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1

Electronic Resource

P-elements are old components of the Scaptomyza pallida genome (1994)

Simonelig, Martine ; Anxolabéhère, Dominique

Springer

Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 232-240

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ISSN: 1432-1432

Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; P-element evolution ; Scaptomyza pallida ; Immobile P-elements ; Pericentromeric heterochromatin

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We report the cloning and analysis of a sample representative of all P-elements from Scaptomyza pallida. We have compared four independent stocks of this species, using Southern blot and in situ hybridization experiments to examine the number, structure, and distribution of P-elements. All four stocks give similar results: they contain about 15 P-elements including three to four full-length elements as well as shorter, deleted elements. All elements are divergent from one another and most of them appear to be immobile since they are located at identical positions in the genomes of independent stocks. These data indicate that P-elements are old components of the S. pallida genome. Moreover, the presence of P-sequences in species closely related to S. pallida suggests that they have had a long evolutionary history in the Scaptomyza genus. We have also found that most P-elements of S. pallida are located in the pericentromeric heterochromatin. This corroborates other studies which show that in the course of their evolution, transposable elements tend to accumulate into pericentromeric heterochromatin, where they become immobile and noncoding.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176085

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2

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DrosophilaP element: Transposition, regulation and evolution (1994)

Coen, Dario ; Lemaitre, Bruno ; Delattre, Marion ; [et al.]

Springer

Genetica 93 (1994), S. 61-78

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ISSN: 1573-6857

Keywords: Drosophila ; transposable elements ; hybrid dysgenesis ; transcriptional regulation ; horizontal transfer

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01435240

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3

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Copy number and distribution of P and I mobile elements in Drosophila melanogaster populations (1989)

Ronsseray, Stéphane ; Lehmann, Monique ; Anxolabéhère, Dominique

Springer

Chromosoma 98 (1989), S. 207-214

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ISSN: 1432-0886

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract The distribution of the number of copies of P and I transposable elements per genome was investigated by in situ hybridization for a large set of Drosophila melanogaster strains. These included the P, Q and M′ types of the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis. P element copy number varied widely (range 5–59). P and Q strains had around 40 copies whereas M′ strains generally had lower numbers (between 5 and 35) with one extreme value (52). The copy number of I elements appeared to be precisely regulated, as no strains were found outside the 15±5 range. The number of copies of the two families were independent. An excess of P copies on the X chromosome compared with the autosomes was found for the P and Q strains, but not for M′ strains. Among X-inserted P sites, a very high frequency of occupation was found at the tip of the X chromosome (cytological site 1A), especially for P and Q strains. The possible regulatory role in the P-M system of X-inserted P sites is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329685

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4

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Chromosomal distribution of P and I transposable elements in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)

Ronsseray, Stéphane ; Anxolabéhère, Dominique

Springer

Chromosoma 94 (1986), S. 433-440

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ISSN: 1432-0886

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract The chromosomal distribution of P and I transposable elements was studied, by in situ hybridisation, in 25 isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster collected at Nasr'Allah in Tunisia. An important interline variability for the number of copies of both elements was revealed. The mean number of copies per line was 31.3 for P and 21.0 for I. Certain chromosome arms had a higher frequency of copies than others: arm 3R had the highest frequency of I elements; the X chromosome had the highest frequency of P elements and the lowest frequency of I elements. For both P and I elements the number of copies on the different chromosome arms is independent. Furthermore, there is no significant correlation between the number of copies of P and the number of copies of I for a given line. A study of the localisation of hybridisation sites on the X chromosome revealed the existence of preferred regions for each family. The population studied was of type M' in the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis. There is no direct relationship between the M potential of an isofemale line and its number of copies of P elements. These results are compared with those of other investigators and the consequences for cytotype determination are discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292752

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5

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Molecular domestication – more than a sporadic episode in evolution (1999)

Miller, Wolfgang J. ; McDonald, John F. ; Nouaud, Danielle ; [et al.]

Springer

Genetica 107 (1999), S. 197-207

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ISSN: 1573-6857

Keywords: Drosophila ; genome evolution ; molecular domestication ; P element ; transposable elements

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Transposable elements are short but complex pieces of DNA or RNA containing a streamlined minimal-genome with the capacity for its selfish replication in a foreign genomic environment. Cis-regulatory sections within the elements orchestrate tempo and mode of TE expression. Proteins encoded by TEs mainly direct their own propagation within the genome by recruitment of host-encoded factors. On the other hand, TE-encoded proteins harbor a very attractive repertoire of functional abilities for a cell. These proteins mediate excision, replication and integration of defined DNA fragments. Furthermore, some of these proteins are able to manipulate important host factors by altering their original function. Thus, if the host genome succeeds in domesticating such TE-encoded proteins by taming their ‘anarchistic behavior,’ such an event can be considered as an important evolutionary innovation for its own benefit. In fact, the domestication of TE-derived cis-regulatory modules and protein coding sections took place repeatedly in the course of genome evolution. We will present prominent cases that impressively demonstrate the beneficial impact of TEs on host biology over evolutionary time. Furthermore, we will propose that molecular domestication might be considered as a resumption of the same evolutionary process that drove the transition from ‘primitive genomes’ to ‘modern’ ones at the early dawn of life, that is, the adaptive integration of a short piece of autonomous DNA into a complex regulatory network.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004070603792

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6

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P element regulation and X-chromosome subtelomeric heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster (1997)

Ronsseray, Stéphane ; Lehmann, Monique ; Nouaud, Danielle ; [et al.]

Springer

Genetica 100 (1997), S. 95-107

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ISSN: 1573-6857

Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; heterochromatin ; P element ; telomere ; transposition regulation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract In Drosophila melanogaster, crossing males carrying autonomous P elements with females devoid of P copies results in hybrid dysgenesis in the germline of progeny. The reciprocal cross produces non-dysgenic progeny due to a maternally inherited state non-permissive for P transposition. The capacity of a P copy to repress transposition depends on both its structure and its chromosomal location. Naturally occuring regulatory P elements inserted at the telomere of the X chromosome have been genetically isolated in a genomic context devoid of other P elements. One or two copies of autonomous P elements at this site (1A) are sufficient to elicit a strong P repression in the germline. These elements are flanked by Telomeric Associated Sequences, previously identified and described by Karpen and Spradling (1992) as having heterochromatic properties. The regulatory properties of P elements at 1A are strongly impaired by mutations affecting Su(var)205, which encodes Heterochromatin Protein 1, a non-histone heterochromatin protein. The regulatory properties of classical P strains are not sensitive to Su(var)205. Models based on chromatin structure or on nuclear localisation of the telomeres are discussed in order to explain both the strong regulatory properties of P elements at the X chromosome telomere and their sensitivity to Su(var)205.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018356906932

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7

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A simulation of P element horizontal transfer in Drosophila (1997)

Quesneville, Hadi ; Anxolabéhère, Dominique

Springer

Genetica 100 (1997), S. 295-307

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ISSN: 1573-6857

Keywords: Drosophila ; horizontal transfer ; invasion dynamics ; P transposable element ; simulation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Experimental data suggest that the P transposable element has invaded the Drosophila melanogaster genome after a horizontal transfer from the phylogenetically distant species Drosophila willistoni. The differences between P element phylogeny and that of the Drosophila genus could in part be explained by horizontal transfers. In vivo experiments show that P elements are able to transpose in the genomes of other Drosophila species. This suggests that horizontal transmission of P elements could have taken place in many species of this genus. The regulation, transposition, and deleterious effects of the P element in D. melanogaster were formalized and integrated in a global model to produce a simulation program that simulates a P element invasion. The simulations show that our knowledge of the P element in D. melanogaster can explain its behavior in the Drosophila genus. The equilibrium state of the invaded population of a new species depends on its ability to repair damage caused by P element activity. If repair is efficient, the equilibrium state tends to be of the P type state, in which case the element could subsequently invade other populations of the species. Conversely, the equilibrium state is of the M′ type state when the ability to repair damage is low. The invasion of the P element into other populations of this new species can then only occur by genetic drift and it is likely to be lost. The success of a P element invasion into a new species thus greatly depends on its ability to produce dysgenic crosses.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018362402815

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8

Electronic Resource

Elements causing hybrid dysgenesis on the second chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster (1982)

Periquet, Georges ; Anxolabehere, Dominique

Springer

Molecular genetics and genomics 186 (1982), S. 309-314

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ISSN: 1617-4623

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Hybrid dysgenesis inDrosophila melanogaster is a syndrome of germline abnormalities including temperature-dependent gonadal dysgenesis (GD sterility), high rates of mutation and male recombination. In theP-M system, hybrid dysgenesis results from interaction between chromosomally-linked factors (P factors) and a particular extrachromosomal state refered to as theM cytotype. TheT007/Cy strain, shown by other authors to induce a high level of mutation and male recombination, is presently studied with respect to gonadal dysgenesis. TheP activity appears mainly linked with theT007 second chromosome and has been essentially mapped to a 0.6 centimorgan long interval, i.e. betweenhk andpr. On the other hand, 14 strains balanced for deficiencies on the left arm of the second chromosome are studied for their relative level ofM cytotype activity. In F1 females, inheriting the same maternal cytotype and the same paternalT007 chromosome, significant differences inGD sterility are found between flies receiving the maternal deficiency and those receiving the alternate non-deleted chromosome. This effect appears only when the chromosomes are deleted for a common region (37F5-38A7), suggesting the presence of elements intervening in the determinism ofGD sterility in this zone. As this region is included in the correspondinghk-pr interval (37C1-38B6), these results state the problem of the nature of the elements located in this interval and two hypotheses are discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00729447

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9

Electronic Resource

Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Influence of temperature on cytotype determination in the P-M system (1984)

Ronsseray, Stéphane ; Anxolabéhère, Dominique ; Périquet, Georges

Springer

Molecular genetics and genomics 196 (1984), S. 17-23

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ISSN: 1617-4623

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster, the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis is a syndrome of germ line abnormalities, including temperature dependent gonadal dysgenesis (GD sterility), high rates of mutation and male recombination, which occurs in some interstrain hybrids but only from one of the two crosses. In the P-M system, hybrid dysgenesis results from interaction between chromosomally transposable elements of the P element family and a particular extrachromosomal state referred to as the M cytotype. Cytotype (M or P) is known to be determined by the absence or presence of chromosomal factors, but principally with limited cytoplasmic transmission. In a series of experiments in which F1 hybrid females from various P and M strains were submitted to different preadult and ageing temperature treatments, it was found that the cytotype switch is strongly temperature-dependent in the F1 females from M ♀ x P ♂ but not in the reciprocal cross. In the F1 females from the former cross, a strong M cytotype occurs at a low developmental temperature (18° C) and a weak M cytotype occurs at a high developmental temperature (26.5° C). On the other hand, a high ageing temperature applied after a low developmental temperature switches the cytotype from M to P and reciprocally, a low ageing temperature applied after a high developmental temperature switches the cytotype from P to M. This thermo-reversibility of the extrachromosomal state exists only in the F1 females from M mothers but not in the F1 females from P mothers; this dissymmetrical behavior is discussed in relation to the mechanism proposed by O'Hare and Rubin (1983) which explains cytotype determination by a positive feedback of the regulator of the P transposase on its own level of activity.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334086

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