until 1.80 m. The branching density was studied along axile roots until 1.40 m from the base, on a sample of individually excavated axile roots. A strong gradient of density was shown: the mean branching density decreased from 12 roots.cm−1 near the base to 4 roots.cm−1 at a 60 cm depth. Seminal roots were less densely branched than nodal roots. The mean difference was about 4 roots.cm−1. The length and branching density of lateral roots were studied on mature parts of the root systems where the growth and branching of the laterals were completed, using samples extracted from large soil monoliths. The length distribution of lateral roots was highly asymmetrical, for every source phytomer (mean: 25 mm; median: 16 mm). Many lateral roots were very short, and only 2 % reached a length higher than 10 cm. Only 29 % of all the laterals bore second-order lateral roots. Vigorous laterals branched more systematically and more profusely: the branching density varied from 2 to 5 roots.cm−1 according to the length of the mother lateral root. Both the number and length of lateral roots appeared to be affected by the soil bulk density which varied with the depth.
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    Effects of seed phosphorus concentration on the emergence and growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 285-288 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Trifolium subterraneum ; seed phosphorus ; emergence ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Subterranean clover seed (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Dalkeith) with phosphorus concentrations of 0.75% (high P seed) and 0.48% (low P seed) and of uniform size (2.0–2.4 mm diameter) was used to measure the effect of seed P concentrations on seedling emergence and growth. Seedling emergence numbers were 35% greater for the high P seed, and this effect was independent of external P supply. High P seed also emerged more quickly than low P seed. Leaf emergence was faster and shoot dry weight was greater for seedlings grown from high compared with low P seed, but only when external P supply was deficient for plant growth. Phosphorus concentrations in the shoots of two-week old seedlings were 32–51% higher for high P seed, although by four weeks plants grown from high and low P seed had similar concentrations of P in their shoots. We suggest that establishing pastures using high P seed would improve both early and late season pasture production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025038
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    Response to soil aluminium of two white clover (Trifolium repens L.) genotypes (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; aluminium toxicity ; chemical composition ; genotypic variation ; growth ; roots ; Trifolium repens L. ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An aluminium (Al) tolerant genotype of white clover was compared with an Al susceptible genotype in artificial soil profiles in which exchangeable Al increased with depth. The tolerant genotype had a greater proportion of its root mass deeper in the soil than the susceptible genotype. Nitrogenase activity showed a similar pattern. Shoot Al concentration did not vary between the genotypes but root Al in the susceptible line was twice that in the tolerant genotype. Plant potassium content in the susceptible line was relatively less, probably in response to higher aluminium content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011993
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    Effect of exchangeable sodium on growth and concentration of important macronutrients in needles and stems of four Casuarina spp. (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina ; growth ; macronutrients ; sodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)viz. 11, 17, 35, 58 and 70 on the growth and the concentration of important macronutrients in needles and stems of Casuarina obesa Miq., C. glauca Sieb. ex. spreng., C. cunninghamiana Miq. and C. equisetifolia Forster and G. Forster. A significant increase in the dry matter was found with increasing soil sodicity. At ESP 70, the percentage increase in dry matter over ESP 11 for the first three species was 44%, 35% and 124% in the needles, and 78%, 37% and 86% in stems, respectively. On the other hand the yields of C. equisetifolia decreased with increase in soil sodicity. Among the 4 species, C. obesa and C. glauca produced comparatively more DM under sodicity than did C. cunninghamiana and C. equisetifolia. The effect of sodicity was more pronounced on needles than on stems. Sodium concentration in plant parts increased with increasing sodicity, whereas concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen and phosphorus showed a decrease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007945
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    Interaction between aluminium and phosphorus in sorghum plants (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al distribution ; growth ; H-ion efflux ; nutrient uptake ; P assimilation ; respiration ; root morphology ; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A solution culture experiment was carried out to study the effects of interactions between aluminium (Al) and phosphorus (P) on Al-toxicity under conditions of suboptimal P supply. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber with seedlings of the Al-sensitive sorghum genotype TAM428 (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Phosphorus deficiency differed from Al toxicity in its effect on shoot/root ratio and root morphological charateristics. Results indicated that there were positive effects of Al on the uptake and assimilation of P. Therefore, it was unlikely that an Al-induced P deficiency could account for the observed reduction in plant biomass. Plants suffered more from Al toxicity at very low P supply. Moreover, decreasing P supply resulted in increased root H-ion efflux density. In the soil, where a rhizosphere can be formed, this would make the plant even more susceptible to Al. Dry matter yield of the plants was affected more severely by Al at the first harvest (14 days) than at the second (35 days), but the opposite was true for P. Aluminium-inhibited root development and reduced uptake of N, K and Mg (but not Ca) may be partly responsible for the growth depression. Increasing the P supply exerted certain roles in eliminating Al phytotoxicity, possibly through improved root development and nutrient uptake. The detrimental influence of Al on biomass could be overcome by doubling the P supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010926
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    Interaction between aluminium and phosphorus in sorghum plants (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al distribution ; growth ; H-ion efflux ; nutrient uptake ; P assimilation ; respiration ; root morphology ; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment to test the response of seedlings of the Al-tolerant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotype SC0283 in culture solutions containing various levels of Al and P was conducted. Aluminium at a low level (0.4 mg L−1) did not affect the biomass production of this genotype. At a high level (1.6 mg L−1), however, Al severely inhibited plant growth mainly by inhibiting root development. Plant dry matter yield was usually enhanced by increasing the P supply. Under high Al stress, however, the positive effect of a high P supply no longer existed, probably because of enhanced accumulation of Al in/on its roots in close association with the P. In general, concentrations of both inorganic and organic P in the plants were increased by improving the P supply, particularly at high Al stress. Phosphorus deficiency differed from Al toxicity in its effect on root morphology, shoot/root ratio and P metabolism. This indicated that there was no Al-induced P deficiency in plants supplied with high Al and suboptimal P. In the absence of Al and at the low level of Al, increasing the P supply usually increased root respiration and nutrient uptake. At the high level of Al, however, only minor effects of P were observed, presumably due to the dominant influence of Al. In general, stress associated with high Al concentration significantly affected plant growth, root morphology and respiration, Al distribution and P metabolism of the Al-tolerant sorghum (genotype SC0283).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010927
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    Nitrogen response surface models of zucchini squash, head lettuce and potato (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter partitioning ; growth ; lettuce ; N response ; potato ; quality ; response surface model ; zucchini squash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants grown at 5 nitrate (N) levels ranging from 2–36 mmol L−1 for lettuce and 2–43 mmol L−1 for zucchini squash and potato were harvested over the growth period to maturity at a minimum of 2 week intervals. Gamma × cubic response surface models fitted actual dry matter growth data quite precisely (R2〉0.98) from which growth and dry matter partitioning could be derived. Total dry matter growth was very responsive to N and maximum growth was predicted to occur at an N level of 14.2 mmol L−1 for lettuce, 18.1 mmol L−1 for zucchini squash and 11.6 mmol L−1 for potato. Growth declined at higher N levels for all species. For zucchini squash, both high and low N levels which reduced growth increased partitioning of dry matter to fruit. For potato, partitioning of dry matter to tubers tended to increase at high levels of N, particularly at maturity. For lettuce, the N level producing the highest dry matter yield partitioned the highest ratio of dry matter to head. The highest fresh yields of zucchini squash fruit, lettuce head and potato tubers were recorded at N levels of 14, 5 and 11 and 7 mmol L−1 respectively. The effect of N on quality followed a similar trend.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012042
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    Sensitivity to H- and Al ions limiting growth and distribution of the woodland grass Bromus benekenii (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al speciation ; centrifugation ; flowing solution culture ; growth ; soil solutions ; tissue mineral concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One pH experiment and two aluminium experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effects of H- and Al ions on growth of Bromus benekenii. Continuously flowing solution cultures were used with ion concentrations simulating natural soil solutions. In all experiments, treatment effects were more pronounced on root than on shoot growth. In the pH experiment, root growth decreased with decreasing pH within the pH range 4.5 to 3.5. The critical pH for root growth of Bromus benekenii was between 3.8 and 4.0. In the Al experiments, root growth started to decrease at 20 μM of quickly reacting Al and almost ceased at 70 μM Al. This characterizes Bromus benekenii as an Al sensitive species. In the pH experiment, shoot concentrations of Ca, Mg, K and P decreased with decreasing pH, but root concentrations were not affected. In the Al experiments, the Al concentrations of both shoots and roots increased with Al in the nutrient solution. At treatments of 70 μM Al or higher, Ca, Mg, K and P concentrations in the shoots were reduced. The critical concentrations of H- and Al ions in the experiments were similar to the highest concentrations found at field sites of Bromus benekenii, analysed in soil solutions obtained by centrifugation technique. Both Al and H toxicity were considered to be of importance as limiting factors for the distribution of Bromus benekenii in south Sweden. Probably, Al toxicity starts to limit growth when also pH itself influences growth negatively. The importance of simulating natural soil solutions in experiments is emphazised, in order to obtain information on the importance of chemical soil factors to the distribution of plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012997
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    Ultraviolet radiation, ozone depletion, and marine photosynthesis (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 303-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; primary production ; growth ; action spectrum ; biogeochemical cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concerns about stratospheric ozone depletion have stimulated interest in the effects of UVB radiation (280–320 nm) on marine phytoplankton. Research has shown that phytoplankton photosynthesis can be severely inhibited by surface irradiance and that much of the effect is due to UV radiation. Quantitative generalization of these results requires a biological weighting function (BWF) to quantify UV exposure appropriately. Different methods have been employed to infer the general shape of the BWF for photoinhibition in natural phytoplankton, and recently, detailed BWFs have been determined for phytoplankton cultures and natural samples. Results show that although UVB photons are more damaging than UVA (320–400 nm), the greater fluxes of UVA in the ocean cause more UV inhibition. Models can be used to analyze the sensitivity of water column productivity to UVB and ozone depletion. Assumptions about linearity and time-dependence strongly influence the extrapolation of results. Laboratory measurements suggest that UV inhibition can reach a steady-state consistent with a balance between damage and recovery processes, leading to a non-linear relationship between weighted fluence rate and inhibition. More testing for natural phytoplankton is required, however. The relationship between photoinhibition of photosynthesis and decreases in growth rate is poorly understood, so long-term effects of ozone depletion are hard to predict. However, the wide variety of sensitivities between species suggests that some changes in species composition are likely. Predicted effects of ozone depletion on marine photosynthesis cannot be equated to changes in carbon flux between the atmosphere and ocean. Nonetheless, properly designed studies on the effects of UVB can help identify which physiological and ecological processes are most likely to dominate the responses of marine ecosystems to ozone depletion.
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    Effects of nitrogen supply on the acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 389-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: elevated CO2 ; nitrogen supply ; photosynthesis ; acclimation ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A common observation in plants grown in elevated CO2 concentration is that the rate of photosynthesis is lower than expected from the dependence of photosynthesis upon CO2 concentration in single leaves of plants grown at present CO2 concentration. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this apparent down regulation of photosynthesis may be larger in leaves of plants at low nitrogen supply than at higher nitrogen supply. However, the available data are rather limited and contradictory. In this paper, particular attention is drawn to the way in which whole plant growth response to N supply constitutes a variable sink strength for carbohydrate usage and how this may affect photosynthesis. The need for further studies of the acclimation of photosynthesis at elevated CO2 in leaves of plants whose N supply has resulted in well-defined growth rate and sink activity is emphasised, and brief consideration is made of how this might be achieved.
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    Gibberellin physiology of safflower: endogenous gibberellins and response to gibberellic acid (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: gibberellins ; paclobutrazol ; GC-MS ; safflower ; Carthamus tinctorius ; growth ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) were extracted from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stems and detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from which GA1, GA3, GA19,, GA20, GA29, and probably, GA44 were detected. The detection of these GAs suggests that the early 13-OH biosynthetic pathway is prevalent in safflower shoots. Deuterated GAs were used as internal standards and GA concentrations were determined in stems harvested at weekly intervals. GA1 and GA19 levels per stem increased but concentrations per gram dry weight decreased over time. GA20 was only detected in young stem tissue. Gibberellic acid (GA3) was also applied in field trials and both GA3 and the GA biosynthetic inhibitor, paclobutrazol, were applied in growth chamber tests. GA3 increased epidermal cell size, internode length, and increased internode cell number causing stem elongation. Conversely, paclobutrazol reduced stem height, internode and cell size, cell number and overall shoot weight. In field tests, GA3 increased total stem weight, but decreased leaf weight, flower bud number and seed yield. Thus, GA3 promoted vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive commitment. These studies collectively indicate a promotory role of GAs in the control of shoot growth in safflower, and are generally consistent with gibberellin studies of related crop plants.
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    Container seedlings outperform barefoot stock: Survival and growth after 10 years (1991)
    Springer
    New forests 5 (1991), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: bareroot and container seedlings ; survival ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, and Douglas-fir seedlings were planted in container or bareroot form at three elevations in northern California. At the lowest elevation (762 m), container seedlings of ponderosa pine were significantly taller than bareroot seedlings at ages 4 and 10, and had breast-height diameters that were significantly larger than bareroot counterparts at age 10. Survival of Douglas-fir container seedlings was significantly greater than that of barefoot seedlings for all ages tested. At the mid-elevation site (1220 m), container seedlings of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir were significantly larger in breast-height diameter than bareroot seedlings at age 10. Douglas-fir container seedlings survived significantly better at all ages than barefoot seedlings. At the highest elevation (1662 m), seedling height and diameter did not differ significantly, but survival of container seedlings was significantly higher than barefoot seedlings for both pine species at all ages tested.
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    Average annual growth and condition of mussels as a function of food source (1990)
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    Hydrobiologia 195 (1990), S. 179-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mussel ; mussel culture ; growth ; food ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prior to 1986, before completion of a storm surge barrier, the average annual condition of mussels at culture plots in the Eastern Scheldt was better in the western part near the North Sea, than in the central part of the estuary. No such difference was observed in 1986 and 1987. To predict the effects of the barrier on mussel culture, the condition of the mussels, which is an index of growth rate, is analysed and correlated with food sources for the period 1981–84. In the western and central part of the Eastern Scheldt, mussel condition correlates strongly with average annual primary production, but not with chlorophyll-a concentrations. This suggests a direct link between primary production and the growth of mussels. In the western part of the estuary, the relation between condition and primary production has a less steep slope than in the central part. Import of food from the North Sea is suggested to act as an additional food source in the west of the Eastern Scheldt; hence the better condition values of the mussels, also in years with relatively low primary production. The storm surge barrier reduces the water exchange with the North Sea. Reduced import of food and consequently lower mussel condition are expected in the western part of the estuary. Preliminary data from 1987 confirm this prediction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026822
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    Growth and size distribution of some large brown algae in Ohori, east coast of Korea (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: brown algae ; growth ; Korea ; seaweed ; size distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract About fifty individuals of four dominant large brown algae were collected by random sampling at monthly intervals using SCUBA. Size frequencies of Sargassum confusum and S. horneri were concentrated mainly in the small size classes during the initial growth phase, but were more or less evenly distributed in most size classes during the fast growing phase. Undaria pinnatifida and Costaria costata showed the same tendency as Sargassum spp., that frequency distribution became even when the plants reached their maximum growth. The kelp species recorded their maximum lengths in March, whereas Sargassum spp. showed their peaks in early summer. The relationships between the length and weight in different growth phases appeared to be dependent on the phenology of each species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040238
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    Observations on the biology of Leuciscus ‘svallize’ in the Kremasta reservoir (Greece) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 213 (1991), S. 99-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: age ; growth ; feeding ; reproduction ; Leuciscus svallize ; plastic adaptations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The age, growth, feeding habits and reproductive biology of Leuciscus ‘svallize’ in artificial lake Kremasta (Greece), are described. There is a considerable similarity in the feeding and reproductive characteristics between L. ‘svallize’ and L. cephalus and also a similarity in the life span, growth patterns and age of maturation between L. ‘svallize’ and some southern L. cephalus populations, which may suggest similar responses of closely related taxa to similar conditions.
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    The adaptive pattern of growth and reproduction of the colonial hydroid Clavopsella michaeli (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 229-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hydroids ; growth ; reproduction ; control mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of variations in temperature, salinity and water movement on the laboratory growth and reproduction of a single clone of the bougainvilliid hydroid Clavopsella michaeli were examined. Unfavourable conditions resulted in reproducible oscillations of growth rate. They ranged from overall stimulatory effects (hormesis) to irreversible inhibition and shrinkage of colonies. Exposure to low concentrations (0.1–5 µg l−1) of copper and mercury ions produced similar responses, which were therefore regarded as non-specific. A control mechanism, dampening these growth rate oscillations, supported higher colonial tolerance, that is adaptation, to environmental stresses of low intensity. When the counteractive capacity of the control mechanism was exceeded, inhibition occurred. Higher frequencies of gonozooids were observed in stressed colonies and were interpreted as an adaptive response.
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    Leaf dynamics and standing stocks of intertidal Zostera noltii Hornem. and Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson on the Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania) (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 258 (1993), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Zostera noltii ; Cymodocea nodosa ; growth ; seagrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf dynamics and standing stocks of intertidal seagrasses were studied in the Baie d'Aouatif (Parc National du Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania) in April and September 1988. Standing stocks of Zostera noltii Hornem. suggest a unimodal seasonal curve similar to what is found for populations at higher latitudes. Also, leaf growth rates (0.03 cm2 cm−2 day−1 on average) were similar to those found at higher latitudes in these months. Variation in leaf loss over tidal depth, time and different locations in the Baie d'Aouatif was larger and more often significant than variation in leaf growth. In general, Z. noltii beds in the Baie d'Aouatif had comparable leaf growth rates and standing stocks. In both months losses were almost always higher than or equal to growth. Variation in leaf loss over time was much higher in the plots that were situated high in the intertidal than in lower plots. This is explained by differences in susceptibility to sloughing, which is presumably higher in periods with low tide around noon for shallow depths. In an experiment using artificial shading nets, in situ leaf growth was affected negatively from 94% shading onwards. This shading was observed to reduce the light intensity reaching the seagrass bed to a level below the reported range of light compensation points for Z. noltii. Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson on average had higher leaf area and relative growth rates than Z. noltii and much lower loss rates, resulting in a positive net increase in September. Standing stocks were also higher than for Z. noltii. A mixed seagrass bed containing the above two species and Halodule wrightii Ascherson had the highest observed total biomass: 335 g m−2 ash-free dry weight.
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    Cultivation of the agarophyte Gelidium pristoides in Algoa Bay, South Africa (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 268 (1993), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar ; cultivation ; gel strength ; Gelidium pristoides ; growth ; mariculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The economically important agarophyte Gelidium pristoides was cultivated at different depths in the ocean in Algoa Bay between March and June 1991. The seaweed was either tied to ropes (whole tufts on limpet shells) or sewn into net bags (plucked fronds only) supported on metal frames. All experiments were run for between 5 and 8 weeks. Growth, agar content and, in one experiment, agar gel strength was measured weekly or fortnightly. Plants in net bags increased their biomass during the first 2 weeks of the experiment but only surface plants had a significantly higher biomass (approx. 20%) by week 2. From the second week fronds rapidly accumulated sediment, became discoloured, and then degenerated from week 3 onward. The agar content of net-grown plants was significantly increased from 32% to 38% in subsurface plants after one week. Thereafter agar content declined steadily as the thalli degenerated. Plants growing on limpet shells survived submersion much better than net-grown plants cultivated at the same time. The practise of wiring shells to ropes was unsatisfactory because this damaged the shells and caused a loss of seaweed biomass. Surface plants did however increase their biomass by up to 19% after 8 weeks in this experiment, but the increases could not be shown to be statistically significant because of high data variance. Surface thalli in this experiment also increased their agar content significantly from 32% to 42% after one week but from weeks 4–8 this dropped off. A second experiment using shells was conducted when sea temperatures had dropped by as much as 5 °C. These plants remained healthy throughout the study and maintained their starting biomass for 2 weeks but then lost biomass as sea temperatures declined further. The agar content of these thalli increased during the first 2 weeks with surface thalli at week 2 having significantly higher agar contents (38–48%) compared with a starting value of 22%. The gel strength of agar extracted from these plants increased significantly during the first three weeks of submersion, in some cases doubling from an initial gel strength of 300 g cm−2 to 600 g cm−2.
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    The influence of ammonia on the growth and photosynthesis of Ruppia drepanensis Tineo from Doñana National Park (SW Spain) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 219-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ruppia drepanensis ; ammonia toxicity ; temperature effects ; photosynthesis ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment, Ruppia drepanensis Tineo seedlings from a brackish marsh in Southern Spain were grown at 20 and 30 °C, at three different nitrogen levels. These levels were obtained by the addition of a slow release fertilizer (23% NH4NO3 by weight) to a sediment mixture of sand and clay (3:1). Several morphometric parameters were recorded during the first five weeks of the experiment, and photosynthesis and respiration were measured after 7 weeks of growth. Results showed a significant reduction of growth and development with increasing nitrogen and temperature levels. Dark respiration increased strongly at high nitrogen levels. At the same time, net photosynthesis at 250 and 500 µE m-2 s-1, Pm, Km and LCP were not affected by either factor. We attribute these phenomena to ammonia toxicity, since relatively high total ammonia (NH3 + NHf4 p+) levels were found in the interstitial water.
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    Mussel culture in a changing environment: the effects of a coastal engineering project on mussel culture (Mytilus edulis L.) in the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 282-283 (1994), S. 359-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mussel ; mussel culture ; growth ; standing stock ; food ; carrying capacity ; hydrodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the effects of a large scale coastal engineering project on the mussel (Mytilus edulis) bottom culture in the Oosterschelde estuary (S.W. Netherlands), mussel growth and production in the period 1980–1990 are studied in relation to food supply and the hydrodynamic conditions. Due to the construction of a storm-surge barrier and two additional dams, the risk that mussels are swept away by high current velocities decreased, resulting in an increase of the area in the Oosterschelde potentially suitable for mussel culture and in food availability now being more important as a limiting factor. For the Oosterschelde, a clear relation between mussel growth, stock sizes, and phytoplankton dynamics has been demonstrated. The meat yield of mussels landed in autumn — which is an index for growth rate — seems to be determined by the phytoplankton production in the preceding summer. In years with dense bivalve stocks, phytoplankton production and meat yields are relatively low. It is concluded that an increase of the mussel biomass cultured can result in a reduction of the primary production and, consequently, in a deterioration of the growing conditions for suspension-feeders in the estuary. This conclusion is supported by model calculations. An expansion of mussel culture in the new Oosterschelde is therefore dissuaded. Apart from primary production and stock sizes, food supply for mussels on culture lots appeared to be controlled by the horizontal advection of phytoplankton between and within the tidal channels. An observed decline in mussel landings from certain areas is attributed to the reduced mixing energy of the estuary in relation to the present distribution of the lots over the estuary. Production figures from the experimental lots, established in 1988 in the newly available areas, demonstrate that the yield of mussels can be enhanced by relaying culture lots towards the areas where the phytoplankton is produced. It is expected that by redistributing the culture lots, without expanding the biomass cultured, the carrying capacity of the Oosterschelde for mussel culture can be maintained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024642
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  • 92
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    Rationale for growing southern pine seedlings at low seedbed densities (1993)
    Springer
    New forests 7 (1993), S. 63-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: seedling morphology ; nursery ; survival ; growth ; economics ; performance potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although most bare-root pine seedlings in the Southern United States are grown at seedbed densities near 300/m2, the density used in other regions of the world is often less than 200/m2. One rationale for growing seedlings at lower seedbed densities is based on the desire to reduce the time required for successful stand establishment. Achieving a one- to two-year advancement in stand establishment can result in an additional 15 to 30 m3/ha within 15 to 20 years. Although seedling grade studies have demonstrated similar gains in volume production at ages 10 to 30 years, the findings from these studies are not widely known. The rationale in the Southern United States for growing at higher seedbed densities appears to be based on: (1) misinformation regarding the performance of morphologically improved seedlings; (2) a desire to minimize seedling and planting costs; and (3) density recommendations that are not based on volume growth in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037473
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  • 93
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    Growth, production, and demography of Moina micrura in brackish tropical fishponds (Layo, Ivory Coast) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 272 (1994), S. 125-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Moina ; tropical ponds ; growth ; fecundity ; production ; demography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sampling and experiments were performed in brackish fishponds, located near the Ebrie Lagoon, Ivory Coast. Moina developed here at salinities up to about 4 g l-1. Mean embryonic and juvenile development times in experimental conditions were 0.82 and 0.80 day, respectively, with 2 juvenile stages at 30 °C (salinity of 3 g l-1; 29 µg chlorophyll-a l-1) and 1.22 and 1.37, with 2 stages for most individuals and 3 or 4 stages for some of them at 26 °C (2 g l-1 and 36 µg l-1). The corresponding Q10 for embryonic development was relatively high (2.7). Growth rates in weight at 30 ° C were 2.11 and 1.37 µg µg-1 d-1, respectively, for the embryonic and juvenile stages, 0.21 for mean somatic growth of the five first female adult stages, and 1.00 for primipara, summed for somatic growth, production of eggs, and embryonic growth. Consequently, differences in growth rates between young and adults were small. M. micrura also was a high fecundity species according to its size, fecundity in nature varying from 2.2 to 7.7 eggs per adult female. Rates of population increase evaluated for some sequences of parthenogenetic growing periods, reached up to 0.9. Most of the daily P/B evaluated by the cumulative growth method reached values above 1.0 (28 to 31 °C), minima being about 0.7 for lower temperatures (approximatively 26 °C). Populations were also characterized by low juvenile to adult ratios (down to 0.9) and high daily birth rates (up to 1.2). Overall, M. micrura is a highly productive, opportunistic species, well adapted to the low salinities that occur during part of the year in the ponds. Biological and population characteristics of this species, and literature data on regulation mechanisms, possible use for aquaculture, and on size in tropical species are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006517
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  • 94
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    The effects of argulosis-saprolehniasis on the growth and production of Cyprinus carpoi (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 202 (1990), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; production ; carp ; parasites ; argulosis ; saprolegniasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth profiles of male Cyprinus carpio, 12 uninfected (healthy) and 12 infected with the crustacean Argulus indicus and associated fungus Saprolegnia sp. are presented. The fish were maintained under controlled conditions and provided with ad libitum food for 8 weeks. The instantaneous (G) and relative (h) rates of growth, and production (P) in uninfected carp (0.003 to 0.036 g.d−1, 0.29 to 3.68%, 0.25 to 3.23 g respectively) were much higher than those of infected carp ( − 0.007 to 0.021 g.d −1, 0.71 to 2.17%, 0.59 to 1.76 g). The condition factor (K) for uninfected carp was 4.5 to 4.8 compared to 2.6 to 3.0 for infected carp. During each of the 8 wk the weekly change in weight of infected carp was about 4% less than that of uninfected carp. These data show that Argulus-Saprolegnia infections significantly suppress carp growth and indicate that comparative growth rates can be used as indicators of parasite stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027090
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  • 95
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    Gelidium cultivation in the sea (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 91-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agarophyte ; cultivation ; Gelidium ; growth ; hydrodynamics ; mariculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gelidium fronds were grown in the sea under a variety of experimental conditions: on rigid, damped and tensioned test farms of various designs, in calmer and more turbulent habitats, at various depths, with and without commercial fertilizer supply. Initially, the effectiveness of a given cultivation strategy was based on the survival and growth of the fronds, here termed ‘bio-assay’ mariculture. Ambient seawater temperature, nutrient availability, hydrodynamics and other environmental parameters were measured periodically. In-the-sea irrigation of test plants with commercial fertilizers was apparently effective, at least with some farm designs, and when ambient nutrient levels were low. Under optimal conditions, achieved through experimental manipulation of farm design, specific growth rates of over 2% per day were recorded. However, considerable variation in growth rates and in plant performances was observed. It was not always possible to correlate these variations with design modifications or other experimental parameters. In view of these findings, we have reviewed our initial ‘bio-assay’ approach, namely the assumptions about the design and operation of farm structures and their interactions with the water and the fronds. Methods were developed to quantify these interactions. We advocate a quantitative, ‘hydrodynamic’ approach in developing an effective cultivation strategy for gelidioid algae and are optimistic about progressing from test-to-commercial scale farms in the near future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028366
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  • 96
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    General principles of on-shore cultivation of seaweeds: effects of light on production (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cultivation ; efficiencies ; growth ; light ; production ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Numerous species of seaweed have been successfully cultivated in the sea for commercial purposes. Although considerable experimental work has been done on on-shore cultivation systems, none of these has yet proved to be economically viable on a sustained basis; nevertheless, such cultivation systems offer the potential for productivities greater than can be achieved in other systems. In on-shore systems, factors other than light can be controlled and provided at saturation levels. As density of biomass is controllable, all the light entering the cultivation system is absorbed. This results in efficient conversion of light energy to biomass when only light is limiting; moreover, density, rather than growth rate, is the major factor determining productivity. As growth of seaweeds in on-shore systems is only vegetative, there is no interruption for reproduction or maturation of the plants, and all of the net production can be recovered. Seaweeds have, though, relatively low percentage carbon composition, compared with terrestrial plants, and this may result in apparent high productivities based on dry matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028369
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  • 97
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    Effects of different molecular weight fractions of dissolved organic matter on the growth of bacteria, algae and protozoa from a highly humic lake (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 229 (1992), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dissolved organic matter ; humic substances ; bacteria ; algae ; protozoa ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of different molecular size fractions (〈 1000 MW, 〈 10 000 MW, 〈 100 000 MW and 〈0.1 µm) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the growth of bacteria, algae and protozoa from a highly humic lake were investigated. DOM from catchment drainage water as well as from the lake consisted mostly (59–63%) of high molecular weight (HMW) compounds (〉 10 000 MW). With excess inorganic nutrients, the growth rate and yield of bacteria were almost identical in all size fractions. However, in 〈 1000 MW fractions and with glucose added, a longer lag phase occurred. Without added nutrients both the growth rates and biomasses of bacteria decreased towards the smaller size fractions and the percentage of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) used during the experiment and the growth efficiency of bacteria were lower than with excess nutrients. The growth efficiency of bacteria was estimated to vary between 3–66% in different MW fractions, largely depending on the nutrient concentrations, but the highest growth efficiencies were observed in HMW fractions and with glucose. The growth of algae was clearly lowest in the 〈 1000 MW fraction. In dim light no net growth of algae could be found. In contrast, added nutrients substantially enhanced algal growth and in deionized water with glucose, algae achieved almost the same growth rate and biomass as in higher MW fractions of DOM. The results suggested that bacteria and some algae were favoured by DOM, but protozoans seemed to benefit only indirectly, through bacterial grazing. The utilization of DOM by bacteria and algae was strongly affected by the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007003
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  • 98
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    Differences in response between haploid and diploid isomorphic phases of Gracilaria verrucosa (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) exposed to artificial environmental conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 260-261 (1993), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rhodophyta ; Gracilaria verrucosa ; evolution of ploidy ; lead toxicity ; ultra-violet mutagen ; survival rates ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study tests the responses of juvenile gametophytes and tetrasporophytes (holdfast stage) of the isomorphic alga Gracilaria verrucosa under different environmental conditions. Estimations of survival and growth of holdfasts of haploid and diploid juvenile individuals were performed in natural sea-water and artificial culture medium, and under stringent conditions using lead as a toxin and ultra violet radiation as a mutagen. Results indicate that (i) holdfasts of haploid juveniles grow better than diploids in non-optimal medium conditions; (ii) holdfasts of diploid juveniles have a better tolerance to lead than haploids; and (iii) slight advantage of holdfasts of diploid juveniles grow better than haploids under U.V. radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049011
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  • 99
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    A methodology for parameter estimation in seaweed productivity modelling (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 260-261 (1993), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Parameter estimation ; productivity ; modelling ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a combined approach for parameter estimation in models of primary production. The focus is on gross primary production and nutrient assimilation by seaweeds. A database of productivity determinations, biomass and mortality measurements and nutrient uptake rates obtained over one year for Gelidium sesquipedale in the Atlantic Ocean off Portugal has been used. Annual productivity was estimated by harvesting methods, and empirical relationships using mortality/wave energy and respiration rates have been derived to correct for losses and to convert the estimates to gross production. In situ determinations of productivity have been combined with data on the light climate (radiation periods, intensity, mean turbidity) to give daily and annual productivity estimates. The theoretical nutrient uptake calculated using a ‘Redfield ratio’ approach and determinations of in situ N and P consumption by the algae during incubation periods have also been compared. The results of the biomass difference and incubation approaches are discussed in order to assess the utility of coefficients determined in situ for parameter estimation in seaweed production models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049018
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  • 100
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    Distribution, growth, production, and ecological significance of the clam Unio terminalis in Lake Kinneret, Israel (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 271 (1993), S. 49-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Unio terminalis ; Lake Kinneret ; distribution ; growth ; production ; ecological significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution, body composition, growth rate, and population structure of Unio terminalis were measured at different sites of Lake Kinneret (Israel). Maximum clam density was found on the muddy sand between 0.3–6 m depth. Clams were most abundant in the River Jordan inlet zone, where they showed the highest growth rate. This was probably related to both highest food availability and the highest density of fish hosting Unio glochidia in this area. U. terminalis in Lake Kinneret has a more massive shell and ash content as compared with the European Unio species. The annual P/B ratios of U. terminalis populations at different sites were similar and ranged within 0.17–0.18. The computated filtration capacity and energetic budget permit the assumption that the U. terminalis population plays a substantial role in removal of organic particles from the water in the Kinneret shallow inshore zone (up to 15 m depth), and in nutrient recycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005695
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