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  • Articles  (306)
  • Drosophila melanogaster  (202)
  • nitrogen
  • Springer  (306)
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  • 1990-1994  (205)
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  • Biology  (306)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographical variation in habitat choice and host suitability in the parasitoidAsobara rufescens (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Asobara rufescens ; parasitoid ; geogrphical variation ; microhabitat choice ; genetical isolation ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Netherlands,Asobara rufescens (Föster) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitoid of drosophilid larvae in decaying plant material. In several places in the Mediterranean, parasitoids looking very similar toA. rufescens were collected on fermenting substrates. A hybridization experiment showed that the parasitoids were indeedA. rufescens. In an olfactometer PortugueseA. rufescens do not have a preference for either the odour of yeast or decaying leaves, while their Dutch conspecifics prefer the odour of decaying leaves. The survival probability of PortugueseA. rufescens inDrosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a species typical for fermenting substrates, is much higher than the survival probability of DutchA. rufescens in this host species. It is hypothesized that decaying plant material may be unsuitable for drosophilid larvae during part of the year in the Mediterranean, forcingA. rufescens there to broaden its microhabitat choice. The use of fermenting substrates bringsA. rufescens in contact with its siblingA. tabida Nees, a species typical for fermenting substrates in most of Europe. PortugueseA. rufescens appear to be genetically isolated fromA. tabida. In the Netherlands, where the two species occupy different microhabitats, there is only a premating barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383545
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-switching by gypsy moth: effects of diet nitrogen history vs. switching on growth, consumption, and food utilization (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar (L.) ; diet switching ; nitrogen ; specialization ; plant-animal interactions ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341086
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrogen and foliar biomass on population parameters of cabbage insects (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Trichoplusia ni ; Hellula phidilealis ; Artogeia rapae ; nitrogen ; population growth ; cabbage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367163
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral analysis of the choice of oviposition site by single females ofDrosophila Melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 571-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: insect behavior ; Drosophila melanogaster ; oviposition choice ; gregarious distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The oviposition behavior of single females of Drosophila melanogasterwas studied in population cages over 24 h. Each female shows a different behavior, but they can be arbitrarily separated into those which concentrate their egg laying in only one tube and those which spread it over more than two tubes. A comparison is made between females extracted from the Valdivian population and flies from lines selected for high and low aggregation. When “one-tube” females were grouped and compared with “more-than-one-tube” females, the aggregation indices between these groups were significantly different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048005
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of age and experience with conspecifics on territorial behavior inDrosophila melanogaster (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; territoriality ; age ; aggressive behavior ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogastermales initiated aggressive behavior toward other males and defended territories several hours after they were able to court and mate females. Males that were 3 days or more posteclosion were more successful at holding territories than younger males. Three-day-old males established territories more readily and escalated more often against territory residents than males that were 1 day old. Residents did not usually force young males from territories until they were a few hours posteclosion. The development of territorial behavior was not affected by familiarity or prior exposure to females. Males held in isolation established territories more quickly and behaved more aggressively than males held in groups. Males that previously held territories were more likely to reestablish them after a disturbance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049191
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral and electroantennogram analysis of olfactory stimulation inlozenge: ADrosophila mutant lacking antennal basiconic sensilla (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 683-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; sensillum mutant ; behavioral genetics ; olfactory stimulation ; locomotor behavior ; electroantennogram recording
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two alleles of the mutant lozengeof Drosophila melanogaster, lzand lz3,lack basiconic sensilla on the antennal funiculus. To elucidate the role of these sensilla for the perception of food odors, we studied the locomotor behavior and the electroantennogram (EAG) activity of lozenge flies in response to olfactory stimuli. The significance of basiconic sensilla on the maxillary palps was assessed by testing the locomotion of flies surgically deprived of their palps. The behavioral data suggest that antennal and maxillary basiconic sensilla may be important receptors for short chain alcohols and organic acids but less crucial receptors for acetates, aldehydes, and ketones. In agreement with this interpretation, EAG responses to alcohols (but not to esters) were found to be markedly lower in lozengethan in the wild type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052225
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between searching strategies ofDrosophila parasitoids and the polymorphic behavior of their hosts (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: rover/sitter ; larval behavior ; genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster ; parasitoid success ; field population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, “rover” and “sitter,” differing in locomotion while foraging were simultaneously exposed to females of either Leptopilina boulardi or Ganaspis xanthopoda (parasitic Hymenoptera). These two parasitoids show different modes of host-searching behavior, ovipositor searching, or vibrotaxis, respectively. L. boulardi parasitized the sitter host strain significantly more than the rover. In contrast, G. xanthopoda parasitized the rover strain more than the sitter. In one case, L. boulardi selected far more sitters than rovers in population cage experiments. We also describe the frequencies of rovers and sitters in three natural populations where the local parasitoid community may have partially contributed to the differences in rover and sitter frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049287
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging behavior and encapsulation ability ofDrosophila melanogaster larvae: Correlated polymorphisms? (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: polymorphism ; foraging behavior ; encapsulation ability ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster are polymorphic with respect to their foraging behavior. “Rovers” move around, while “sitters” stay more in one place. This difference in movements while foraging may result in differences in the rate at which these larvae are attacked by hymenopteran parasitoids, especially by those that locate their hosts by reacting to the vibrations they make. From previous work it is known thatD. melanogaster larvae show intra- and interpopulation variation in their ability to destroy parasitoid eggs by encapsulation. If rovers have a higher probability to be attacked by a parasitoid, they may have a higher developed encapsulation system as compensation for this higher attack probability. Experiments show that rovers are indeed more often attacked byAsobara tabida, a vibrotactic (=reacting to vibrations) parasitoid, than sitters. However, foraging behavior and encapsulation ability appear to be independent of each other inD. melanogaster. This shows that the large variation between populations in encapsulation ability is not a reflection of the relative proportion of rovers and sitters in the populations. It also shows that parasitoids can be an important factor in the maintenance of the foraging behavior polymorphism, because a higher encapsulation ability is not a compensation for a higher attack probability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989360
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation ofDrosophila melanogaster as an alternative animal for studying the neurotoxicity of heavy metals (1992)
    Springer
    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; evaluation ; neurotoxicity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metals cause irreversible neurobehavioral damage in many developing mammals, but the mechanisms of this damage are unknown. The influence of three heavy metal compounds, triethyllead chloride, lead acetate and cadmium chloride, on lethality, development, behavior and learning was studied using the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster. This animal was used because it allows hundreds of subjects to be assayed very easily in individual experiments and because it is a system in which toxicological questions might be answered by using the techniques of modern molecular genetics. When triethyllead chloride, lead acetate or cadmium chloride was placed in the medium, the larval LC50 (± standard error) was found to be 0.090±0.004, 6.60±0.64 and 0.42±0.04mm, respectively. Each of the tested compounds produced a dose-related delay in development. In particular, they caused a delay in the development of larvae to pupae. When larvae were reared on medium containing triethyllead chloride (0.06mm), lead acetate (3.07mm) or cadmium chloride (0.11mm), phototaxis, locomotion and learning were not inhibited. Since significant neurobehavioral effects were not observed under the experimental conditions used,Drosophila does not appear to be an appropriate animal for the genetic dissection of such effects of heavy metals during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01062222
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating speed and the interplay between female and male courtship responses inDrosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 229-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; mating speed ; locomotor activity ; sexual activity ; courtship sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to compare measures of general activity and sexual behavior for various genotypes within a strain of Drosophila melanogaster, which had known differences in mating speed. Three inbred lines of D. melanogaster differed significantly in mating speed when tested in female-choice and in single-pair experiments. Analyses of locomotor activity and sexual activity of females and males revealed no significant differences between the inbred lines. An analysis of the interplay between female and male courtship behaviors enabled the examination of signal-response differences between the inbred lines. The inbred lines with intermediate and slow mean mating speed showed a decreased number of significant transitions between female and male behavioral responses. This decrease was more severe in the slow mating line. Further, the intermediate- and slow-mating females and males displayed courtship responses toward signals of the opposite sex that were different from those of the fastmating line. Models of the relationship between behavioral activity and mating speed in Drosophila are discussed and a different explanation for variation in mating speed among the three inbred lines is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049291
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of mating success in experimental groups ofDrosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: mating success ; male courtship ; male size ; Drosophila melanogaster ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Determinants of male courtship success in Drosophila melanogasterwere examined in groups of five males sequentially presented with five individual females. Thirty-three percent of males never mated, while approximately half of the males mated two or three times. Rapid courtship initiation was associated with male success in early matings only. Male size was important for courtship outcome, but the size distributions of mating and nonmating males and their progeny numbers indicate balancing rather than directional selection on size- dependent courtship success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049845
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How does Drosophila melanogaster overwinter? (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Overwintering ; Cold and freezing resistance ; Developmental duration ; Cold adaptation and evolution ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In temperate regions low temperatures seem to be the most restrictive factor for survival of Drosophila natural populations, which depends on the capacity of one or more developmental stages to resist unfavourable winter conditions. In this study we have attempted to answer the question of how D. melanogaster overwinters under natural temperature conditions. Only adults overwintered and no diapause was observed in any developmental stage. Thus, developmental duration becomes a decisive component with respect to overwintering potential and, therefore, the preadult stages are unlikely to overwinter. Possible evolutionary steps in adaptation to cold regions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187965
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecosystem of a mesotrophic lake-II. Interactions among nutrient load, river flow, and epilimnion depth (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877062
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ovicidal activity ofcis-dehydromatricaria ester: time-dependance of its enhancement by UV light (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1396-1397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; ovicidal activity ; dehydromatricaria ester ; toxicity, enhancement by UV ; polyacetylenic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Freshly laid eggs ofDrosophila melanogaster were treated with the polyacetylenic compoundcis-dehydromatricaria ester. The toxicity of the chemical was enhanced by treatments with long-wavelength ultraviolet light, and the maximum effect was observed when the UV irradiation was performed 4–5 h after the initial contact of the eggs with the chemical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951909
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transposable element insertion patterns as test of contamination of aDrosophila melanogaster inbred line (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 164-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; transposable elements ; inbred lines ; insertion pattern ; transposition rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A highly inbred line ofDrosophila melanogaster, stable for the insertion pattern of the transposable elements copia and mdg1, was experimentally contaminated by flies from another line. We show that the alien genome income is clearly detectable by the changes induced in the insertion profiles of transposable elements, even twenty generations later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01984957
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nutritional ecology of larvae of Alsophila pometaria and Anisota senatoria feeding on early- and late-season oak foliage (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217527
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  • 17
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    The effect of supplying nutrients to Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on the growth and development of dipterous stem-borer larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 293-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ryegrass ; Oscinella frit ; Geomyza tripunctata ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185661
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  • 18
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    The influence of nutritional and genetic factors on larval performance of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185638
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  • 19
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    Molecular characteristics of the heterochromatic I elements from a reactive strain ofDrosophila melanogaster (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 31 (1990), S. 424-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Evolution ; Hybrid dysgenesis ; I elements ; Transposons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary There are two categories of strains inDrosophila melanogaster with respect to the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis. The inducer strains contain particular transposable elements named I factors. They are not present in the strains of the other category called reactive (R) strains. Defective I elements are present in the pericentromeric regions of both categories of strains. This last subfamily of I sequences has not yet been described in detail and little is known about its origin. In this paper, we report that the defective I elements display an average of 94% of sequence identity with each other and with the transposable I factor. The results suggest that they cannot be the progenitors of the present day I factors, but that each of these two subfamilies started to evolve independently several million years ago. Furthermore, the sequence comparison of these I elements with an active I factor fromDrosophila teissieri provides useful information about when the deleted I elements became immobilized.
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    Interspecific comparison of the unusually repetitiveDrosophila locusmastermind (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 415-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila virilis ; mastermind ; Gene comparison ; Repetitive sequences ; Homopolymers ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Themastermind gene ofDrosophila melanogaster encodes a novel, highly repetitive nuclear protein required for neural development. To identify functionally important regions we have initiated an interspecific comparison of the gene inDrosophila virilis. Mastermind transcription and genomic organization are similar in both species and sequence analysis reveals significant conservation in a major cluster of charged amino acids. In contrast, extensive variation is noted in homopolymer domains that immediately flank the acidic cluster. Distinct patterns of evolutionary change can be identified: the major difference between unique regions are occasional amino acid substitutions whereas the repetitive areas are characterized by numerous large in-frame insertions/deletions and a nearly threefold higher rate of amino acid replacement. Conservation of the acidic domain suggests that it has an important functional role whereas the hypervariable homopolymer regions appear to be under less selective constraints than adjacent unique areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101281
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    Distribution of polymorphic gene duplication at theGpdh locus in natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 532-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Gene duplication ; Gpdh gene ; Polymorphism ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH, E. C. 1.1.1.8) gene ofDrosophila melanogaster contains a tandem duplication of a 4.5-kb-long DNA fragment. Survey of theGpdh gene region by the Southern blot analysis revealed the following features of this gene duplication: (1) The duplication was not observed in chromosome lines that carryIn(2L)t, a cosmopolitan chromosomal inversion in this species. The duplication and the inversion are in linkage disequilibrium. (2) The duplication is polymorphic in the Japan and US natural populations examined. Its frequency is 0.26 on an average inIn(2L)t-free chromosomes. (3) Triplication is absent or has not become frequent in the populations surveyed. Possible evolutionary factors of this duplication polymorphism are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556357
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    The urate oxidase gene of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila melanogaster: Evolutionary changes of sequence and regulation (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 62-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Urate oxidase ; Drosophila pseudoobscura ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Nucleotide sequence ; Evolutionary comparison ; Gene regulation ; Malpighian tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The urate oxidase (UO) transcription unit of Drosophila pseudoobscura was cloned, sequenced, and compared to the UO transcription unit from Drosophila melanogaster. In both species the UO coding region is divided into two exons of approximately equal size. The deduced D. pseudoobscura and D. melanogaster UO peptides have 346 and 352 amino acid residues, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the D. pseudoobscura and D. melanogaster UO protein-coding regions are 82.2% identical whereas the deduced amino acid sequences are 87.6% identical with 42 amino acid changes, 33 of which occur in the first exon. Although the UO gene is expressed exclusively within the cells of the Malpighian tubules in both of these species, the temporal patterns of UO gene activity during development are markedly different. UO enzyme activity, UO protein, and UO mRNA are found in the third instar larva and adult of D. melanogaster but only in the adult stage of D. pseudoobscura. The intronic sequences and the extragenic 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the D. pseudoobscura and D. melanogaster UO genes are highly divergent with the exception of eight small islands of conserved sequence along 772 by 5′ of the UO protein-coding region. These islands of conserved sequence are possible UO cis-acting regulatory elements as they reside along the 5′ flanking DNA of the D. melanogaster UO gene that is capable of conferring a wild-type D. melanogaster pattern of UO regulation on a UO-lacZ fusion gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163853
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    The product of the Drosophila melanogaster segment polarity gene armadillo is highly conserved in sequence and expression in the housefly Musca domestica (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 224-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Armadillo ; β-catenin ; Plakoglobin ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Musca domestica ; Nucleotide sequence ; Evolutionary comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Segmental pattern in Drosophila melanogaster is set up via a set of cell-cell interactions mediated by the products of the segment polarity genes. Among these is the armadillo gene, whose product seems to be required for the reception of an intercellular signal encoded by the wingless gene. As part of our effort to relate the structure of the armadillo protein to its function within the cell, we have examined the evolutionary conservation of the armadillo gene during insect evolution. We have cloned the armadillo gene from the housefly, Musca domestica, which diverged from Drosophila 100 million years ago. The Musca protein is 97.5% identical to that in Drosophila, while the noncoding sequences have diverged extensively. This remarkable degree of conservation at the protein level is mirrored in the expression pattern of the armadillo protein. Antibodies against the Drosophila protein cross-react with a Musca protein of the appropriate size. We have also used these antibodies to show that the Musca armadillo protein has a pattern of expression in larval and adult tissues similar to that of Drosophila armadillo. We discuss the implications of conservation of structure and expression for the cellular role of the armadillo protein and its mammalian homologs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160477
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    Molecular evolution in theDrosophila yakuba period locus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 31 (1990), S. 389-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: period gene ; Nuclear vs mitochondrial silent substitution rates ; Amino acid replacement ; Drosophila yakuba ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two nuclear genes fromDrosophila yakuba were cloned, the orthologue of theDrosophila melanogaster period (per) clock gene and the orthologue of an unnamedD. melanogaster gene adjacent toper, which encodes a 0.9-kb RNA transcript. The DNA and presumed protein sequences of both genes are presented and compared with their orthologues inD. melanogaster. Consistent with theper orthologues described in otherDrosophila species, some parts of theper gene have accumulated nonsynonymous substitutions at a much higher rate than others. This contrasts markedly with the evenly distributed amino acid replacements observed in the protein encoded by the adjacent gene. The level of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions betweenD. yakuba andD. melanogaster per were compared in small subsections across the gene. The results suggest that the divergence observed in the less well-conserved regions of theper protein is principally due to reduced selective constraint, although the limitations of the method used prevent positive selection acting upon a small proportion of sites being ruled out. The level of silent substituion observed in both of these nuclear genes is very similar to the level of silent substitution previously reported betweenD. melanogaster andD. yakuba mitochondrial genes, confirming several indirect studies, which have suggested that, in contrast to the case in mammals, silent sites are evolving at similar rates in mitochondrial and nuclear genes ofDrosophila.
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    Dynamic equilibrium between insertion and excision of P elements in highly inbred lines from an M′ strain of Drosophila melanogaster (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 39 (1994), S. 466-472 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: P element ; Transposition ; Copynumber regulation ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six highly inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster extracted from an M′ strain (in the P/M system of hybrid dysgenesis) were studied for the evolution of the number and chromosomal location of complete and defective P elements through generations 52–200. These lines possessed full-sized P elements but differed in their cytotype (M or P). Three lines with P cytotype and full-sized P elements at site 1A had a constant P copy number over generations with low rates of insertion and excision. Three lines with M cytotype and at least one full-sized P element accumulated P copies over the generations and reached a plateau near generation 196, at which rates of transposition and excision were equal to 1.2 × 10−3 to 3 × 10−3 events per element per generation. At that time these three lines still presented an M cytotype, produced transposase, and were able to regulate P copy number. The similarity at equilibrium between insertion and excision rates was exactly what was expected from theoretical models for a self-regulated element. The large number of generations necessary to attain the equilibrium in copy number indicates, however, that caution may be de rigueur when testing theoretical models of copy-number containment based on transposition and excision-rate comparison.
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    P-elements are old components of the Scaptomyza pallida genome (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 232-240 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; P-element evolution ; Scaptomyza pallida ; Immobile P-elements ; Pericentromeric heterochromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the cloning and analysis of a sample representative of all P-elements from Scaptomyza pallida. We have compared four independent stocks of this species, using Southern blot and in situ hybridization experiments to examine the number, structure, and distribution of P-elements. All four stocks give similar results: they contain about 15 P-elements including three to four full-length elements as well as shorter, deleted elements. All elements are divergent from one another and most of them appear to be immobile since they are located at identical positions in the genomes of independent stocks. These data indicate that P-elements are old components of the S. pallida genome. Moreover, the presence of P-sequences in species closely related to S. pallida suggests that they have had a long evolutionary history in the Scaptomyza genus. We have also found that most P-elements of S. pallida are located in the pericentromeric heterochromatin. This corroborates other studies which show that in the course of their evolution, transposable elements tend to accumulate into pericentromeric heterochromatin, where they become immobile and noncoding.
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    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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    Factors affecting sulfur incorporation into lake sediments: paleoecological implications (1990)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.
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    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
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    A ground water nitrogen budget for a headwater swamp in an area of permanent ground water discharge (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 209-224 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: ground water ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; mass balance ; nutrient retention ; swamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ground water inputs and outputs of N were studied for a small ground water discharge swamp situated in a headwater drainage basin in southern Ontario, Canada. Darcy's equation with data for piezometers was used to measure inputs of shallow local ground water at the swamp margin and deep regional ground water beneath the swamp. Ground water flux was also quantified by measuring ground water discharge to the outlet stream draining the swamp in combination with a chemical mixing model to separate shallow and deep ground water components based on chloride differences. Estimates of shallow ground water flux determined by these two approaches agreed closely however, the piezometer data seriously underestimated the deep ground water input to the swamp. An average ground water input-output budget of total N (TN) total organic nitrogen (TON) ammonium (NH4 +-N) and nitrate (NO3 --N) was estimated for stream base flow periods which occurred on an average of 328 days each year during 1986–1990. Approximately 90% of the annual NO3 --N input was contributed by shallow ground water at the swamp margin. Deep ground water represented about 65% of the total ground water input and a similar proportion of TON and NH4 +-N inputs. Annual ground water NO3 --N inputs and outputs were similar whereas NH4 +-N retention was 4 kg ha-1 representing about 68% of annual ground water input. Annual TON inputs in ground water exceeded outputs by 7.7 kg ha (27%). The capacity of the swamp to regulate ground water N fluxes was influenced by the N chemistry of ground water inputs and the hydrologic pathways of transport within the swamp.
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    A correlation between juvenile hormone deficiency and vitellogenic oocyte degeneration inDrosophila melanogaster (1982)
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 257-263 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Juvenile hormone ; Precocene ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Oocyte degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is known from previous work that juvenile hormone (JH) is required to initiate vitellogenin uptake into maturing oocytes ofDrosophila melanogaster, but additional requirements for this hormone during oocyte maturation have not been fully understood. To determine if early vitellogenic oocytes (stages 8 and 9) require JH for continued development, these oocytes were transplanted toDrosophila female and male hosts which were rendered deficient in JH by three methods. Implanted stage 9 and usually stage 8 oocytes were found to degenerate in JH-deficient hosts unless ZR-515, a JH analogue, was applied to the host shortly after implantation. These results were confirmed during in situ ovary development. JH deficiency was produced in gravid females, and ovaries examined at subsequent time intervals were found to be deficient in stage 8–10 oocytes as early as 6 h after treatment. Degenerating oocytes corresponding to these stages were commonly found. ZR-515 prevented oocyte degeneration during at least the first 8 h and continued to support stage 8–10 oocyte development 24 h after application to these females. The results suggest that JH is required not only for initiation but also for continuation of vitellogenin uptake and oocyte development.
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    Effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on protein synthesis in wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 366-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Wing discs ; 20-Hydroxyecdysone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Full wing disc evagination requires about 10 h of continuous exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone. The synthesis of two polypeptides is increased when wing discs are subjected to short exposure (4 h) to the hormone, and their synthesis is dependent on hormone. A second group of proteins increased in synthesis only after longer hormonal treatment (12 h); however, the increased synthesis of these proteins can be induced by withdrawing hormone after short exposure. The results of this study are consistent with the model of sequential gene activation by 20-hydroxyecdysone proposed by Ashburner et al. (1974).
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    Genes required for embryonic muscle development in Drosophila melanogaster A survey of the X chromosome (1993)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 202 (1993), S. 276-295 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryogenesis ; Muscle development ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have begun a genetic analysis to dissect the process of myogenesis by surveying the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster for mutations that affect embryonic muscle development. Using polarised light microscopy and antibody staining techniques we analysed embryos hemizygous for a series of 67 deletion mutations that together cover an estimated 85% of the X chromosome, or 16.5% of the genome. Whereas the mature wild type embryo has a regular array of contractile muscles that insert into the epidermis, 31 of the deletion mutants have defects in muscle pattern, contractility or both, that cannot be attributed simply to epidermal defects and identify functions required for wild type muscle development. We have defined mutant pattern phenotypes that can be described in terms of muscle absences, incomplete myoblast fusion, failure of attachment of the muscle to the epidermis or mispositioning of attachment sites. Thus muscle development can be mutationally disrupted in characteristic and interpretable ways. The areas of overlap of the 31 deletions define 19 regions of the X chromosome that include genes whose products are essential for various aspects of myogenesis. We conclude that our screen can usefully identify loci coding for gene products essential in muscle development.
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    Sequential emergence of the evenly spaced microchaetes on the notum of Drosophila (1993)
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    Development genes and evolution 203 (1993), S. 151-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Pattern formation ; Neurogenesis ; Peripheral nervous system ; Microchaetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The small bristles (microchaetes) on the thorax of adult Drosophila are evenly spaced. We have analysed the development of this pattern using the enhancer trap line A101 where bacterial lacZ is expressed in the microchaete sensory mother cells (SMCs) and their progeny. We observed that the precursor cells appear in a stereotyped pattern of rows. Within each row, however, SMCs appear neither at a time nor in a restricted sequence: new SMCs are continuously intercalated between pre-existing SMCs until the distance between consecutive SMCs does not exceed a few cell diameters. In large individuals, additional SMCs may occasionally appear after the completion of the rows, in the largest empty spaces between the preexisting SMCs.
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    Clonal analysis in hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans (1994)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 204 (1994), S. 112-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; Hybrids ; Clonal analysis ; Lhr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have analysed the viability of cellular clones induced by mitotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster/D. simulans hybrid females during larval growth. These clones contain a portion of either melanogaster or simulans genomes in homozygosity. Analysis has been carried out for the X and the second chromosomes, as well as for the 3L chromosome arm. Clones were not found in certain structures, and in others they appeared in a very low frequency. Only in abdominal tergites was a significant number of clones observed, although their frequency was lower than in melanogaster abdomens. The bigger the portion of the genome that is homozygous, the less viable is the recombinant melano-gaster/simulans hybrid clone. The few clones that appeared may represent cases in which mitotic recombination took place in distal chromosome intervals, so that the clones contained a small portion of either melanogaster or simulans chromosomes in homozygosity. Moreover, Lhr, a gene of D. simulans that suppresses the lethality of male and female melanogaster/simulans hybrids, does not suppress the lethality of the recombinant melanogaster/simulans clones. Thus, it appears that there is not just a single gene, but at least one per tested chromosome arm (and maybe more) that cause hybrid lethality. Therefore, the two species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans, have diverged to such a degree that the absence of part of the genome of one species cannot be substituted by the corresponding part of the genome of the other, probably due to the formation of co-adapted gene complexes in both species following their divergent evolution after speciation. The disruption of those coadapted gene complexes would cause the lethality of the recombinant hybrid clones.
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    Nutrient-chlorophyll trajectories across trophic gradients (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 58-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; slope estimator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m−3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = Δchl-a/ΔTP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m−3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP′ = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms.
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    What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters? (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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    Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of algal biomass across trophic gradients (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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    Terpenes and phenolics in response to nitrogen fertilization: A test of the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis ; carbon allocation ; fertilization ; phenolics ; nitrogen ; terpene ; Abies grandis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase in the growth ofAbies grandis seedlings, but linear decrease in foliage concentrations of phenolic compounds. These data are consistent with the inverse relationship between growth and production of carbonbased secondary chemicals predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, in contrast to predictions of the CNB hypothesis, nitrogen fertilization had no effect on foliage terpene concentrations. The results suggest that not all carbon-based chemicals respond in the same manner to environmental variation, and that the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis does not adequately explain all patterns of environmentally-induced variation in secondary metabolism.
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    Changes in cell surface proteins of culturedDrosophila cells exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 103-107 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell Surface ; Drosophila melanogaster ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; protein changes ; Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila cell lines have provided popular material for study of the mechanisms by which steroid hormones regulate cellular events. Previous investigations at the organismic or organ level have suggested that ecdysteroids are bound by a cytoplasmic receptor, and that the resulting complex translocates to the nucleus where it results in active transcription of a few genes. The protein products of these primary responding genes then modulate a larger series of secondary transcriptional changes. In cultured cells, other investigators have detected the hormonally-induced synthesis of only 4–5 new polypeptides through 72 h of treatment. Although these proteins may represent the gene products associated with the primary response, this small number of changes is surprising in view of the rapid morphological alteration of the cells and changes in such surface-mediated behavior as substrate adhesion and agglutinability observed within the same time interval. In this report, we show that lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination followed by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography provide an effective protocol for visualizing cell surface proteins of a Drosophila cell line. Among the more than 175 labeled species detected, comparisons of control cells with those treated by 20-hydroxyecdysone for 72 h shows at least 27 differences. We interpret these differences as the result of the secondary transcriptional response to the hormone.
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    Preblastoderm mosaics of mutants of the bithorax-complex (1982)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 331-334 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Genetic mosaics ; Cell autonomy ; Cell affinities ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InDrosophila melanogaster, segmental specification takes place in groups of cells around the blastoderm stage. This segmental specification requires the function of the genes of the bithorax-complex. We have studied preblastoderm mosaics (gynandromorphs) of mutant (bx 3,pbx, Ubx, Ubx 80) and wildtype (heterozygotes for these alleles) cells. The results show a total cell autonomy in the differentiation of both wildtype and homoeotially transformed cells. However, several unexpected phenotypes were found. They are discussed in terms of the function of the bithorax genes and early interactions between mutant and wildtype territories.
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    Patterns of protein synthesis in salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster during larval and prepupal development (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 351-357 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Protein synthesis ; Larval development ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Patterns of protein synthesis in the salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster have been studied throughout late larval and prepupal development by pulse labelling the tissues with35S-methionine. Specific changes to the pattern of proteins synthesized during development are found and the significance of these changes is discussed in view of the known changes in gene (puffing) activity which occur at the same times. We review the problem of salivary gland function in “prepupal”Drosophila.
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    Suppression of abdominal legs inDrosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 199 (1991), S. 449-457 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Bithorax complex ; Ultrabithorax ; abdominal-A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster normally have six thoracic legs and no abdominal legs. However, one or two legs often appear in the first abdominal segment ofbithoraxoid mutants. The extent to which these extra legs develop is determined both by thecis-regulatory action ofbithoraxoid lesions onUltrabithorax and by the number of copies of the adjacent homeotic geneabdominal-A. Thebithoraxoid region does notcis-regulateabdominal-A.
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    The isolation of functional pole cells from theDrosophila melanogaster maternal effect mutantmat(3)1 (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 127-132 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pole cell isolation ; Maternal effect mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure for pole cell isolation has been developed that takes advantage of theDrosophila melanogaster maternal effect mutantmat(3) 1. Embryos derived from homozygousmat(3)1 mothers form exclusively pole cells. By outcrossing we could substantially increase the expressivity of the original mutant stock. We further introduced theTM8 balancer chromosome, which carries the dominant temperature sensitive mutationDTS-4. This allows the accumulation of large homozygousmat(3) 1 fly populations by eliminating the heterozygous flies at the restrictive temperature. Early embryos were mechanically fragmented and the cells were isolated by means of metrizamide step gradients. The isolated cells were demonstrated to exhibit the various ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of pole cells. The isolated cells were transplanted into genetically marked host embryos. The germ line mosaics that were obtained indicate that the isolated cells represent functional pole cells. Proteins synthesized by the isolated pole cells during short term in vitro labelling with35S-methionine were compared to the proteins synthesized by blastoderm cells fromOregon-R embryos. At least one protein could be demonstrated in the pole cell samples that is not synthesized byOregon-R blastoderm cells. The method allows a fast and gentle isolation of highly enriched pole cell populations which are a prerequisite for the biochemical analysis of germ cell determination and differentiation.
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    The DNA content of polytene nuclei in midgut and Malpighian tubule cells of adultDrosophila melanogaster (1982)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 381-384 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polyteny ; DNA content ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amounts of DNA in midgut and Malpighian tubule cells of adult maleDrosophila melanogaster have been determined by Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry. The DNA values fall into discrete classes reflecting different levels of polyteny. The maximum level is 64C in the midgut, 256C in Malpighian tubules, and the modal values are 32C and 128C respectively. The data provide no evidence for extensive underreplication of heterochromatin. It is suggested that the reduced amount of satellite DNA found in the tissues of young adult flies may be a consequence of the fact that cycles of DNA replication started in the pre-adult stages are not completed until some hours after eclosion.
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    The dorsal/ventral compartment boundary inDrosophila: coincidence with the prospective operculum seam (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 133-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Compartment boundary ; Operculum seam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Histochemical staining of the hypoderm ofDrosophila larvae for aldehyde-oxidase activity allowed detection of a row of cells destined to form the operculum seam, along which the pupal case opens when the adult ecloses. Analysis ofmal clones in hypoderms of gynandromorph larvae showed that the prospective operculum seam coincides, in part, with a line of clonal restriction that divides the thorax into dorsal and ventral halves. We propose that this line represents the embryonic dorsal/ventral compartment boundary
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    The eggshell ofDrosophlla melanogaster (1991)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 200 (1991), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Eggshell ; Micropylar canal ; Microtubules ; Paracrystalline structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The micropylar apparatus (MA) inDrosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a 25 μm long protrusion on the anterior pole of the eggshell, and it contains the 0.8 μm wide micropylar canal through which the spermatozoon penetrates the eggshell. The canal terminates in the paracrystalline structure thus forming the “pocket”. The MA is secreted during oogenesis by the micropylar follicle cells (border cells and peripheral cells). Morphogenesis of the micropylar canal starts before stage 11A, when two of the border cells form two thin extensions containing microfilaments and penetrate the paracrystalline structure. Microtubules found at the base of the extensions participate in the formation of two projections. Adjacent follicle cells secrete the chorionic part of the MA, whilst the two projections elongate and twist during stages 12 and 13. Microtubules run parallel to the long axis of the projections and probably are related to cellular elongation during the formation of the projections. The paracrystalline structure is composed of lamellae having a periodicity of about 50 nm, which is maintained possibly due to the lateral fibrils connecting the lamellae. These lamellae consist of small fragments secreted during stages 10–11 by the border cells. The paracrystalline structure and the spongy vitelline membrane are condensed after egg maturation.
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    Mutations of early neurogenesis inDrosophila (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 226-229 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryonic lethal mutations at the Notch locus are known to produce a conspicuous central nervous system hypertrophy accompanied by a hypotrophy of the epidermal sheath. We have studied several zygotic mutants belonging to four different autosomal complementation groups which produce the same phenotype. The embryonic development of the new mutants, as well as that of Notch, consists of an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expenses of epidermal cell precursors. The possibility is discussed that these five loci are involved in the determination of neural and epidermal cell precursors.
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    Complete replication of DNA in polytene nuclei of salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: DNA replication ; Polytene salivary gland nuclei ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Combined cytophotometric and autoradiographic experiments are performed on individual polytene salivary gland nuclei of X/X-female and X/Y-male larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster, DNA measurements of unlabeled nuclei reveal complete douplings of all 4C DNA quantity during polytenization. These new data do not agree with the hypothesis of heterochromatic underreplication.
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    Trithorax: A new homoeotic mutation ofDrosophila melanogaster (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 365-369 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Selector genes ; Determination ; Homoeotic mutations ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary New alleles of thetrithorax locus have been isolated and analysed. The phenotypes of different allelic combinations confirm that a decrease or loss of function of the locus is responsible for homoeotic transformations of the adult thoracic and abdominal segments. Since neither these homoeotic transformations nor larval lethality are complemented by the previously described mutationRg-bx, it is concluded that the latter is an allele oftrithorax. The effect of near loss of function of thetrithorax locus after the completion of embryogenesis has been investigated by clonal analysis. This has produced two unexpected results: 1) there is a requirement for the activity of the locus after embryogenesis is completed; 2) the locus is required for the normal development of at least some mesothoracic structures. These results are discussed with respect to the selector gene hypothesis and other putative activator gene mutations.
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    Abrupt decline in the rate of accumulation of total protein and yolk in postvitellogenic egg chambers ofDrosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Embryo Metabolism ; Protein biosynthesis ; Ovary ; Growth and development egg yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of endogenously synthesized non-yolk proteins, and of exogenously derived yolk, was quantitated during oogenesis and embryogenesis ofDrosophila. Rates of non-yolk protein accumulation were calculated, and were correlated with polysome content at each developmental stage. Three distinct phases of non-yolk protein accumulation were observed: 1) relatively slow accumulation, lasting to stage 9 of oogenesis; 2) very rapid accumulation between stages 10 and 12 of oogenesis, when half of the protein of the mature egg is accumulated in less than 4 h; and 3) no further protein accumulation from stage 12 of oogenesis through at least the gastrula stage of embryogenesis. During phases 1 and 2, rates of non-yolk protein accumulation correlate well with the polysome content of egg chambers. Surprisingly, during the entire phase 3 the content of polysomes remains at high levels, even though no detectable protein accumulation occurs. This finding is in agreement with the low levels of protein synthesis that have been measured during early embryogenesis, and strongly suggests that late in oogenesis the efficiency of translation suddenly drops by about 20-fold. Moreover, our results imply that polysome content cannot always be directly correlated with protein synthetic activity.
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    The development of sensory nerves within the wing ofDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 226-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Wing development ; Sensory neurons ; Differentiation ; Axonal outgrowth ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary TheDrosophila wing is a simple structure bearing many sensory neurons which form an elementary pattern of nerves within the veins, and provides a simple system for studying the formation of nerve pathways. A light-and electron-microscope study of the developing pupal wing was undertaken to establish the time at which the different classes of sensillum differentiate and to determine the arrangement of tissues within the wing during sensory axon out-growth in order to assess possible candidates for directing axon outgrowth. Major findings were 1. Wing development passes through three main stages: at 6–12 h after puparium formation the wing is flantened and secreting pupal cuticle; at 15–18 h the wing is dramatically inflated but is still a simple epithelium secreting pupal cuticle; at 21–24 h the wing collapses and begins to differentiate adult structures. 2. There are no persisting larval nerves which might act as pioneers or pathfinders for the later developing adult neurons. 3. Axon bundles are first observed during the 15–18 h stage prior to the pupal moult when the wing is still secreting pupal cuticle. 4. At this stage the wing is an inflated sac, without any veins or orderly arrangements of tracheae which might act as guides for axon outgrowth. Vein formation takes placeafter formation of the axon pathways. 5. The bristle axons grow along the anterior wing margin in close contact with the basal lamina of the epithelial cells, often within a gap between the processes of the epithelial cells, which could mechanically channel their out-growth. 6. The campaniform sensillum axons appear to navigate along the inner surface of the wing epithelium rather like the pioneer axons found in embryonic appendages of other insects. 7. Differentiation of sensory neurons takes place long before differentiation of the other cells associated with sensilla; most axons are present by 18 h when the wing is still secreting pupal cuticle but morphological differentiation of the bristle shaft and socket cells is not observed until about 42 h when the wing is secreting the cuticulin layer of the adult cuticle.
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    Genetic regulation of theAchaete-scute complex ofDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 242-245 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chaetae ; Sensillae ; Differentiation ; Genetic regulation ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants in two loci,hairy (h +) andextramacrochaetae (emc +), produce phenotypes corresponding to an excess of function of theachaete-scute complex (AS-C), that is, they cause the appearance of extra chaetae. These mutants, although recessive in normal flies, become dominant in the presence of extra doses of AS-C. Here we study the interactions between these three genes, in an attempt to elucidate their relationships. The results show that the insufficiency produced byh oremc mutants can be titrated by altering the number of copies of AS-C. Moreover, excess of function of AS-C produced by derepression mutants within the complex (Hairy-wing) can also be titrated by altering the number of wild type copies of+ oremc +. These specific interactions indicate that bothh + andemc + code for “repressors” of AS-C that interact with theachaete andscute region of the complex respectively.
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    Cell interactions in the generation of chaetae pattern inDrosophila (1984)
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    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 246-251 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chaetae ; Differentiation ; Genetic regulation ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have already shown that theachaetae-scute complex (AS-C) ofDrosophila is regulated by two genes,hairy andextramacrochaetae. Using mutants in these genes, we have analysed how different levels of expression of AS-C affect the pattern of chaetae. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of chaetae results from cell interactions, probably by a mechanism of lateral inhibition. The results are discussed in view of the different theories of pattern formation.
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    Microtubule inhibitors block the morphological changes induced inDrosophila blood cells by a parasitoid wasp factor (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 311-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; parasitoid ; blood cells ; vinblastine ; vincristine ; cytochalasin B ; cytoskeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The shape change ofDrosophila melanogaster blood cells (lamellocytes) from discoidal to bipolar that is caused by a factor from the female parasitoidLeptopilina heterotoma is blocked by the tubulin inhibitors vinblastine and vincristine in vitro. The actin inhibitor, cytochalasin B, causes arborization ofDrosophila lamellocytes and acts synergistically with the wasp factor to alter lamellocyte morphology. Lamellocyte arborization induced by cytochalasin B is blocked by simultaneous treatment with vinblastine. These observations indicate that the changes in lamellocyte shape induced by both the wasp factor and cytochalasin B require microtubule assembly.
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    Behavior genetics of choice of oviposition sites inDrosophila melanogaster. I. Genetic variability and analysis of behavior (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 105-120 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; choice of oviposition site ; strain difference ; site discrimination ; egg insertion ; selection ; wild type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofDrosophila melanogaster were given a choice of oviposition site either on the surface of the medium or on the surface of paper positioned vertically on the medium. A significant difference was seen in the proportion of eggs deposited on the paper among wild strains of different geographic origins. Bidirectional selection for oviposition on these two sites was effective. These selected lines were examined under various conditions to determine the factors involved in this site selection for oviposition. The lines that chose medium laid eggs only on substrates into which egges could be inserted. The lines preferring paper showed no strict requirement for burying their eggs. Tarsal sensillae were involved in site discrimination.
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    Relative male age, fertility, and competitive mating success inDrosophila melanogaster (1980)
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    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 163-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; mating success ; male fertility ; male age ; female choice experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Female choice experiments were used to investigate the effect of relative male age on mating success inD. melanogaster. Experiments were conducted with a Canton-S (CS) strain, in which two virgin males of different ages (2, 4, or 8 days old) were offered to virgin females. Older males were found to be more successful under competitive conditions. In another group of experiments, vermilion (v) males of different ages competed with CS males of different ages. The competitive success ofv males was found to increase with their relative age. Male fertility at 2, 4, and 8 days of age was documented for both male genotypes mated with CS females. CS males fathered more offspring per copulation thanv males, and the fertility of all males was found to increase with age. Discussion focuses on the changes in male mating success and fertility with age and genotype.
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    Male-male interactions and mating kinetics inDrosophila (1990)
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    Behavior genetics 20 (1990), S. 405-421 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; host-parasitoid models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Male-male interaction (K) has been estimated from data on the attrition rate of virgin females per minute in a study of the mating kinetics inDrosophila. K is expressed as the time males expend on other males relative to that expended while searching for, courling, and copulating with females. The value of K in these studies ranged from 0 (approximately) to. 695; it was affected both by strain (sepia orebony D. melanogaster and wild-typeD. simulans) and by size of the mating chamber. Host-parasitoid models of ecologists appear to be appropriate for examining mating kinetics inDrosophila.
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    Drosophila courtship song cycles in normal andperiod mutant males revisited (1990)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 20 (1990), S. 617-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; reproductive behavior ; pulse songs ; interpulse intervals ; per s , perL1, andper 01 rhythm mutants ; Fourier analyses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Courtship songs of normal males and those expressing short-period, long-period, and arrhythmic mutations at theperiod (per) locus ofDrosophila melanogaster have been reanalyzed for rhythmic components, using spectral treatments of the fluctuating rates of tone pulse production that occur during courtship. It was concluded, as in previous studies, that such songs are strongly rhythmic, except for courtships performed byper 01 males. Songs produced by males expressing this and otherper alleles were compared to computer-generated “random” ones. Interpulse interval variations influenced byper 01 and songs simulated to be arrhythmic both were found to be associated with cryptic rhythmicities; several such period values, extracted by the spectral analyses, defined very short cycle durations. We discuss the implications of these findings and of some recently reported results that have challenged the existence of rhythmicity inDrosophila songs.
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    Regulation of amylase activity in Drosophila melanogaster: Effects of dietary carbohydrate (1982)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 1117-1129 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; amylase ; dietary effects ; enzyme quantity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The level of amylase activity in larvae and adults of Drosophia melanogaster is dependent on the dietary carbohydrate source; flies or larvae from a food medium containing starch show higher levels of activity than individuals from a food containing simple sugars. This is shown to be due to repression of activity by sugars rather than enhancement of activity by starch. Moreover, the changes in enzyme activity reflect a change in enzyme quantity rather than a change in catalytic efficiency. The seeming stimulation of amylase activity by sucrose in some experiments is due, simply, to comparisons with “starvation” diets which cause a large nonspecific reduction in enzyme activity. Though all strains tested showed repression of enzyme activity by simple sugars, the degree of repression varies between strains. Also, in those strains which carry a duplication of the amylase structural gene, the two isozymal forms of amylase can be differentially repressed by dietary sugars.
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    Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase: An electrophoretic study of the AdhS, AdhF, and AdhUF alleloenzymes (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 63-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; multiple forms ; conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nature and the interconversion of the three multiple forms Adh-5, Adh-4, and Adh-3 of the purified alleloenzymes AdhS, AdhF, and AdhUF from the fruitflyDrosophila melanogaster have been examined. The experiments show that these multiple forms differ from those in crude extracts of flies homozygous at the Adh locus. On electrophoresis in a starch gel containing NAD or NADH, of purified AdhS which consists of the three Adh forms S-5, S-4, and S-3, five enzymatically active zones appear. This contrasts with the single active zone that arises with crude extracts. Of the five zones that appear with purified enzyme, S-5 gives rise to one, while the other four zones come from the two minor forms S-4 and S-3. The occurrence of the three multiple forms Adh-5, Adh-4, and Adh-3 for each of the purified alleloenzymes is considered due to Adh-5 and, in the case of Adh-4 and Adh-3, deamidation of Adh-5, with the Adh-3 fraction also containing some reversible modified Adh-5. Of the labile amides, at least one must be located in the coenzyme binding region with deamidation preventing coenzyme binding. Pure NAD does not convert Adh-5 to Adh-3 and Adh-1. To produce conversion, the presence of either acetone or butanone along with NAD is necessary. Increased amounts of either acetone or butanone result in increased conversion. In contrast to this, none of the carbonyl compounds cyclohexanone, (+)- and (−)-verbenone, acetaldehyde, acrolein, or crotonaldehyde produces conversion. The ketone group binds to the alcohol binding site in the enzyme-NAD complex. Conversion is considered due to the ketone group binding to a nucleophilic amino acid residue and forming a bridge to the C-4 of the nicotinamide moiety of NAD.
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    Esterase-6 allozymes: Biochemical studies of two common and one rare variant inDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 191-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; common and rare allozymes ; esterase-6 ; biochemical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical properties of three allozymes coded by theEst-6 locus, two common forms (EST-6S and EST-6F) and one rare form (EST-6VF), were studied. The results show the existence of differences in isoelectric point, activity, activation energy, Km, and temperature coefficient among the three variants, especially between the two common forms and the one rare form. The specific activity of the rare enzymatic variant seems to be less affected by temperature variation. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the mechanism of reproduction is briefly discussed.
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    Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. XIII. Purification and characterization of the two major isozymes (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 1019-1040 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; esterase 6 ; isozymes ; enzyme kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-6 (EST 6; carboxylic-ester hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.1) from Drosophila melanogaster was purified to homogenity. Purified enzyme occurs as two closely moving isozymes, slow (EST 6S) and fast (EST 6F), on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Except for slight differences in their mobility, the two isozymes share similar molecular and catalytic properties. Both isozymes are glycoproteins and have an apparent molecular weight of 62,000 to 65,000 as judged by analytical gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis. They have identical mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and an isoelectric point of 4.5. Each isozyme has a single active catalytic site as confirmed by titration with 0,0-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Paraoxon). We conclude that EST 6 is a monomeric enzyme. The amino acid composition of the two isozymes is very similar and both variants lack half-cystine residues. The low pI of the enzyme is due in part to a relatively high proportion of glutamic and aspartic amino acid residues. Characterization of the kinetic parameters of the isozymes using β-naphthyl and p-nitrophenyl esters revealed no statistically significant differences in catalytic efficiency. There is, however, a suggestion that the two isozymes may differ in their substrate specificity.
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    Investigations on the PGM (phosphoglucomutase) polymorphism by isoelectric focusing inDrosophila melanogaster (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 247-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phosphoglucomutase ; nonelectrophoretic variability ; isoelectric focusing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pgm allele frequencies of 383 individuals were determined in a sample ofDrosophila melanogaster from three laboratory Sardinian populations, using the techniques of standard electrophoresis, heat denaturation, and isoelectric focusing. The analysis of the progeny obtained from informative crosses showed that the isoelectric focusing patterns segregate in a Mendelian way. ThePgm 1.00 andPgm 0.70 electrophoretic alleles displayed different isoelectric points, whereas thePgm 1.00,tr andPgm 1.00,ts isoelectrophoretic alleles could not be differentiated when tested by isoelectric focusing. Moreover, thePgm 0.70,ts allele was split into two classes, with isoelectric points ofpH 6.4 andpH 6.6.
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    Identification of a Yellow gene-specific protein in Drosophila melanogaster by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 1135-1142 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Drosophila melanogaster ; yellow (y) gene ; protein purification ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants suggests that the yellow (y) gene in Drosophila melanogaster is expressed at a different time in each cell type that gives rise to the various structures of the adult cuticle. An important step in analyzing the regulation of this gene requires identification of the y structural protein. A polypeptide has been identified which correlates with the presence or absence of a functional y gene. Furthermore, this protein has the tissue distribution profile expected of the y structural gene product. The ability to locate this gene was facilitated by the use of coisogenic stocks, two-dimensional electrophoretic protein separation, and an ultrasensitive silver protein stain.
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    Developmental regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis in Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 49-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; enzyme synthesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methods have been developed to measure the synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) during the development of Drosophila melanogaster. In emerged adult flies, GPDH is a principal component of protein synthesis, comprising between 1 and 2% of the protein synthetic effort. This high relative rate of protein synthesis continues throughout adult life during a period of stable enzyme concentration. Therefore, it is evident that GPDH undergoes continual turnover. Analysis of GPDH synthesis in the adult segments reveals that this enzyme is synthesized in head, thorax, and abdomen. In 5-day-old flies, the relative rates of GPDH synthesis in the thorax and abdomen are similar. However, the concentration of GPDH in the thorax greatly exceeds that found in the abdomen. Therefore, it appears that the turnover rate of GPDH in the abdomen must be greater than the turnover rate of GPDH in the GPDH-containing cells (flight muscle) of the thorax. GPDH represents between 0.5 and 0.9% of the protein synthetic effort of larvae. The principle GPDH-containing tissue of larvae is fat body. The turnover of GPDH in larvae is similar to that in adult abdomen. This may be related to the concurrent presence of GPDH isozyme-3 in both tissues. Our studies indicate that the cell type-specific control of GPDH occurs at several levels.
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    The existence of LSP-1βS in Drosophila melanogaster natural populations in two northern states (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 551-566 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; larval serum protein polymorphisms ; genetic heterogeneity ; northern populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract LSP-1βS is present in Michigan and Massachusetts Drosophila melanogaster natural populations. Its frequency, 10%, is significantly higher in an East Jordan, Mich. (latitude, 45.10° N), population than in East Lansing, Mich. (latitude 42.44° N), or Hadley, Mass. (latitude, 42.21° N), populations, where it averages 3% at each location. The average frequency of LSP-2S is more comparable, 6, 5, and 7% at East Jordan, East Lansing, and Hadley, respectively. LSP-1γF variants are also present. A total of 342 single third-instar larvae was scored for LSP-1 autosomal variants, and 323 for LSP-2 variants. Each larva represented a newly established isofemale line from collections at East Jordan in 1981 and 1983, East Lansing in 1982, and Hadley in 1981, 1982, and 1983. Within localities, frequencies of hemolymph protein variants did not differ significantly between years. Proteins 9, 10, 11, and 15 correspond to the LSP-1γ, β, and α triplet and LSP-2 polypeptide in D. melanogaster. Our results together with those of Singh and Coulthart [(1982). Genetics 102:437] indicate that D. melanogaster populations in north temperate climates maintain considerable genetic heterogeneity for the larval hemolymph proteins.
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    Influence of β-alanine on ultrastructure, tanning, and melanization of Drosophila melanogaster cuticles (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; cuticle ; chitin ; β-alanine ; N-acetyldopamine ; tanning ; melanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila melanogaster, the chitinous microfibrils arising from the tips of the epidermal villi in adult cuticles remain irregular and loose in the mutant ebony (which fails in cuticular incorporation of β-alanine) but closely knit and regular in normal flies. Addition of β-alanine to cuticles from which nonchitinous materials have been removed with alkali converts the loose arrangement of the microfibrils to a compact and sharply delineated arrangement. β-alanine also accelerates tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of N-acetyldopamine by reacting with the oxidized product of the reaction to produce an orange-red complex. Similarly, β-alanine accelerates oxidation of N-acetyldopamine when these two substances are added to fluids from the hemocoel, to lead to tanning instead of normal blackening. These findings may help explain why β-alanine induces tanning while inhibiting melanization in insects.
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    6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster. I. Purification and properties of the a isozyme (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 87-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 6-Phosphogluconate dehyrogenase is evident at all developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. The activity level is highest in early third instar larvae and declines to a lower, but relatively constant, level at all later stages of development. The enzyme is localized in the cytosolic portion of the cell. The A-isozymic form of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity and has a molecular weight of 105,000. The enzyme is a dimer consisting of subunits with molecular weights of 55,000 and 53,000. For the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate the Km for substrate is 81 µm while that for NADP+ is 22.3 µm. The optimum pH for activity is 7.8 while the optimum temperature is 37 C.
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    Genetic and functional analysis of tryptophan transport in Malpighian tubules of Drosophila (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 1109-1130 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Tryptophan ; kynurenine ; white ; Drosophila melanogaster ; amino acid transport ; Malpighian tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dissected Malpighian tubules from wild type and the eye color mutant white of Drosophila were compared with respect to their abilities to transport tryptophan and kynurenine into tubule cells. It was determined that mutation at white greatly impairs the ability of Malpighian tubule cells to take up tryptophan. Functional studies on the extracellular spaces and ultrastructural observations indicated no differences in these respects between wild type and white tubules. It is consistent with several observations that much of the tryptophan associated with white exists in the intercellular spaces. Furthermore, the uptake of tryptophan by the w + system of wild type tubules is inhibited by the analogue 5-methyl-tryptophan. However, the incorporation of radioactive tryptophan into protein in tubule cells from wild type and white occurs at the same rates and is not affected by 5-methyl-tryptophan. Therefore, it is apparent that Malpighian tubules have a transport system that enables entry of tryptophan into a cellular pool and that this cellular pool is initially independent of the tryptophan pool used for protein synthesis. The mutant white lacks this transport system. From these studies and others it appears that compartmentalization of cellular pools may be brought about via the utilization of specific membrane transport systems.
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    Genetic and biochemical studies on glutamate-pyruvate transaminase from Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; allozymes ; GPT ; genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have used electrophoretic variants of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT, E.C. 2.6.1.2) in Drosophila melanogaster to genetically map the structural gene to position 42.6 on the X chromosome. By pseudodominance tests over several deficiencies we have localized it cytogenetically to the interval 11Fl-2 to 12Al-2. The sedimentation constant (s 20,w) of the native enzyme was determined in sucrose density gradients to be 5.9 and the native molecular weight approximately 87,000. The similarity in physical properties to mammalian enzymes suggests that the enzyme may also be dimeric in D. melanogaster.
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    Polymorphism at the G6pd and 6Pgd loci in Drosophila melanogaster. IV. Genetic factors modifying enzyme activity (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 699-715 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: modifying genes ; G6PD activity ; 6PGD activity ; Drosophila melanogaster ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Different homozygous lines of similar genotype with respect to G6pd and 6Pgd were shown to have different enzyme activities for G6PD and 6PGD. Crosses between high and low lines suggested that there were modifying genes present on the autosomes, while others were probably located on the X chromosome. Allelic variation within each electrophoretic class of G6pd and 6Pgd might, however, also have contributed to this variation. An experiment on adaptation to sodium octanoate demonstrated that in adapted flies selection for lower enzyme activity had occurred, which provided further evidence for the existence of genetic differences in activity. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the activities of G6PD and 6PGD was found for each genotype. Since no correlation was found between MDH and the two enzymes G6PD and 6PGD, it could be concluded that this correlation was probably rather specific for G6PD and 6PGD. Interaction between genotypes with respect to activity was also found. It was shown that the variation at 6Pgd influenced the activity of G6PD within a genotype. The data are discussed in relation to fitness differences presented in foregoing articles.
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    Maintenance mechanism of polymorphism at the α-Gpdh locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 905-913 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; allozymes ; α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase ; frequency-dependent selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Polymorphism at the α-Gpdh locus was studied in Drosophila melanogaster. Using two different lines, one marked by the F allele (FF line) another by the S allele (SS line), four populations were initiated, two in which the initial frequency of F was 0.1 and two in which it was 0.9. They have been observed for 34 generations. From the fifth generation on, the equilibrium frequency in the four cages was about 0.60. Viability has been measured during the evolution of the populations while F frequencies changed and recombinations between the FF and SS lines occurred. It has also been evaluated in synthetic populations built with different frequencies: (1) from the original FF and SS lines and (2) from FF and SS lines extracted after 34 generations of joint evolution. In all three cases, the FF viability depended on the frequency of the F allele. The similarity of the three linear regressions implies that the α-Gpdh locus or other closely linked loci is the target of the selection in the populations analyzed here.
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    DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Drosophila melanogaster adults: Isolation and partial characterization (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 15-30 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; RNA polymerase ; adults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In preparation for the isolation and biochemical characterization of putative RNA polymerase mutants, DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of Drosophila melanogaster adults were isolated and partially characterized. Approximately 70% of the female adult RNA polymerase is located in ovaries. Multiple forms of ovarian RNA polymerases I and II are separable by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The two forms of RNA polymerase II differ in ammonium sulfate optima. RNA polymerase IIA is more active with double-stranded DNA as template, whereas RNA polymerase IIB transcribes single-stranded DNA most efficiently. Rechromatography of RNA polymerase IIA on DEAE-Sephadex results in the loss of ability of this form to transcribed double-stranded DNA most efficiently. Ovariectomized carcasses have two forms of RNA polymerase I and one form of RNA polymerase II and each transcribes single-stranded DNA most efficiently. As judged by gel filtration chromatography, female adult extracts have forms of RNA polymerase II that differ in molecular weight and template preference.
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    Differential characterization of two leucine aminopeptidases in Drosophila melanogaster (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 47-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; aminopeptidases ; leucine aminopeptidases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two leucine aminopeptidases from Drosophila melanogaster larvae have been partially purified. The LAP A and D enzymes have similar biochemical characteristics including molecular weights of ≅280,000 daltons, Michaelis-Menten constants of ≅0.05 mM, associations with metal cofactors, and specificities toward natural and chromogenic substrates. They differ in their pH optima and spatial distributions. If the closely linked genes that code for these enzymes have resulted from a tandem gene duplication event, it is suggested that there has been subsequent evolutionary divergence. This would provide Drosophila larvae with two related, but functionally distinct enzymes.
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    A method for assaying DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II in crude extracts of Drosophila melanogaster adults: Its use in identifying mutants with an altered RNA polymerase II (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 31-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; RNA polymerase ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method for assaying Drosophila melanogaster adult DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II in crude extracts from as few as two females or three males is described. Preparation of the extracts involves incubating homogenates at 25 C for 60 min and subsequent treatment with Macaloid. Eighty-five percent of the activity in the extracts is inhibited by 1 µg/ml α-amanitin and this fraction is attributed to RNA polymerase II. RNA polymerase II activity in the extracts shows a good dose dependence and a partial dependence on added DNA, Mn2+, and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates. The kinetics of heat inactivation of RNA polymerase II in crude extracts could be reproducibly measured. Flies of different genotypes had different initial rates of RNA polymerase II heat inactivation. The isolation of Drosophila melanogaster α-aminitin-resistant mutants is also reported. Using the assay described in this paper, it appears that the basis for the resistance is an altered RNA polymerase II. The mutation has been mapped to the third chromosome by chromosome replacement.
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    Terminal synthesis of xanthommatin in drosophila melanogaster. IV. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic catalysis (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 1211-1221 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: brown pigment ; Drosophila melanogaster ; phenoxazinone synthetase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nonenzymatic and enzymatic catalysis of the oxidation of 3-hydroxykynurenine (and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) has been studied and characterized in Drosophila extracts, clearing up some of the confusion surrounding the synthesis of the brown eye pigment, xanthommatin. The genetic basis of the terminal steps in pigment synthesis remains obscure, since all mutants tested have full synthetase activity.
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    Enzyme specificity: “pseudopolymorphism” of lactate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 277-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: substrate specificity ; pseudopolymorphism in lactate dehydrogenase ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophoretic variant in the LDH (l-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.27) of Drosophila melanogaster was observed on starch (or polyacrylamide) gels. This variant was found to exhibit an identical isozymic pattern (three isozymes with a decreasing staining density) on starch gel and map position as the Adh locus. On the other hand, anodal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in crude extracts has shown LDH to consist of nine bands and ADH of four bands. We have shown that ADH (Alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.1) also oxidizes l(+)-lactate or d(−)-lactate with the NAD, while LDH oxidizes ethanol. By using various genetic and biochemical techniques, we have shown that the observed Ldh electrophoretic variant was not a real one and could be attributed to the presence of ADH. We have called this phenomenon “pseudopolymorphism,” and the problem of enzyme specificity has been examined. The appearance of a band in an assay using lactic acid as a substrate is not sufficient evidence for the presence of LDH. Hence, caution is called for before characterizing an electrophoretic band on a gel as being equivalent to the presence of a genetic locus. Out of the nine electrophoretic zones of activity observed on polyacrylamide gel (or out of the six previously observed) using crude extract, only two (one major and one minor) belong to LDH, as revealed by purified enzyme preparations. Furthermore, purified LDH exhibits activity in two bands on starch gel (out of three observed in crude extracts), which appear in different positions as compared with those of ADH. Finally, one band which responds to the presence of d(−)-lactate but not to l(+)-lactate has been revealed.
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    The gene coding for glutamate dehydrogenase inDrosophila melanogaster (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 337-346 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glutamate dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; gene expression ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated theDrosophila melanogaster locus coding forl-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) by virtue of its similarity to the corresponding human gene. There is only one copy of this gene in the fruit fly genome, located on the right arm of chromosome 3 (95D1-4). The transcript includes at least one large intron and matures to a ∼2.4-kb-long polyadenylated RNA whose expression is under developmental control.
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    The fatty acid constitution and ordering state of membranes in dominant temperature-sensitive lethal mutation and wild-typeDrosophila melanogaster larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 233-246 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; membranes ; dominant temperature sensitive ; wild type ; fatty acids ; spin label
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ordering state and changes in fatty acid composition of microsomal (MS) and mitochondrial (MC) membranes of two dominant temperature-sensitive (DTS) lethal mutations and the wild-type Oregon-R strain larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster have been studied at 18 and 29°C and after temperature-shift experiments. The membranes of wild-type larvae have a stable ordering state, with “S” values between 0.6 (18°C) and 0.5 (29°C) in both membranes which remained unchanged in shift experiments, although the ratios of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids were changed as expected. The stronglyDTS mutation1(2)10 DTS forms very rigid membranes at the restrictive temperature (29°C) which cannot be normalized after shift down, while shift up or development at the permissive temperature results in normal ordering state. This mutant is less able to adjust MS and MC fatty acid composition in response to the growth temperature than the wild type. The less temperature-sensitive1(2)2 DTS allele occupies an intermediate state between Oregon-R and1(2)10 DTS in both respects. We assume and the genetical data suggest that the DTS mutant gene product is in competition with the wild-type product, resulting in a membrane structure which is not able to accommodate to the restrictive temperature.
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    Analysis of the phenotypes exhibited by rudimentary-like mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (1982)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 607-619 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: orotic acid ; pyrimidine biosynthesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Flies mutant for one or both of the last two enzymes of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis express a number of phenotypes that are also expressed by mutants of the first four pathway enzymes (r and Dhod-null mutants). However, r-1 flies also express two phenotypes, mottled eyes and poor viability, that are not usually expressed by r and Dhod-null flies. Chemical determinations show that orotic acid, a substrate for the fifth pathway enzyme, accumulates in r-1 individuals but not in r and wild-type individuals. Moreover, flies simultaneously mutant for r and r-1 do not express the mottled-eye phenotype, showing that r is epistatic to r-1 for this r-1-specific phenotype. When genotypically wild-type flies are cultured on a medium containing 6-azauracil, the base of a potent inhibitor of the last enzyme of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, phenocopies are obtained that include the mottled-eye as well as the wing phenotypes of r-1 flies. These results support hypotheses that the phenotypes common to r, Dhod-null, and r-1 flies are consequences of uridylic acid deficiency, whereas the r-1-specific phenotypes result from orotic acid accumulation in flies lacking either or both of the last two enzymes of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis.
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    Latitudinal variability of Drosophila melanogaster: Allozyme frequencies divergence between European and Afrotropical populations (1982)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 747-761 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozymes ; geographic races ; Drosophila melanogaster ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelic frequencies at five polymorphic loci were determined in seven European and six Afrotropical populations of Drosophila melanogaster. African populations, which may be considered as ancestral for the species, showed a greater genetic diversity as measured by the number of alleles found. Within each geographic group (Europe or tropical Africa) genetic distances between local populations were very small (D=0.027). By contrast, the average distance between European and African populations (D=0.389) was more than 12 times bigger. It was previously known that various morphological or physiological differences, which probably reflect genetic adaptations to different environments, exist between these temperate and tropical populations. Data presented here suggest that the divergence in allozyme frequencies also reflects some selective mechanisms.
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    Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase: An electrophoretic study of the AdhS, AdhF, and AdhUF alleloenzymes (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 63-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; multiple forms ; conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nature and the interconversion of the three multiple forms Adh-5, Adh-4, and Adh-3 of the purified alleloenzymes AdhS, AdhF, and AdhUF from the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster have been examined. The experiments show that these multiple forms differ from those in crude extracts of flies homozygous at the Adh locus. On electrophoresis in a starch gel containing NAD or NADH, of purified AdhS which consists of the three Adh forms S-5, S-4, and S-3, five enzymatically active zones appear. This contrasts with the single active zone that arises with crude extracts. Of the five zones that appear with purified enzyme, S-5 gives rise to one, while the other four zones come from the two minor forms S-4 and S-3. The occurrence of the three multiple forms Adh-5, Adh-4, and Adh-3 for each of the purified alleloenzymes is considered due to Adh-5 and, in the case of Adh-4 and Adh-3, deamidation of Adh-5, with the Adh-3 fraction also containing some reversible modified Adh-5. Of the labile amides, at least one must be located in the coenzyme binding region with deamidation preventing coenzyme binding. Pure NAD does not convert Adh-5 to Adh-3 and Adh-1. To produce conversion, the presence of either acetone or butanone along with NAD is necessary. Increased amounts of either acetone or butanone result in increased conversion. In contrast to this, none of the carbonyl compounds cyclohexanone, (+)- and (−)-verbenone, acetaldehyde, acrolein, or crotonaldehyde produces conversion. The ketone group binds to the alcohol binding site in the enzyme-NAD complex. Conversion is considered due to the ketone group binding to a nucleophilic amino acid residue and forming a bridge to the C-4 of the nicotinamide moiety of NAD.
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    Developmental regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis inDrosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 49-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; enzyme synthesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methods have been developed to measure the synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) during the development ofDrosophila melanogaster. In emerged adult flies, GPDH is a principal component of protein synthesis, comprising between 1 and 2% of the protein synthetic effort. This high relative rate of protein synthesis continues throughout adult life during a period of stable enzyme concentration. Therefore, it is evident that GPDH undergoes continual turnover. Analysis of GPDH synthesis in the adult segments reveals that this enzyme is synthesized in head, thorax, and abdomen. In 5-day-old flies, the relative rates of GPDH synthesis in the thorax and abdomen are similar. However, the concentration of GPDH in the thorax greatly exceeds that found in the abdomen. Therefore, it appears that the turnover rate of GPDH in the abdomen must be greater than the turnover rate of GPDH in the GPDH-containing cells (flight muscle) of the thorax. GPDH represents between 0.5 and 0.9% of the protein synthetic effort of larvae. The principle GPDH-containing tissue of larvae is fat body. The turnover of GPDH in larvae is similar to that in adult abdomen. This may be related to the concurrent presence of GPDH isozyme-3 in both tissues. Our studies indicate that the cell type-specific control of GPDH occurs at several levels.
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    Cytogenetic localization by variation in electrophoretic allozyme phenotype: Drosophila Odh (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 375-390 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; segmental aneuploidy ; octanol dehydrogenase ; allozymes ; cytogenetic localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A gene-dosage effect is characteristic of eukaryotic structural genes and is therefore useful in gene mapping. However, attributing quantitative variations in enzyme activity to a gene-dosage effect or other putative regulatory loci can be suspect when the locus in question may be inducible by variations in culture conditions. The problem of controlling for allele-specific variations in activity and regulation can be circumvented in Drosophila melanogaster by the use of synthetic duplications and deficiencies in conjunction with enzyme polymorphism. A method for constructing segmental aneupliods heterozygous for electrophoretic variants of octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) is presented which permitted variations in allozyme phenotype and enzyme activity—which show a strict dosage dependency—to be produced simultaneously. The structural gene region for Odh was identified using T(Y;A) stocks and the deficiency M(3)S31 was used to assign the locus to polytene band region 86D1–4. With this method a segmental aneuploid survey of Drosophila for purposes of gene localization can be accomplished in one generation with appropriate stocks.
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    Characterization of a low-activity allele of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 725-733 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH) ; cis-acting regulation ; population null alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized biochemical effects of Idh GB1 in Drosophila melanogaster. This is a “null”-activity allele for NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH) isolated from a natural population. The homozygous mutant strain has 5% of the NADP-IDH specific activity found in controls and less than 24% of the immunologically cross-reacting material (CRM). This mutation maps to 27.2 on the third chromosome, to the right of h. The biochemical phenotype of this mutant strain includes a coordinate reduction in malic enzyme (ME) specific activity and CRM and an increase in specific activity for the pentose-phosphate shunt enzymes, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The K m values for purified NADP-IDH are not different from those found for the purified control enzyme for NADP+ or isocitrate. It is suggested that this allele may represent a cis-acting control mutation for one of at least two loci involved in the production of NADP-IDH in D. melanogaster.
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    Quantitative analysis of the amount of larval serum protein-1 (LSP-1) synthesized by flies with different doses of the LSP-1 coding sequences (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 783-795 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: larval serum protein ; gene dosage ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval serum protein-1 (LSP-1) and LSP-2 are the major proteins of Drosophila larval serum. The amount of LSP-1 synthesized is strictly proportional to the number of LSP-1 genes present within the range 1–10. The normal number in female flies is 6. Flies with extreme amounts of LSP-1 were, by our criteria, as fit as the wild type. The ratio of LSP-2:LSP-1 was analyzed in 169 different stocks and was constant in 164 of these. The significantly different ratios in five stocks were all due to the lack of one of the LSP-1 gene products.
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    Nonselective amplification of ribosomal DNA repeat units in compensating genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 453-465 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; ribosomal DNA ; compensation ; selective amplification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Compensation is a mechanism by which the X-chromosome nucleolus organizer region of Drosophila melanogaster can increase its ribosomal DNA content up to twofold. It occurs in somatic cells under specific genetic conditions and is mediated by a defined genetic site, the compensatory response locus. The In and various type I ribosomal DNA repeat units were separated by restriction endonuclease digestion. Comparison of the percentages of these repeat unit types between compensating and noncompensating genotypes showed the same distribution. Therefore no selective amplification of these repeat unit types occurs during ribosomal DNA compensation. These results demonstrate that two processes of rDNA amplification in somatic cells, compensation and independent rDNA polytenization, are exclusive events.
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    Effects of nitrogen and Douglas-fir allelochemicals on development of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1245-1263 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artificial diet ; herbivory ; nitrogen ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; monoterpenes ; nutritional ecology ; phenolics ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of foliar nitrogen, terpenes, and phenolics of Douglas-fir on the development of gypsy moth larvae. In the first experiment, foliar concentrations of nitrogen and allelochemicals were manipulated by fertilizing 3-year-old potted seedlings with 0 or 200 ppm nitrogen. Concentrations of foliar nitrogen (0.33–2.38%) were negatively correlated with the phenolics (15.8–24.4 mg/g). Sixth-instar larvae previously reared on current-year Douglas-fir needles were allowed to feed on these seedlings. Pupal weights (312.8–995.6 mg) were positively correlated with levels of foliar nitrogen, negatively correlated with amounts of foliar phenolics, and uncorrelated with terpene concentrations. In the second experiment, terpene and phenolic extracts from Douglas-fir foliage were incorporated at natural levels into artificial diets with high and low levels of protein nitrogen. Neonate larvae grew faster and were larger on the high nitrogen control diet (4.1–4.5%), however, fourth instars performed better on the control diet with low nitrogen levels (2.5–2.7%). Foliar terpenes incorporated into diet had little effect on neonate fitness, but may induce subtle physiological changes in later instar larvae. Phenolics, alone or in combination with terpenes, excessively suppressed growth and survival, with no individuals living through the fourth instar, regardless of the nitrogen level. Incorporating foliar phenolic extracts into artificial diet caused unnatural levels of toxicity and failed to clarify the effects of Douglas-fir phenolics on gypsy moth fitness. Foliar nitrogen is a key factor influencing gypsy moth development on Douglas fir, but may be mitigated to some degree by phenolics.
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    The role of female movement in the sexual behavior ofDrosophila melanogaster (1982)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 12 (1982), S. 295-307 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; sexual behavior ; behavioral mutant ; temperaturesensitive mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract NormalDrosophila melanogaster males rapidly react to changes in the mobility of mutantshibire ts females by performing less courtship when the females are paralyzed and by courting movingshibire ts females vigorously. Mutantoptomotor-blind males, which are unable to respond to certain horizontally moving patterns, sustain abnormally short courtship bouts when tested with normal females, almost never perform orientation, one of the courtship behaviors, and require more time to initiate copulation than normal males. These results suggest that males must perceive female movement to perform normal courtship and copulation. Normal females become stationary before copulation occurs. Normal males mate quickly in response to this change in female behavior, while blind males require more time to effect copulation, prolonging the time that the female remains stationary. Mutantsmellblind females, which do not respond to certain odors, continue to move during the time that they are courted by normal or blind males and also require more time to copulate, suggesting that females may stop moving before mating in response to olfactory cues.
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    A comparative study of twoDrosophila learning tasks (1983)
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    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 179-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; strain differences ; olfactory conditioning ; visual conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Ten wild-type strains ofDrosophila melanogaster were used to compare performance in two different discriminative avoidance tasks, one involving odor as a discriminative stimulus and shock as the aversive stimulus and the other involving colored lights as the discriminative stimulus and vigorous shaking as the aversive stimulus. Significant strain differences were established for performance on both tasks. No significant correlation, however, was observed between performances on the two tasks; this suggests independent genetic control.
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    Drosophila larval foraging behavior. II. Selection in the sibling species,D. melanogaster andD. simulans (1983)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 169-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; larval ; selection ; Drosophila melanogaster ; D. simulans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory study is presented which shows that larval foraging behavior in the sibling speciesDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans can respond rapidly (in six generations) to unidirectional selection. An apparatus was designed which selected for larvae which moved from nonnutritive agar medium to plugs of nutritive medium and remained feeding there. Larvae of the selected lines showed a correlated decrease in foraging path length which mirrored thesitter larval forager behavior type previously defined by Sokolowski [(1980).Behav. Genet. 10:291–302]. This supported the hypothesis that sitter larvae moved toward, and remained feeding on, a food source when they were not already utilizing one, whereasrover larvae foraged from food patch to food patch.
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    Elucidating the behavioral phenotype ofDrosophila melanogaster larvae: Correlations between larval foraging strategies and pupation height (1983)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 267-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; pupation heights ; larval ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae which demonstrated long trails covering a large area while feeding (rover foragers) pupated significantly higher than those covering a relatively small area and exhibiting short paths (sitter foragers). Pupation height and density of larvae per vial were positively correlated. Under the condition of equal larval density per vial,rovers were found to pupate significantly higher thansitter larval foragers. The effect of three light regimes (constant light, constant darkness, and 12 h light followed by 12 h dark) indicated a more complex relationship between pupation height and larval foraging behavior.
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    Olfactory responses to alcohols by adults of sympatric populations ofDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila simulans (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 295-313 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sympatric populations ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; olfaction ; alcohols ; methanol ; ethanol ; propanol ; iso-propanol ; butanol ; hexanol ; octanol ; “threshold response model.”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Alcohol preference by adults (1–2 days old) of sympatric populations ofDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans were studied in a T-shaped glass maze. Concentrations for ethanol, methanol, propanol, and hexanol alcohols (group I) were 10, 25, 35, and 50%; for iso-propanol, butanol, and octanol alcohols (group II), they were 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 10%.D. simulans preferred the four alcohols in group I, more thanD. melanogaster. While moreD. melanogaster thanD. simulans preferred iso-propanol, moreD. simulans thanD. melanogaster preferred butanol. The two species had a similar preference for octanol. Regardless of the position of alcohol in the maze,D. melanogaster preferred to turn right in the presence of all alcohols, whileD. simulans preferred to turn right in the presence of group I alcohols only. At 10% concentration, males of both species preferred to turn right and females preferred to turn left. More females than males ofD. simulans preferred group II alcohols. There was no significant difference among concentrations for all alcohols in group I forD. melanogaster. Highly significant differences among concentrations were detected for group I alcohols forD. simulans and group II alcohols for both species.D. simulans was more dependent on ethanol concentration thanD. melanogaster. There was also an alcohol by concentration interaction forD. simulans group I andD. melanogaster group II. At the common concentration (10%) there was no difference between the two species in their preference for any alcohol, with the following ranking order in attractiveness: methanol〉ethanol〉propanol 〉hexanol〉octanol〉butanol〉iso-propanol. There was a negative correlation between some physical properties of alcohols and their attractiveness. In general, the results are consistent with the “threshold response model.”
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    Larval responses to environmental ethanol inDrosophila melanogaster: Variation within and among populations (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 183-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: ethanol ; Drosophila melanogaster ; larvae ; strain difference ; habitat selection ; isofemale strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract There is a latitudinal cline in attraction to ethanol of newly hatchedD. melanogaster larvae; attraction decreases as one moves from the temperate regions to the Australian tropics. Tropical populations manifest high levels of heterogeneity compared with temperate regions, making tropical populations less dependent on ethanol. Since ethanol is a resource forD. melanogaster, an approach to the genetics of resource utilization in natural populations via behavior genetics of larval ethanol responses is feasible, using isofemale strains as experimental material.
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    Chromosomal analysis of gregarious oviposition byDrosophila melanogaster (1994)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 24 (1994), S. 187-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Gregarious oviposition ; chromosomal assays ; Drosophila melanogaster ; polygenic ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of different chromosomes to variation in the gregarious oviposition behavior of Drosophila melanogaster females was elucidate by a chromosome substitution analysis. Lines of D. melanogaster previously selected for more than 190 generations for high or low levels of gregarious oviposition were crossed to a tester strain having genetically marked inversion-containing chromosomes. Genes influencing gregarious oviposition behavior are distributed over chromosome II and III. Interactions among the chromosomes were negligible as measured in this experiment. The differences in the gregarious oviposition performance of these two selected lines is due mainly to the accumulation of factors for high gregarious oviposition on chromosomes II and factors for low gregarious oviposition on chromosome III.
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    Biometrical analysis of larval digging behavior inDrosophila melanogaster (1994)
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    Behavior genetics 24 (1994), S. 427-432 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; larval development ; digging behavior ; diallel crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Digging behavior of D. melanogaster larvae increases as larval development proceeds. Diallel crosses were made to analyze genetically digging behavior at 72 and 108 h of larval age. Additive and dominance variation was found, dominance being principally to dig. Dominance to dig is higher at 108 than 72 h of development; additivity does not substantially change between these two larval ages. At 72 h of larval age, depending on the cross, I found (i) dominance to dig, (ii) dominance to nondig, (iii) overdominance to dig, and (iv) no dominance to dig. At 108 h of larval development I detected (i) dominance to dig and (ii) overdominance to dig. Thus, diversity of response in the F1 was greater at 72 than 108 h of larval development. These age-related changes in larval digging behavior of D. melanogaster seem to reflect epigenetic changes in the patterns of gene expressions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01076178
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  • 98
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    Genetics of factors affecting the life history ofDrosophila melanogaster. IV. Cytoplasmic/maternal factors affect egg insertion behavior (1990)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 20 (1990), S. 675-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; genetic analysis ; oviposition behavior ; egg insertion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of insertion behavior of laboratory strains ofDrosophila melanogaster was examined. Reciprocal crosses among five strains revealed a significant effect of interaction between cytoplasmic/maternal factors and the chromosomal genotype in determining the insertion tendency, thus complicating the characterization of the dominant/recessive nature of the insertion genes. The majority of heterozygous combinations demonstrated dominance or partial dominance for the higher insertion tendency over low insertion, while a few combinations produced results to the contrary. These could be due to a more complex genetic basis of insertion behavior than a simple dominant/recessive relationship or else to the cytoplasmic/maternal-chromosome interactions. Examination of the effects of each chromosome revealed the greates contributions to insertion tendency from the second and third chromosomes, with a significant effect of interaction or nonadditivity of the insertion genes in these two chromosomes in the genotypes tested. The X and fourth chromosomes appear to contribute a small effect in some strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065878
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  • 99
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    Genetic variation for oviposition behavior inDrosophila melanogaster. II. Oviposition preferences and differential survival (1990)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 20 (1990), S. 661-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; oviposition ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Several behavioral traits connected with oviposition were studied inDrosophila melanogaster strains which had been kept on regular and ethanol-supplemented food. All strains preferred food with a low agar content for oviposition, though this tendency was more pronounced in an ethanol-adapted strain. Oviposition on regular and ethanol-supplemented food was tested both under choice and no-choice conditions. Though dependent on the alcohol dehydrogenase genotype, adapted strains in general preferred ethanol food, while control strains preferred regular food. There was a strong tendency for oviposition on the vertical sides, when food blocks were offered. This tendency was more pronounced in the ethanol adapted strains. For egg insertion (for which the genetic basis was analyzed in the preceding paper; Kamping and van Delden, 1990), it was shown that inserted eggs laid on ethanol food hatched more often than noninserted eggs. The adaptive significance of the genetic differences in oviposition behavioral traits is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065877
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  • 100
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    Esterase-6 allozymes: Biochemical studies of two common and one rare variant in Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; common and rare allozymes ; esterase-6 ; biochemical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical properties of three allozymes coded by the Est-6 locus, two common forms (EST-6S and EST-6F) and one rare form (EST-6VF), were studied. The results show the existence of differences in isoelectric point, activity, activation energy, Km, and temperature coefficient among the three variants, especially between the two common forms and the one rare form. The specific activity of the rare enzymatic variant seems to be less affected by temperature variation. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the mechanism of reproduction is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000017
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