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  • Articles  (156)
  • rice  (107)
  • Manganese
  • 1990-1994  (99)
  • 1980-1984  (57)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (156)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fagus sylvatica ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral content ; Potassium ; Seasonalvariation ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a 35-year-old calcareous beech forest stand five beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were felled every 2 weeks, and xylem sap was obtained by means of water displacement from the lowest trunk sections, each 100 cm in length. From mid-October 1988 to mid-October 1989 a total of 130 trees were investigated. The seasonal variations of the Ca, Mg, K and Mn contents, as well as those of pH, show four characteristic phases. Additionally, distribution of the mineral contents along the trunk was studied in four trees. The seasonal increase and decrease of xylem sap mineral contents along the trunk is shown for the characteristic phenophases. The Ca, Mg, K, and Mn contents of xylem saps were determined by means of atomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.
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  • 2
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 138-146 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Manganese ; totalparenteralnutrition ; enteralnutrition ; dailyintake ; Mangan ; total parenterale Nahrung ; enterale Nahrung ; tägliche Aufnahme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit 1931 ist bekannt, daß Mangan ein essentielles Spurenelement bei Tieren ist. Heute weiß man, daß Manganmangel bei Tieren zu einer Vielfalt an Stoffwechseldefekten führt. Für den Menschen ist die sichere Versorgung durch die enterale Ernährung mit 2,5–5 mg pro Tag gewährleistet, für die parenterale Ernährung wird eine Dosis von 0,15–0,8 mg pro Tag vorgeschlagen. Die Mangangehalte von Bestandteilen der Nahrung und von Infusionslösungen wurden durch Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den (aus Tabellen) kalkulierten Werten verglichen. Der Mangangehalt der Kleinkomponenten und Zusatzstoffe einschließlich der Aromastoffe wurde ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Aus dem täglichen Gesamtverzehr wurde eine Manganaufnahme von 192–7373 µg berechnet. In der parenterelen Ernährung betrug die Manganmenge der Lösung vor Zugabe einer Supplementmischung (Oligo-Komplex) 0,2% der Gesamtdosis an Mangan. Nach Zugabe der Oligo-Komplex-Mischung wurde eine tägliche Aufnahme von 5,02±0,16 pro Tag festgestellt.
    Notes: Summary Managanese has been proven to be an essential trace element in animals since 1931. Today, it is known that manganese deficiency results in a wide variety of structural and physiological defects in animals. For humans, the safe and adequate range of intakes for manganese by enteral nutrition is 2.0 to 5 mg per day; for parenteral nutrition a range of 0.15 to 0.8 mg per day is proposed. The manganese content of components of enteral nutrition (EN) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions is determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Comparison is made between calculated and measured values. The manganese present in supplementary nutrition and flavor stuffs is also measured. The intake of manganese by EN is calculated based on the daily administration, and is found to vary from 192 to 7373 µg per day. In prepared TPN-solutions, the manganese contribution of all components before adding the Oligo Complex is found to be less than 0.2% of the total manganese content. After addition of the Oligo Complex mixture, a mean daily intake of 5.02±0.16 mg per day is found.
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  • 3
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 34 (1984), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; physicochemical properties ; preferential uses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice varieties such as IR-20, Ponni, Bhavani and IR-50 that are preferred for cooking showed larger surface area, higher water uptake at 96°C, greater cooked volume, soft gel consistency and greater elongation ratio. Rice varieties which are exclusively used for makingidli anddosai exhibited lower protein content, medium alkali score and higher percentage of total as well as soluble starch and amylopectin. Rice varieties which are used for making flakes showed hard gel consistency, higher alkali digestibility values, lower soluble amylose content and relatively higher amount of hot water-soluble reducing sugars. Varieties used for making puffed rice do not show any specific characteristics to differentiate them from the above types. All the rice varieties studied belong to the high amylose group except ASD-1 which belongs to the medium amylose group.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: soil salinity ; grain quality ; rice ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four varieties of rice, differing in salinity tolerance and grown in saline soil (electrical conductivity 5–6 dS/m) at Sadhoke, Punjab, Pakistan, had lighter grain and higher Na content than control samples. Grains of three out of the four rices grown on saline soils had higher brown rice protein (higher nutritional value), less translucent grain, lower starch and amylose content, and lower K than their control samples, but these differences were not related to salinity tolerance. Alkali spreading value and gel consistency were not affected by culture in saline soil. Cooked rice Instron hardness increased in saline culture in two higher-protein samples of the four rices. Amylograph peak viscosity was suppressed by saline culture.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; grain quality ; inorganic and organic N fertilizers ; protein and lysine content ; season effect ; IR64
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and source (prilled urea, urea supergranule, fresh azolla, rice straw or sesbania or rice straw compost and their combinations) on grain quality were studied in the 1987 crops of variety IR64 at IRRI. Although fertilizer application improved grain yield, it improved protein content only in the case of urea supergranule, azolla and rice straw. Lysine contents of brown rice protein were similar in samples with no N fertilizer and those with the highest protein content in both seasons. Fertilizer treatment regardless of source tended to decrease weight and increase translucency of brown rice in both seasons. Effects on other grain properties were not consistent in both seasons. Season affected more grain properties than fertilizer treatment did, particularly translucency which was higher in the dry season than in the wet season.
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  • 6
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 40 (1990), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; PAGE ; amino acid composition ; hydrophobicity index value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Proteins and amino acids in four local rice (Oryza Sativa L.) varieties were identified. Albumin and globulin were extracted from rice seeds, and the major promoters of these proteins were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to show their patterns. Amino acid composition of the rice seed were determined quantitatively and qualitatively, and classified according to their acidic, basic and uncharged polar groups. Essential amino acids for each variety were determined, and the hydrophobicity index value of Amber 33 was (0.6078), Mishkhab 1 (0.63372), Hybrid 2 (0.6523) and Hwazawi (0.7411).
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  • 7
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 267-278 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; milling ; utilization of protein ; energy ; zinc and other minerals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Brown and milled rices were prepared from rough rice, and the nutritive value of the rices was studied by chemical analyses and in balance experiments with growing rats. The concentration of essential nutrients decreased with the degree of milling, but the energy density of brown and milled rices was similar. In the highly refined white rice the protein content was reduced to 86% and the mineral content to 23% of corresponding levels in brown rice. The zinc concentration was halved. The amino acid composition was rather unaffected by the degree of milling, but the lysine concentration was slightly lower in white rice than in brown rice. Milling was accompanied by an increase in true protein digestibility and a corresponding decrease in biological value. Thus net protein utilization of the different rices was remarkably uniform. A total of 33% of the utilizable protein and 22% of the digestible energy in brown rice was removed during milling. Rats fed rough, brown and lightly milled rices were unable to maintain their femur zinc concentration; deposition of calcium and phosphorus also appeared to be affected. Factors present in the outer part of the rice kernel interfere strongly with zinc utilization. Phytate and/or fibre are not solely responsible for this effect. Unless rice was milled into highly refined white rice, zinc status of rats was adversely affected. The results suggest that zinc might be a limiting factor in rice-based diets.
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  • 8
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    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Barley ; Wheat ; Manganese ; Availability ; Microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of length of dry storage period and subsequent moist incubation on the availability of Mn was examined in a calcareous soil. Increasing the time of dry storage (for up to 4 years) generally increased the availability of Mn as determined by plant growth and Mn concentration in wheat and barley. Moist incubation of stored soil had variable effects on Mn availability depending on how long the soil had been stored before use and on the method used to assess Mn availability. When assessed by Mn concentration in plant tissues, increasing the moist incubation time (from 0 to 30 days) of soil stored dry for 4 years increased Mn availability in soil initially and thereafter decreased it. However, incubation time had little effect on Mn availability in soil stored for only 1 year or soil used fresh from the field. When Mn availability was assessed using a chemical extractant (DTPA; diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), both soils showed an initial increase in Mn availability immediately on wetting. However, Mn availability in the soil stored for only 1 year decreased rapidly and remained consistently below that of soil stored for 4 years. In the latter soil, Mn availability also decreased but only after a few days. Microbial studies indicated that there was a decrease in the ratio of Mn oxidising to Mn reducing microorganisms with increasing storage time. Inoculation of one soil with another suggested that the factor responsible for the low Mn availability in soils stored for a short period could be transferred to soils stored for a longer period. These results suggest that the change in Mn availability in a calcareous soil with dry storage is a result of changes in microbial populations that cannot be fully restored by moist incubation.
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  • 9
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    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 47-59 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Halophyte ; Manganese ; Salt marsh ; Sodium ; Synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Salicornia europaea, Puccinellia maritima, Triglochin maritima, Aster tripolium, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Juncus gerardii andFestuca rubra, collected as seed from a salt marsh at Portaferry, County Down, were grown on saline (340 mM NaCl) and non saline nutrient solutions at five concentrations of manganese sulphate (0.025–10.0 mM). After an eight week growing period, shoot and root yields and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and manganese in the shoots were determined. Except forS. europaea the saline treatments had a strongly limiting effect on plant growth. Each of the species investigated showed a degree of tolerance to high concentrations of manganese which was similar to that of calcifuge species and plants characteristic of waterlogged sand dune slack communities, but which was very much greater than that ofArrhenatherum elatius a species usually excluded from acidic soils. There was little evidence to support the hypothesis that tolerance of high manganese concentrations was correlated with the position of the experimental plants in the salt marsh ecotone or that the manganese nutrition of halophytic and glycophytic marsh species differs. Whilst manganese uptake increased proportionally with solution manganese concentration, there were few other major effects of manganese on the balance of shoot cation concentrations in the plants investigated. Both antagonistic and synergistic effects of sodium on manganese uptake were recorded for different species.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Aluminium ; Boron ; Copper ; Factorial design ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nutrient solutions ; pH ; Phosphorus uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sorption of phosphorus from nutrient solution and the pH change in the nutrient solution were monitored over a 24 hour period forTrifolium repens L. cv. ‘Grasslands Huia’ plants. Two different concentration levels of micro-nutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and Al formed the factors of a fractional replicate of a 26 factorial design. Measurements were made at four time intervals (30 minutes after the plants were placed on the pots, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours later). In addition to phosphorus, fourteen other nutrients (including nitrate and ammonium) were monitored throughout the experiment. The sorption of phosphorus was significantly influenced by both aluminium and iron. The effect of aluminium and iron on phosphorus sorption is attributed to physico-chemical sorption processes involving the root surface. However the effect on the removal of phosphorus by boron, copper, manganese and zinc was observed only as first order interaction effects —B−Zn, Cu−Zn, Mn−Zn. Thus these three elements (B, Cu and Mn) only affect phosphorus removal in conjunction with zinc. Aluminium and iron together had a separate but very significant effect on the removal of phosphorus at most periods throughout the experiment. In contrast, pH was affected only by aluminium, iron (the pH drop was enhanced) and manganese (the pH drop was decreased) as main effects independent of the other treatment elements.
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  • 11
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Andept ; Germination ; Manganese ; Seed traps ; Seedling growth ; Steam sterilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Steam sterilization of a Typic Dystrandept in Costa Rica resulted in a six-fold increase in extractable Mn, to levels often considered toxic. Seeds of eight species, comprised of six successional taxa and two cultivars (soybean,Glycine max and raddish,Raphanus sativus) were planted in the sterilized soil and in unsterilized soil after delays of 1, 8, 15, and 28 days. Germination and mortality were not different in the two soils, indicating that steamsterilized soil can safely be used in seed traps. Six species (including both cultivars) grew better in unsterilized soil, but two of the native taxa (Phytolacca rivinoides andBocconia frutescens) grew significantly faster in sterilized soil.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lignin ; Manganese ; NO 3 − Phenols ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Managanese deficiency (〈 18 μg g−1 Mn) resulted in decreased levels of phenols in wheat shoots and decreased levels of lignins in both roots and shoots. These observed reductions in phenol contents was due largely to a decrease in the alkaline labile phenol component. Levels of nitrate supplied in solution influenced both phenol and lignin production; high nitrate levels (15 mM) resulted in a reduction in phenol and lignin in the shoot but stimulated lignin production in root tissue.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: rice ; predation ; biological control ; predator effectiveness ; riz ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; efficacité prédatrice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Huit insectes prédateurs communs dans l'écosystème du riz aux Philippines ont été comparés au laboratoire pour leur capacité à se nourrir sur les œufs de la chenilleRivula atimeta Swinhoe. Une échelle basée sur les taux de prédation a été établie:Metioche vittaticollis (Stal) (Gryllidae) était le prédateur le plus vorace suivi parAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) etConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigonidae). Le petit Miride,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, se nourrissait aussi facilement sur les œufs.Paederus fuscipes (Curtis) (Staphilinidae) etCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) se nourrissait dans une mesure très limitée.Metioche vittaticollis etCyrtorhinus lividipennis ont été aussi testés vis-à-vis des œufs de la NoctuelleNaranga aenescens Moore et de la Mineuse du Riz,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. Le taux de prédation deM. vitaticollis était identique sur les trois proies, maisC. lividipennis manifestait un taux de prédation plus élevé sur les œufs deN. aenescens. Dans les cages de plein air, de 1,6 m2, on permettait à différentes densités deM. vittaticollis et d'O. nigrofasciata de se nourrir sur des œufs deR. atimeta exposés durant deux jours.Metioche vittaticollis consommait 13 et 26 œufs aux densités respectives de 1 et 2 prédateurs par cage, mais la prédation n'était pas beaucoup plus élevée à la densité de 8. La prédation due àO. nigrofasciata n'était pas significative.
    Notes: Abstract Eight insect predators common in the rice ecosystem in the Philippines were compared in the laboratory on their ability as to feed on the eggs of green hairy caterpillar,Rivula atimeta Swinhoe. A ranking, based on feeding rates was made:Metioche vittaticollis (Stål) (Gryllidae) was the most voracious predator, followed byAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) andConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigoniidae). Also the smallCyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Miridae), readily fed upon the eggs.Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Staphilinidae) andCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) fed to a very limited extent.Metioche vittaticollis andCyrtorhinus lividipennis were also tested on eggs of green semilooper,Naranga aenescens Moore, and rice whorl maggot,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. The feeding rate ofM. vittaticollis was similar on the 3 different preys, butC. lividipennis had a higher feeding rate onN. aenescens eggs. In 1.6 m2 field cages, different densities ofM. vittaticollis andO. nigrofasciata were allowed to feed on exposedR. atimeta eggs during 2 days.Metioche vittaticollis consumed 13 and 26 eggs at predator densities of 1 and 2 per cage respectively, but was not much higher at density 8. Predation byO. nigrofasciata was not significant.
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  • 14
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    Agroforestry systems 18 (1992), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: trees ; paddy ; rice ; soil fertility ; Northeast Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted in Northeast Thailand on six rice paddy fields on a farm with similar soil (Aquic Quartzipsamments) and with a single tree on the paddy bund. There were 4 tree species: Parinarium anamense, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus, and Samanea saman. Samples of soil (0–10 cm depth) and rice were collected at 3 positions (1, 5–7, and 9–11 m) away from the tree base in 3 replicated tree-soil trasects in each paddy field. Significantly higher pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were found in paddy fields with S. saman (a legume tree) but grain yield and biomass of rice were significantly lower. Higher soil fertility was found in the positions closer to tree base while grain yields, biomass, and number of tillers were lower, and rice was taller and had more unfilled grain. Shading was deduced to be the key factor responsible for the depressed rice yields and growth at positions closer to tree base especially in the highly shading S. saman.
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  • 15
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 4 (1990), S. 215-229 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: crop diversification ; irrigation ; management ; rice ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The background and concepts of water control for crop diversification in rice-based irrigation systems are discussed. Water control is described in terms of the irrigation event volumes and intervals between irrigation events. The development of the WACCROD model to simulate these water control parameters under selected agroclimatic conditions is described. The simulation model can recommend irrigation event volumes and intervals for various dry season cropping patterns in rice-based irrigation systems. Also, the application of the model to a general situation at field level of a ‘typical’ rice based irrigation system is reported.
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  • 16
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 5 (1991), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: irrigation scheduling ; rice ; performance monitoring ; management ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of computer assisted irrigation scheduling to a 20,000 ha smallholder rice and sugarcane irrigation project in Thailand has provided an opportunity for continuous performance assessment. The provision of weekly information on performance is exerting an influence on the management of the system thus enabling timely response to operational problems. Kraseio Project has been operating with an improved water management system for two seasons, incorporating simple performance indicators, namely: actual versus targetted supply, along with equity, reliability and adequacy measures. Over these seasons the value of regular feedback of performance information has been demonstrated, in terms of increased awareness by project staff of operating constraints and their ability to quantify project performance.
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  • 17
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 5 (1991), S. 277-291 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: crop diversification ; Indonesia ; irrigation ; management ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The actual water management practices, in terms of the volumes and intervals of delivery, are examined in a rice-based irrigation subsystem where crop diversification is practised. A simulation model (WACCROD) is used to generate the hypothetical water requirements of the changing crop mixture at quartenary and tertiary levels. Crops other than rice were planted in the dry season to reduce the need for water. Then, as the available water supplies diminished, the volume and timing of water deliveries changed based on the time, hydraulic location and relative importance of the crop.
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  • 18
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 8 (1994), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: rice ; water-saving ; water consumption ; soil moisture ; irrigation ; stoma aperture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since 1982 tests of rice irrigation technique of controlled soil moisture content have been carried out at the Mairendian Testing Station of Hohai University and Jining Water Conservancy Bureau. The results prove that the water consumption (including ecological and physiological consumption) and output of rice vary considerably according to the different irrigation techniques used. In this paper, the water-saving effects are explained in terms of correlation between the varieties of ecological environment of rice growing and physiological indices such as soil moisture, soil air, soil temperature, leaf area index and stoma aperture etc., and rice root growth and a formation of an ideal colony. This irrigation technique makes watering quota most economical and efficient. The water consumption is reduced by 41% and only 46.8% of water are required for flooding irrigation. Rice yield increases by 15%. Not only are interplant evaporation and field seepage greatly reduced but also transpiration is greatly reduced under controlled irrigation. New water consumption pattern of rice growing is thus formed.
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  • 19
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 8 (1994), S. 159-176 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: crop coefficients ; evapotranspiration ; irrigation ; regression model ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Meteorological and lysimetric data for a period of nine years were used to develop crop coefficients for rice grown under lowland conditions in a sub-humid tropical climate in India. The estimated crop coefficients were found to be higher than those values recommended by FAO. A crop coefficient model with basal coefficient, moisture availability coefficient and surface wetness coefficient terms has been proposed and found suitable. On most counts, the moisture availability coefficient was found to be near unity and the wetness coefficient was found to be significant. The basal crop coefficients for lowland rice have also been presented for practical use with the proposed models.
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  • 20
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 333-342 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; on-farm trials ; rice ; maize ; groundnuts ; Senegal ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A large number of zero, half and full rate fertilizer trials were conducted on-farm in Southern Senegal with rainfed lowland rice (n = 24), maize (n = 48), and groundnuts (n = 18). Trial sites were located according to farmer selected criteria: soil texture in the case of rice; compound garden versus outer field in the case of maize; and, previous cropping history in the case of groundnuts. Quadratic fertilizer response curves using all the cases explained only 16–29% of the variance. Subsequent stratification of the fields by soil organic matter, texture, and pH permitted the identification of fertilizer responsive and non-responsive fields. Response curves using only the tests conducted on soils without a limiting constraint explained 36 to 47% of the variance. At half rate fertilization levels VCR's of 3.8 (maize), 5.8 (rice) and 6.9 (groundnuts) resulted. Within productive fields, level of weed control, percent barrenness and final stand at harvest explained much of the remaining variation in yields for rice (82%), maize (61%) and groundnuts (76%) respectively. Response curves were then used in an economic analysis to address on-farm fertilizer allocation issues. Based on survey results and field trial data, partial budgets for small and medium-sized farms were developed. This analysis showed marginal rates of return of 400 and 165 percent to half and full rate fertilization, respectively. This type of fertilizer validation program, conducted on farmer-selected sites, improved targeting of recommendations, and helped to identify agronomic practices that should result in reduced economic risk and increased fertilizer adoption by farmers.
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  • 21
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; slow-release ; rubber matrix ; urea ; rice ; ammonia volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of a prototype slow-release fertilizer, urea-rubber matrix (URM) was assessed under flooded rice conditions. URM cuboids of size 0.5 × 1.0 × 0.4 cm were applied in comparison with prilled urea at levels of 50, 130 and 200 kg N ha−1. URM was placed at the soil/solution interface in intimate association with rice seedlings whereas prilled urea was broadcast into the floodwater to simulate the normal application method of South East Asian farmers. URM cuboid sizes of 0.25 × 0.5 × 0.4 cm, 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.4 cm and 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.4 cm were similarly evaluated at a single rate of 130 kg N ha−1; a broadcast URM treatment was also included. Different methods of prilled urea application including deep placement and split application were also studied at a single rate of 130 kg N ha−1. It was found that the build-up of floodwater N (urea + NH 4 + ) from URM during the 13 days following application was almost negligible irrespective of level or method of application. This was thought to result in low losses of N through ammonia volatilization as shown by higher rice grain yields in comparison with prilled urea at all levels of application. Deep-placed urea gave a comparable grain yield to that of broadcast URM. There was no significant difference in grain yield between URM applied by placement and by broadcast, suggesting that URM can be effectively applied either in intimate association with rice seedlings or by broadcasting to the rice field before, or after, planting. An attempt to predict the release of urea from URM was made using a diffusion-based simulation model. It was found that the model underestimated the actual release of urea from URM within the rhizosphere, probably due to the extensive penetration by rice roots of the URM cuboids.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; maize ; barley ; rice ; foliar urea ; grain yield ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that there are several potential benefits of providing nitrogen to cereals via the foliage as urea solution. These include: reduced nitrogen losses through denitrification and leaching compared with nitrogen fertilizer applications to the soil; the ability to provide nitrogen when root activity is impaired e.g., in saline or dry conditions, and uptake late in the season to increase grain nitrogen concentration. Factors that influence the degree of foliar absorption in field conditions have not, however, been clearly defined and losses to the atmosphere and soil can occur. Foliar urea applications may also hinder crop productivity although the explanations for this vary, and include desiccation of leaf cells, aqueous ammonia and urea toxicity, biuret contamination and the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism. It has not yet been determined which one, or combinations, of these mechanisms are most important in field situations. When damage has not been severe, foliar urea applications have increased grain yield, particularly when applied before flag leaf emergence and when nitrogen availability is limiting. Increases in grain nitrogen content are often larger when applications of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil are reduced, and when the urea solution is sprayed either at anthesis or during the following two weeks. It is during this period that foliar urea sprays can be of greater benefit than soil applications with regard to nitrogen utilization by the crop. Increases in wheat grain nitrogen concentration following urea application can improve breadmaking quality. Responses in loaf quality may, however, be variable particularly when increases in grain nitrogen content have been large, and/or when the nitrogen: sulphur ratio in the grain is increased. These circumstances have lead to alterations in the proportions of the different protein fractions which influence breadmaking potential. To exploit the full potential benefits of foliar urea application to cereals, more needs to be known about the mechanisms, and thus how to prevent losses of nitrogen from the foliage, and to reduce the phytotoxic influences of sprays. More information is also required to exploit the reported effects that urea may have on limiting the development of cereal diseases.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methods of zinc application ; rice ; sodic soils ; zinc deficiency ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted in zinc-deficient sodic soil to study the effect of levels and methods of zinc fertilization on yield, concentration and uptake of zinc by rice. Zinc was incorporated in the soil at the rate of 0, 5.6, 11.2 and 22.4 kg Zn per ha as zinc sulfate; sprayed on the plants at 1% and 2% zinc sulfate solution; and roots of rice seedlings were dipped in 2% and 4% ZnO suspensions in water. Grain yield, zinc content and its uptake increased in all the experiments up to 22.4 kg Zn per ha. Soil applied zinc was significantly correlated with yield of rice (r = 0.80**) and zinc uptake (r = 0.89**). Zinc content in 45-day old plants gave a significantly higher correlation with grain yield (r = 0.84**) than the zinc content of rice straw and grain at maturity. Roots of rice seedlings dipped in 2% or 4% zinc oxide suspension in water were not only comparable with soil application of Zn at 5.6 and 11.2 kg Zn per ha, but also proved to be more economical for sodic soils showing moderate zinc deficiency.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 315-321 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Modified urea ; weed growth ; grain yield ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth of weeds and their subsequent reduction of rice yield as affected by N source neem cake coated urea (NCU), dicyandiamide coated urea (DCU), rock phosphate coated urea (RPCU), urea supergranules (USG) and prilled urea (PU) was studied on a clay loam soil at Coimbatore, India. Experiments were conducted in northeast monsoon (NEM) 1981, summer 1982, and southwest monsoon (SWM) 1982 seasons. The crop was associated with eleven weed species, and the dominant weeds wereEchinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus difformis andMarsilea quadrifolia. The weed flora varied between seasons. Deep placement of USG reduced the dry weight of weeds in NEM and summer seasons at 60, 90 and 120 Kg N ha−1 whereas it increased the dry weight at 60 and 90 but not 120 Kg N ha−1 in SWM season. The dry weight of weeds decreased with increased N rates for all N sources during NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, dry weight of weeds increased with increased N rates for all N sources except USG. The grain yield of rice was drastically reduced with the deep placement of USG at 60 but not 120 Kg N ha−1 in SWM season. The differential effect of the N sources between seasons was due to the change of the weed flora. Dominance ofE. crus-galli during SWM season had greater influence on weed dry weight and grain yield of rice. Nitrogen uptake by weeds was frequently greater in unfertilized plots, particularly in NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, the apparent fertilizer N recovery by weeds was high for USG. It decreased from 53% for 60 Kg USG-N ha−1 to 4% for 120 Kg USG-N ha−1.
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    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: inorganic P ; organic P ; P/Fe ; P/Mn ratios ; phosphorus ; rice ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to measure the effect of silicon on phosphorus uptake and on the growth of rice at different P levels. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was cultured in Kimura B nutrient solution without and with silicon (1.66 mM Si) and with three phosphorus levels (0.014 mM P, low; 0.21 mM, medium; and 0.70 mM, high). Shoot dry weight with Si (+Si) in solution increased with increasing P level, while shoot weight without Si (−Si) was maximum at 0.21 mM P, suggesting that +Si raised the optimum P level for rice. +Si increased shoot weight more when P was low or high than when P was medium. The concentration and amount of inorganic P in shoots increased with increasing P level. +Si did not significantly decrease P uptake by rice at 0.014 mM P, however, uptake at 0.21 and 0.70 mM P was 27 and 30 percent less than uptake with −Si, respectively. In −Si with 0.21 and 0.70 mM P, inorganic P in shoots was more than double the concentration in shoots grown in +Si solutions. The Si concentration in shoots decreased slightly with increasing P level, although Si uptake was not significantly affected by P. +Si decreased the uptake of Fe and Mn by an average of 20 and 50 percent, respectively, thus P/Mn and P/Fe ratios increased in the shoot when P was low. From the results above, the beneficial effect of Si on the growth of rice was clearly shown when P was low or high. This effect may have resulted from decreased Mn and Fe uptake, and thus increased P availability within P deficient plants, or from reduced P uptake when P was high.
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    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: P adsorption ; P desorption ; P/Mn ratio ; rice ; silicic acid ; Yakuno soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of silicon on the growth of rice grown in a P-deficient soil and on P availability in the soil. Silicic acid was used, rather than a silicate salt, to avoid the complication of changes in soil pH. Shoot dry weight on silicic acid treated soil (0.47 mg Si g−1 soil) increased significantly under both nonflooded and flooded conditions. Shoot Si concentration also increased although P concentration did not. Mn concentration decreased with silicic acid, resulting in a higher P/Mn ratio in shoots. An adsorption and desorption experiment showed that silicic acid did not displace P nor decrease the ability of the soil to adsorb P. In contrast, Si desorption increased with increasing P concentration in the solution, and Si adsorption was reduced when P was applied first. These results suggest that silicic acid does not increase P availability in soil. Increased dry weight may be attributed to a higher P/Mn ratio in the shoot, which may improve P utilization in the plant.
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    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 227-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; root length density ; soil impedance ; tillage ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of various tillage methods on two wetland rice soils in the Philippines is reported. The soils differed principally in clay content, 38% for the clay loam (clayey, mixed isohyperthermic Entic Hapludoll) while 56% for the clay (clayey, mixed noncalcareous, isohyperthermic Andaqueptic Haplaquoll). This had a marked effect on their response to tillage and varying water regime. The clay soil, under field conditions, showed little change in pore size distribution or soil water behaviour with different tillage methods. Crop (Rice, Oryza sativa L., var. IR20) yields were unaffected by tillage. In contrast, tillage effects were very marked in the clay loam soil, which consisted of a greenhouse and a field trial. In the greenhouse, which experienced severe dry periods, wet tillage not only increased the moisture retentivity but also the soil impedance at soil matric potential (ψ)〈−0.01 MPa. Seasonal average ψ was 〈−1 MPa. Root length density decreased by 39% with dry tillage and by 56% with wet tillage compared with zero tillage. Grain yield however, did not vary with soil treatment. In the field, which experienced moderate dry spells, ψ varied between −0.13 and −0.48 MPa. Root length density was significantly reduced at soil impedance 〉0.75 MPa. Wet tillage increased soil moisture storage which minimized the soil impedance during the dry cycle more effectively than did dry tillage. The crop performed best under wet tillage and least under zero tillage. Wet tillage in this soil was more effective under moderate than under severe water stress conditions.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chlorosis resistance ; cucumber ; genotypical differences ; grasses ; iron mobilization ; iron uptake ; maize ; microorganisms ; oat ; phytosiderophores ; rice ; root exudates ; root growth ; rye ; sorghum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Graminaceous species can enhance iron (Fe) acquisition from sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(III) compounds by release of phytosiderophores (PS) which mobilize Fe(III) by chelation. In most graminaceous species Fe deficiency increases the rate of PS release from roots by a factor of 10–20, but in some species, for example sorghum, this increase is much less. The chemical nature of PS can differ between species and even cultivars. The various PS are similarly effective as the microbial siderophore Desferal (ferrioxamine B methane sulfonate) in mobilizing Fe(III) from a calcareous soil. Under the same conditions the synthetic chelator DTPA (diaethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) is ineffective. The rate of Fe(III)PS uptake by roots of graminaceous species increases by a factor of about 5 under Fe deficiency. In contrast, uptake of Fe from both synthetic and microbial Fe(III) chelates is much lower and not affected by the Fe nutritional status of the plants. This indicates that in graminaceous species under Fe deficiency a specific uptake system for FePS is activated. In contrast, the specific uptake system for FePS is absent in dicots. In a given graminaceous species the uptake rates of the various FePS are similar, but vary between species by a factor of upto 3. In sorghum, despite the low rate of PS release, the rate of FePS uptake is particularly high. The results indicate that release of PS and subsequent uptake of FePS are under different genetic control. The high susceptibility of sorghum to Fe deficiency (‘lime-chlorosis’) is most probably caused by low rates of PS release in the early seedling stage. Therefore in sorghum, and presumably other graminaceous species also, an increase in resistance to ‘lime chlorosis’ could be best achieved by breeding for cultivars with high rates of PS release. In corresponding screening procedures attention should be paid to the effects of iron nutritional status and daytime on PS release as well as on rapid microbial degradation of PS.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arsenic ; phytotoxicity ; speciation ; rice ; straighthead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic absorption by rice (Oryza sativa, L.) in relation to the chemical form and concentration of arsenic added in nutrient solution was examined. A 4 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted with treatments consisting of four arsenic chemical forms [arsenite, As(III); arsenate, As(V); monomethyl arsenic acid, MMAA; and dimethyl arsenic acid, DMAA], three arsenic concentrations [0.05, 0.2, and 0.8 mg As L-1], and two cultivars [Lemont and Mercury] with a different degree of susceptibility to straighthead, a physiological disease attributed to arsenic toxicity. Two controls, one for each cultivar, were also included. Arsenic phytoavailability and phytotoxicity are determined primarily by the arsenic chemical form present. Application of DMAA increased total dry matter production. While application of As(V) did not affect plant growth, both As(III) and MMAA were phytotoxic to rice. Availability of arsenic to rice followed the trend: DMAA〈As(V)〈MMAA〈As(III). Upon absorption, DMAA was readily translocated to the shoot. Arsenic(III), As(V), and MMAA accumulated in the roots. With increased arsenic application rates the arsenic shoot/root concentration decreased for the As(III) and As(V) treatments. Monomethyl arsenic acid (MMAA), however, was translocated to the shoot upon increased application. The observed differential absorption and translocation of arsenic chemical forms by rice is possibly responsible for the straighthead disorder attributed to arsenic.
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    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 41-55 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reducing activity ; ARA ; Azolla ; cyanobacteria ; green manure ; heterotrophic BNF ; methods ; N2 fixation ; review ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper 1) reviews improvements and new approaches in methodologies for estimating biological N2 fixation (BNF) in wetland soils, 2) summarizes earlier quantitative estimates and recent data, and 3) discusses the contribution of BNF to N balance in wetland-rice culture. Measuring acetylene reducing activity (ARA) is still the most popular method for assessing BNF in rice fields. Recent studies confirm that ARA measurements present a number of problems that may render quantitative extrapolations questionable. On the other hand, few comparative measures show ARA's potential as a quantitative estimate. Methods for measuring photodependent and associative ARA in field studies have been standardized, and major progress has been made in sampling procedures. Standardized ARA measurements have shown significant differences in associative N2 fixation among rice varieties. The 15N dilution method is suitable for measuring the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) in legumes and rice. In particular, the 15N dilution technique, using available soil N as control, appears to be a promising method for screening rice varieties for ability to utilize biologically fixed N. Attempts to adapt the 15N dilution method to aquatic N2 fixers (Azolla and blue-green algae [BGA]) encountered difficulties due to the rapid change in 15N enrichment of the water. Differences in natural 15N abundance have been used to show differences among plant organs and species or varieties in rice and Azolla, and to estimate Ndfa by Azolla, but the method appears to be semi-quantitative. Recent pot experiments using stabilized 15N-labelled soil or balances in pots covered with black cloth indicate a contribution of 10–30 kg N ha-1 crop-1 by heterotrophic BNF in flooded planted soil with no or little N fertilizer used. Associative BNF extrapolated from ARA and 15N incorporation range from 1 to 7 kg N ha-1 crop-1. Straw application increases heterotrophic and photodependent BNF. Pot experiments show N gains of 2–4 mg N g-1 straw added at 10 tons ha-1. N2 fixation by BGA has been almost exclusively estimated by ARA and biomass measurements. Estimates by ARA range from a few to 80 kg N ha-1 crop-1 (average 27 kg). Recent extensive measurements show extrapolated values of about 20 kg N ha-1 crop-1 in no-N plots, 8 kg in plots with broadcast urea, and 12 kg in plots with deep-placed urea. Most information on N2 fixed by Azolla and legume green manure comes from N accumulation measurements and determination of % Ndfa. Recent trials in an international network show standing crops of Azolla averaging 30–40 kg N ha-1 and the accumulation of 50–90 kg N ha-1 for two crops of Azolla grown before and after transplanting rice. Estimates of % Ndfa in Azolla by 15N dilution and delta 15N methods range from 51 to 99%. Assuming 50–80% Ndfa in legume green manures, one crop can provide 50–100 kg N ha-1 in 50 days. Few balance studies in microplots or pots report extrapolated N gains of 150–250 kg N ha-1 crop-1. N balances in long-term fertility experiments range from 19 to 98 kg N ha-1 crop-1 (average 50 kg N) in fields with no N fertilizer applied. The problems encountered with ARA and 15N methods have revived interest in N balance studies in pots. Balances are usually highest in flooded planted pots exposed to light and receiving no N fertilizer; extrapolated values range from 16 to 70 kg N ha-1 crop-1 (average 38 kg N). A compilation of balance experiments with rice soil shows an average balance of about 30 kg N ha-1 crop-1 in soils where no inorganic fertilizer N was applied. Biological N2 fixation by individual systems can be estimated more or less accurately, but total BNF in a rice field has not yet been estimated by measuring simultaneously the activities of the various components in situ. As a result, it is not clear if the activities of the different N2-fixing systems are independent or related. A method to estimate in situ the contribution of N2 fixed to rice nutrition is still not available. Dynamics of BNF during the crop cycle is known for indigenous agents but the pattern of fixed N availability to rice is known only for a few green manure crops.
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    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: oxidizing power ; platinum microelectrode ; rice ; rhizosphere ; soil reducing capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Redox potentials in microsites of the rhizosphere of flooded rice were continuously measured for several days. Close to the root tips redox potential markedly increased. The highest increase was measured in the rhizosphere of the tips of short lateral roots. Aerobic redox conditions were reached there, except in a very strongly reduced soil. Both the extension of the oxidation zone around the root tips and the maximum redox potential reached were influenced by the reducing capacity of the soil. The radius of the redox rhizosphere varied from less than 1 mm in a strongly reduced soil up to 4 mm in a weakly reduced one. The root-induced oxidation processes in the rhizosphere depended on the atmospheric oxygen supply to the roots.
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    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added N interaction ; flooded soil ; nitrogen availability ; 15N ; priming effect ; rice ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) sources on the yield and N uptake of rice from applied and native soil-N. The residual effect of these N sources on a succeeding wheat crop was also studied. Organic N was applied in the form of 15N-labelled Sesbania aculeata L., a legume, and inorganic N in the form of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate. The two sources were applied to the soil separately or together at the time of transplanting rice. Recovery of N by rice from both the applied sources was quite low but both sources caused significant increases in biomass and N yield of rice. Maximum increase was recorded in soil treated with organic N. The residual value of the two materials as source of N for wheat was not significant; the wheat took up only a small fraction of the N initially applied. Loss of N occurred from both applied N sources, the losses being more from inorganic N. Both applied N sources caused a substantial increase in the availability of soil-N to rice and wheat; most of this increase was due to organic N and was attributed to the so-called ‘priming’ effect or ANI (added nitrogen interaction) of the applied material.
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    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bronzing ; iron ; ethylene ; peroxidase ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bronzing, a nutritional disorder of rice plants which is widely distributed in tropical lowlands, was induced by dipping the cut end of rice leaves into FeSO4 solution (pH 3.5). Ethylene production; the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; and the effects of Co2+, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, Ag+, cycloheximide, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, were investigated in the course of bronzing development. It was found that ethylene production could be stimulated up to about 20 times that of the control by Fe2+, and a peak could be reached at about 24 h after incubation. The Fe2+-treated leaves also had 10-fold higher peroxidase activity than the control, whereas in vitro enzyme activity was inhibited by Fe2+. Cycloheximide retarded in vivo stimulation of peroxidase, indicating that in vivo stimulation resulted from inducing de novo synthesis of the enzyme. No changes in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase were observed. The results, obtained from the incubation of leaves with Co2+, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, Ag+, cycloheximide, or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, showed that ethylene production was the effect of Fe2+ stress and that it was not involved in the process of bronzing development, which is probably an acclimation process to enable plants to cope with stress. The accelerated peroxidase activity may be associated with bronzing development.
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    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.
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    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 299-303 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; NaCl salinity ; nutrient ratios ; potassium nutrition ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; rice ; yield ; yield attributes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A salt-tolerant (Pokkali) and a salt-sensitive (IR28) variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in a phytotron to investigate the effect of K (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg K kg−1 soil) application on their salt tolerance. Potassium application significantly increased potential photosynthetic activity (Rfd value), percentage of filled spikelets, yield and K concentration in straw. At the same time, it also significantly reduced Na and Mg concentrations and consequently improved the K/Na, K/Mg and K/Ca ratios. IR28 responded better to K application than Pokkali. Split application of K failed to exert any beneficial effect over basal application.
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    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L ; plant breeding ; rice ; salinity ; selection ; sodium transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sodium transport in rice is characterised by large variability between individual plants, and large environmental interaction. As a result of these two factors, plant sodium content is a continuous variable which is not distributed normally. This applies both to the quantity of sodium in the plant and to the concentration of sodium on a unit fresh or dry weight basis. This variability is in part because the transpirational by-pass flow, dependent upon root anatomy and development, contributes to sodium uptake. Variability in sodium content within designated cultivars is heritable and line selections diverge during recurrent selection, suggesting that selection is working on residual heterozygosity rather than on a family of homozygous lines. Varieties differ in average sodium uptake into the plant but the direct correlation of this with survival is weak. This is because other independent characters are important (and these have not been combined by natural selection nor by chance) and because overall performance is confounded by the spurious advantage of the tall (non-dwarf) plant type. This advantage is spurious because much of it is due to plant size rather than to any genetic information for salt tolerance. The benefit deriving from plant size will not be heritable in crosses with genotypes of the improved (dwarf), high-yielding plant type because the dwarfing genes are dominant. Sodium transport is heritable in crosses, and the results presented show that both low sodium transport and low sodium to potassium ratio can be selected independently of plant type. This allows the selection of dwarf plants (which are agronomically desirable) with low sodium transport (which will improve salt tolerance).
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  • 38
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    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: desorption ; phosphorus ; rice ; variable-charge mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the desorption characteristics and plant-availability of phosphate sorbed by some important variable-charge minerals including kaolinite, goethite and amorphous Al oxide. Phosphate desorption from the complexes of goethite-P, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P by equilibration with 0.02M KCl, resin or some commonly used chemical extractants was slow compared to desorption from a permanent-charge mineral (montmorillonite). However, rice plants were not observed under P deficiency in a pot trial with a phosphate-mineral complex as the only P source for both the permanent-charge mineral and the variable-charge minerals at either 50% or 100% sorption saturation with the exception of goethite-P at 50% saturation. In the exceptional goethite-P treatment, plant P concentration (1.0 g kg−1) was on the threshold of P deficiency. From 15% to 31% of the applied P was recovered by the plants within a growing period of three months, depending on sorption saturation and mineral type. Both the dry matter yield and P uptake decreased with decreasing sorption saturation for all the tested complexes except for Al oxide-P100 (100% saturation). In the case of Al oxide-P100, Al toxicity may have occurred, for poor root growth and high Al concentration in the plants were observed. The effect of sorption saturation on the yield and P uptake of plant was obvious for kaolinite and goethite but not very significant for montmorillonite. Based on the recovery of applied P, the plant-availability decreased in the following order: kaolinite-P100 〉 goethite-P100 〉 Al oxide-P50 〉 montmorillonite-P100 〉 montmorillonite-P50 〉 kaolinite-P50 〉 goethite-P50. Fractionation of the sorbed P before and after plant uptake showed that most of the P uptake originated from the resin-exchangeable P fraction in montmorillonite-P complex, but came mainly from NaOH-extractable fractions in goethite-P complex, whereas all the resin-P, NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P fractions in kaolinite- and amorphous Al oxide-P complex made a contribution to P uptake.
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  • 39
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid mine drainage ; Aluminum ; Betula nigra ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Plant tissue analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils influenced by acid mine drainage (pH〈5.0) are characterized by low concentrations of essential nutrients and increased solubility of heavy metals. The conditions typically reduce plant establishment and growth. However, river birch (Betula nigra L.) is commonly found along low pH streams in southeastern Ohio. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of Al, Mn, Ca and Mg inB. nigra tissues. The results indicate Al and Mn are accumulating inB. nigra when compared to other species. Within river birch, Al concentrations are highest in roots; Mn concentrations are highest in leaves. There is not a concomitant reduction in Ca and Mg concentrations as suggested by soil levels.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fructans ; NIR ; nitrogen ; non-structural carbohydrates ; rice ; starch ; stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant shoot samples are frequently analysed to assess if crops require additional nitrogen or mineral elements to maintain satisfactory growth. If plant growth is limited by temperature, water stress, disease, lodging or a mineral deficiency, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be accumulated in, or depleted from, tissues especially those in the lower stems. Plant testing laboratories do not routinely analyse NSC to assist in the identification of plant stress probably because skilled technicians and time are required for the wet chemical determination. In this paper we report that routine determination of NSC is possible using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; the errors of determination are comparable with traditional chemical methods. The concentration of NSC in the shoots of rice grown in south eastern Australia ranges from 1.6 to 22.8%, as starch. In the shoots of wheat grown in eastern Australia the range is from 2.4 to 35.2%, as fructans. In both crops the NSC content is highly inversely correlated with the shoot nitrogen content. Based on data from commercial wheat and rice crops we suggest that the ratio between nitrogen and NSC can be used to identify crops in which growth has been limited by a stress other than nitrogen and so are unlikely to show the predicted response to an application of nitrogen fertilizer.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fe toxicity ; highland swamp ; Histosol ; Mn ; leaf mineral content ; organic carbon ; peat ; rice ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Iron toxicity is suspected to be a major nutritional disorder in rice cropping systems established on flooded organic soils that contain reductible iron. A pot trial was carried out to assess Fe toxicity to rice in flooded Burundi highland swamp soils with a wide range of organic carbon contents. Soil and leaf analyses were performed and total grain weight was determined. Clear Fe toxicity was diagnosed, based on leaf Fe content at panicle differentiation. Leaf Fe contents higher than 250 μg g−1 dry matter induced lower Mg (and probably Mn) uptake, and a 50% total grain weight reduction. These features were associated with exchangeable Fe equivalent fractions higher than 86%. Besides, several non-Fe toxic soils exhibited an Mg-Mn imbalance.
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  • 42
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    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; exchange complex ; highland swamp ; Histosol ; iron oxides ; iron toxicity ; peat ; redox potential ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Iron toxicity is a major soil constraint to rice (Oryza sative L.) cropping in highland swamps of Burundi. These swamps have a wide range of carbon content. This study aims at determining the influence of carbon content and redox conditions on the release of iron from Fe-bearing minerals. The pe-pH pairs distribution and oxalate dissolution data strongly suggest a control of Fe2+ activity by a pool of poorly crystallized ferric oxides. Flooding results in high values of KCl-extractable Fe (up to 22 cmolc kg-1) being released from that pool. The iron release is positively correlated with organic matter. On the other hand, highly organic, peaty soils have large CEC and their adsorbed Fe fraction remains relatively low. As the exchangeable Fe fraction has previously been correlated with Fe toxicity to rice, we may conclude that very organic (〉 25% C), peaty soils exhibit a lower Fe toxicity hazard than soils with intermediate carbon content (10–25%).
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Calcium ; Decomposition ; Leaching ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mobilisation ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Spruce litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry matter and chemical changes in decomposing spruce needles were investigated after 16 and 38 weeks in laboratory lysimeters treated with distilled water or distilled water acidified to pH 3 or 2 with sulphuric acid. The water was added twice weekly in quantities equal to 100 or 200 mm month−1. The CO2 evolution and leaching of P, K, Mg, Mn, and Ca was followed together with pH measurements of the leachate. The loss of dry matter was approximately 25% during the first 16 weeks and approximately 37% after 38 weeks. At the first samling, 16 weeks, the amount of material decomposed was greater from the lysimeters given 100 mm month−1 of water. At this water quantity dilute sulphuric acid increased the decomposition. After 38 weeks sulphuric acid at pH 3 and 2 had decreased the decomposition at 200 mm month−1. However, the effects of acid application were small. The effect of treatment using acidified water on the content of monosaccharides was not consistent, whereas there was an indication of reduced decomposition of lignin when treated with 200 mm water month−1 at pH 3 and 2. Nitrogen was conserved in the lysimeters with small differences between the various treatments. The order of mobility of metal elements was K〉Mg〉Mn〉Ca. Increasing the quantity of water increased the leaching of K especially, whereas addition of dilute sulphuric acid increased the leaching of Mg, Mn and particularly Ca. During the first 16 weeks of the experiment, sulphuric acid reduced the leaching of P while later on this treatment increased the leaching. The pH of the leachate from the lysimeters treated with distilled water was initially 4.0–4.6 increasing to approximately 6.6 after 22 weeks. The pH of the decomposed needle material was 4.6 and approximately 5.2 after 16 and 38 weeks respectively. When treated with water at pH 3 the pH of the leachate was between 4 and 5, and the pH of the needles 4.2–5.1. Treatment with water at pH 2 gave a leachate with pH just above 2 and decreased the pH of the needles that had received 200 mm ‘rain’ month−1 to 2.9. The effect of the artificial acid rain appears to be more pronounced on the leaching of metal elements than on the biological activity and the dynamics of N and P. The treatments must be considered extreme when compared with the acidity of natural rain.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium carbonate ; Iron ; Manganese ; Organic matter ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of CaCO3 and organic matter on the availability of iron and manganese was studied on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Addition of calcium carbonate caused significant decrease in dry matter and grain yield. But yields tended to increase with the addition of organic matter at the rate of 15 t/ha. The iron concentration decreased with the addition of CaCO3 at all the stages of crop growth. Like iron, concentration of manganese also decreased with the increase in added CaCO3. Organic matter increased the iron concentration both at seedling and flowering stage. The concentration of manganese was, however, dependent on the stage of the crop.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Gypsum ; Iron ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Rice husk ; Sodic soil ; Submergence ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH4OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH4OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO3 pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum〉rice husk〉farmyard manure〉control.
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  • 46
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Estuaries ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant densities ; Salt marshes ; Sorption ; Spartina alterniflora ; Trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Element and extractant-specific desorption of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn fromSpartina alterniflora detritus was observed. Desorption of a substantial fraction of the total detrital Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn occured rapidly when the detritus was treated with 0.1N HCl or 1 MgCl2. This treatment removed precipitated/coprecipitated and adsorbed trace elements, respectively, suggesting that a large fraction of detritus-bound trace elements are in readily exchangeable, surface reaction sites. The carboxylic acid functional group cation exchange capacity of the detritus also suggests an important role of surface exchange reactions in the dynamics of trace elements during decomposition. The rate and magnitude of changes in the trace element content of detritus has important implications for estuarine biogeochemical cycling of these elements including the potential for biological uptake of trace elements by detritus-consuming fauna.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Lupins ; Lupinus albus L. ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Proteoid root ; Soil/Root interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It has been demonstrated by an agar film technique thatL. albus can cause the breakdown of colloids of iron/silicate, iron/phosphate, aluminium/silicate and aluminium phosphate and destabilise suspensions of manganese dioxide, calcium mono-hydrogen phosphate and ferric hydroxide. Dissolution of these compounds was most marked in areas adjacent to proteoid roots (dense clusters of secondary laterals of limited growth which develop on lateral roots) and parts of the tap root. Soil associated with these regions of the root system contained more reductants and chelating agents than the bulk soil. Soil from around the roots ofL. albus exhibited much greater reducing and chelating activity than that associated with the roots of rape and buckwheat.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.
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  • 49
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 131-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Copper ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with three clay loam lowland rice soils (Haplustalf) to study the effect of application of three different levels of Cu(0, 1.25, 2.5 ppm) and Mn (0, 10, 20 ppm) in all possible combinations on the changes in the DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, F, Mn and Brays 2 extractable P in soil. The results showed that application of Cu decreased the content of extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and P in soils, the rate of decrease gradually declining with the progress of incubation period. Application of Mn also depressed the content of extractable Cu, Fe and P but increased that of extractable Zn.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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  • 51
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Gezira soils ; Iron ; Micronutrient availability ; Microbial activity ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The three major soil series comprising the Gezira scheme (Sudan) are Hosh, Suleimi, and Laota. Surface soil samples from each soil series were employed to study the effect of soil moisture on the DTPA-extractable micronutrient cation under aerobic conditions. The study continued for 8 weeks using an incubation technique at two levels of soil moisture (continuously moist and moist/dry cycles). The DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from air-dry soil samples were much higher compared to values from their incubated counterparts. For the three soils the CO2 production (microbial activity) reached the maximum in 5 weeks and then levelled off while the lowest values of micronutrient cation from the incubated soils were obtained between 2 to 8 weeks. Generally, the study suggests that the hot dry months preceding crop growth should increase clay surface acidity and hence availability of mironutrient cations.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Anions ; Ash alkalinity ; Cations ; Cultivars ; Manganese ; pH ; Subterranean clover ; Trifolium subterraneam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten cultivars of subterranean clover were grown in pots on a poorly buffered, sandy soil of pH 4.9; the plants were dependent throughout upon symbiotic fixation for their supply of N. There were some marked increases in soil acidity which resulted in changes in pH of 0.76 to 1.08 (mean 0.94) units. Increasing soil acidity was associated with an increasing total content of excess cations,i.e. (Ca2+++Mg2++K++Na+)−(H2PO 4 t- +SO 4 2- +Cl−), which ranged from 15.8 to 21.9 meq pot−1. The differences between the cultivars in their effects on acidity were largely related to differences in growth rather than to marked differences in the concentration of total cations or inorganic anions. There was no obvious grouping amongst the ten cultivars in terms of either their effects on soil pH, or on their uptake of manganese.
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  • 53
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Calcium ; Manganese ; Nodulation ; pH Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of factors associated with soil acidity (low pH, low calcium, high aluminium and high manganese) on theTrifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique. 200 μM manganese increased root elongation in the range pH 4.3–5.5, but had no effect on root hair formation, the number of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere, or nodule formation. Root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected at pH 4.3 when 500 or 1000μM calcium was supplied, whereas multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 and 4.7.50–1000μM calcium had no effect either on the multiplication of Rhizobium in the range pH 4.3–5.5, or on nodule formation in the absence of aluminium. 50 μM aluminium inhibited, root elongation and root hair formation at pH 4.3 and 4.7; the effect on root elongation was reduced by increasing the calcium concentration from 50 to 1000μM. 50μM aluminium also inhibited Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and reduced nodule formation at pH 5.5 (at which aluminium precipitated out of solution), but root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected. These, effects of aluminium at pH 5.5 may explain the poor response to inoculation by white clover in acid mineral soils after liming.
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  • 54
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    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: tillering ; wheat ; barley ; rice ; 2-phenoxypropionic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The properties of various mono- and di-substituted analogues of 2-phenoxypropionic acid as inhibitors of tillering were investigated on wheat, barley and rice. Highest levels of activity were shown by (R)2-Cl,5-Cl, (R)2-Cl,5-F, and (R)2-Cl,5-methyl analogues. Few or no signs of phytotoxic effects (leaf chlorosis or necrosis) were evident on wheat or barley following spray application of these compounds. Rice was both more susceptible to inhibition of tillering and phytotoxic effects. However, almost complete inhibition of tillering was achieved by application of some compounds to rice with little or no phytotoxicity. Comparisons were made between the properties of these compounds and commercially used phenoxyacetic and phenoxypropionic herbicides and plant growth regulators. Dichlorprop inhibited tillering in rice, fenoprop in wheat and rice, and fluroxypyr in wheat, all without phytotoxic effects.
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  • 55
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    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cytosolic pH ; Oryza sativa ; putrescine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of compounds that influenced cytosolic pH on the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves were examined. Permeant weak acids, isobutyric acid and propionic acid, increased the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves. Procaine and trisodium citrate, known to be permeant weak bases, on the other hand, decreased the level of putrescine. It seems possible that the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves is regulated by the cytosolic pH.
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  • 56
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 747-754 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; inheritance ; pigmentation ; panicle density ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation and the interrelationship between genes governing anthocyanin pigmentation in different parts of the rice plant and genes governing panicle density were studied in the cross Suma × Wanar-1. A ratio of 45 pigmented: 19 non pigmented was realised for anthocyanin accumulation in sheath, nodal ring, internode, leaf tip, leaf margin and apiculus whereas a ratio of 3 normal:1 laxy was observed for panicle density. Pleiotropic action of a basic gene (A) and each of the two complementary duplicate genes (P a or P b) was detected. A linkage group of genes localising pigment in six plant parts was identified, the sequence of genes being P nr-P lm-P la-P a-P sh-P in. This may form part of the III ‘S p’ group of Misro et al. (1966), in which case the genes P nr and P la are proposed to be additions to this group.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; inheritance ; flowering ; awning ; awn colour ; panicle density ; panicle exsertion ; liguleless ; bent node ; pigmentation ; linkage ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cross of two indica types of rice T9 and M35, provided scope for the inheritance study of 16 characters such as flowering, awning and awn colour, panicle density and panicle exsertion, presence of ligule, bent node, and pigmentation in ten other characters. Besides the purple colour, yellow and chalky white were studied for their inheritance. Two to five pairs of factors were found to govern the 16 characters under study. Complementary, duplicate, complementary duplicate, inhibitory complementary and inhibitory duplicate action of genes was observed. Independent dominant action of individual genes which is equivalent to the action of two or three genes is recorded in respect of panicle density and awning and awn colour. Inheritance of the 16 characters shows the involvement of 59 genes unreported in the past. Out of them 19 are inhibitors. Combined segregation data have revaled the existence of many pleiotropic genes acting on two or more characters and exhibiting differential expression in some of them, which is an interesting part of the present study. Linkage analysis has resulted in the assignment of the record number of 17 genes to a single group, nine of them being inhibitors. The linkage map constructed in the order of genes as suggested by the cross over values shows a good agreement. This linkage group is concluded not to form part of any group propounded by Misro et al. (1966) in indica rice.
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  • 58
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    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Oryza glaberrima ; non-glutinous pollen ; glutinous pollen ; semi-sterility ; gametocidal factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recurrent backcrossing has been carried out with a view to transfer a gene for non-glutinous endosperm from two strains of O. glaberrima (Wx g /Wx g ) to glutinous japonica and indica varieties (wx/wx) of Oryza sativa. In the course of backcrosses Wx g /wx segregants were crossed with each of the two glutinous varieties of sativa as the respective recurrent male parent. The wx/wx and Wx g /wx segregants in the successive generations were consistently fully fertile and semi-sterile, respectively. The semi-sterility of Wx g /wx plants was attributable to abortion of most of the pollen grains carrying the gene wx. The nucleus but not cytoplasm was related to the semi-sterility. The Wx g /Wx plants having the gene for non-glutinous endosperm of a glaberrima strain and a japonica variety of sativa were also semi-sterile. Both wx- and Wx-megaspores in the plants heterozygous for the gene Wx g were deleteriously affected. The results could be explained by assuming that a factor tightly linked with the gene Wx g of glaberrima sterilizes gametes not carrying it in the heterozygotes and that the gametocidal action is exerted when combined with the sativa nucleus by the recurrent backcross method.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Sogatella furcifera ; whitebacked planthopper ; insect resistance ; allelic relationship ; inheritance of resistance ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetics of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) in ten resistant cultivars was studied. The reactions of the F1, F2 and F3 populations of resistant varieties with Taichung Native 1, a suspectible check, showed that WBPH resistance is monogenic in nature and governed by dominant gene(s) in Ptb 19 and IET 6288 and recessive gene in eight cultivars viz. ARC 5838, ARC 6579, ARC 6624, ARC 10464, ACR 11321, ARC 11320, Balamawee and IR 2415-90-4-3. Allelic relationship of resistance gene(s) in the test cultivars revealed recessive gene in IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838 and ARC 11324 to be allelic but it was non allelic to the resistance gene in ARC 6624. Cultivars ARC 6579, ARC 11321 and Balamawee have identical gene among themselves but their relationship with IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838, ARC 11324 and ARC 6624 is unknown. The recessive gene in ARC 10464 is non-identical to all other cultivars having the recessive gene except ARC 6624 with which its relationship needs further investigation.
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    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 157-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; aroma ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of an aroma was worked out in crosses between ‘Brimful’ from Nepal as an aromatic rice and leading Japanese varieties ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Nipponbare’ as non-aromatic ones. The F2 pattern of segregation for aroma to non-aroma was 3:13 indicating one dose gene for aroma and one dose inhibitor gene in two crosses. This ratio was confirmed by genetic behavior of F3 populations.
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  • 61
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; ATPase ; succinic dehydrogenase ; heterosis ; correlation ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Activities of ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase were assessed in three F1 hybrids of rice and their parental lines during boot leaf stage, flowering, on 10th and 20th days after flowering. ATPase activity showed increase at the flowering and on 20th day after flowering. Succinic dehydrogenase activity continued to rise till 10th day after flowering and declined on 20th day after flowering. Hybrids with high yield were generally endowed with more positive heterosis for these two enzymes. Correlation coefficient of grain yield per panicle was significantly positive with ATPase activity at all the stages studied. Heterosis for ATPase activity might serve a reliable criterion for the selection of efficient F1 combinations.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; clonal propagation ; cytokinins ; shoot proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot base segments have been explanted from seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica, cv. Arborio) and grown on agar-solidified MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of four cytokinins: kinetin, BAP, 2iP and zeatin. After one month, segments were explanted from proliferated shoots and subcultured on their respective media. BAP was by far the most effective in inducing shoot proliferation. Highest rates were achieved at the higher concentration used: 5 mg 1−1. Shoot base segments were subcultured fifteen times consecutively on seven different concentrations of BAP. Shoots grown in the presence of 5 mg 1−1 of BAP proliferated an average of 12 normal shoots for each base segment throughout the fifteen subcultures. The shoots rooted easily on hormone-free medium. The technique does not require any particular skill, it is very effective and, therefore, can be suggested as suitable for clonal propagation of rice.
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  • 63
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic effects ; heterosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of sterilizing (‘WA’) cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for days to flowering, plant height and grain yield in rice was studied in 70 crosses and their reciprocals produced by 10 cytoplasmic male sterile (A), their maintainer (B) and seven restorer (R) lines following line x tester design. The materials consisting of 140 hybrids (70 A/R and their reciprocal 70 R/B) plus 17 parental lines (10 B + 7 R) were evaluated under six environments, created by growing in three fields with different fertilizer doses (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and 2 seasons (dry and wet) during 1986 at IRRI farm. Reciprocal cross effect (A/R vs R/B) were highly significant for all the three traits. Interaction of reciprocal cross effects with environments were also highly significant for yield and days to flowering. Cytoplasmic effect for yield, days to flowering and plant height were estimated by comparing A/R and R/B combination and testing the significance of difference with LSD value. In order to avoid confounding effect of spikelet sterility on yields, twenty crosses showing normal spikelet fertility were selected. Both positive and negative cytoplasmic effects were observed for the three traits. The effects were modified by environments, except for plant height. Heterosis for all three traits was also affected by cytoplasm, however, manifestation of cytoplasmic effects was higher for heterosis for days to flower than in heterosis for yield and plant height. Effect of cytoplasm was more pronounced on general combining ability effects of parents than specific combining ability effects of crosses. Among the parents two CMS lines A4 (IR54752A) and A8 (IR22107-113-3-3A) and two R lines: R2 (IR46) and R7 (IR9761-19-1) showed consistent positive effect of cytoplasm on general combining ability. These lines have given several good heterotic combinations. The study indicated the usefulness of evaluating diverse cytoplasmic sources in various nuclear genotypes bred for hybrid rice breeding program.
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  • 64
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 215-218 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; indica rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four indica cultivars viz. Kalinga-I, Ptb. 10, IR 27280-13-3-3-3 and Co. 41 were found to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes while the cultivar Krishna was found to maintain the male sterility in all the cases. All the plants in the F1 of Kalinga-I × Krishna were observed to be completely male sterile and continued to show complete pollen sterility in subsequent backcross generations when backcrossed with recurring pollen parent, Krishna. Thus, it was posible to develop a new cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line in indica rice (Krishna A) with Kalinga-I male sterile cytoplasm and this male sterile cytoplasm was found to be genetically different from others. Further, the newly developed male sterile line (Krishna A) was observed to be tolerant for low temperature at seedling stage.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor ; sorghum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; Fraction-1-Protein inheritance ; Isoelectric focusing ; intergeneric hybrids ; Large and small sub-units ; rice × sorghum ; rice × wheat hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The polypeptide composition of Fraction-1-Protein (F1P) from rice × sorghum, rice × wheat hybrids and their respective parents have been analyzed by a microelectrofocusing method. The large sub-unit (LSU) is composed of three polypeptides and the small sub-unit (SSU) of two polypeptides in rice and sorghum parents and rice × sorghum hybrids. Similarly, LSU is composed of three polypeptides in the rice and wheat parents and rice × wheat hybrids. Two polypeptides occur in the SSU of rice parent and rice × wheat hybrids where as only one polypeptide in the wheat parent. These polypeptides also differ in their isoelectric points. Based on the previous reports of F1P inheritance in hybrids in other crops, F1P analysis of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids does not seem to be an important marker to identify such intergeneric hybrids. Since this is first such report of F1P inheritance in hybrids between distantly related plants, its implication in different modes of inheritance are discussed.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; drought resistance ; screening methods ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although many selection indices have been used to screen rices (Oryza sativa L.) for drought resistance, there has been little comparison of the relative merits of these indices. Research was conducted to compare drought resistance as estimated from grain yields, canopy-temperature-based stress indices, visual scoring, and uprooting force for 30 rice genotypes grown in the field with a puddled Maahas clay (Typic Tropaquept) and to evaluate traits related to drought resistance from nonstressed plants grown in the field and in aeroponic culture. Water deficit was imposed in the field by withholding irrigation from 45 to 75 days after transplanting compared to a continuously flooded control. Grain yields in the stress treatment were most strongly correlated with visual assessment of drought stress symptoms according to a standard evaluation system (r = 0.66). Canopy-temperature-based indices were also significantly correlated with grain yields of the stress treatment (r from −0.55 to −0.63). No trait of aeroponically grown plants was correlated with traits of stressed plants in the field. We conclude that visual scoring of stressed plants was the best method of screening for drought resistance, but if controlled water deficit cannot be imposed, then drought resistance may be estimated by measuring both uprooting force and grain yield.
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  • 67
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    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; disease ; inheritance of esistance ; dominant ; recessive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to the Punjab isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae of bacterial blight disease of rice was studied in seven breeding lines resistant to the disease. The results revealed that resistance in breeding lines PAU 122-73-1-4-1, PAU 164-102-1-2-1-1-1, KJT 24, IR 5657-33-2-1-2 and IR 22082-41-2-2 was controlled by single dominant genes allelic to the dominant gene which confers resistance to the Punjab isolate in Patong 32. Resistance to the Punjab isolate in breeding lines IET 7172 and RP 2151-40-1 was found to be controlled by single recessive resistance genes allelic to one of the recessive resistance genes present in BJ 1. The two genes are independently inherited and are being used to develop bacterial blight resistant varieties.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line ; Indica cytoplasm ; Japonica rice ; reciprocal differences in pollen sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From 28 Indica-Japonica crosses, two Indica cultivars, V.20B and Sattari were identified to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes. It was possible to develop a new Japonica cytoplasmic genetic male sterile line (Zhunghua-1) on Indica male sterile cytoplasm (V 20B) by repeated backcrossing the complete pollen sterile plants of V 20B x Zhunghua-1 to the recurring male parent, Zhunghua-1. The study indicated that it would be possible to develop male sterile lines rom indica-japonica crosses only when there is sufficient amount of reciprocal differences with respect to pollen sterility. Further, it was inferred that it would be easier to develop Japonica male sterile lines on Indica cytoplasm than developing Indica male sterile line with japonica cytoplasm.
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    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; germplasm ; genetic resources ; conservation ; rice pests ; rice pathogens ; core collections ; search strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using the evaluation database on the world collection of rice, Oryza sativa, conserved at the International Rice Research Institute, different sampling strategies for choosing germplasm were compared. Random, stratified, sequential and analysed sets of germplasm were chosen and the frequency of finding resistance to different rice pests, the brown planthopper, green leafhopper and whitebacked planthopper, and diseases, bacterial blight and blast were compared. The frequency of the geographically restricted javanica race of rice was also compared in the different germplasm sets. The results indicate that where no prior information is available to choose germplasm for evaluation, for the same sample number, germplasm representing broad genetic diversity are preferable to other sampling strategies.
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    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; cell elongation ; gibberellin ; microtubules ; Oryza sativa L. ; phytochrome ; sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exogenous gibberellin removes the genetical suppression of mesocotyl elongation in dark-grown seedlings of the rice cultivar ‘Nihon Masari’ (japonica type). This gibberellin effect can be cancelled by light. All light effects can be accounted for by phytochrome. Dose-response and fluence-response studies show that phytochrome induces a reduction of the sensitivity to exogenous gibberellins. A cytological analysis of cell elongation and cortical microtubules led to a model where gibberellin and red light regulate mesocotyl elongation by controlling microtubule orientation in the epidermis of the mesocotyl. This causes corresponding changes of cellular extension growth, which can account for a large part of the observed growth responses. Comparative studies involving antimicrotubular drugs and gibberellin-synthesis inhibitors in the rice cultivar ‘Kasarath’ (indica type) and a hybrid cultivar suggest that some of the differences between the cultivars are due to differences in gibberellin-sensitivity.
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    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; phloem sap ; polyamine ; abscisic acid ; auxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Putrescine, spermidine, spermine and cadaverine have been identified and quantified in rice phloem sap and shoot extracts by HPLC. It is suggested that diamines, putrescine and cadaverine, easily migrate into the phloem, while movement of a triamine, spermidine, and a tetramine, spermine, tend to be restricted. Spermine especially seems to be the most immobile among polyamines. Thus it is indicated that movement of polyamines into phloem is decreased with increasing number of amino groups. Indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap were also analyzed by HPLC and it is suggested that indole-3-acetic acid is transported freely into phloem, while abscisic acid is much more actively exuded into phloem.
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  • 72
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    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; nitrogen accumulation ; nitrogen management ; nitrogen mineralization ; rice ; soil fertility ; stubble ; tillage management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted in fields which had a history of nil to four rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops during the previous four summers. Incorporating stubble after each harvest reduced soil nitrate-N content between crops, but increased soil N mineralization potential. During the fourth successive crop, plots where stubble had been incorporated after the previous three harvests had an average 21% more soil NH4N and 22% more N uptake than plots where stubble had been burnt. Soil fertility fell rapidly with increasing numbers of crops, and the unfertilized fifth crop accumulated approximately half the N (60 kg N ha-1) found in the unfertilized first crop (116 kg). Fertilizer N alleviated the effects of annual cropping; the application of 210 kg N ha-1 to the fifth crop (uptake of 156 kg N ha-1) resulted in similar N uptake to the first crop fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 (154 kg N ha-1). Applying N at sowing had no significant effect on soil NH4-N concentration after permanent flood (PF), while N application at PF resulted in increased NH4-N concentration and N uptake until panicle initiation (PI). N applied at PI increased soil NH4-N concentration at least until the microspore stage. Management factors such as stubble incorporation and increasing N application rate, maintained N supply and enabled successive rice crops to accumulate similar quantities of N at maturity.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cassava ; Guelph permeameter ; leaching ; maize ; methylene blue ; rice ; rooting depth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological nitrogen fixation ; denitrification ; fallow ; flooded soil ; leaching ; legume ; nitrate ; nitrogen balance ; nitrogen loss ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lowlands comprise 87% of the 145 M ha of world rice area. Lowland rice-based cropping systems are characterized by soil flooding during most of the rice growing season. Rainfall distribution, availability of irrigation water and prevailing temperatures determine when rice or other crops are grown. Nitrogen is the most required nutrient in lowland rice-based cropping systems. Reducing fertilizer N use in these cropping systems, while maintaining or enhancing crop output, is desirable from both environmental and economic perspectives. This may be possible by producing N on the land through legume biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), minimizing soil N losses, and by improved recycling of N through plant residues. At the end of a flooded rice crop, organic- and NH4-N dominate in the soil, with negligible amounts of NO3. Subsequent drying of the soil favors aerobic N transformations. Organic N mineralizes to NH4, which is rapidly nitrified into NO3. As a result, NO3 accumulates in soil during the aerobic phase. Recent evidence indicates that large amounts of accumulated soil NO3 may be lost from rice lowlands upon the flooding of aerobic soil for rice production. Plant uptake during the aerobic phase can conserve soil NO3 from potential loss. Legumes grown during the aerobic phase additionally capture atmospheric N through BNF. The length of the nonflooded season, water availability, soil properties, and prevailing temperatures determine when and where legumes are, or can be, grown. The amount of N derived by legumes through BNF depends on the interaction of microbial, plant, and environmental determinants. Suitable legumes for lowland rice soils are those that can deplete soil NO3 while deriving large amounts of N through BNF. Reducing soil N supply to the legume by suitable soil and crop management can increase BNF. Much of the N in legume biomass might be removed from the land in an economic crop produce. As biomass is removed, the likelihood of obtaining a positive soil N balance diminishes. Nonetheless, use of legumes rather than non-legumes is likely to contribute higher quantities of N to a subsequent rice crop. A whole-system approach to N management will be necessary to capture and effectively use soil and atmospheric sources of N in the lowland rice ecosystem.
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Manganese ; Total concentrations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece. Bio-accumulation of Mn and Zn in the humic horizon took place only in moderately acid soils (pH 5–6). Mean concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu, in the mineral section of the soil profiles, were 1383, 93, and 51 ppm, respectively. Soils from hard limestone and basic and ultrabasic igneous rock contain these three minor elements at significantly higher concentrations compared to soils from the rest of the soil parent materials. In most of the soil profiles concentration of Cu increased, and of Mn decreased, with soil depth. Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in the underlaying “rocks” were within the range of their average concentrations found in the mineral soil, except for hard limestone where much lower concentrations of these elements have been found. The latter supports the theory that the parent material of soils associated with limestones might not be a solution product of the limestone rock.
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    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 477-480 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gypsum ; iron ; zinc and manganese nutrition ; rice ; sodic soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three levels of Fe and two levels of Zn, and their combinations, on the growth, yield and Fe, Zn, and Mn nutrition of rice on a zinc deficient sodic soil amended with gypsum. Iron and zinc were supplied as sulphates. Application of Zn significantly enhanced the yield of rice and available soil and plant Zn irrespective of Fe application. Maximum response of rice to Zn was obtained when Fe was applied at the highest rate. While Fe application brought about a significant improvement in available soil and plant Fe and Mn, it decreased significantly Zn content of the crop. After crop harvest, recovery of added Fe was 20% and Zn 12%. Results suggest that benefits of Fe application to rice in sodic soils can only be realised if it is applied along with Zn.
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    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; gene expression ; ice plant ; rice ; salt stress ; tobacco ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil salinity is an important agricultural problem, particularly since the majority of crop plants have low salt tolerance. The identification of genes whose expression enables plants to adapt to or tolerate salt stress is essential for breeding programs, but little is known about the genetic mechanisms for salt tolerance. Recent research demonstrates that salt stress modulates the levels of a number of gene products. Although the detection of gene products that respons specifically to salt stress is a significant finding, they must be identified, functions assigned, and their relation to salt tolerance determined. This article focuses on a few of the salt-responsive proteins and mRNAs that have been discovered and the methods employed to identify and characterize them.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: accumulation ; glutelin ; glutelin mRNA ; inferior spikelet ; Oryza sativa L. ; rice ; ripening ; superior spikelet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glutelin accumulation in the apical spikelet of the top primary branch (superior spikelet) and the second spikelet of the lowest secondary branch (inferior spikelet) of the ear of the rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) was characterized during grain filling. In the superior spikelet, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen started immediately after flowering and rapidly reached the maturation level by 20 days after heading (DAH). At 7 DAH, total RNA content had already reached its maximum level and glutelin mRNA content 70% of its maximum. The increase in glutelin mRNA was followed by a rapid increase in glutelin between 7 and 16 DAH. In the inferior spikelet dry matter, nitrogen and glutelin accumulation were low immediately after flowering and increased only after grain filling of the superior spikelet was almost complete. Total RNA and glutelin mRNA increased much later at slower rates than in the superior spikelet. It is very likely that the retardation of dry matter, total nitrogen and glutelin accumulation in the inferior spikelet is due to retardation of differentiation and development of endosperm tissue, and to glutelin gene expression in endosperm cells. It is suggested that the delayed development resulted from limited partitioning of nutrients to the inferior spikelet at the early stage of ripening.
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    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 391-394 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; rice ; simulation ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yield potential of modern rice varieties and implications for N management were evaluated in a series of field studies that provided data for validation of an eco-physiological simulation model for rice. We tested the hypothesis that N was the major factor limiting yield potential of irrigated rice. The simulation model ORYZA1 was used to evaluate the observed yield differences between varieties grown with different N management and in different environments. The model explained differences in yield of the treatments resonably well on the basis of differences in radiation, temperature, leaf N content and variety coefficients for phenological development. It was demonstrated by the model and experimental data that yield levels of 6 t ha-1 in the wet season and 10 t ha-1 in the dry season can be obtained in the tropics with the current short duration varieties only when the N supply from soil and fertilizer is adequately maintained at key growth stages. Yield probabilities for rice crops were simulated for different environments using long term weather data at two Philippine sites.
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant uptake ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake of trace metals by two plant species (French bean and maize) has been measured on two soils subjected to various waterlogging regimes. Uptake of both manganese and iron was increased due to soil waterlogging, although reoxidation of the soil affected iron more than manganese. Zinc and copper uptake was influenced by a species factor; French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed preferential uptake of zinc, whereas maize (Zea mays) took up copper preferentially. Uptake of cobalt by both species was increased due to waterlogging, following the pattern of manganese. The abilities of these species to take up trace metals from soil followed the pattern predicted by selective extraction of soil for manganese, iron and cobalt, but not for zinc and copper.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Oryza sativa ; Phosphate ; Rice ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted on a calcareous vertisol at Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri to study the release of Fe, Mn and P in soil and yield of two rice cultivars due to different soil water treatments for 15 days prior to sowing. Soil saturation (daily two irrigations) for 15 days prior to sowing increased the supply of Fe, Mn and P in soil at sowing as a result of reduction in pH and Eh. Dry matter yield at different growth stages as well as grain yields of Karjat 184 (dwarf) and Tuljapur 1 (tall) also increased due to presowing soil saturation treatment. Tuljapur 1 yielded more than Karjat 184 when grown under upland conditions. Laboratory incubation studies showed reduction in soil pH (from 8.6 to 7.5) and Eh (from +501 to +362 mv) at the end of 15 days under soil submergence treatment. Availability of Fe, Mn and P was also found to be increased.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Organic matter ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transformation of iron and manganese under three different moisture regimes,viz continuous waterlogged (W1), continuous saturated (W2) and alternate waterlogged and saturated (W3) and three levels of organic matterviz 0, 0.5 and 1.0% in all possible combinations was studied in four soils. The results showed that under waterlogged moisture regime there was a sharp increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese accompanied by significant decrease in the content of reducible manganese in all the soils excepting the acidic soil which was very poor in active manganese content. The increase in respect of iron in similar form was, however, very small. The increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese as well as iron under the continuous saturated and alternate waterlogged and saturated moisture regimes was always much lower as compared to that under the continuous waterlogged condition. Application of organic matter brought about an increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese in all the soils excepting the lateritic one irrespective of moisture regimes but did not cause any change in the content of iron and manganese in insoluble complex. The content of water soluble plus exchangeable iron and of insoluble ferrous iron although recorded some increase due to organic matter application, the increase was not so marked in any of the soils.
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  • 83
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 317-326 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; Iron ; Manganese ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake and distribution of iron and manganese were studied in a manganese-sensitive soybean cultivar (‘Bragg’) grown over a range of supply levels of these nutrients in solution culture. At high (90 and 275 μM) manganese levels, increasing the iron concentration in solution from 2 to 100 μM partially overcame the effects of manganese toxicity. Interactions between manganese and iron occurred for dry matter yields, rate of Mn absorption by the roots, and the proportions of manganese and iron transported to the tops. No interaction was observed for the rate of root absorption of iron. The percentage distribution of manganese in the plant top increased with increasing iron, despite a reduced rate of Mn uptake. On the other hand, iron uptake was independent of solution Mn concentration and increased with increasing solution Fe. Also more iron was retained in the roots at high Mn and/or Fe levels in solution. Concentrations of manganese and iron in roots, stems and individual leaves were affected independently by the manganese and iron supplyi.e. without any interaction occurring between the two elements. In general, the concentration in a plant part was related directly to the solution concentration. Symptoms resembling iron deficiency correlated poorly with leaf Fe concentrations whereas high levels of manganese were found in leaves displaying Mn toxicity symptoms.
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  • 84
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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  • 85
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chickpea ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phosphorus and Mn relationship was studied in chickpea at two stages of growth in pot culture using 0, 7.5, 15 and 30 ppm P and 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm Mn. The dry matter yield increased with P at both stages of growth. Manganese improved the yield only in the first stage. Initial levels of Mn enhanced while higher levels had a depressing effect on tissue P. Addition of 7.5 ppm P enhanced Mn concentration at first stage and at higher levels a marked reduction in Mn content was observed at both the stages.
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  • 86
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowpea ; Genotypical differences ; Manganese ; Manganese tolerance ; Manganese toxicity ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In experiments with 29 cowpea genotypes considerable variation in Mn tolerance could be found. Ranking according to Mn tolerance was almost the same in sand and water culture. Mn tolerance is not related to greater vigour or exclusion of Mn from uptake and translocation, but depends mainly on the internal tolerance to excess Mn especially in the leaf tissue. Growth depression by Mn excess is characterized by local accumulatiòn of Mn, deposition of Mn oxides, and typical macro-symptoms on the older leaves (brown spots→clorosis→shedding of the leaves). Autoradiographic studies with54Mn and extraction of the leaves with methanol and H2O indicate a causal relationship between Mn tolerance and the more homogenous distribution of Mn in the tissue. In tolerant genotypes local accumulation and deposition of Mn is inhibited or retarded. Mn applied to the petioles of fully expanded leaves induces the same toxicity symptoms on the leaf blades as Mn absorbed by the roots. There is a good agreement between the rankings of the different genotypes for Mn tolerance according to the depression of shoot dry matter production by Mn excess in long term pot experiments and the appearance of toxicity symptoms after application of Mn to the petioles. The regulation of Mn tolerance at the leaf tissue level allows a quick and non-destructive screening of large numbers of genotypes for Mn tolerance.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Armeria ecotypes ; Armeria maritima ; Maize ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mannose ; Phosphate ; Sodium ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experimental assessment of differences between cultivars of crop species or ecotypes of wild species from different localities in their capacities for ion absorption and transport is made difficult by the problem of obtaining seed material of comparable ionic content. When young seedlings are used this problem is particularly acute if the seeds of the different cultivars have not been raised under identical soil conditions. Propagation of material from ecotypes under controlled conditions is one approach to the solution of this problem. Six maize cultivars have been selected for similarity of phosphate content and the capacity for phosphate absorption from 5 μM KH2PO4 has been shown to vary by threefold whereas the proportion of the accumulated phosphate that reaches the shoot differs by much less. This level of phosphate supply approached that likely to induce deficiency and when the concentration is reduced to 1 μM differences in transport capacity of up to fourfold were observed when the rate of arrival at the tip of the first leaf was continuously monitored. The rapidity with which the transport is shut off by adding 1 mM D(+) mannose to the root environment also varies significantly indicating that sizeable differences in either the accumulation of mannose or the activity of phosphomannoisomerase exist in these cultivars. Ecotypes ofArmeria maritima collected from three sites, inland serpentine, inland mine dumps and coastal salt marsh were maintained as stock plants on the same peat mixture. Samples taken from these stocks were raised on a standard culture solution to provide genetically different material grown under constant conditions. The capacities for ion uptake were shown to differ very considerably and these differences were accentuated when the plants were grown in a range of concentrations of MgSO4, NaCl and MnSO4. The absorption of phosphate and its incorporation into nucleic acids were increased temporarily in the presence of 50 mM MgSO4 but the pattern of these changes was different in the three ecotypes. The absorption of Na, Cl, and Rb was measured after treatment with a range of concentrations of NaCl and the effect of treatment with MnSO4 on subsequent absorption of Mn and SO4 was also measured. The coastal plants were significantly more efficient in their absorption of these ions when treated at the lower levels of NaCl (0.5 and 10.0 mM). The short term absorption rates were not reflected in the overall accumulation of sodium over periods of 10 weeks and the coastal plants appeared to reduce the root content of sodium by transfer to the shoot and by increased active pumping to the exterior.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Eh ; Flooded soils ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrate reduction ; Phosphorus ; pH ; Salinity and extractable cations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of six California rice soils were significantly influenced by the presence of salts up to an EC of 9 mmhos/cm in saturation extract (ECe). Subsamples of each soil salinity treatment were incubated for periods up to 10 weeks after flooding. Most of the changes in Eh and pH values took place in the first 3–4 weeks after submergence. Salinity decreased pH values, but slightly increased the redox-potential. Both ammonification and nitrate reduction were significantly decreased, by increasing soil salinity. Salinity up to 9 mmhos/cm did not affect levels of Bray and Kurtz extractable P, but increased the water extractable Ca, Mg, K and Mn. In DTPA extract, salinity in incubated soils had no effect on Zn in 4 soils, but it decreased Fe in acid and neutral soils. Possible explanations for the electro-chemical and chemical kinetic changes due to flooding and salinity are discussed.
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  • 89
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: interaction ; moisture regimes ; phosphorus applications ; rice ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have studied in the laboratory the effect of different levels of P application on the transformation on native as well as of applied zinc in a rice-growing soil under two moisture regimes viz., flooded and nonflooded. Application of P caused a decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organic complexed with a concomitant increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of native soil zinc. Application of P also caused a decrease in the transformation of applied Zn into the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of zinc. The above effects of P were more pronounced in soil under flooded than under nonflooded moisture regimes. The water soluble plus exchangeable and the organically complexed forms of Zn are considered to play an important role in Zn nutrition of lowland rice, while the role of the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms are less important in this regard. The results of greenhouse experiments showed that P application caused a progressive decrease in the Zn concentration in shoot and root. This was attributed at least partly to the decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed forms of Zn and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms in soil due to P application.
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  • 91
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    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; nitrogen accumulation ; nitrogen management ; nitrogen mineralization ; rice ; soil fertility ; stubble ; tillage management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted in fields which had a history of nil to four rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops during the previous four summers. Incorporating stubble after each harvest reduced soil nitrate-N content between crops, but increased soil N mineralization potential. During the fourth successive crop, plots where stubble had been incorporated after the previous three harvests had an average 21% more soil NH4N and 22% more N uptake than plots where stubble had been burnt. Soil fertility fell rapidly with increasing numbers of crops, and the unfertilized fifth crop accumulated approximately half the N (60 kg N ha-1) found in the unfertilized first crop (116 kg). Fertilizer N alleviated the effects of annual cropping; the application of 210 kg N ha-1 to the fifth crop (uptake of 156 kg N ha-1) resulted in similar N uptake to the first crop fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 (154 kg N ha-1). Applying N at sowing had no significant effect on soil NH4-N concentration after permanent flood (PF), while N application at PF resulted in increased NH4-N concentration and N uptake until panicle initiation (PI). N applied at PI increased soil NH4-N concentration at least until the microspore stage. Management factors such as stubble incorporation and increasing N application rate, maintained N supply and enabled successive rice crops to accumulate similar quantities of N at maturity.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: interaction ; moisture regimes ; phosphorus applications ; rice ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have studied in the laboratory the effect of different levels of P application on the transformation on native as well as of applied zinc in a rice-growing soil under two moisture regimesviz., flooded and nonflooded. Application of P caused a decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organic complexed with a concomitant increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of native soil zinc. Application of P also caused a decrease in the transformation of applied Zn into the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of zinc. The above effects of P were more pronounced in soil under flooded than under nonflooded moisture regimes. The water soluble plus exchangeable and the organically complexed forms of Zn are considered to play an important role in Zn nutrition of lowland rice, while the role of the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms are less important in this regard. The results of greenhouse experiments showed that P application caused a progressive decrease in the Zn concentration in shoot and root. This was attributed at least partly to the decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed forms of Zn and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms in soil due to P application.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diallel cross ; gene effects ; heterotic effect ; ion uptake ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of genes on the uptake by rice plants of certain macro- and micronutrients (calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc) was studied, by diallel (7 × 7) analysis, in P deficient upland soil. Both additive and dominant gene effects, with a preponderance of the former, were found to be responsible for the uptake of all the elements studied. Local varieties were found to be not only good yielders but also much more efficient in element uptake. Heterotic effects were observed in various crosses with respect to the uptake of all the aforementioned nutrients. Statistical analysis indicated that while the uptake of iron and zinc were negatively correlated, the uptake of manganese and calcium, manganese and zinc, calcium and magnesium and calcium and zinc were positively correlated.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata var. pinnata ; dry season ; 15N recovery ; residual effect ; rice ; succeeding crop ; wet season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments (20 m2 plots) were conducted to compare Azolla and urea as N sources for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in both the wet and dry seasons. Parallel microplot (1 m2) experiments were conducted using 15N. A total of approximately 60 kg N ha-1 was applied as urea, Azolla, or urea plus Azolla. Urea or Azolla applied with equal applications of 30 kg N ha-1 at transplanting (T) and at maximum tillering (MT) were equally effective for increasing rice grain yields in both seasons. Urea at 30 kg N ha-1 at T and Azolla 30 kg N ha-1 at MT was also equally effective. Urea applied by the locally recommended best split (40 kg at T and 20 kg at MT) gave a higher yield in the wet season, but an equal yield in the dry season. The average yield increase was 23% in the wet season, and 95% in the dry season. The proportion of the N taken up by the rice plants which was derived from urea (%NdfU) or Azolla (%NdfAz) was essentially identical for the treatments receiving the same N split. Recovery of 15N in the grain plus straw was also very similar. Positive yield responses to residual N were observed in the succeeding rice crop following both the wet and dry seasons, but the increases were not always statistically significant. Recovery of residual 15N ranged from 5.5 to 8.9% for both crops in succeeding seasons. Residual recovery from the urea applications was significantly higher than from Azolla in the crop succeeding the dry season crop. Azolla was equally effective as urea as an N source for rice production on a per kg N basis.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; Sesbania rostrata ; stem nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stem-nodulating tropical legume Sesbania rostrata is a promising green manure species for low input rice-farming systems in lowland areas. However, its success as biofertilizer depends on its biomass production and N2 fixation. Nutrient imbalances and soils low in available nutrients can considerably affect biofertilizer production. Use of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers in growing S. rostrata as biofertilizer for lowland rice was therefore evaluated in pot experiments, and in the fields in Central Luzon, Philippines. Two soils low in Olsen P (3–7.3 mg kg−1) and exchangeable K (0.05–0.08 meq 100g-1) were used. Increasing amounts of N (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg kg-1), P (0, 50, and 100 mg kg-1), and K (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1) were applied to S. rostrata grown in the greenhouse, whereas small amounts of N, P, and K fertilizers (30, 15, and 33 kg ha-1, respectively) were applied in the field. Mineral N application depressed nodulation and N2 fixation in roots. It however, stimulated nodulation and N2 fixation in stems. Applying 30 kg N ha-1 as urea increased total N accumulation by S. rostrata and yield of the subsequent rice crop (IR64). Applied P and K both stimulated growth, nodulation, and N2 fixation of S. rostrata. Nitrogen accumulation in P- and K-fertilized S. rostrata was about 40% higher than that in nonfertilized green manure. Thus integration of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers in a green manure-based rice-farming system can considerably improve biofertilizer production and increase rice grain yield.
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  • 96
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    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Eh ; flooded soils ; geochemistry ; iron reduction ; pyrite ; redox potential ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields are constrained by Fe and Al toxicity and P deficiency on acid sulfate soils. In order to delineate the effects of pH and redox potential on metal availability in these soils, one or both of these parameters must be held constant. The objective of this study was to investigate metal behavior in acid sulfate soils in redox controlled suspensions. Three acid sulfate soils, Rangsit Very Acid (Rsa), Rangsit (Rs), and Mahaphot (Ma); a potential acid sulfate soil, Bang Pakong (Bg); and a non-acid marine soil, Bangkok (Bk) from Thailand were utilized. After pre-incubating the soils under anaerobic conditions, the soils were oxidized in 100 mV increments in a stepwise fashion (oxidation cycle). Afterwards, the oxidized soils were reduced in the same manner (reduction cycle). The pH's of all the soils decreased during the oxidation cycle and increased upon re-reduction. Water-soluble Fe decreased in all the soils (except Bg) as the Eh was increased in the oxidation cycle, whereas Fe increased in the reduction cycle when the Eh was decreased until -50 mV, at which time Fe sulfide precipitation was believed to occur. In the Bg soil, pyrite oxidation (which evidently started at +50 mV) brought about large increases in soluble Fe under oxidizing conditions, and soil pH decreased to 2.0. The influence of the redox status on Mn varied. Soluble Al increased with increases in Eh (due to decreases in pH) and vice versa in most of the soils. Water-soluble P decreased under oxidizing conditions and increased under reducing conditions. Ammonium acetate-extractable Fe and P were highly correlated (r=0.88), indicating that Fe plays an important role in P availability in acid sulfate soils.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: humid tropics ; N balance ; N2 fixation ; N fertilizer ; nodulation ; rice ; rotation ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We report a study in northern Thailand to examine the effects of fertilizer N, applied both to paddy rice and to a subsequent soybean crop on symbiotic and yield characteristics of soybean and on the differences between inputs of fixed N2 and the removal of N as harvested product. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of 0, 100 and 300 kg N ha-1 applied to the rice (designated R0, R100 and R300, respectively), and 0,25 and 50 kg N ha-1, applied as ‘starter’ fertilizer to the soybean (S0, S25 and S50, respectively). Nitrogen applied to the rice increased rice yields by up to 74% but proportions recovered by the rice were low (45% [R100] and 14% [R300]). The rice N treatments had only marginal effects on soybean nodulation (up to 17% reduction in early growth) and above-ground dry matter (up to 9% increase). Effects on soybean seed yield and total N2 fixed were insignificant. Starter N, applied to the soybean at sowing, also marginally reduced nodulation and enhanced above-ground dry matter. Total N2 fixed was unaffected but seed yield was increased by up to 6%. For all treatments, total above-ground N ranged from 145 to 179 kg ha-1 with 72 to 85% (122 and 140 kg ha-1) derived from N2 fixation. When harvested product consisted of seed only, differences between inputs of fixed N2 and removals of seed N were close to zero (-10 to+9 kg N ha-1) with little effect of fertilizer N. The N balances were reduced by an average of 18 kg N ha-1 when straw was included as harvested product. We concluded that N applied to the rice and to the following soybean was inefficiently used by those crops and had only marginal effects of symbiotic activity of the soybean. Furthermore, the benefit of the N2 fixing soybean in this system was to slow the decline of, rather than enhance, the N fertility of the soil
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    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; rice ; silica body ; silicon ; soft X-ray irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between Ca and Si in water-cultured rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was investigated in terms of uptake. The effect of Ca levels in the solution on Si chemical forms and on the formation of silica bodies in the leaf blades was also examined using soft X-ray irradiation for detection of silica bodies. Si addition (1.66 mM Si) decreased both Ca content of the shoot and uptake at each Ca level. This might mainly result from a decreased transpiration rate caused by Si. Si uptake was not affected when the Ca levels were increased. The results of Si forms showed that silica sol constituted more than 90% of the total Si in the leaf blades regardless of Si and Ca levels, and soluble silica and/or polysilicic acid seems to gel physically over 8.0 mM Si within the plants. Significant difference in the numbers of silica bodies on the third leaf blade was not found between different Ca levels at the same Si level. The content of Si in the leaf blade seems to be a determining factor for the formation of silica bodies. ei]H. Marschner
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  • 99
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Nickel toxicity ; Rye grass ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rye grass (Lolium perenne, cv.S-23) was grown for 4 weeks in a non-calcareous Seaton loam soil with varying amounts of Ni as NiSO4. The purpose of this investigation was to study the Ni toxicity and the relationship of Ni with other essential elements. Nickel depressed shoot yield at all levels except at the lowest levelviz 30 μg Ni/g soil. Nickel concentration of 50 μg/g in shoots did not reduce the dry matter production in rye grass although slight chlorosis did appear at this level. The Ni and Fe concentration of the shoots increased and that of Mn and Zn decreased with increasing rates of Ni application. Uptake of Mn and Zn decreased at all level of Ni. But Fe uptake showed a slight increase at the first two levels and a profound depression at the subsequent levels. The pattern of Ni uptake is different, being highest at the middle level and decreasing on both sides which showed that the increase of Ni concentration of shoots is not proportional to the reduction in the yield. The Ni−Fe ratio rather than Ni and Fe concentration in plants has shown better relationship with the toxic effects of Ni. The implications of Ni phytotoxicity are discussed with particular reference to serpentine soils.
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  • 100
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 215-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CEC ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Paddy ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of each paddy and wheat crops were grown in pots to see their cation exchange capacities of roots and their relationships with the uptake of nutrients by shoot and grain at different physiological growth stages. The results are summarised, as follows: (i) The cation exchange capacity of roots was maximum at tillering stage which continued to decrease with an increase in the age of plants. At early stages of plant growth, significant differences in the root CEC of different varieties of paddy and wheat were recorded but the differences became almost narrow in later stages of plant life and ultimately the CEC of roots became almost similar, in all the varieties as the crops reached to maturity. Higher root CEC of paddy varieties were observed than wheat varieties throughout their physiological growth. (ii) Uptake of phosphorus, potassium, iron and manganese by shoot and grain was found significantly and positively correlated with the CEC of roots in most of the varieties of both, paddy and wheat crops throughout their plant life.
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