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  • Articles  (122)
  • Hymenoptera  (122)
  • Springer  (122)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1990-1994  (122)
  • 1950-1954
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (114)
  • Medicine  (8)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (122)
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  • Springer  (122)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground-nesting bees determine the location of their nest relative to a landmark by other than angular size cues (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Bees ; Homing ; Landmark guidance ; Distance perception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bees and wasps acquire a visual representation of their nest's environment and use it to locate their nest when they return from foraging trips. This representation contains among other features cues to the distance of near-by landmarks. We worked with two species of ground-nesting bees, Lasioglossum malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), Dasypoda hirtipes (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) and asked which cues to landmark distance they use during homing. Bees learned to associate a single cylindrical landmark with their nest's location. We subsequently tested returning bees with landmarks of different sizes and thus introduced large discrepancies between the angular size of the landmark as seen from the nest during training and its distance from the nest. The bees' search behaviour and their choice of dummy nest entrances show that both species of ground-nesting bees consistently search for their nest at the learned distance from landmarks. The influence of the apparent size of landmarks on the bees' search and choice behaviour is comparatively weak. We suggest that the bees exploit cues derived from the apparent speed of the landmark's image at their retina for distance evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192995
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological activity of (3R,5S,6R)- and (3S,5R,6S)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one, a pheromone ofMacrocentrus grandii (Goidanich) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3373-3380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; 3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one ; enantiomer ; parasitoid ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study we reported identification of (3R*,5S*,6R*)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one as a component of the pheromone ofMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich. The lactone was present in male and female wasps, and laboratory and field bioassays demonstrated that both sources of the lactone elicit flight initiation, upwind anemotaxis, and casting in male wasps. In the present study, the synthetic (3R,5S,6R)- and (3S,5R,6S)-lactone enantiomers (RSR andSRS, respectively) were bioassayed for biological activity. In wind tunnel studies theSRS enantiomer elicited flight initiation, upwind anemotaxis, and casting by male wasps comparable to lactone derived from male and female wasps. Flight response to theRSR enantiomer averaged 14 percent of theSRS enantiomer. No specific ratio of the stereoisomers was found more attractive than theSRS enantiomer alone. Field studies demonstrated theSRS enantiomer was active alone in attracting male wasps. When paired with (Z)-4-tridecenal (a previously identified female-derived sex pheromone), theSRS enantiomer yielded a synergistic response comparable to (Z)-4-tridecenal plus female-derived lactone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033733
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Cuticular lipid profiles of queens, workers, and males of social waspPolistes metricus say are colony-specific (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2307-2321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes metricus ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; discriminant analysis ; nestmate recognition ; social wasps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular lipids ofPolistes metricus queens, workers and males from seven laboratory-maintained colonies were extracted and analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Males had higher proportions of alkenes (20.5%) in their cuticular lipids than did queens (2.3%) or workers (7.7%). Discriminant analyses of the cuticular lipid profiles of the adult wasps showed that males group separately from females. Additional analyses showed that queens group with their respective workers by colony and that queens group even more closely with males by colony. The most distinct groupings occurred with workers only by colony and with males only by colony. Stepwise discriminant analyses showed that each type of grouping was dependent upon a different combination of cuticular lipids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033205
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Cuticle alkanes of honeybee larvae mediate arrestment of bee parasiteVarroa jacobsoni (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2437-2453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Varroa jacobsoni ; Acari ; Varroidae ; mite ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; honeybee ; chemoreception ; host selection ; cuticle ; hydrocarbons ; alkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ectoparasitic miteVarroa jacobsoni invades worker brood cells of the honeybeeApis mellifera during the last 20 hr before the cells are sealed with a wax cap. Cuticle extracts of 8-day-old worker honeybee larvae occupying such brood cells have an arrestment effect on the mite. The mites run for prolonged periods on the extract, systematically returning onto the stimulus after touching the borders of the treated area. Mites increase walking speed and path straightness in response to increasing doses of a nonpolar fraction of the cuticle extract. Saturated straight-chain odd-numbered C19–C29 hydrocarbons were identified by thin-layer argentation chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as the most active constituents, with branched alkanes also contributing to the arrestment effect of this active fraction. Analysis of the behavior responses to syntheticn-alkanes indicate that the response is probably based on a synergism between the different alkane components of the fraction rather than to an individual compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033212
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of phenolic glucosides in host selection of shoot galling sawfly,Euura amerinae, onSalix pentandra (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2455-2466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Herbivory ; host preference ; host selection ; oviposition ; phenolic glucosides ; willow ; Salicaceae ; Salix ; galling sawfly ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; Euura amerinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of phenolic glucosides on the oviposition behavior ofEuura amerinae L. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) were tested in multiple oviposition experiments using different shoot length categories ofSalix pentandra L. (with different amounts of phenolic glucosides) and in experiments with pure phenolic glucosides (salidroside, arbutin, salicin, 90% salicortin, 90% 2′-O-acetylsalicortin) or composite total fractions of phenolic glucosides from three willow species (S. pentandra, S. myrsinifolia Salisb.,S. triandra L.). This was the first time that the effects of pure phenolic glucosides on the oviposition behavior of sawfly species were tested. Total fraction of phenolic glucosides fromS. pentandra and its main individual glucoside, 2′-O-acetyl-salicortin, stimulated the strongest ovipositional behavior inE. amerinae. The results show clearly that females ofE. amerinae can recognize and choose their host willow,S. pentandra, on the basis of phenolic glucosides. Moreover, they are probably able to use phenolic glucosides as a cue in shoot selection within host-plant individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033213
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Integumental slime and wax secretion: Defensive adaptations of sawfly larvae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2743-2749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; Tenthredinidae ; predation ; chemical defense ; ants ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence is presented from predation tests with ants (Formica exsectoides) that the slimy coating ofCaliroa cerasi and the waxy investiture ofEriocampa ovata serve in defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Interactions betweenAlloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: How an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2901-2915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Alloxystidae ; hyperparasitoids ; ants ; Formicidae ; interactions ; aggression ; chemical defense ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ; actinidin ; biological significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Foraging females of the aphid hyperparasitoidAlloxysta brevis were attacked by honeydew-collecting workers of the antLasius niger at the first encounter. However, ants abandoned their attacks quickly, and foragingA. brevis remained unmolested for a subsequent time interval of approximately 5 min, which is long enough for the hyperparasitoid to oviposit successfully. Furthermore, freshly killed intactA. brevis were disregarded by ants, while decapitated specimens were readily removed. We present evidence thatA. brevis females release a mandibular gland secretion, which contains 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, actinidin, and unidentified iridoids, in response to an ant attack. This secretion functions both as a measure of self-defense if the female is seized by an ant worker and as a repellent, which prevents ant attacks during subsequent encounters. This is the first evidence for chemical defense in a hymenopterous parasitoid. It enablesA. brevis females to hyperparasitize ant-attended aphids that constitute a major proportion of their hosts and significantly reduces mortality by ectohyperparasitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098397
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Cuticular hydrocarbons wherebyMessor barbarus ant workers putatively discriminate between monogynous and polygynous colonies. Are workers labeled by queens? (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2985-3003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical communication ; nestmate recognition ; role of the queen ; colony closure ; aggressive behavior ; pheromone ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; ant ; Messor barbarus ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results of laboratory experiments carried out with both monogynous and artificially polygynousMessor barbarus ant colonies (which under natural conditions are always monogynous) have shown that the workers belonging to monogynous colonies were able to discriminate between intruders from other monogynous colonies and those from polygynous (di- and trigynous) ones. What mechanisms are involved in this discriminatory ability? Since differences in the relative proportions of the hydrocarbons they carry are known to convey complex messages that are used for recognition purposes, it was proposed here to investigate whether there existed any differences in the proportions of the various hydrocarbons carried by the diverse categories of intruders tested in our experiments. It emerged that one set of hydrocarbons, which were usually present in rather small proportions and included all the families that constitute this species' chemical signature (n-alkanes, mono-, di-, and trimethylalkanes), was characteristically associated with workers from monogynous colonies. Another set of hydrocarbons, which included some of the above components, mostly in larger relative proportions, can be said to have characterized the digynous and trigynous colonies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098404
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Responses of fig wasps to host plant volatile cues (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 785-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Agaonidae ; evolution ; fig wasps ; host finding ; volatile attractants ; Ficus ; Moraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fig wasps (Chalcidoidea; Agaonidae) are intimately associated with the 750 or so species of fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae). Each tree species is usually pollinated by a single species of wasp belonging to the subfamily Agaoninae, while other wasps of the family are parasitoids or seed predators. Previous experiments have shown that the wasps are attracted to the trees by volatiles emanating from the figs. Using fig-bearing trees and arrays of sticky traps baited with figs, we investigated the specificity of wasp attraction and its timing. The pollinators of two closely relatedFicus species were specifically attracted to figs of their host species and only at the time when figs were ready to be pollinated. Some nonpollinating fig wasps appear to respond to the same volatile cues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059613
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  • 10
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    Dermal gland secretions of tropical bont tick,Amblyomma variegatum (Acarina: Ixodidae): Biological activity on predators and pathogens (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1495-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amblyomma variegatum ; Acarina ; Ixodidae ; dermal glands ; Solenopsis geminata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; defensive secretion ; entomopathogenic bacteria ; antibiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When they are mechanically disturbed, all instars of the tropical bont tickAmblyomma variegatum exude droplets of a liquid on the dorsal, lateral, and ventral cuticle. These spread out and quickly evaporate. In this study, the possible role of these secretions was investigated in relation to predators and pathogens. In laboratory bioassays, it was demonstrated that the secretions from engorged larvae, nymphs, and females have an antibiotic activity against the bacteria speciesBacillus thuringiensis andSerratia marcescens, combined with a repellent effect on a potential predator, the fire-antSolenopsis geminata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059875
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  • 11
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    Induction of parasitoid attracting synomone in brussels sprouts plants by feeding ofPieris brassicae larvae: Role of mechanical damage and herbivore elicitor (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2229-2247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; cabbage ; Brussels sprouts ; behavior ; tritrophic interactions ; green-leaf volatiles ; herbivore-induced synomones ; elicitor ; caterpillar regurgitant ; Brassica oleracea ; Pieris brassicae ; Cotesia glomerata ; parasitoid ; wasp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Induction of plant defense in response to herbivory includes the emission of synomones that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. We investigated whether mechanical damage to Brussels sprouts leaves (Brassica oleracea var.gemmifera) is sufficient to obtain attraction of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata or whether feeding byPieris brassicae caterpillars elicits the release of synomones not produced by mechanically damaged leaves. The response of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata to different types of simulated herbivory was observed. Flight-chamber dual-choice tests showed that mechanically damaged cabbage leaves were less attractive than herbivore-damaged leaves and mechanically damaged leaves treated with larval regurgitant. Chemical analysis of the headspace of undamaged, artificially damaged, caterpillar-infested, and caterpillar regurgitant-treated leaves showed that the plant responds to damage with an increased release of volatiles. Greenleaf volatiles and several terpenoids are the major components of cabbage leaf headspace. Terpenoids are emitted in analogous amounts in all treatments, including undamaged leaves. On the other hand, if the plant is infested by caterpillars or if caterpillar regurgitant is applied to damaged leaves, the emission of green-leaf volatiles is highly enhanced. Our data are in contrast with the induction of more specific synomones in other plant species, such as Lima bean and corn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033199
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  • 12
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    Volatile secretions of old world army antAenictus rotundatus and chemotaxonomic implications of army ant dufour gland chemistry (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3297-3305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; army ants ; Dorylinae ; Aenictus ; Dorylus ; Eciton ; Ecitoninae ; Dufour gland ; mandibular gland ; postpygidial gland ; ant secretions ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Dufour glands ofAenictus rotundatus contain a complex mixture of terpenoids with geranylgeraniol comprising over 50% of the secretion. Some novel compounds have been tentatively identified as higher homologs of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2,7-dioxabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane based on GC-MS data. The Dufour gland secretion ofA. rotundatus is more similar in composition to the secretions of members of the subfamily Ecitoninae than to its closer relatives from the tribe Dorylini, a result that further complicates studies on the phylogeny of army ants. The mandibular glands ofA. rotundatus contain a mixture of 4-methyl-3-heptanone and limonene in trace amounts, and the well-developed postpygidial glands contain methyl anthranilate only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033727
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  • 13
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    Attraction of reproductive honey bee swarms to artificial nests by Nasonov pheromone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1053-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honey bee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; pheromone ; attractant ; Nasonov ; swarms ; citral ; geraniol ; nerolic acid ; geranic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A crossover experimental design was established to test the attractancy of Nasonov pheromone to reproductive swarms of honey bees. Nineteen swarms were attracted to artificial nest cavities containing a slow-release blend of the Nasonov components citral, geraniol, and nerolic + geranic acids, and only four swarms were attracted to pheromone-free artificial nests. The results indicate that Nasonov pheromone plays a key role in the attraction of honey bee swarms to nest cavities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059741
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  • 14
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    Responses by amphisbaenianBlanus cinereus to chemicals from prey or potentially harmful ant species (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1113-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Reptilia ; Amphisbaenidae ; Blanus cinereus ; prey odor ; harmful prey ; tongue-flicking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We tested the ability of amphisbaenians (Blanus cinereus) to discriminate between odors of ant species selected as prey (Pheidole pallidula) and odors of potentially harmful ant species (Messor barbarus) that are avoided. Tongue-flick rate to swabs impregnated with ant odors, cologne, or deionized water differed among treatments, showing that amphisbaenians were able to discriminate ant species odors. Amphisbaenians showed an aggressive response and bit applicators bearing the odor of harmful ants, while the odor of prey ants did not elicit bites to swabs. The possible evolutionary advantage of identifying and avoiding harmful ants is discussed in relation to the fossoriality of amphisbaenians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059747
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  • 15
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    Cuticular hydrocarbons of the paper wasp,Polistes fuscatus: A search for recognition pheromones (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1677-1687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes fuscatus ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; discriminant function analysis ; nestmate recognition ; social wasps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular chemicals of 124 individual wasps (foundresses and workers) from 23 colonies ofPolistes fuscatus were analyzed. The compounds identified, all of which were hydrocarbons, were similar to those of other vespid wasps in that the bulk of the hydrocarbons were 23–33 carbons in chain length. However, the hydrocarbon profile ofP. fuscatus differed from those of its congeners in its proportions of straight-chain alkanes, methylalkanes, and alkenes. Three of the 20 identified hydrocarbons, 13- and 15-MeC31, 11,15- and 13,17-diMeC31, and 13-, 15-, and 17-MeC33, had properties postulated for recognition pheromones: colony specificity, efficacy in assigning wasps to the appropriate colony, heritability, lack of differences between foundresses and workers, and distinctive stereochemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059889
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  • 16
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    Trail pheromone of leaf-cutting antAcromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1719-1724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trail pheromone ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate ; poison gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The trail pheromone ofAcromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus consists simply of the heterocyclic ester methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate in the venom reservoir of workers at about 1.2 ng/ant. No pyrazines were detected, and no enhancement of trail-following was observed when pyrazines were added to the pyrrole compound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059893
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  • 17
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    Plant-natural enemy association in the tritrophic system,Cotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassiceae (cruciferae): I. Sources of infochemicals (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1725-1734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Pieris rapae ; Brassica oleracea ; Plutella xylostella ; Phaselus vulgaris ; Geranium molle ; tritrophic interactions ; infochemicals ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of airborne infochemicals in host selection by the parasitoidCotesia rubecula (Marshal) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was examined in a wind tunnel. To elucidate the role of volatile chemicals in attractingC. rubecula to cabbage infested by the host [Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)], the potential sources of volatiles related toP. rapae infestation on cabbage were tested individually. The responses of females to nonhost plant species, bean and geranium, as well as to frass of a nonhost lepidopteran were also examined.C. rubecula was attracted to cabbage previously infested byP. rapae and to frass and regurgitate ofP. rapae. No attraction was observed to larvae ofP. rapae alone. Females were also attracted to mechanically damaged cabbage, cabbage previously infested byPlutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (a nonhost lepidopteran herbivore), and cabbage previously infested by snails (a nonhost, noninsect herbivore). Intact cabbage, bean, and geranium plants elicited no attraction. A low frequency of attraction was observed to mechanically damaged bean and geranium. Attraction was also observed to frass ofP. xylostella. Volatiles from cabbage related to damage, and volatiles from frass and regurgitate of the host seem to play an important role in guidingC. rubecula to plants infested by its host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059894
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  • 18
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    Plant-natural enemy association in the tritrophic systemCotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassicaceae (cruciferae): II. Preference ofC. rubecula for landing and searching (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1735-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Pieris rapae ; Plutella xylostella ; Helix aspera ; Brassica oleracea ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; tritrophic interactions ; synomones ; infochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula to differently damaged cabbages were recorded during a series of choice tests. To determine if flyingC. rubecula can discriminate differences in the blend of volatiles emitted by cabbages damaged by different causes and how plant volatiles released from a distant source affect the searching behavior ofC. rubecula once searching on a plant, wasps were presented with a choice of plants located one behind the other and separated by a distance of 15 cm. The sources of damage were: cabbage damaged by the host (Pieris rapae), by a nonhost lepidopteran herbivore (Plutella xylostella), by a nonhost, noninsect herbivore (snail), and by mechanical means. The results showed that the site of first landing and the time spent searching on the leaves was influenced by the type of damage inflicted on plants. Wasps preferred to land on cabbages damaged by host and nonhost species of Lepidoptera over those damaged by snails and mechanical means. No preference was observed for first landing between cabbages damaged by the two species of Lepidoptera or between cabbages damaged by snails and mechanical means. Cabbage damaged byP. rapae was searched most intensively, followed by cabbage damaged byP. xylostella, cabbage damaged by snails, and cabbage damaged by mechanical means.C. rubecula differentiates between the volatile blends emitted by differently damaged cabbages, and it is attracted to volatiles related to recent lepidopteran damage. Wasps searched longer on freshly damaged than on leaves with older damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059895
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    Chemical composition of North American bee propolis and biological activity towards larvae of greater wax moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1783-1791 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Galleria mellonella ; Apis mellifera ; Pyralidae ; Apidae ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; greater wax moth ; honeybee ; propolis ; plant resins ; phenolics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bee propolis is a sticky amalgamation of plant resins collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and used in the hive for filling cracks and repairing combs. Propolis contains a diversity of compounds of plant origin, and is reported to have medicinal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic properties. We examined the physical and chemical composition of North American samples of bee propolis from several sites in North America and tested for bioactivity against larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.), a common apiary pest. The amount of methanol-extractable resin in samples from Ohio and Georgia ranged from 24% to 79% by weight. Propolis collected from hives in Ohio was more chemically diverse (over 30 compounds detected by paper chromatography) than material from south Georgia (fewer than 10 major compounds) and contained a lower proportion of methanol-insoluble beeswax. The paper chromatographic surveys revealed little variation in the chemical profile of specific hives over a six-month period and no differences between propolis from adjacent hives. Four flavonoids were identified from propolis collected in Ohio: kaempferol, galangin, 3,3′-dimethoxyquercetin and 3-methoxykaempferol. When mixed into artificial diet, fractionated propolis reduced larval growth of the greater wax moth, but not dramatically. An array of phenolics reported from propolis (caffeic acid, chrysin, ferulic acid, galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were bioassayed individually for effects on larvae, but none reduced larval growth at the concentrations tested, suggesting that wax moths are tolerant of some phenolics in their diet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059899
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    Natural and synthetic oviposition stimulants forCatolaccus grandis (Burks) females (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1583-1594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ovipositional stimulants ; Catolaccus grandis ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; short-chain hydrocarbons ; artificial diet ; kairomones ; synomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition behavior was elicited fromCatolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) females, an ectoparasitoid of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), by smears of freshly cut cotton bolls or smears of extracts prepared with boll weevil damaged or undamaged cotton boll tissues. Oviposition behavior was also elicited fromC. grandis females by smears made withn-pentane,n-hexane,n-heptane, and isooctane. This is the first report of oviposition behavior elicited for any parasitoid by these short-chain saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes), introducing a new concept on the chemical mediation of parasitoid behavior during host selection. Oviposition behavior was also elicited fromC. grandis females by volatiles emanating from an artificial diet devoid of insect components that was specifically developed for the in vitro rearing of ectoparasitoids. The possible use of a synergistic combination ofn-hexane and diet to optimize the mechanized production of noncontaminated eggs is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059882
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    Plant-natural enemy association in tritrophic system,Cotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassicaceae (Cruciferae). III: Collection and identification of plant and frass volatiles (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1955-1967 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Plutella xylostella ; Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Brassica oleracea capitata ; infochemicals ; plant volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the identity of the volatile compounds that could be involved in the searching behavior of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the volatiles released by cabbage and frass of Lepidoptera feeding on cabbage were collected and analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The volatiles emitted by intact cabbage were α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole,n-hexyl acetate,cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, and dimethyl trisulfide. Mechanical damage on an intact plant induced the release of two more compounds,trans-2-hexenal and 1-methoxy-3-methylene-2-pentanone. Current feeding by larvae ofPieris rapae L. (Pieridae) induced the plant to release all the compounds released after mechanical damage and additionally 4-methyl-3-pentenal and allyl isothiocyanate. Current feeding by larvae ofPlutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) induced the plant to release all the compounds present after mechanical damage and additionally allyl isothiocyanate. The volatiles emitted after feeding by the lepidopterans had ceased were the same as those emitted by cabbage damaged by mechanical means. The blend of volatiles emitted by frass was comprised of plant chemicals, mainly sulfur compounds. Frass ofP. rapae emitted allyl isothiocyanate, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl propyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide,S-methyl methane thiosulfinate, 4-methyl-3-pentenal,trans-2-hexenal, and 2,3-dihydro-4-methyl furan. Frass ofP. xylostella emitted only dimethyl trisulfide andS-methyl methane thiosulfinate. The blend of volatiles emitted by frass is herbivore-species specific.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066236
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    Comparative analysis of steam distilled floral oils of cacao cultivars (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) and attraction of flying insects: Implications for aTheobroma pollination syndrome (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2687-2703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Floral oils ; cacao ; Theobroma cacao ; Sterculiaceae ; attraction ; Diptera ; Ceratopogonidae ; Cecidomyiidae ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; pollination ; 1-pentadecene ; n-pentadecene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Steam-distilled floral fragrance oils from nine distinctive cultivars ofTheobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) in Costa Rica were examined with GC-MS to determine whether or not major differences existed among these cultivars for volatile constituents comprising 50% or more of the samples. The cultivars selected for floral oil analyses were chosen to represent diverse cultivars having supposedly different genetic backgrounds and histories of artificial selection for agronomic purposes. Cluster analysis revealed two major groupings of cultivars: those with higher molecular weight dominant compounds, and those having lower molecular weight compounds. Additionally, one cultivar, Rim-100, selected from criollo or ancestral-type cacao in Mexico and resembling criollo in the appearance of flowers and fruits, formed an extreme group having the highest molecular weight profile for major volatile compounds. Based upon these analyses, bioassays using McPhail traps were performed in an abandoned cacao plantation in northeastern Costa Rica during rainy and dry seasons to determine the relative attraction of these oils to flying insects. Bioassays revealed that the Rim-100 cultivar attracted by far the greatest numbers of cacao-associated midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae and Cecidomyiidae), as well as stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae), suggesting that a floral fragrance having high-molecular-weight volatiles is more potent as an attractant to flying insects than floral oils having lower-molecular-weight compounds. It is suggested that Rim-100 more closely resembles an ancestral or wild-type cacao than the other cultivars examined, and therefore it is more effective in attracting opportunistic dipteran floral visitors and pollinators than other cultivars in plantation settings. Several of the major volatile compounds found in the floral oils ofT. cacao and other species ofTheobroma occur in mandibular and other exocrine glands in various bees, including stingless bees and halictids, known visitors ofTheobroma flowers. These compounds are particularly present in noncultivated species ofTheobroma and have much more noticeable fragrances than the seemingly scentless flowers of cultivatedT. cacao selected for agriculture. It is hypothesized that the floral attraction system of ancestral or wild (noncultivated)T. cacao and other species ofTheobroma may have evolved to attract certain bees as their principal pollinators in natural habitats in the Neotropics, with a floral reward hypothesized as being sociochemicals needed by bees for mating, foraging, territorial defense, etc. Because of the many generations of extensive selection by cloning for desired cultivars,T. cacao might have lost much of its original floral attraction system for bees, instead being pollinated opportunistically by dipterans in plantation habitats. This may help to explain why natural pollination in cultivatedT. cacao is generally very poor relative to observed levels of fruit-set in wild or noncultivated species ofTheobroma.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036201
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    Discrimination of oilseed rape volatiles by honey bee: Novel combined gas chromatographic-electrophysiological behavioral assay (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3221-3231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honey bee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; gas chromatography ; electroantennogram ; conditioned proboscis extension ; olfactory discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel technique for the simultaneous monitoring of electroan-tennogram (EAG) and conditioned proboscis extension (CPE) responses of honey bees to the effluent from a gas chromatograph (GC) was developed to locate biologically active components in blends of plant volatiles and to investigate odor recognition at the peripheral and behavioral levels. A six-component mixture, comprising compounds previously identified as oilseed rape floral volatiles, was used as the stimulus. Standard CPE and EAG recordings were done as a reference. EAG responses were elicited from unconditioned bees by all the components presented either in the coupled or the standard mode. Conditioned bees gave larger EAG responses than unconditioned bees, suggesting that antennal sensitivity is enhanced by conditioning. At the behavioral level, in both the standard and the coupled modes, only conditioned bees showed the proboscis extension response, with the majority of individuals responding to linalool, 2-phenylethanol, and benzyl alcohol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033722
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    Sequestration ofVeratrum alkaloids by specialistRhadinoceraea nodicornis konow (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) and its ecoethological implications (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3233-3250 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Veratrum album ; ceveratrum alkaloids ; plant-insect interactions ; sequestration ; hemolymph ; feeding deterrence ; Rhadinoceraea nodicornis ; Aglaostigma sp. ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of the specialist sawflyRhadinoceraea nodicornis Konow (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) store in their hemolymph ceveratrum alkaloids originating from the host plantVeratrum album L. (Liliales, Melanthiaceae). The major alkaloid found in the hemolymph is 3-acetyl-zygadenine. Qualitative and quantitative data showed that the plant alkaloid 3-angeloylzygadenine is most probably metabolized in the larval gut to zygadenine and then acetylated. A still unidentified alkaloid with a molecular weight of 591 Da was detected in plant leaves as well as in the gut, hemolymph, and excrement of larvae. Protoveratrine A and B, on the other hand, seem to be degraded by the larvae. These findings indicate that the pathway of ceveratrum alkaloids inR. nodicornis larvae is fourfold: direct sequestration, metabolism followed by sequestration, excretion of intact alkaloids, and degradation. In contrast, no ceveratrum alkaloids were detected in the hemolymph and excrement of larvae of the generalist sawflyAglaostigma sp. fed withV. album leaves. Bioassays with the antMyrmica rubra L. proved that the hemolymph ofR. nodicornis larvae is highly deterrent and toxic. In bioassays evaluating defensive efficiency against predators (ants, spiders, and bushcrickets), no larvae were eaten. Ceveratrum alkaloids were also detected in the hibernating prepupae ofR. nodicornis. In feeding bioassays, the shrewCrocidura russula Hermann rarely fed upon prepupae, suggesting that this stage is also protected from predation to some degree. In field surveys, the only parasitoids recorded were two ichneumonid species that are believed to be specialized onR. nodicornis. Bioassays and field observations enable us to suppose thatR. nodicornis and its enemies produce a food web of ion connectance.
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    Queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness in a primitively eusocial wasp (Ropalidia marginata) (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 714-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ropalidia marginata ; primitively eusocial wasp ; queen success ; worker-brood genetic relatedness ; inclusive fitness theory ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial polistine wasp in which, although there is only one queen at any given time, frequent queen replacements lead to a system of serial polygyny. One of the most striking features of this system, is the enormous variation in the success of different queens. Measuring queen success as queen tenure, total number of offspring produced, number of offspring produced per day of tenure, and proportion of eggs laid that develop into adults, we show here that each measure of queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness and not correlated with worker: brood ratio or the age of the queen at takeover. We interpret these results as meaning that queens are better able to obtain the cooperation of workers when worker-brood genetic relatedness is high.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923958
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    Orientation flights of solitary wasps (Cerceris; Sphecidae; Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 207-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Hymenoptera ; Homing ; Visual ; spatial memory ; Landmark orientation ; Orientation flights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cerceris wasps learn the position of their nest relative to landmarks during the performance of orientation flights. This paper examines the similarities that exist between an orientation flight made on departing from the nest and the subsequent return flight to the nest area. Returning wasps do not exactly retrace the paths they have flown during the preceding orientation flight. But there are striking similarities: in both types of flight wasps face into similar directions and their orientation depends on their position relative to nest and landmarks in a similar way. During both orientation flights and returns wasps fly along arcs while counter-turning at similar angular velocities. In both flights their flight direction and the retinal position of close landmarks are similar. Wasps on their return thus experience much the same spatio-temporal pattern of visual stimulation on their retina as they generated during their previous orientation flight. To discover whether wasps exploit the motion parallax information produced by these flights, the arrangement and size of landmarks was altered between the insects' departure and their return. Their search pattern for the hidden nest indicates (i) that they weight close landmarks more heavily than distant ones and (ii) that they frequently search at the appropriate distance from a landmark regardless of its apparent size. Both findings imply that returning wasps recall the patterns of visual motion produced during their orientation flights.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189397
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    Orientation flights of solitary wasps (Cerceris; Sphecidae; Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 189-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Hymenoptera ; Homing ; Visual spatial memory ; Landmark orientation ; Orientation flights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bees and wasps are known to use a visual representation of the nest environment to guide the final approach to their nest. It is also known that they acquire this representation during an orientation flight performed on departure. A detailed film analysis shows that orientation flights in solitary wasps of the genus Cerceris consist of a systematic behavioural sequence: after lift-off from the nest entrance, wasps fly in ever increasing arcs around the nest. They fly along these arcs obliquely to their long axis and turn so that the nest entrance is held in the left or right visual field at retinal positions between 30° and 70° from the midline. Horizontal distance from the nest and height above ground increase throughout an orientation flight so that the nest is kept at retinal elevations between 45° and 60° below the horizon. The wasps' rate of turning is constant at between 100°/s and 200°/s independent of their distance from the nest and their ground velocity increases with distance. The consequence of this is that throughout the flight wasps circle at a constant angular velocity around the nest. Orientation flights are strongly influenced by landmark lay-out. Wasps adjust their flight-path and their orientation in a way that allows them to fixate the nest entrance and to hold the closest landmark in their frontal visual field. The orientation flight generates a specific topography of motion parallax across the visual field. This could be used by wasps to acquire a series of snapshots that all contain the nest position, to acquire snapshots of close landmarks only (distance filtering), to exclude shadow contours from their visual representation (figure-ground discrimination) or to gain information on the distance of landmarks relative to the nest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189396
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    Relative importance of infochemicals from first and second trophic level in long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cruciferae ; tritrophic interactions ; foraging behavior ; host-habitat location ; herbivoreinduced synomones ; flight chamber ; infochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recently parasitoids were hypothesized to encounter a reliability-detectability problem relating to chemical stimuli from the first and second trophic level, when searching for hosts. The relative role of infochemicals originating from the host,Pieris brassicae (second trophic level), and its food plant, cabbage (first trophic level), have been investigated with respect to long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata. Flight-chamber dual choice tests showed that uninfested cabbage plants are least attractive to female wasps. Host larvae and their feces were more attractive than clean plants but far less attractive than artificially damaged and herbivore-damaged plants. The plant-host complex, with host larvae actively feeding on the plant, was the most attractive odor source for the parasitoids. The data indicate that one of the solutionsC. glomerata uses to solve the reliability-detectability problem is to respond to infochemicals that are emitted from herbivore-damaged plants. Whether these infochemicals are herbivore-induced synomones that are produced by the plant remains to be demonstrated. Infochemicals emitted by the herbivore or its by-products are of little importance in the foraging behavior ofC. glomerata.
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    Dufour's gland and poison gland chemistry of the myrmicine ant,Messor capensis (Mayr) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1315-1321 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dufour's gland ; poison gland ; myrmicine ant ; alkanes ; alkenes ; anabaseine ; anabasine ; alkaloids ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Cape harvester ant,Messor capensis (Mayr), is widespread in the more arid regions of southern Africa, where it forms trails many meters long and harvests considerable quantities of seeds. The poison gland contains primarily the alkaloid, anabaseine, with minor amounts of the related alkaloid, anabasine, and an unidentified compound. The Dufour's gland contains predominantly alkanes and alkenes of carbon chain length 12–23.n-Pentadecane is the major component, with lesser amounts ofn-pentadecene,n-tridecane,n-heptadecane,n-tetradecane,n-heneicosene, andn-tricosene. The dienes,n-heneicosadiene andn-tricosadiene are rather unusual components of the Dufour's gland of ants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984878
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    Recognition of aphid parasitoids by honeydew-collecting ants: The role of cuticular lipids in a chemical mimicry system (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2143-2153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis ; Homoptera ; Aphidae ; ants ; antparasitoid interactions ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Aphidiidae ; parasitoids ; Lysiphlebus cardui ; Trioxys angelicae ; cuticular lipids ; chemical mimicry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aphidiid waspLysiphlebus cardui parasitizes in ant-attendedAphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis colonies without causing aggressive behavior in the antLasius niger. By contrast,Trioxys angelicae, another aphidiid parasitoid of aphids, is rapidly recognized and vigorously attacked by the ants.L. niger workers also responded differently to dead individuals ofL. cardui andT. angelicae. DeadL. cardui parasitoids were often ignored when encountered byL. niger, whereas deadT. angelicae individuals were immediately grasped by ants that discovered them. However, hexane-washed parasitoids caused a similar reaction pattern in the ants, in that both aphidiid species were tolerated in the aphid colony. Lure experiments demonstrated that chemical stimuli on the cuticle are major cues for the ants to distinguish between the parasitoids. The hexane extract ofL. cardui transferred to washed individuals ofT. angelicae resulted in ant responses characteristic towardsL. cardui, andL. niger workers displayed the typical removal pattern they normally showed towardsT. angelicae whenT. angelicae extract was applied toL. cardui individuals. Both parasitoid species treated with the hexane extract ofA. fabae cirsiiacanthoidis were similarily treated by the ants as were aphid control individuals. The suggestion that the aphidiid waspL. cardui uses chemical mimicry is discussed.
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    Nonfloral sources of chemicals that attract male euglossine bees (Apidae: Euglossini) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 3017-3027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Euglossini ; floral fragrance ; fungi ; skatole ; chemical ecology ; orchid ; rotting wood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We present chemical analysis of four rotten or fungus-infected logs that attracted fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees. Eight of the 10 volatile compounds detected have never been found in the fragrances of orchids pollinated by male euglossine bees. Nonfloral sources of chemicals such as rotting wood may constitute an important fragrance resource for male bees. Since rotten logs produce large quantities of chemicals over long periods of time, such nonfloral sources might be more important than flowers as a source of certain fragrances for some euglossine bee species. Fragrance collecting in euglossine bees might have evolved originally in relation with rotting wood rather than flowers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980599
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    The dufour gland and the secretion placed on eggs of two species of social wasps,Liostenogaster flavolineata andParischnogaster jacobsoni (vespidae: Stenogastrinae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Stenogastrinae ; Dufour gland ; Larval food ; egg secretion ; ant guard ; emulsifier ; eicosyloxyethanol ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The secretion placed on eggs and fed to larvae and the “ant guard” placed on the nest stalk ofParischnogaster jacobsoni contain the same hydrocarbons and in approximately the same proportions as is found in the Dufour gland. The secretion on eggs is a mixture of the contents of the Dufour gland and nectar. The emulsifying agent is a palmitic acid salt. Similarly, inLiostenogaster flavolineata, the egg secretion is an emulsion of nectar and Dufour gland secretion, which contains alkoxyethanol emulsifiers, found in nature for the first time.
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    Host recognition and the study of a chemical basis for attraction by cuckoo bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 771-786 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition ; volatiles ; social parasitism ; cuckoo bumble bees ; Bombus terrestris ; Bombus terricola ; Psithyrus vestalis ; Psithyrus ashtoni ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Dufour's gland ; tergal gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Species ofPsithyrus (Hymenoptera; Apidae) are obligate bumble bee social parasites. In this study, females ofP. vestalis andP. ashtoni were presented with pentane extracts prepared from different body parts of queens of their respective host species,Bombus terrestris andB. terricola. Parasites of both species were capable of distinguishing host bees from other bumble bee species using chemical cues contained within extracts. Among extracts of several body parts presented to parasites, the abdomen produced the greatest behavioral response, with Dufour's gland and terminal tergal segments eliciting the greatest response among abdominal regions. Extracts of these two body parts obtained fromB. terrestris queens shared a number of compounds, identified by GC-MS. Among the identified compounds are a number that have been reported to be of importance in bee sociochemistry.
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    Iridoid glycosides ofChelone glabra (Scrophulariaceae) and their sequestration by larvae of a sawfly,Tenthredo grandis (Tenthredinidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 815-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chelone glabra ; iridoid glycoside ; plant-insect interactions ; sawfly ; sequest+ration ; Tenthredo grandis ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis ofChelone glabra (Scrophulariaceae) by gas chromatography showed that leaves of this plant contained primarily the iridoid glycoside catalpol, and in a few individuals some aucubin was also detected. There was no difference in the iridoid glycoside content of damaged compared to undamaged plants, nor was there a difference between plants collected from a population in Leverett, Massachusetts, and those from plants in an experimental garden in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Larvae and prepupae of the sawfly,Tenthredo grandis (Tenthredinidae) contained catalpol sequestered from the larval host plant. The exuvia also contained catalpol, whereas the frass contained only aucubin. These results indicate that larvae of this sawfly selectively sequester catalpol, eliminating the aucubin in the frass.
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    Identification and synthesis of a kairomone inducing oviposition by parasitoidAphytis melinus from California red scale covers (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1721-1736 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; oviposition stimulant ; O-caffeoyltyrosine ; Aphytis melinus ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Aonidiella aurantii ; Homoptera ; Diaspididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The parasitoid waspAphytis melinus uses a kairomone from the cover of its scale host, California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), as an oviposition stimulant. The kairomone was isolated from extracts of scale covers, and identified asO-caffeoyltyrosine by a combination of spectroscopic methods. The kairomone was synthesized, and the synthetic compound was determined to be as active as the chemical isolated from scale covers.
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    (3R*,5S*,6R*)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one, a third sex pheromone component forMacrocentrus grandii (goidanich) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and evidence for its utility at eclosion (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 485-502 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; Synergist ; (3R*,5S*,6R*)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(me-thylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one ; (Z)-4-tridecenal-4-tridecenal ; parasitoid ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Macrocentrus iridescens ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The compound (3R*,5S*,6R*)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3, 4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one was identified as a sex pheromone component ofM. grandii. Laboratory and field bioassays demonstrated that it elicits flight initiation, upwind anemotaxis, and casting in male wasps. The compound acts synergistically with (Z)-4-tridecenal, a previously identified sex pheromone component of femaleM. grandii, to increase male response to the aldehyde component. The source of the lactone was determined to be the mandibular glands of male and female wasps. At eclosion a majority of male-female and female-only cocoon masses released the lactone and attracted male wasps. Male-only cocoon masses were not attractive at eclosion and the lactone component was either not released or released at below-threshold concentration. Mating was observed to occur following eclosion in laboratory and field studies.
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    Variation with caste of the mandibular gland secretion in the leaf-cutting antAtta sexdens rubropilosa (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 907-918 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 4-Methyl-3-heptanone ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; citral ; neral ; geranial ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; caste ; Atta sexdens rubropilosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract InAtta sexdens rubropilosa, a strongly polyethic and polymorphic species of myrmicine ant, the contents of the mandibular gland vary with caste. Small workers of head width 0.5–1.8 mm, those generally engaged in duties inside the nest, contain chiefly 4-methyl-3-heptanone. Larger workers, those chiefly engaged in foraging, and the soldier caste contain a mixture dominated by neral and geranial, with very little of the ketone of the smaller workers. The soldiers have massive glands containing milligram amounts of neral and geranial. Virgin and mated females contain essentially only 4-methyl-3-heptanone, the amount increasing after mating, while virgin males have 4-methyl-3-heptanone and 4-methyl-3-heptanol in approximately equal proportions. Mated males have less secretion and lose the 4-methyl-3-heptanol.
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    A long-range attractant kairomone for egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalis, isolated from defensive secretion of its host,Nezara viridula (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1167-1181 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trissolcus basalis ; Nezara viridula ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; Heteroptera ; Pentatomidae ; kairomone ; parasitoid ; identification ; defensive glands ; host location ; (E)-2-decenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A short-chain α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, (E)-2-decenal, present in the defensive metathoracic gland ofNezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), stimulates a behavioral response in the egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalis (Woll.) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Preliminary studies showed thatT. basalis are attracted to an area containing adultN. viridula, but we also found that femaleT. basalis would examine and probe glass beads coated with an acetone extract of the metathoracic gland from males or females. Using this bioassay, the kairomone was isolated by bioassay directed by preparative gas chromatography and identified by NMR and mass spectrometry as (E)-2-decenal. The biological activity of the identified aldehyde was compared with analogs to determine specificity. An unstable Z isomer was found to be more active but not present in detectable or behaviorly relevant levels in the host, based on the bell-shaped dose-response curve of the two isomers. An investigation was also designed to determine if theE isomer was also responsible for the egg recognition kairomone activity previously reported. However, no 2-decenal isomers were detected in host egg extracts and the chemical characteristics of the 2-decenal isomers differ from the unidentified egg recognition kairomone. The role of the (E)-2-decenal in attracting femaleT. basalts toN. viridula was demonstrated in a Y-tube olfactometer; this alk-2-enal appears to act as a long-range kairomone orientingT. basalis toNezara populations.
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    Evidence for a multicomponent sex pheromone inEriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (HYM.: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of the European corn borer (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2563-2576 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; multicomponent pheromone ; parasitoid ; bioassay ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Eriborus terebrans ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone activity ofEriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was recovered from acetone rinses of flasks that previously contained females. The acetone flask rinses elicited the following male responses: upwind anemotaxis, casting, hovering, landing, wingfanning, and mating attempts with other nearby males. Activity of the acetone flask rinse lasted up to four days on a glass substrate. Polar component and nonpolar components were demonstrated in the acetone flask rinse. The polar component elicited male behavioral responses similar to those by the acetone flask rinse, although retention of males at the pheromone source and the period of wing-fanning were of shorter duration. Chromatography data and chemical derivatization indicated that the polar component had the properties of a carboxylic acid with an additional oxygen-containing functional group. The non-polar component acted as a synergist since it was inactive alone but increased male behavioral responses when added to the polar component. Florisil open column chromatography suggested that the nonpolar component was a hydrocarbon(s).
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    Survival of pine sawflies in cocoon stage in relation to resin acid content of larval food (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2881-2890 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Three-trophic-level interaction ; Pinus sylvestris ; diterpenoid resin acids ; Neodiprion sertifer ; Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; predators ; Sorex araneus ; carabid beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; parasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Several experiments were conducted to determine whether the ingestion of diterpenoids (resin acids) by pine sawfly larvae influences the survival of postlarval stages. Larvae of two diprionid sawfly species were reared on shoots of two Scots pine clones, one with a low (1.5% dry wt) concentration of resin acids and the other with a high (5.2% dry wt) concentration. No significant treatment-related differences were found in any of the experiments with respect to (1) resistance against parasitoids, (2) preference of predatory shrews and carabids, and (3) apparency of cocoons in the field to predators. A preference of sawfly prepupae to spin cocoon in feces from larvae reared on high resin acid needles was found. Possible explanations for these results are discussed. Detection of an unknown compound, possibly a breakdown product of the major resin acid in pine needles (pinifolic acid), in prepupae indicate that resin acids may be metabolized by the sawflies.
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    Secondary amines isolated from venom gland of dolichoderine antTechnomyrmex albipes (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2183-2192 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; ant ; Technomyrmex albipes ; unsaturated secondary amines ; venom gland ; GC-MS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of unsaturated secondary amines have been isolated from the dolichoderine antTechnomyrmex albipes (F. Smith). The major components of the mixture have been shown by spectroscopic procedures to be dinon-8-enylamine, andN-hept-6-enylnon-8-enamine, and these structural assignments have been confirmed by synthesis. Mass spectrometry indicates the presence of trace amounts of the bis C11 amine and the C9-C11 amine. The four amines, present in total at approximately 2.8μg/ant, are located in the gaster of the insect in a gland that is considered to be the venom gland although it is atypical from a morphological standpoint.
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    Maturation of tergal gland alkene profiles in European honey bee queens,Apis mellifera L. (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 133-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hydrocarbons ; honey bees ; insects ; Hymenoptera ; mating ; natural mating ; instrumental insemination ; communication ; pheromones ; exocrine glands ; Apidae ; gas chromatography ; chemical communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a series of husbandry and stop-time chemical experiments with honey bee queens, the production of tergal gland alkenes was found to be stimulated by natural mating and not by instrumental insemination. Carbon dioxide, physical manipulation of the sting chamber and vagina, presence of sperm in the spermatheca, egg production, and chemicals transferred via drone semen are demonstrated to not initiate the synthesis of the tergal gland alkenes. The compounds probably do not function as sex pheromones. However, the circumstances and timing of the initiation of production of the tergal gland alkenes strongly suggests a communication role for the compounds within the hive.
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    Radar detection of drones responding to honeybee queen pheromone (1993)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1929-1938 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apismellifera ; honeybee ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; remote sensing ; drone behavior ; radar detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) drones to queen pheromone(s) (either natural from a mated queen, or synthetic from a lure) was recorded using an X-band, ground-based radar. The distribution of drones (insect targets on the radar screen) changed from a scattered distribution to a line concentration (downwind) when the pheromone was released. Displacement within the line concentration was toward the pheromone. This response was seen as far as 800±15 m downwind from a lure with 10 mg of synthetic 9-oxodec-trans-2-enoic acid (9-ODA) and as far as 420±15 m from a mated queen. These studies demonstrate that queen pheromone can be detected by drones at much greater distances than previously believed and illustrate how X-band radar may be used to establish the distances at which insects of similar or larger size respond to pheromones.
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    Volatile glandular secretions of three species of new world army ants,Eciton burchelli, Labidus coecus, andLabidus praedator (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2705-2719 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Ecitoninae ; army ants ; Eciton ; Labidus ; (E)-β-ocimene ; Dufour gland ; mandibular gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Dufour glands of workers ofEciton burchelli contain a mixture of small quantities of oxygenated compounds, some of which are derived from terpenes, and C17-C25 hydrocarbons. The secretion of the Dufour glands of soldiers was either similar to that of workers, with geranylacetone a significant component, or they contained geranyllinalool in large amounts. The glands of workers and soldiers ofLabidus praedator andLabidus coecus contained (E)-β-ocimene, a new substance for the Dufour glands of ants. 4-Methyl-3-heptanone was the dominant compound in the mandibular glands ofE. burchelli andL. coecus. Skatole and indole were found in the gasters ofL. praedator, and skatole was present in the venom glands of some soldiers ofE. burchelli.
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    Source of sex pheromone of the egg-larval parasitoid,Ascogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 963-969 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone gland ; mating behavior ; Ascogaster reticulatus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; egg-larval parasitoid ; Adoxophyes sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; tibia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone ofAscogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), identified as (Z)-9-hexadecenal, elicits males' antennal matesearching behavior. In order to localize the source of sex pheromone production, each body part was separated and extracted with hexane and then subjected to 9-cm Petri dish bioassay. The highest activity was found in thorax extract. Among legs, wings, and thorax, legs have the highest activity. Among fore, middle, and hind legs, hind legs have the highest activity. Among coxa and trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus, tibia has the highest activity. From these results, the presence of a tibial sex pheromone gland was suggested.
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    Nest cell lining of the solitary beeHylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 414-416 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Solitary bees ; lipid polymer ; silk ; CP/MAS13CNMR ; Hymenoptera ; Colletidae ; Hylaeus bisinuatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nest cell lining ofHylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) was shown by high-resolution solidstate [13C]NMR to be composed of lipid polymer and protein. The lipid polymer was shown by reduction and subsequent GC/MS analysis to be comprised of ω-hydroxy fatty acids (C20, C22, C24 and C26) and fatty alcohols (C16 to C30). The protein portion of the lining had a silk-like amino acid composition.
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    The evolutionary adaptation of flower colours and the insect pollinators' colour vision (1992)
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    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Colour vision ; Flower colours ; Evolution ; Hymenoptera ; Pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The evolutionary tuning between floral colouration and the colour vision of flower-visiting Hymenoptera is quantified by evaluating the informational transfer from the signalling flower to the perceiving pollinator. The analysis of 180 spectral reflection spectra of angiosperm blossoms reveals that sharp steps occur precisely at those wavelengths where the pollinators are most sensitive to spectral differences. Straight-forward model calculations determine the optimal set of 3 spectral photoreceptor types for discrimination of floral colour signals on the basis of perceptual difference values. The results show good agreement with the sets of photoreceptors characterized electrophysiologically in 40 species of Hymenoptera.
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    Odour preference of a parasitic wasp depends on order of learning (1992)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 902-904 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; memory ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract FemaleLeptopilina boulardi wasps, larval parasites ofDrosophila melanogaster, can learn to respond to more than one odour by associating these odours with oviposition experience. These wasps can memorise and respond to at least two different odours, and prefer the last one learnt.
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    Leaf-cutting antAtta laevigata (Formicidae: Attini) marks its territory with colony-specific dufour gland secretion (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 183-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta laevigata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; territorial pheromone ; agonistic behavior ; Dufour gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The workers of the leaf-cutting antAtta laevigata were found to mark a territory around their nest and along trunk trails. Elsewhere, we reported that the territorial mark had orientation and agonistic functions. The presence of this mark induced an alarm behavior in intruder workers and stimulated the residents' aggressiveness. Of the parts of the body tested, only the extracts from gaster or Dufour gland were able to induce the same agonistic behavior. The compoundsn-heptadecane, (Z)-9-nonadecene, 8,11-nonadecadiene, and (Z)-9-tricosene, secreted by Dufour gland were identified on foraging trails in the field as components of the territorial odor.
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    Comparative chemistry of elaiosomes of three species ofTrillium (1992)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 209-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trillium ; ant dispersal ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; elaiosomes ; lipids ; diglycerides ; triglycerides ; oleic acid ; linoleic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to compare the chemistry of elaiosomes of three sympatric species ofTrillium to discover if there are correlations between chemistry and dispersal rates by ants. We quantified the amount of proteins and neutral lipids and qualitatively analyzed the fatty acids occurring in triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, and free fatty acid fractions.T. grandiflorum had the highest lipid concentration per milligram of protein and the highest total lipid per elaiosome, followed byT. erectum and then byT. undulatum. Oleic acid (18∶1) was abundant in all lipid fractions of each species. This fatty acid, which is responsible for corpse-carrying behavior in some ants, probably causes ants to pick up diaspores. Linoleic acid (18∶2) is relatively abundant inT. erectum andT. grandiflorum but not inT. undulatum and may cause ants that have picked up diaspores to move (carry) those diaspores back to the nest. Total elaiosome mass and fatty acid composition appear to explain whyT. erectum is dispersed most rapidly and why ants that have picked up elaiosomes move moreT. grandiflorum thanT. undulatum diaspores.
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    Phenylalkenals in ponerine(Leptogenys sp.) and myrmicine (Pogonomyrmex sp.) ants (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 847-854 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phenylalkenals ; Leptogenys spp ; Pogonomyrmex rugosus ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; 2-phenylpropenal ; 2-phenyl-2-butenal ; 2,5-dimethyl-3-(1-methyl) butylpyrazine ; 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine ; 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentenyl-6-isopentylpyrazine ; 4-methyl-3-heptanone ; 5-methyl-3-hexanone ; Maillard reaction ; benzaldehyde ; chemoreceptors ; defensive allomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cephalic extracts of two unrelated species of ants,Leptogenys processionalis andPogonomyrmex rugosus, have been found to contain 2-phenylpropenal and 2-phenyl-2-butenal, while two other species related to the first,L. chinensis andL. kitteli, lacked either.L. kitteli also produced a tetrasubstituted pyrazine found previously only in two New Zealand ants in the genusMesoponera. The chemical reactivity of the phenylalkenals suggests their function in repelling attack by predators.
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    Mandibular gland secretions of the male beewolvesPhilanthus crabroniformis, P. barbatus, andP. pulcher (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 27-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Philanthus crabroniformis ; Philanthus barbatus ; Philanthus pulcher ; Hymenoptera ; Sphecidae ; beewolf ; mandibular glands ; pheromones ; semiochemicals ; mass spectrometry ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The composition of the territorial marking pheromones from mandibular glands of males of the beewolvesPhilanthus crabroniformis, P. barbatus, andP. pulcher have been determined. The structures of the components were elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The major compound ofP. crabroniformis is isopropyl tetradecanoate, with somewhat lesser amounts of 2-tridecanone, 3-methyl-3-butenyl tetradecanoate, and 92∶8 (Z)∶(E)-11-eicosen-1-ol. The major compounds ofP. barbatus are ethyl tetradecanoate and hexadecanal, which are present in approximately a 60∶40 ratio. These two compounds comprise over 95% of the neutral lipids. Also present in lesser amounts are ethyl dodecanoate, tetradecanal, hexadecan-1-ol, a Δ x -octadecen-1-ol, and octadecan-1-ol. The major compounds ofP. pulcher are ethyl (Z)-7-hexadecenoate and geranylgeraniol acetate, which comprise nearly 90% of the neutral lipid fraction, with smaller amounts of tetradecanal, pentadecanal, and ethyl hexadecanoate; trace amounts of Δ x hexadecenal, hexadecanal, and octadecanal are also present.
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    Ultrastructural and chemical examination of paper and pedicel from laboratory and field nests of the social waspPolistes metricus say (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 77-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: scanning electron microscopy ; CP/MAS [13C]NMR ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; social wasps ; Polistes metricus ; nest paper ; nest pedicel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure and chemical composition of paper and pedicel from nests ofPolistes metricus that were constructed in the laboratory from known building material were compared to paper and pedicel from nests constructed in the field. Scanning electron micrographs showed the addition of a gluelike secretion from the wasp to the construction material. Solid-state [13C]NMR, elemental analyses, and amino acid analyses indicate that this secretion is a silklike protein with serine, glycine, alanine, and proline comprising 65–73% of the identified residues.
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    Multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1901-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; pheromone ; bioassay ; wind-tunnel ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubil-alis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentms grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was demonstrated using wind-tunnel and field bioassays. In wind-tunnel bioassays, three Florisii fractions from female wasps (hexane, 5%, and 50% ether in hexane) and one from male wasps (50% ether in hexane) were attractive to males. The hexane and 5% ether in hexane fractions each elicited similar male behavioral responses. These included upwind anemotaxis, casting, landing on the source, wing fanning, and mating attempts between males. The 50% ether in hexane fraction, whether male- or female-derived, initiated a strong flight response by males but few landings on the source. In addition, the 50% ether in hexane fraction was found to synergize strongly the hexane fraction. All females tested in the wind tunnel gave no responses to male- or female-derived extracts. Field tests generally supported the wind-tunnel results, although no field attraction was observed for the 5% ether in hexane fraction.
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    Weak responses of pine sawfly larvae to high needle flavonoid concentrations in scots pine (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 271-282 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant-insect interaction ; Pinus sylvestris ; Neodiprion sertifer ; Diprion pini ; Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; insect performance ; flavonoids ; taxifolin glucoside ; resin acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) to the flavonoid taxifolin glucoside in their host plant were studied in a laboratory experiment. Larvae ofNeodiprion sertifer andDiprion pini were raised from egg hatch to cocoon spinning on two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chemotypes, one without needle taxifolin glucoside (−) and the other containing 2–4% taxifolin glucoside (+). The (+) chemotype had somewhat lower concentrations of needle terpenoids (resin acids) than the (−) chemotype. Current-year needles had higher taxifolin glucoside concentrations than mature needles. There were no differences in survival or body size betweenN. sertifer larvae that fed on the (+) chemotype and those that fed on the (−) chemotype. FemaleD. pini larvae raised on (+) needles developed 6% more slowly than larvae fed (−) needles. The results from this study are contrary to earlier findings showing that flavonoid glucosides have strong negative effects on insect performance. Possible explanations for the different outcomes are discussed.
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    Allozyme variation in bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 30 (1992), S. 443-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: heterozygosity ; allozymes ; Hymenoptera ; Bombus ; Psithyrus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allozyme variation at an average of 37.3 loci was assessed in queens of 16Bombus and 2Psithyrus bumble bee species from North America. The mean expected heterozygosity $$(\bar H)$$ for theBombus species was 0.008±0.006 (95% confidence limits) and that for thePsithyrus was 0.007±0.007. These levels are significantly lower than found in other Hymenoptera but are comparable to those found in previous studies of bumble bees based on far fewer loci. Neutral mutation and random genetic drift can account for the observed variation, but this implies a very small effective population size for species of bumble bees.
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    Opponent colour coding is a universal strategy to evaluate the photoreceptor inputs in Hymenoptera (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (1992), S. 545-563 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Comparative colour vision ; Opponent processes ; Colour computation ; Hymenoptera ; Colour discrimination behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Behavioural tests were carried out with 9 hymenopteran insect species, which ranked certain sets of coloured stimuli according to their subjective similarity to a previously memorized stimulus. Kendall's τ coefficient is employed for the analysis of correlation between these similarity rankings and the colour distance rankings predicted by various models of neural colour computation. The models are based on the measured spectral sensitivities of photoreceptor colour types and use a variety of simple colour coding systems to derive hypothetical colour distances. The correlation between the predictions of the models and the behavioural results serves as a measure for the likelihood of existence of a colour coding system. In all species, the similarity rankings can be best explained by assuming that colour is coded on a perceptual level by two colour opponent mechanisms. Brightness differences are ignored, indicating that an intensity-coding sub-system is not used in colour discrimination by the insects investigated. The weighting factors of the colour opponent mechanisms differ between species in detail, but not in the principles involved. It is thus possible to employ a standard measure of perceptual colour distance (colour hexagon distance) to predict the capacities of colour discrimination adequately in all the tested insects.
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    Discriminant analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons of social waspPolistes exclamans viereck and surface hydrocarbons of its nest paper and pedicel (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 785-797 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes exclamans ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; discriminant analysis ; nest pedicel ; nestmate recognition ; social wasps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The articular lipids were analyzed from individualPolistes exclamans workers collected from 10 nests. Surface lipids were also recovered from the paper and pedicels of these nests. Twenty-two hydrocarbons were identified in these lipid fractions. The major components of the wasp cuticular lipids weren-heptacosane,n-nonacosane, methylhentriacontane, and methyltritriacontane. Discriminant analysis of the hydrocarbon profiles of the adult wasps showed that the wasps group together according to their respective colonies. Several colonies from the same geographical location clustered more closely together than colonies from diverse locations. The nest papers and pedicels did not group with the wasps from their respective colonies, but the nest papers clustered together separately, as did the nest pedicels.
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    Disruption of foraging by argentine ants,Iridomyrmex humilis (mayr) (hymenoptera: Formicidae), in citrus trees through the use of semiochemicals and related chemicals (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2131-2142 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Argentine ants ; Iridomyrmex humilis ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; semiochemicals ; ant repellents ; farnesol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Foraging in trees by the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), was disrupted by a variety of synthetic chemicals, with the most effective chemical being farnesol. Testing of substrates for presentation of the disruptant chemicals gave some success with rubber or Tygon tubing, although best results were obtained through incorporation of the material into Stikem, which was then banded around tree trunks. Amounts of farnesol used for effective, long residual ant control were between 0.8 and 2 g per tree.
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    Contents of poison apparatus and their relation to trail-following in the antDaceton armigerum (1992)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2161-2168 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; poison gland ; Dufour gland ; alkylpyrazines ; tetramorine ; trail following
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The poison gland, which is the source of the trail pheromone inDaceton armigerum, contains a mixture of dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine in approximately equal proportions, similar to that of the antManica rubida. The cross-activity in trail-following tests with several other species can thus be explained. The Dufour gland ofD. armigerum contains a mixture of 26 identified hydrocarbons, chiefly 9-tricosene, tricosane, and 9-pentacosene. It also contains very small amounts of two sesquiterpene aldehydes, tetramorine-2 and tetramorine-3, already known in other myrmicine Dufour glands. No volatile substances were detected in the pygidial gland.
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    Electroantennogram response of alfalfa seed chalcid,Bruchophagus roddi (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) to host- and nonhost-plant volatiles (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 333-352 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alfalfa seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus roddi ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; alfalfa volatiles ; plant odors ; electroantennogram ; chemoreception ; olfaction ; kairomones ; host plant selection ; orientation ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The alfalfa seed chalcid (ASC),Bruchophagus roddi, is a monophagous pest of alfalfa that parasitizes developing seeds. To further understand the olfactory basis of host-plant recognition by ASCs, we recorded electroantennograms (EAGs) from females and males to 39 volatiles from both alfalfa and red clover. The chemoreceptive sensitivity of ASCs was selective for certain general classes of compounds, defined by their carbon-chain length (C6 and C8), structure (aliphatics and phenolics), isomerism, and/or functional group (acetates, ketones, and alcohols). The compounds that elicited the largest EAGs were ranked as follows: (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate 〉 hexyl acetate ≥ acetophenone ≥ octan-3-one ≥ methyl salicylate 〉 octan-3-ol 〉 oct-1-en-3-one 〉 oct-1-en-3-ol ≥ (E)-β-ocimene ≥ (Z)- and (E)-3-hexen-1-ols. Over half the test compounds elicited significantly different responses between the sexes, and female antennal responses exceeded those of males for twice the number of these volatiles. Relationships of the tested volatiles to host-plant composition, EAG responses, and ASC behaviors showed no consistent correlations. However, nearly all of the host-plant volatiles known to stimulate behavioral activity also elicited moderate to potent EAG responses.
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    (Z)-4-Tridecenal, a pheromonally active air oxidation product from a series of (Z,Z)-9,13 dienes inMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1913-1931 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; hydrocarbon ; diene ; (Z)-4-tridecenal ; oxidation ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Macrocentrus grandii ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-4-Tridecenal was identified as a sex pheromone component ofMacrocentrus grandii, a larval parasitoid of the European corn borer. The aldehyde was found to be a common air oxidation product from a series of (Z,Z)-9,13-dienes of 27–33, 35, 37, 39, and 41 carbon atoms in female wasps. Synthetic (Z)-4-tridecenal and (Z,Z)-9,13-heptacosdiene each elicited flight initiation, upwind anemotaxis, casting, landing on the source, walking, wing fanning, and copulatory attempts by male wasps in a wind-tunnel. Field studies demonstrated that both compounds are synergized by a more polar component. Synthetic (E)-4-tridecenal was not attractive.
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    Effect of kairomones from egg and female adult stages ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) onTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) female kinesis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 761-773 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma brassicae ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; kairomone ; pheromone ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae biological control ; European corn borer ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile chemicals emanating from the different developmental stages ofOstrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) increase the mobility ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in a linear airflow olfactometer. In this paper, we have demonstrated that airborne chemicals from egg masses and virgin females during calling activity stimulate an intensive search behavior byTrichogramma females. On the other hand, emanations from mated females with extruded abdominal tips do not incite the parasitoid's movement. For the moment we cannot elucidate, with these bioassays, the real role of these kairomones as attractants, guides, stimulants, or retainers.
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    Defensive role ofAllium sulfur compounds for leek mothAcrolepiopsis assectella Z. (Lepidoptera) against generalist predators (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1991-2002 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; defense ; phytophage ; predation ; sulfur allelochemicals ; Allium ; Formica fusca ; Formica selysi ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Acrole-piopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown previously that sulfur volatiles produced byAllium plants affect the behavior of their specialist phytophages and of their specialist entomophages. The action of these compounds in protecting the leek mothAcrolepiopsis assectella against generalist entomophages was studied in comparison to the proposed original defensive role of these compounds against generalist herbivorous insects. Two ants species,Formica selysi andF. fusca, were used as generalist predators. Six behavioral criteria of the predatory behavior of the ants were studied in presence of the last-instar caterpillars (C5). C5 reared on artificial diets with or without leek components were tested, as well as C5 soaked in frass of leek-reared caterpillars or disulfide solutions. In addition, the response of the ants to pure chemicals found in leek was studied using honey solutions with or without sulfur compounds. The sulfur allelochemicals ofAllium plants have a negative action on predatory ants. Interestingly, the nonvolatile precursors of sulfur volatiles ofAllium plants seem to have a protective role for their phytophagous insects against generalist entomophages.
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    Defensive secretion of first-instar larvae of rootstalk borer weevil,Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to the fire-antSolenopsis geminata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2055-2068 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diaprepes abbreviatus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; defensive secretion ; Solenopsis geminata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; sesquiterpenes ; 5-methyl-8-isopropenyl-3 ; 4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- octahydro-2-naphthalene carboxy aldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Since several species of predatory ants show some kind of repulsion towards the first-instar larvae (FIL) ofDiaprepes abbreviatus L., the predatory behavior ofSolenopsis geminata (F.), a common ant in the citrus groves in Guadeloupe, was studied. Different extracts of larvae were disposed on egg masses ofD. abbreviatus and presented as prey to the ants, both in the field and in the laboratory. The ants are repelled by the FIL extracts. The allelochemicals involved are produced in large amounts, from 5 to 20 ng per larva. Physiochemical analyses have led to the identification of two sesquiterpenes of molecular weight 218 and 234, secreted in the respective proportions of 65 and 35%.
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    Honeybee nestmate recognition: Effects of queen fecal pheromones (1992)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1633-1640 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; honeybee ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; queen ; fecal ; pheromones ; esters ; kin recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous work has shown that queen honeybees,Apis mellifera, produce waxy esters composed of 8–14 carbon acids and 6–14 carbon alcohols in their feces. We tested these esters for effects on nestmate recognition; 11 of the 12 esters tested significantly modified the recognition characteristics of worker honeybees. Pairwise tests showed that workers can discriminate between at least some pairs of queen esters and that workers can discriminate between a queen ester and hexadecane (another known nestmate recognition cue). These results suggest that a queen may use the esters to enable workers to recognize her or to scent-mark her colony.
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    Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozyme variation in adult meliponids (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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    Identification of new sesquiterpenoids in cephalic secretion of cuckoo bee,Nomada lathburiana (Apoidea, Anthophoridae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 557-566 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bee ; Nomada lathburiana ; nest parasite ; cephalic secretion ; terpenoids ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; cuckoo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of new sesquiterpene ketones and norsesquiterpene ketones could be identified from the cephalic secretion of females of the cuckoo bee,Nomada lathburiana (K.). The major component proved to be 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-(5E)-2,5,9-trien-4-one. Large amounts of high-boiling-point straight-chain hydrocarbons serve as solvents for the volatile, unstable ketones.
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    Differential effects of condensed and hydrolyzable tannin on polyphenol oxidase activity of attine symbiotic fungus (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1811-1819 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta cephalotes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; attine fungus ; fungal performance ; condensed tannin ; hydrolyzable tannin ; polyphenol oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes is a generalist herbivore of the neotropics and collects leaf material to cultivate a fungus. It appears that this fungus, a Basidiomycete, is responsible for the ability of the ants to utilize most of the available woody plant species. Tannins and other phenolics are ubiquitous secondary chemicals in woody plants, and Basidiomycete fungi produce enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, that are capable of polymerizing and inactivating the phenolics. This study evaluates the effects of a condensed and a hydrolyzable tannin on the activity of polyphenoi oxidase and the growth of the fungus. I hypothesized that low concentrations of tannin would not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but high concentrations would inhibit the enzyme. Consequently, I predicted that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit fungal growth. Laboratory assays with the fungus indicated that hydrolyzable tannin (tannic acid) and condensed tannin (quebracho tannin) differ in the mechanism of inhibition. Tannic acid does not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but does inhibit fungal growth. Quebracho tannin, however, inhibits both polyphenol oxidase activity and fungal growth. As predicted, both tannic acid and quebracho tannin primarily inhibit the fungus at high concentrations.
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    Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH; EC 1.1.1.8) variation in Brazilian stingless bees and in wasp species (1991)
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    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; social bees ; wasp ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In only 1 bee species(Tetragona clavipes) of 24 sampled in 145 colonies (0.69%) did we detect the presence of more than one allele for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), an enzyme that is involved in flight. In 34 colonies containing 9 wasp species, 5 colonies of only 2 species(Polybia paulista andP. sericea) showed variation in larval G-3-PDH (14.7%). The small amount of variation observed for theG-3-PDH-1 locus in the bee and wasp species analyzed in the present study agrees with that reported for the G-3-PDH system in other insects.
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    Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozyme variation in adult meliponids (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1991)
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    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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    Condensed tannins, attine ants, and the performance of a symbiotic fungus (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1177-1195 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta cephalotes ; attine ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Inga oerstediana ; plant-herbivore interactions ; host selection ; condensed tannins ; fungal performance ; polyphenol oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments indicate that the foliar concentration of condensed tannin affects the selection of leaf material ofInga oerstediana Benth., a tropical legume tree, by leaf cutter ants. In one study an increase in tannin concentration was correlated with a decrease in the acceptability of leaves to leaf-cutter ants, except at low tannin concentrations. Protein concentration was not correlated with acceptability nor was the ratio of protein to tannin. Results from a second study suggest that when the concentration of tannin was low the ants appear to select leaves on the basis of nutrient availability. Laboratory assays with the ants indicated that quebracho tannin, a commercially available condensed tannin, inhibits foraging ants. Again, at lower concentrations, quebracho tannin appeared to have little affect on the ants. The fungus the ants cultivate is a wood-rotting Basidiomycete that produces enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), that are capable of inactivating tannins. The activity of these PPOs may explain why leaf-cutter ants are undeterred by low concentrations of condensed tannins. I hypothesized that PPO activity would be absent from fungal cultures without tannin and that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit the fungus. Cultures with and without tannin showed similar PPO activity. Thus PPO activity is constitutive. In fact, as fungal biomass increased, so did PPO activity. As hypothesized, only high concentrations of quebracho tannin inhibited PPO activity and fungal growth. However, it is not clear whether the ants can discriminate between concentrations that do and do not inhibit the fungus.
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    Chemically mediated associative learning: An important function in the foraging behavior ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1309-1325 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoid ; host-finding ; behavior ; feces odors ; attraction ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; associative learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When experienced by contact with feces from hosts feeding on cowpeas, laboratory-reared females ofMicroplitis croceipes, a larval parasitoid ofHeliothis spp., orient and fly to odors of the same feces, whereas naive laboratory-reared females do not. Flight-tunnel studies revealed that associative learning occurs during female encounters with hosts and host products. When females antennate host feces, they learn to recognize the volatile odors associated with the feces. Females even can be conditioned to respond to novel and otherwise unattractive odors such as vanilla extract by exposure to these volatile substances in association with a water extract of the feces. They apparently link the volatile odors with a nonvolatile hostspecific recognition chemical found in the feces. The antennating stimulant, 13-methylhentriacontane, was found to be a valuable ingredient, apparently as a facilitator of the initial antennation and subsequent linkage of the volatiles to the nonvolatile host recognition cue.
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    Chemistry of venom alkaloids in the ant genusMegalomyrmex (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1897-1908 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; trans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidine ; 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidine ; Hofmann degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analyses of three species in the Neotropical ant genusMegalomyrmex have identified this taxon as the third myrmicine genus to produce alkaloids as major venom products. Workers ofM. leoninus and workers and ergatoids ofM. goeldii produce one or more of fourtrans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines previously identified in other myrmicine genera.M. modestus, on the other hand, is distinctive in producing the novel alkaloid (5E,8E)-3-butyl-5-hexylpyrrolizidine (5d), whose structure was established using a micro-Hofmann degradation sequence. The relationship ofMegalomyrmex to other alkaloid-producing ant genera is discussed along with the possible chemotaxonomic significance of the analyzed species when viewed in terms of the recognized species groups in this genus.
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    Isolation and identification of allelochemicals that attract the larval parasitoid,Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), to the microhabitat of one of its hosts (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2235-2251 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; corn ; parasitoid ; host searching ; semiochemicals ; synomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females of the parasitoid,Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, α-trans-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1, 3,7,ll-tridecatetraene. A synthetic blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However, preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results suggest thatC. marginiventris females, in their search for hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid experiences it in association with contacting host by-products.
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    Mortality and inhibition ofHelicoverpa zea Egg parasitism rates byTrichogramma in relation to trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance ofLycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, accession PI 134417 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2381-2395 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; tomato ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The glandular trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance of the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was shown to affect adverselyTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. AdultT. pretiosum were killed by direct contact with PI 134417 foliage and by exposure to its volatiles. This effect was greatly reduced or eliminated by removing the exudate of the glandular trichomes from the foliage. 2-Tridecanone, a principal consituent of the foliar glandular trichomes of PI 134417, was toxic to adultT. pretiosum at concentrations similar to those associated with PI 134417 foliage. Incubation of parasitizedHelicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie) eggs on PI 134417 foliage or 2-tridecanone-treated filter paper significantly reduced the proportion of eggs producing adult parasitoids. Similarly, incubation of parasitizedH. zea eggs on filter paper treated with 2-undecanone, another constituent of the glandular trichomes of PI 134417, caused an increase in the percentage of host eggs containing dead parasitoid pupae.
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    Electroantennogram responses of the southern pine beetle parasitoidDinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to potential semiochemicals (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2527-2538 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dinotiscus dendroctoni ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; parasitoid ; kairomone ; electroan-tennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In two studies using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique, bark beetle- and tree-produced semiochemicals were presented toDinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), a larval parasitoid ofDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. In the first study, 20 test compounds and a standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes were presented individually at one concentration to the parasitoids. In the second study, the nine compounds that elicited the greatest EAGs in study 1 were then tested as serial dilutions of 10 to 0.0001μg/ul. The individual compounds did not elicit responses greater than the standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes. Males and females exhibited similar dose responses, although females showed lower thresholds of response than males to frontalin, terpinen-4-ol,E,Z-chalcogran, andexo-brevicomin. In both studies, pino-/isopinocamphone elicited the greatest responses at high concentrations. Tests of different ratios of the camphone mixture indicated that pinocamphone elicited the greatest response. Most of the test compounds elicited similar responses which suggests that several of the compounds may be used together byD. dendroctoni in habitat and/or host community location.
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    Chemistry of venom alkaloids in the antMegalomyrmex foreli (Myrmicinae) from Costa Rica (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2507-2518 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Myrmicinae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; pyrrolines ; alarm behavior ; stridulation ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analysis of the venom of the myrmicine antMegalomyrmex foreli from Costa Rica revealed the presence of four major alkaloidal components. Two of these, 2-butyl-5-(E, 1-heptenyl)-5-pyrroline (3) and 2-butyl-5-(E, E, 1,3-heptadienyl)-5-pyrroline (4), constitute a new functional class of ant venom alkaloids, whose structures were assigned from their spectral and chemical behavior and unambiguous syntheses. The function of these compounds is suggested by field observations of the behavior ofM. foreli, its sting morphology, and the relative toxicity of 3 and 4 against termite workers.
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    Chemotaxonomic study of undescribed species ofMyrmica ant from Idaho (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 335-342 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ant ; Myrmica ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; exocrine secretions ; mandibular gland ; Dufour gland ; trail pheromone ; 3-ethyl-2,5-di-methylpyrazine ; bishomofamesene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An undescribed species ofMyrmica collected in Idaho has been shown to have the same substances in its mandibular glands (3-octanol and 3-octanone and related 3-alkanols and 3-alkanones) and in its Dufour gland (linear alkanes, alkenes, and farnesene isomers and homologs) as previously examined European species ofMyrmica. The poison gland contains the trail pheromone 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, common to allMyrmica species studied so far. The Dufour gland contains large amounts of bishomofarnesene, which easily distinguishes it from some 13 otherMyrmica already known.
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    Responses of two hymenopteran predators to surface Chemistry of their prey: Significance for an alkaloid-sequestering caterpillar (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 391-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
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    Mediation of host selection by cuticular hydrocarbons in the honeybee tracheal MiteAcarapis woodi (Rennie) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 463-473 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acarapis woodi ; tracheal mite ; Tarsonemidae ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; honeybee ; hydrocarbons ; host selection ; cuticular lipids ; kairomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a simple two-choice bioassay and video analysis of individual locomotory tracks, it was determined that a preference for young-bee hosts over old-bee hosts in female honeybee tracheal mites,Acarapis woodi (Rennie), is chemically mediated. When presented with a choice of cuticular extracts from 5-day-old and 〈1-day-old adult bees, mites showed a significant preference for the young-bee extract in three of four bee colony sources. This discrimination was due apparently to a greater positive response elicited by the young-bee extract rather than a deterrent effect of old-bee extract, as the extract of old bees evoked a significantly higher response than a hexane control. A bioassay of silica-gel fractions of young-bee extract indicated that cuticular hydrocarbons alone were responsible for tracheal mite response. Further fractionation of a hydrocarbon fraction by argentation chromatography demonstrated that both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were involved in the mite response, but when presented in opposition, mites showed a stronger response to the saturated than to the unsaturated components. Mites placed in zones treated with cuticular extract of young bees exhibited higher angular velocities than those placed on hexane, causing them to remain in the extract-treated zones for extended periods. These results point to a possible control strategy whereby migration of tracheal mites to young-bee hosts could be disrupted by artificially altering the chemical profile of the honeybee cuticle.
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    Evidence for a two-component external marking pheromone system in an aphid hyperparasitoid (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1021-1035 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendrocerus carpenteri ; Hymenoptera ; Megaspilidae ; hyperparasitoid ; primary parasitoid ; marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; self-recognition ; superparasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The megaspilidDendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) is a solitary ectohyperparasitoid of aphid primary parasitoids. It avoids superparasitism, but the avoidance rate depends on the amount of time elapsed after the first oviposition. In addition, females discriminate in a time-dependent manner between hosts parasitized by themselves and hosts parasitized by conspecifics. They recognize parasitized hosts by means of two externally perceivable chemical markers that are deposited on the mummy shell. One of the markers is highly active, short-lived, not passable through gas chromatography (GC), and freezing sensitive; the other is moderately active, persistent, GC-passable and freezing tolerant. Using two markers is believed to be advantageous for the hyperparasitoid female, as their ratio provides information on mark age and on the producer of the mark (the female herself or a conspecific female).
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    Fate of quinolizidine alkaloids through three trophic levels:Laburnum anagyroides (Leguminosae) and associated organisms (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1557-1573 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Laburnum anagyroides ; Robinia pseudacacia ; Aphis cytisorum ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Bruchidius villosus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Lasius niger ; Formica species ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Triaspis thoracicus ; Braconidae ; Chalcidoidea ; quinolizidine alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) of golden rain,Laburnum anagyroides, and those of phytophagous insects associated with the plant, as well as of parasitoids of the latter, were analyzed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. The alkaloid content in samples of vegetative plant parts was high at the beginning of the season, then decreased, while that of reproductive organs was high throughout flowering, pod formation, and maturation. The analyses showed that the QA of the plant passed through two higher trophic levels (herbivorous insects and their parasitoids) and that the alkaloid pattern changed little during the passage. The alkaloids were present in two phytophagous insect species associated with golden rain: the predispersal seed predator,Bruchidius villosus [5–13μg/g fresh weight (fw)], andAphis cytisorum (182–1012μg/g fw), an aphid that feeds on shoots, leaves, and inflorescences. Braconid and chalcidoid parasitoids emerging from the bruchid host also contained alkaloids (1.3–3μg/g fw), as did three foraging ant species,Lasius niger, Formica rufibarbis, andF. cunicularia (45μg/g fw), that visited the aphid colonies or honeydew-covered leaves of aphid-infested plants. The hypothesis that developing bruchid larvae and/or the plant “manipulate” QA supply to infested seeds was not supported, because QA content of leftover endosperm in seeds after bruchid development was similar to that of uninfested seeds. The frass of developing bruchid larvae was rich in QA (31μg/ g dry weight). While aphids sequestered, the bruchid larvae took up and eliminated QA with the frass without chemical transformation.
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    Induced mimicry of colony odors in ants (1991)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1641-1664 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Formicinae ; mimicry ; artificial mixed colonies ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; colony recognition ; ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Formica selysi ; Monica rubida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular hydrocarbons ofFormica selysi (Formicinae) andMonica rubida (Myrmicinae) reared in single species and in mixed species colonies were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. In colonies containing both species, each species modified its species-specific recognition odor. This odor is composed, at least partly, of cuticular hydrocarbons. The cuticular hydrocarbons ofM. rubida consist only of saturated alkanes (n-alkanes and branched alkanes). InF. selysi the mixture also contains unsaturated compounds (monoenes and dienes). In hetero-specific colonies, a new chemical signature developed. This signature resulted from qualitative and quantitative changes in the spectrum of hydrocarbons produced by each species and permitted the two species to inhabit the same nest without displaying interspecific aggression. The readjustment seemed to be more an active synthesis or an active transfer than simply a passive transfer from one species to the other. This may imply that the ants synthesized some components of the hydrocarbon signature of the other species. These synthesizing processes may be activated under particular social environmental conditions.
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    Behavioral response ofTrichogramma pretiosum riley andTelenomus sphingis (Ashmead) to trichome/methyl ketone mediated resistance in tomato (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 543-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Telenomus sphingis ; Scelionidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone)/glandular trichome-based resistance to insects ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, PI 134417, on the behavioral responses ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley andTelenomus sphingis (Ashmead) were observed in the laboratory. ForT. pretiosum, these effects included (1) longer time required by the wasps to cross a leaf disk (diam. 16.3 mm), (2) higher percentage of wasps initiating flight from disks before reaching the edge, and (3) entrapment of wasps in trichome exudates. In tomato genotypes with varying densities of type VI glandular trichomes (3.1–9.2/mm2) but with no methyl ketones in the trichome tips, no such adverse effects were observed. The time taken to cross a disk or initiate flight byT. sphingis, a larger wasp thanT. pretiosum, was not significantly affected on 16.3-mm leaf disks, although the percentage ofT. sphingis initiating flight was directly correlated with trichome density among lines with no ketones. When placed on whole leaflets of plant lines with or without methyl ketones,T. sphingis was entangled by trichome exudates. However, unlikeT. pretiosum, T. sphingis was eventually able to free itself from entanglement. Landing rates byT. sphingis on PI 134417 foliage contained in dialysis tubes were also reduced. Data indicate that suppression of egg parasitism byT. sphingis on resistant foliage is due to both repellent action of its foliar volatiles and reduced searching rates by the parasitoids. Results indicate that a significant portion of the reduction of egg parasitism byT. pretiosum andT. sphingis is attributable to the effects of 2-tridecanone and/or 2-undecanone present in the tips of type VI glandular trichomes on PI 134417 foliage, although the trichomes also adversely affect the wasps even in plant lines without ketones.
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    Extractable hydrocarbons and kin recognition in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) (1991)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 745-756 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; hydrocarbons ; kin recognition ; genetic relatedness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrocarbons of worker honeybees of known pedigree were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Variability in hydrocarbon extracts of individual workers is determined at least in part genetically. Correlations in hydrocarbon composition of extracts were highest among more closely related individuals. Individuals maintained in groups exchange hydrocarbons but still maintain enough self-produced compounds to retain genetically determined individual characteristics. These results demonstrate that extractable hydrocarbons of bees provide sufficiently reliable genetic information to function as labels for use during kin recognition.
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    Volatile secretion of dufour gland of workers of an army ant,Dorylus (Anomma) molestus (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1633-1639 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Exocrine secretion ; Dufour gland ; Dorylus (Anomma) molestus ; Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans ; Dorylinae ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Dufour glands of workers ofDorylus (Anomma) molestus contain chiefly linear alkenes and alkanes, with (Z)-9-tricosene and tricosane representing over 70%. The glands are relatively small with some indication of very small (nanogram or less) amounts of dihydrofarnesol. Minima, medium, and major workers ofDorylus (Anomma) nigricans contain a similar spectrum of compounds.
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    Volatiles mediating plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions: Electroantennogram responses of soybean looper,Pseudoplusia includens, and a parasitoid,Microplitis demolitor, to green leaf volatiles (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1665-1690 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Herbivores ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; natural enemies ; Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; EAG responses ; green leaf volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded from an herbivore,Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a parasitoid,Microplitis demolitor (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), exposed to 5-through 12-carbon aliphatic compounds of several chemical classes. The response of the herbivore was higher for the 6- and/or 7-carbon hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones. The response of the parasitoid was higher for the 7- and 8-carbon hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones. Responses of the herbivore and the parasitoid to alcohols were similar. Both the herbivore and the parasitoid were most sensitive to aldehydes and ketones, and least sensitive to alcohols and hydrocarbons. Responses of the parasitoid to hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones were numerically higher than those of the herbivore. The adaptive significance of differential olfactory sensitivity between the herbivore and the natural enemy is discussed in relation to tri-trophic interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies.
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    Andrena wilkella male bees discriminate between enantiomers of cephalic secretion components (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 429-441 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enantiomer discrimination ; male patrolling ; odor marking ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Andrena wilkella ; bee ; EAG ; spiroacetal ; absolute configuration ; 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diastereomers of the spiroacetal, 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro [5.5]undecane, represent main components of the cephalic secretion from males of the solitary bee,Andrena wilkella. The major compound proved to be of high enantiomeric purity, showing (2S,6R,8S) configuration. Only the naturally occurring enantiomer attracted patrolling males in the field; its antipode was behaviorally inactive and in a racemic mixture did not inhibit response. The (E,Z) diastereomers were also found to be almost inactive. EAG studies gave the same result as the behavioral tests. The biological function of the spiroacetal is discussed in view of the evolution of the mating behavior inA. wilkella.
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    Novel internally branched, internal alkenes as major components of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the primitive australian antNothomyrmecia macrops Clark (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2623-2635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Internally branched alkenes ; internal alkenes ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; Nothomyrmecia macrops ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; ants ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Internally mono- and dimethyl branched, internal alkenes, which constitute most of the cuticular hydrocarbon present on workers of the primitive Australian antNothomyrmecia macrops Clark, have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. They are the first such alkenes reported from insects. Also present are alkanes with similar carbon skeletons. The hydrocarbon patterns of three separateNothomyrmecia colonies were very similar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988074
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    Chemical communication in the dacetine antDaceton armigerum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1207-1219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Dacetini ; Daceton armigerum ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; poison gland ; pygidial gland ; sternal gland ; mandibular gland ; trail communication ; alarm communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to previous assumptions,Daceton armigerum, the largest ant in the myrmicine tribe Dacetini, employs trail communication. We identified two anatomical sources of trail pheromones: Trails drawn with poison gland contents can last for more than seven days. Trails drawn with the newly discovered sternal glands (in the VIth and VIIth abdominal sternites) are effective but relatively short-lived. In addition, our bioassays revealed that the contents of the mandibular glands elicit alarm behavior, and secretions from the pygidial gland release attraction. When tested with artificial poison gland trails from seven other myrmicine species,Daceton did not exhibit trail following behavior. We confirmed, however, previous findings thatAtta respond toDaceton poison gland trails andSolenopsis followDaceton Dufour's gland trails.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021020
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    An allelochemical elicits arrestment inApanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvaeAcantholeucania loreyi (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles kariyai ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Acantholeucania loreyi ; Pseudaletia separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2,5-dialkyltet-rahydrofuran ; arrestant ; allelochemical ; antimone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the larval parasitoidApanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets ofAcantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with anA. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the hostPseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast toA. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host forA. kariyai, and oviposition inP. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction betweenA. loreyi andA. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020512
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    Chemistry of male mandibular gland secretions ofPhilanthus triangulum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2135-2143 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Philanthus triangulum ; Hymenoptera ; Sphecidae ; Philanthinae ; beewolf ; (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol ; 10-nonadecen-2-one ; nonadecenal ; eicosenal ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the European and African beewolf,Philanthus triangulum, possess a sex specific mandibular gland secretion that is used for marking plant stems in mating territories. The secretion is composed of 90% (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol plus small amounts of 10-nonadecen-2-one, nonadecenal, octadecanoic and octadecenoic acids, and eicosenal. The chemistry of this secretion differs markedly from the secretions of North AmericanPhilanthus, which consist of a larger number of components that possess different chemical functionalities and are more volatile. We postulate that the chemical differences betweenP. triangulum and its New World relatives reflect phylogenetic differences plus a possible reduced necessity for species isolating mechanisms inP. triangulum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026925
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    Internest aggression and identification of possible nestmate discrimination pheromones in polygynous antFormica montana (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2217-2228 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nestmate discrimination ; polygynous ants ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; multivariate analysis ; aggression ; prairie ants ; class distinction ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Polygynous ant species often monopolize patchily distributed habitats and tolerate neighboring conspecifics while aggressively attacking other ant species. We determined that internest aggression occurs in the polygynous ant,Formica montana. We report for the first time the identities of cuticular hydrocarbons ofF. montana and present results of their possible role in nestmate recognition. Cuticular hydrocarbons contribute differentially to class discrimination, certain hydrocarbons being more class distinct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026932
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    Surface lipids of social waspPolistes melricus say and its nest and nest pedicel and their relation to nestmate recognition (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2229-2241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes metricus ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; social wasps ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; nestmate recognition ; nest pedicel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In eight replicate laboratory tests wherePolistes metricus adults were allowed to choose between their own nest, a second nest, and neither nest, they selected their own nest 66% of the observed time. When the surface hydrocarbons had been extracted from the nests, the wasps chose their own nest only 8% of the time, but after the hydrocarbons were reapplied to the surface of the respective nests, they selected their own nest 47% of the time. These changes are significant. The cuticular lipids were analyzed from individualP. metricus adult females collected from 13 colonies. Surface lipids were recovered from the paper and pedicels of their nests. Eighteen hydrocarbons were identified in these lipid fractions. The major components of the wasp cuticular lipids weren-heptacosane,n-nonacosane, methylhentriacontane, and methyltritriacontane. Factor analysis revealed that extracts of pedicels are all similar in composition, while cuticle and paper extracts vary, sometimes similarly according to colony identity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026933
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    Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: Status and future (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3067-3089 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid behavior ; parasitoid manipulation ; foraging environment ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelochemicals are known to serve important roles at all steps in the host-searching sequence of parasitoids. We discuss the various roles of these allelochemics and the type of information needed to develop their use in pest control, which to date has been very limited. Rapid advancements are being made with respect to airborne chemicals and longer-range foraging behavior. Moreover, recent discoveries have shown that genetic diversity in parasitoid populations and phenotypic plasticity of individuals, together with their physiological state, often result in substantial variations in the response to chemical cues. Successful application of semiochemical-parasitoid systems will require management of these intrinsic parasitoid variables as well as management of the foraging environment. We illustrate emerging technology for such an application. For the immediate future, the development of this technology will allow us to: (1) define the genetic and phenotypic foraging profiles important to consistent and efficient parasitoid foraging, and (2) establish the proper propagation and release procedures and monitoring bioassays necessary to ensure appropriate behavioral and physiological qualities of released organisms. For the long term, we envision technology for comprehensively manipulating the pest/crop environment in ways that would provide foraging stimuli and other needs important to retention and efficiency of parasitoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979613
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    Esterase isozymes in a solitary bee,Megachile rotundata (fab.): Characterization, developmental multiplicity, and adult variability (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 347-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterases ; Megachile rotundata ; Hymenoptera ; allozymes ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the biochemical characterization and genetic variation of cytosolic esterases in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata (Fab.). Esterase isozymes were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and characterized by inhibition with eserine sulfate, EDTA, paraoxon, andp-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Based on inhibition patterns and substrate specificity, there are major differences between adults and immature forms and more subtle differences between male and female adults. M. rotundata esterases are largely organophosphate sensitive and the two major adult allozymes were highly variable within the population examined. Differences in esterase expression between life stages with respect to niche and the occurrence of diploid males are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554065
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    Esterase isozymes in a solitary bee,Megachile rotundata (fab.): Characterization, developmental multiplicity, and adult variability (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 347-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterases ; Megachile rotundata ; Hymenoptera ; allozymes ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the biochemical characterization and genetic variation of cytosolic esterases in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata (Fab.). Esterase isozymes were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and characterized by inhibition with eserine sulfate, EDTA, paraoxon, andp-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Based on inhibition patterns and substrate specificity, there are major differences between adults and immature forms and more subtle differences between male and female adults. M. rotundata esterases are largely organophosphate sensitive and the two major adult allozymes were highly variable within the population examined. Differences in esterase expression between life stages with respect to niche and the occurrence of diploid males are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02401424
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    Semiochemicals and learning in parasitoids (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3119-3135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Learning ; odor ; semiochemicals ; parasitoid ; biological control ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence that parasitoid responses to semiochemicals, important stimuli in the host location process, are influenced by experience. This paper focuses on the role of learning, in particular associative learning, in responses to odors. Emphasis is placed on associative learning during the adult stage, the influence of preadult experience is discussed briefly. New data on learning in the speciesLeptopilina heterotoma are given. It is demonstrated that females can learn to respond to a novel odor, which they subsequently use in microhabitat selection. Learning was shown to be associative whereby host products (contact kairomone) or an oviposition experience could function as the reinforcers (reward). The effect of learning seemed stronger when parasitoids were rewarded with an oviposition experience. The paper concludes with a discussion on the application of parasitoid learning in pest management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979615
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    A kairomone forTrichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) isolation, identification, and synthesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; hydrocarbons ; kairomone ; kinesis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Trichogramma nubilale ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone that effects host-seeking behavior inTrichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis, an egg parasitoid of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was isolated from moth scales of the European corn borer. The kairomone was identified as a mixture of 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylnonatriacontanes. The three dimethylnonatriacontanes were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the 13,17 isomer was the most active in terms of klinokinetic and retention effects. The 11,15 isomer and the 15,19 isomer had some effect on klinokinesis, but they failed to effect retention of the wasps. The 13,17-dimethylnonatriacontane is considered to be the most important component of the kairomone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021783
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