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  • Articles  (28,369)
  • Springer  (28,369)
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  • 1995-1999  (20,649)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (22,140)
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  • Articles  (28,369)
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  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 23 (1977), S. 219-219 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three cases of anomalies of the skull in a 12 month old female roe deer are described and illustrated by two photographs: 1. Retardation of the linear expansion of the ossa nasalia; 2. Hypertrophy of the tubera frontalia; 3. Malformation of the rami mandibularum and their processi coronoidei.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois cas d'irrégularités du crâne chez un Chevreuil femelle d'un an sont décrits et illustrés à l'aide de deux photos. En détail il s'agit d'une 1. retention de la croissance des ossa nasalia; 2. hypertrophie des tubera frontalia; 3. malformation des rami mandibularum et ses processi coronoidei.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Regelwidrigkeiten am Schädel eines 12 Monate alten Rickenkitzes berichtet. Die durch zwei Fotos belegten Anomalien sind folgende: 1. Verkürzung der Nasenbeine; 2. Hypertrophie der Stirnwülste; 3. Deformierung des Unterkieferastes, insbesondere Verbiegung des Muskelfortsatzes.
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  • 3
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 15-34 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 81-81 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 82-82 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 192-194 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 194-194 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 182-190 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results are presented in a survey of peeling by mouflon in spruce stands in the former mouflon research district Padberg, county of Hochsauerland, of the Research Station for Hunting Lore and Wildlife Damage Prevention. Observations were made from 1958 to 1970. Peeling in winter reached a peak in the extreme winter of 1962/63 when 8% of the trees were peeled. Summer peeling was considerably less, usually about 10% of the total peeling. Based on total peeling, root peeling was about 15% to 25% in winter, while the value for the dry summer of 1959 was 60%, based on the summer peeling per trunk. Mouflon peeled spruce stands over 30 years old more than those under 30. Further, little peeling of beech by Mouflon was proven. Of the tested anti-peeling preparations, chemical ones were effective on beech and spruce and mechanical protection in the form of a dry band for spruce. The protection was effective over a period of five or more years. The mechanical-biological protection, a sort of smoothing, reduced peeling up to 80% and more, compared to untreated trees, as far as the experiments are evaluated in which unprotected trees were peeled 3% and more. One stand of spruce, 18 years old, was badly damaged by the Flammigersche protective method; 12 trees died. The smoothing method caused only minor bark damage, which can be tolerated since this method is quite inexpensive.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de relevés d'écorcements causés par le Mouflon dans l'ancien territoire de chasse expérimental (Station de Recherches Cynégétiques et de Prévention des Dégâts de Gibier) de Padberg (Haut Sauerland). La période d'observation s'étendit de 1958 à 1970. L'écorcement d'hiver atteignit sa valeur la plus élevée au cours de l'hiver exceptionnel de 1962–63 avec un taux de 8% de pieds touchés. L'écorcement d'été, par contre, ne présenta généralement pas un caractère aigu en se situant aux environs ou en-dessous de 10% de la totalité des pieds écorcés au niveau du tronc. Par rapport à l'ensemble des écorcements causés aux troncs, l'écorcement causé aux racines traçantes au cours de l'hiver s'est situé entre 15 et 25% tandis qu'au cours de l'été sec de 1959, ce type d'écorcement s'est élevé à 60% des écorcements d'été causés aux troncs. Le Mouflon écorça plus intensivement les peuplements d'Epicéa de plus de trente ans que ceux de moins de 30 ans. Quelques écorcements d'été au Hêtre furent également signalés. Parmi les répulsifs expérimentés, les produits chimiques (pour l'Epicéa et le Hêtre) et la protection mécanique au moyen d'un manchon de ramilles sèches (pour l'Epicéa) se sont avérés pleinement efficaces tout au long d'une période de cinq ans et plus. Le traitement mécanique-biologique au moyen d'un rabot réduisit l'écorcement des pieds traités par rapport aux pieds non-traités dans une proportion de 80% et plus, l'écorcement concernant 3% des pieds non-traités. Un peuplement d'Epicéa traité à l'âge de 18 ans au moyen du grattoir de Flammig fut fortement endommagé par le traitement en question et 12 arbres succombèrent. Le traitement au rabot ne causa que des dommages faibles à modérés à l'écorce; ils ne portèrent pas à conséquence en raison du coût avantageux du traitement mécanique-biologique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mitgeteilt werden Auszählergebnisse für das Schälen durch Muffelwild in Fichtenbeständen in dem ehemaligen Muffelwildversuchsrevier Padberg, Hochsauerlandkreis, der Forschungsstelle für Jagdkunde und Wildschadenverhütung. Der Beobachtungszeitraum erstreckte sich von 1958 bis 1970. Die Winterschäle erreichte mit 8% geschälter Stämme in dem Extremwinter 1962/63 den Höchstwert. Die Sommerschäle trat demgegenüber meist zurück und bewegte sich um oder unter 10% der Gesamtstammschäle. Bezogen auf die Gesamtstammschäle lag die Wurzelschäle im Winter im Bereich von 15% bis 25%, der Wert für den trockenen Sommer 1959 lag bei 60% bezogen auf die Sommerschäle am Stamm. Das Muffelwild schälte über 30 Jahre alte Fichtenbestände stärker als unter 30 Jahre alte. Nachgewiesen wurden weiterhin geringe Sommerschälschäden durch Muffelwild an Buche. Von den erprobten Schälschutzmitteln zeigten die chemischen Präparate bei der Buche und Fichte und der mechanische Schälschutz in Form des Trockeneinbandes bei der Fichte über einen Zeitraum von fünf und mehr Jahren eine volle Abwehrwirkung. Der mechanisch-biologische Schälschutz, als Hobelverfahren durchgeführt, minderte die Muffelwildschäle gegenüber unbehandelt um 80% und mehr, soweit die Versuche gewertet werden, bei denen an ungeschützten Stämmen 3% und mehr Schäle auftrat. Ein im Alter von 18 Jahren mit Flammigerschen Schutzkratzer behandelter Fichtenbestand wurde durch das Schutzverfahren stark geschädigt, 12 Stämme starben ab. Das Hobelverfahren brachte nur geringe bis mäßige Rindenschäden, die zum Teil wegen der Billigkeit des mechanisch-biologischen Schutzes in Kauf genommen werden könnten.
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  • 11
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By “single food diet” is meant a mixture which contains all the nutritive substances, minerals and vitamins required for body mainternance and growth, with a balanced proportion of energy units. Especially for the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals, such a food has great nutritional and physiological advantages over a conventional concentrate of other foods such as cereals, beet, hay or straw since all the components are taken simultaneously by the game animal. In this way it is possible to avoid an unbalanced food intake which, in the case of ruminants, may easily lead to damage to the rumen flora and may therefore be an important cause of illness. Silages have proved themselves to be particularly good in the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals. In what is by now an 8-year study in three forest administrative areas of the north-west Eifel, a single food silage has been introduced and tested. Apple cores, sugar beet leaves, minerals and vitamins form the basic components along with hay or straw. Production is made easier with a power food chopper. A structured feed like this is ideal for ruminants; it is readily eaten by the animals and ad-lib intake meets maintenance needs. Costs are in the region of 90 to 100 DM per 1000 kg. In order to cut the daily production costs, 29 self-feeder troughs have so far been set up successfully; through these a permanent supply of food is available to the animals. These troughs have the advantage that failures in the food supply do not occur.
    Abstract: Résumé Par aliment complet on entend un composé comprenant toutes les matières nutritives, actives et énergétiques nécessaires au maintien et aux performances d'un animal. En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement l'alimentation des Ongulés-gibier, une telle nourriture présente, par rapport aux concentrés usels ou par rapport à d'autres aliments tels que céréales, betteraves, foins ou pailles, de gros avantages sur le plan physiologique, tous les ingrédients prévus étant absorbés simultanément. On évite de la sorte une alimentation trop exclusive qui, chez les ruminants, peut causer des dommages à la flore stomacale et ètre à l'origine de maladies. Pour l'affouragement des Ongulés-gibier ruminants, l'ensilage s'est avéré particulièrement probant. Voici maintenant huit années qu'un aliment complet sous forme d'ensilage est fabriqué et fait l'objet d'essais dans trois régions forestières du Nord-Ouest de l'Eifel. Comme composants de base sont utilisés le marc de pommes, la feuille de betteraves sucrières, des vitamines, des éléments minéraux de même que de la paille ou du foin. Pour la fabrication de l'ensilage on se sert d'une hacheuse soufflante. Un tel aliment structuré est destiné à être aussitôt ruminé, est appété par les animaux et couvre, lorsqu'il est distribué ad libitum, les besoins du métabolisme de maintien. Le prix de revient se situe aux environs de 90 à 100 DM par kg. Afin de réduire les frais d'acheminement quotidien de la nourriture, 29 distributeurs automatiques ont d'ores et déjà été installés avec succès, excluant par la même occasion les déficiences liées à un approvisionnement journalier.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter einem „Alleinfutter” ist eine Futtermischung zu verstehen, in der alle für die Erhaltung und Leistung erforderlichen Nähr-, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe mit einem entsprechenden Energieanteil enthalten sind. Speziell für die Fütterung des wiederkäuenden Schalenwildes bildet eine solche Äsung gegenüber einem üblichen Kraftfutter und sonstigen Futterstoffen, wie z. B. Getreide, Rüben, Heu oder Stroh große ernährungsphysiologische Vorteile, da alle vorgesehenen Inhaltstoffe gleichzeitig vom Wild aufgenommen werden. Auf diese Weise kann eine einseitige Futteraufnahme verhindert werden, die bei Wiederkäuern leicht zu Schädigungen der Pansenflora führt und damit wesentliche Ursache für das Auftreten von Erkrankungen ist. Besonders bewährt haben sich zur Verfütterung an wiederkäuendes Schalenwild Silagen. In nunmehr über 8 Jahre durchgeführten Versuchen in 3 Forstverwaltungen der nordwestlichen Eifel ist eine Alleinfutter-Silage hergestellt und erprobt worden. Als Grundkomponenten dienen Apfeltrester, Zuckerrübenblatt, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe sowie Heu oder Stroh. Die Herstellung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Gebläsehäckslers. Ein solch strukturiertes Futter ist wiederkäuergercht, wird von den Tieren gerne aufgenommen und deckt bei ad libitum-Aufnahme den Erhaltungsbedarf. Die Kosten betragen etwa 90–100 DM/1000 kg. Um die täglichen Ausbringungskosten zu vermindern, sind bisher 29 Selbstfütterungen mit gutem Erfolg eingesetzt worden, durch die dem Wild ständige Äsung zur Verfügung steht und somit Fütterungsfehler dieser Art entfallen
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  • 12
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A report is made about a case of polymelie (pygomelie) in red fox. The malformation is illustrated with photographs, an X-ray, and a reconstructed skeleton. The additional appendage begins at the pelvis; the bones, often greatly reduced, are described. Mention is made of the occurrence of accessory extremities at the same place in man, cattle and roe deer. The causes of the polymelie are not known.
    Abstract: Résumé If est rendu compte d'un cas de Polymélie (Pygomélie) chez un Renard (Vulpes vulpes). La malformation est documentée par une photographie et une radiographie du cadavre de même que par un montage du squelette. Les membres supplémentaires se développent au niveau du bassin; une description est donnée de leurs os, dont plusieurs sont fortement réduits. On fait état de l'apparition, à ce niveau, d'extrémités accessoires chez l'Homme, le Bovidé et le Chevreuil. Les causes de la Polymélie ne sont pas encore connus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen Fall von Polymelie (Pygomelie) beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes) berichtet. Die Mißbildung wird durch Photographie und Röntgenaufnahme der Tierleiche sowie durch ein montiertes Skelettpräparat belegt. Die zusätzliche Gliedmaße setzt am Becken an; ihre zum Teil stark reduzierten Knochen werden beschrieben. Auf das Vorkommen akzessorischer Extremitäten an der o. g. Stelle beim Menschen, Rind und Reh wird hingewiesen. Die Ursachen der Polymelie sind noch nicht bekannt.
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  • 13
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper presents the findings of a study by the district veterinary office in Kleve, which deals with geese losses on the Lower Rhine in N. Rhine Westphalia in connection with a winter thunderstorm. The report suggests lightning strikes, damage by hail, collision with aircraft (bird strikes), and the effects of pressure differences in nose diving from flying at high altitudes as possible causes of death.
    Abstract: Résumé Les pertes observées dans le Bas-Rhin (Rhénanie-Westphalie) par les services vétérinaires de Kleve en liaison avec une perturbation atmosphérique au cours de l'hiver font l'objet d'une discussion. Dans la présente communication, on fait état des causes possibles suivantes: foudre, grèle, collision avec des avions de même que l'effet de variations de pressions atmosphériques lorsque les oiseaux quittent brusquement les hautes altitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Diskussion gestellt wird der Untersuchungsbefund aus dem Kreisveterinäramt Kleve, der sich mit Gänseverlusten am Niederrhein in Nordrhein-Westfalen in Zusammenhang mit einem Wintergewitter befaßt. Erörtert werden als mögliche Ursachen in der vorliegenden Mitteilung Blitzschlag, Hagelschlag, Zusammenstoß mit Flugzeugen (Vogelschlag) und die Auswirkung von Druckunterschieden bei sturzflugartigem Verlassen großer Flughöhen.
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  • 14
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 207-211 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 15
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 112-115 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors have studied the pathogenicity of the Filariosis of the skin, which is very frequent in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) from different hunting districts of the SR of Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Specific nodules varying from about the size of a pea to a nut are associated withOnchocerca flexuosa Wedl 1856. This filaria worm occurs in the subcutaneous tissue. The parasites lie coiled up in sterile abcesses, which exhibit a rise in the connective tissue and firm fibrotic reaction. Inside the nodules at various points are apparent small sinusoid cavities and numerous eosinophils and other blood cells may occur in the connective tissue. Using histological techniques, it is very easy to differentiate those nodules from the nodules in early stages, associated with Hypodermosis of the red deer.
    Abstract: Résumé Description des altérations des tissus de l'épiderme et du sous-épiderme chez un Cerf mâle atteint par Onchocerca flexuosa Wedl 1856. Les parasites étaient enrobés dans des nodules de la raille d'un pois à celle d'une noisette, constitués de proliférations de tissu conjonctif au sein duquel l'on trouvait des filaments cellulaires à lymphocytes ou des cavités remplies de sécrétions. Grâce à des analyses histologiques, il était possible de distinguer les nodules de Filariose de ceux de l'Hypodermose.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben werden Veränderungen der Haut- und Unterhautgewebe bei einem Rothirsch, die vonOnchocerca flexuosa Wedl 1856 verursacht worden sind. In erbsen- bis nußgroßen Knötchen waren die Parasiten von üppigen Bindegewebsproliferationen umgeben, in denen stärkere Zellwucherungen mit Lymphozyten, zuweilen aber auch mit Absonderungen ausgefüllte Kavernen gefunden wurden. Mittels histologischer Untersuchungen war es möglich, filariöse Knötchen von denen bei Hypodermose zu unterscheiden.
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  • 16
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 118-118 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 17
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 118-118 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 18
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 19
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 169-170 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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  • 20
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 149-161 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part of the study the results are reported of an examination for endoparasites of 52 European hares, which come from three contiguous districts in Lower Saxony (Helmstedt county). The hares were shot on hunting drives in December of 1974. Two entrails (3.8%) were free of worms; 71.2% were infested withTrichostrongylus retortaeformis and 59.6% withTrichuris leporis. No animal was found withGraphidium strigosum. In the average case, the infestation byTrichostrongylus retortaeformis was 50% higher in females than in males, while the infestation byTrichuris leporis was approximately the same for both sexes. The average body weight of examined males was 3.642 kg, and of females, 3.808 kg. The second part of the study consisted of a comparison of the results of several endoparasitological studies on hares. Of particular interest are the range and intensity of intestinal helminths in connection with climate and soil quality of the study areas. The pathology of the helminths and their effect on body weight is discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé La première partie de l'étude fait état des résultats d'un examen endoparasitologique de 52 intestins de lièvres provenant de trois territoires contigus de Basse-Saxe (District de Helmstedt). Le matériel fut recueilli en décembre 1974 à l'occasion de chasses en battue. Deux intestins (3,8%) étaient sains; 71,2% étaient contaminés parTrichostrongylus retortaeformis et 59,6% parTrichuris leporis. Aucune atteinte parGraphidium strigosum ne peut être mise en évidence. La contamination moyenne parTrichostrongylus retortaeformis était de 50% plus élevée chez les femelles que chez les mâles, tandis que pourTrichuris leporis elle était la même pour les deux sexes. Le poids des lièvres examinés se situait en moyenne à 3,642 kg pour les mâles et 3,808 kg pour les femelles. La deuxième partie de l'étude est consacrée à une comparaison des résultats de différents examens endoparasitologiques. Une attention particulière est accordée à la dispersion et le degré de contamination des helminthes gastéro-entéritiques en relation avec la nature du sol et le climat des territoires expérimentaux. La pathogénie des helminthes et leur influence sur le poids fait l'objet d'une discussion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird über die Ergebnisse einer endoparasitologischen Untersuchung an 52 Hasengescheiden berichtet, die aus drei aneinandergrenzenden Revieren Niedersachsens (Kreis Helmstedt) stammten. Die Hasen wurden im Dezember 1974 anläßlich der Treibjagden erlegt. Zwei Gescheide (3,8%) waren wurmfrei; 71,2% waren mitTrichostrongylus retortaeformis und 59,6% mitTrichuris leporis befallen. Ein Befall mitGraphidium strigosum konnte bei keinem der Tiere nachgewiesen werden. Der durchschnittliche Wurmbefall lag fürTrichostrongylus retortaeformis bei den weiblichen Tieren um 50% höher als bei den männlichen, während er fürTrichuris leporis bei beiden Geschlechtern ungefähr gleich war. Als durchschnittliches Körpergewicht wurden für die untersuchten männlichen Hasen 3,642 kg und für die weiblichen 3,808 kg ermittelt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird eine vergleichende Betrachtung über die Ergebnisse verschiedener endoparasitologischer Untersuchungen an Hasen angestellt. Dabei finden die Verbreitung und die Befallstärken der Magen-Darm-Helminthen im Zusammenhang mit Bodenbeschaffenheit und Klima der Versuchsgebiete besondere Berücksichtigung. Die Pathogenität der Helminthen und ihre Einfluß auf das Körpergewicht werden diskutiert.
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  • 21
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 170-170 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 22
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 171-172 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 172-173 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 173-176 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Blood serum electrophoresis (short time electrophoresis using cellulose acetate films) exhibits characteristic species differences in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). In all species examined remarkable variations of serum protein components were observed. These variations might be due to the age-dependent decrease of the albumin-fraction and to the simultaneous increase of the γ-globulin-fraction. The age-dependent shift of the albumin/globulin ratio to higher globulin fraction values is a well-known feature in domestic ruminant species. However, the reported values might have been distorted by other factors (e.g. type of electrophoretic method, blood sampling procedure, possible infections in the animals tested). Immunoelectrophoretical methods should be able to overcome these distorting influences.
    Abstract: Résumé Les sérums du Chevreuil, du Cerf et du Chamois montrent, par électrophorèse de courte durée sur feuille d'acétate de cellulose, des courbes qui leur sont spécefiques. Les fortes amplitudes que l'on observe pour les différentes fonctions sont essentiellement attribuées à la diminution, en fonction de l'âge, de l'albumine, parallèlement à l'accroissement de la gamma-globuline. Le glissement, en fonction de l'âge, des quotients albumine/globuline en faveur de la globuline est aussi connu chez les ruminants domestiques. D'autres facteurs (méthode, matériel, infection) pouvant influencer le comportement quantitatif des protéines sériques font l'objet d'une discussion et des recherches immuno-électrophorétiques sont proposées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Seren von Reh, Rothirsch und Gams zeigen bei der Kurzzeitelektrophorese auf CAF artspezifisch typische Elektrophorese-Kurven. Die bei den Kollektiven vorkommenden großen Streubreiten für die Einzelfraktionen werden vorwiegend auf die mit zunehmendem Alter der Tiere zu beobachtende Abnahme des Albumins bei gleichzeitiger Vermehrung der γ-Globuline zurückgeführt. Die altersmäßig bedingte Verschiebung des Albumin/Globulin-Quotienten zugunsten der Globuline ist auch bei den domestizierten Wiederkäuern bekannt. Die Möglichkeiten anderer Einflüsse (Methode, Material, Infekte) auf das quantitative Verhalten der Serumproteine werden diskutiert und immunelektrophoretische Untersuchungen vorgeschlagen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this study, measurements were carried out on the weight and capacity of the digestive system of 80 roe deer, 16 fallow deer and 19 mouflon. The percentage of the digestive tract compared to the body weight was slightly smaller in roe deer than in fallow deer, while the mouflon showed the highest values. The variations in the weight proportions of the stomachs as against the intestines from 1.7∶1 in the case of roe, to 2.2∶1 in fallow and to 3∶1 in mouflon were above all caused by differences of the filled ruminoreticulum. The maximum volume of the ruminoreticulum differed between 22 Liter/100 kg body weight in roe deer and 33 in the mouflon. This small capacity of the rumen of roe deer was also filled with the lowest amount of digesta compared to the other species. These data support the opinion that roe deer belong to the browsers, mouflon to the grazers while fallow deer tend to be an intermediate feeding type.
    Abstract: Résumé Les poids et les capacités stomacales ont été relevés sur 80 chevreuils, 16 daims et 19 mouflons. La proportion de tractus intestinaux remplis était plus faible chez le Chevreuil que chez le Daim et surtout que chez le Mouflon. Les différences de rapports pondéraux entre le tractus stomacal et les intestins (1,7∶1 chez le Chevreuil, 2,2∶1 chez le Daim, 3∶1 chez le Mouflon) résultent surtout de différences de poids de l'ensemble pansebonnet. La capacité du ruminoreticulum variait entre 22 chez le Chevreuil et 33 litres/100 kg de poids du corps chez le Mouflon, le volume plus réduit de l'ensemble pansebonnet chez le Chevreuil étant en outre rempli d'une quantité d'ingesta moindre. Ces données confirment l'hypothèse suivant laquelle le Chevreuil est à ranger parmi les animaux qui sélectionnent une nourriture concentrée, le Mouflon parmi les animaux consommateurs d'aliments fibreux grossiers, le Daim, quant à lui, occupant une position intermédiaire. Reste ouverte la question de savoir dans quelles circonstances peuvent être observées les valeurs caractéristiques pour chacun des types d'animaux.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 80 Rehen, 16 Stück Damwild und 19 Mufflon wurden Gewichts- und Kapazitätsmessungen am Verdauungstrakt durchgeführt. Der Anteil des gefüllten Intestinaltraktes am Körpergewicht war beim Reh geringer als beim Damhirsch und lag weit unter dem des Mufflon. Das unterschiedliche Gewichtsverhältnis des Magentraktes zum Darmsystem von 1,7∶1 beim Reh, 2,2∶1 beim Damhirsch und 3∶1 beim Mufflon beruhte vor allem auf Gewichtsunterschieden des Pansen-Haubenraumes. Das Fassungsvermögen des Ruminoreticulum schwankte zwischen 22 beim Reh und 33 Litern/100 kg Körpergewicht beim Muffelwild, wobei die geringere Kapazität des Pansen-Haubenraumes beim Reh zudem durch eine geringere Ingestamenge gefüllt war. Die Daten bestätigen die Annahme, daß Rehe den Typ des Konzentratselektierers und Muffelwild den des Grobfaserfressers verkörpern, während Damhirsche eher eine Intermediärstellung einnehmen. Dabei ist noch offen, unter welchen Umständen die für den jeweiligen Äsungstyp charakteristischen Werte zu beobachten sind.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 22-32 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of a survey of estimated game losses following the introduction of farm machinery in 36 district hunting areas in North Rhine Westphalia, the losses amongst roe, hare, wild rabbit, pheasant and partridge are particularised. Alongside the absolute figures, the mechanisation data are analysed against the annual bag of the individual animal species and the different agricultural acreages. By N. Rhine Westphalian standards, feathered game were found to be the hardest hit (pheasant and partridge along with their offsring formed about 22% of the annual bag), followed by hare (14.5%), roe (13.5%) and rabbit (only 1.1%). After conversion to put the figures on a comparable basis, the results correspond on the whole quite well, and in some respects very well, with those of an earlier inquiry by the Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband made on a much smaller area. Nevertheless, these uncorrected estimates should be accepted only with reservations, especially because of possible psychological stress in the people who were questioned.
    Abstract: Résumé Les résultats d'une enquête sur les pertes de gibier causées par des engins agricoles et portant sur 36 territoires de districts de Rhénanie-Westphalie fournissent des estimations de ce type de mortalité chez le Chevreuil, le Lièvre, le Lapin, le Faisan et la Perdrix. Ces valeurs ne sont pas seulement données en chiffres absolus mais sont également rapportées aux tableaux de tir des différentes espèces et aux différentes surfaces agricoles en question. En Rhénanie-Westphalie, la situation est telle que le gibierplume (Faisan et Perdrix, y compris leur couvées) est le plus touché avec 22% du tableau, suivi du Lièvre (14.5%), le Chevreuil (13.5%) et le Lapin avec seulement 1.1%. La concordance générale des chiffres, après conversion, avec ceux obtenus lors d'une enquête antérieure beaucoup moins etendue en surface et organisée par le „Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband“ est bonne, voire, dans certains cas, très bonne. Ces estimations à l'état brut doivent cependant être considérées avec réserve, d'autant plus que certaines contraintes psychologiques ont pu jouer chez les personnes interrogées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand einer Erhebung von Schätzwerten über Wildverluste durch landwirtschaftlichen Maschineneinsatz aus 36 Kreisgruppengebieten in Nordrhein-Westfalen werden Verlustzahlen der Wildarten Reh, Hase, Wildkaninchen, Fasan und Rebhuhn angegeben. Dabei sind neben den absoluten Zahlenangaben die Daten auf die jeweilige Jahresstrecke der einzelnen Tierart sowie auf verschiedene landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen bezogen. Nach nordrhein-westfälischen Verhältnissen sind dabei die Federwildarten Fasan und Rebhuhn einschl. ihrer Gelege mit etwa 22% der Jahresstrecke am stärksten betroffen, gefolgt von Hase (14,5%), Reh (13,5%) und Kaninchen mit nur 1,1%. Die Ergebnisse stimmen nach Umrechnung primär nicht vergleichbarer Zahlen im großen und ganzen gut und teilweise sehr gut mit denen einer früheren flächenmäßig erheblich begrenzteren Umfrage des Deutschen Jagdschutz-Verbandes überein. Dennoch sollen diese nicht korrigierten Schätzwerte — besonders auch wegen dargestellter möglicher psychologischer Verhaltenszwänge bei den Befragten — unter Vorbehalt entgegengenommen werden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 36-38 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There is a report of a congenital combined tooth and bite anomaly in the form of an undifferentiated fourth molar in the left lower jaw of a fallow deer stag, and the appearance of beads of enamel on the M3 sin. inf. Two photographs illustrate the malformations.
    Abstract: Résumé Anomalie congénitale et combinée de la denture inférieure chez un Daim mâle sous la forme d'une quatrième molaire non différenciée sur le rameau gauche et d'une perlure d'émail sur le sinus inférieur de la M3. Deux documents photographiques illustrent cette double malformation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine angeborene kombinierte Zahn- und Gebißanomalie in Form eines undifferenzierten vierten Molaren im linken Unterkiefer eines Damhirsches sowie über das Auftreten von Schmelzperlen am M3 sin. inf. berichtet. Zwei Fotos belegen die Mißbildungen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The central feature of the paper is the development of the study of game in Jugoslavia. Alongside this is given a short résumé of game study activities during the same period in Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland.
    Abstract: Résumé On présente l'historique de la cynégétique en Yougoslavie et, accessoirement, celui de la Bulgarie, de la Hongrie et de la Pologne. Pour la Yougoslavie, on fait état, principalement, des centres de recherche de Ljubljana et de Novi Sad. En 1953, se constitua le groupe pour la recherche cynégétique, d'où émergea, après deux ans, l'Institut de Recherche Scientifique du Gibier, relié à l'association fédérale yougoslave de chasse. Les liens avec les travaux du ProfesseurNüsslein sont rappelés, en particulier ceux qui sont le fait de l'„Internationaler Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler“.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwerpunktmäßig wird die Entwicklung der Jagdwissenschaft in Jugoslawien dargestellt, daneben wird jeweils ein kurzer Überblick über jagdwissenschaftliche Tätigkeiten in den Ländern Bulgarien, Ungarn und Polen gegeben. Für Jugoslawien werden vor allen Dingen die beiden Zentren für Wildforschung Ljubljana und Novi Sad genannt. 1953 bildete sich die Gruppe für wissenschaftliche Forschung im Jagdwesen, aus der zwei Jahre später das Institut für wissenschaftliche Wildforschung hervorging, das an den föderalen Jagdverband in Jugoslawien gebunden war. Verbindungen zu dem Wirken von Prof.Nüsslein werden aufgezeigt, insbesondere die durch den Internationalen Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler bestehenden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 110-114 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper traces the links between the hunting organisation and the game research in Germany. It was the „Allgemeiner Deutscher Jagdschutzverein“ which ensured the introduction of research into game-tagging in 1904. The majority of the members of the „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“, founded in 1919, were members of the many hunting associations. In 1934, the „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ took over the „Institut für Jagdkunde“ in Berlin which had been founded in 1911. The State hunting association of North-Rhine Westphalia ran its own research establishment after 1950, as did that of Schleswig-Holstein after 1953. Prof.Nüsslein is considered to have been the central figure in the study of game in Germany since the International Union of Game Biologists was established in 1954.
    Abstract: Résumé On fait état des liens existant entre les organisations de chasse et la cynégétique en Allemange. La mérite de l'„Allgemeine Deutsche Jagdschutzverein“ (association allemande pour la protection de la chasse) fut l'instauration, en 1904, d'une recherche sur des animaux marqués. La majorité des membres de la „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“ (Societé de Cynégétique), fondée en 1919, étaient issus d'associations de chasse. Le „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ (Fédération allemande des chasseurs) assura en 1934 la reprise en charge de l'Institut de Cynégétique fondé à Berlin en 1911. L'association de chasse de la Rhénanie-Westphalie — depuis 1950 — et celle du Schleswig-Holstein — depuis 1953 — disposent de leurs propres institutions de recherche. Le ProfesseurNüsslein est considéré comme la personnalité cynégétique allemande la plus marquante depuis les origines de l'„Internationaler Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler“ (Cercle international des Cynégéticiens) en 1954.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgezeigt werden Verbindungen zwischen der Jägerorganisation und der Jagdwissenschaft in Deutschland. Das Verdienst des 1875 gegründeten „Allgemeinen Deutschen Jagdschutzvereins“ war die Einführung der Wildmarkenforschung im Jahre 1904. Der Großteil der Mitglieder der 1919 gegründeten „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“ waren Mitglieder aus den Reihen der Jägervereinigungen. Der „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ übernahm 1934 das 1911 gegründete Institut für Jagdkunde in Berlin. Eigene Forschungseinrichtungen betrieben der Landesjagdverband Nordrhein-Westfalen ab 1950 und der Landesjagdverband Schleswig-Holstein ab 1953. Prof.Nüsslein wird als zentrale Persönlichkeit der Jagdwissenschaft in Deutschland seit dem Entstehen des Internationalen Ringes der Jagdwissenschaftler im Jahre 1954 angesehen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 127-128 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper reports on the work of the Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Studies („Jagdkunde“) in the University of Göttingen since 1945. Prof.Fritz Nüsslein was from 1947 to 1952 principal lecturer and director of the Institute for Game Studies, as it then was, and from 1953 to 1967 he was senior professor. In 1973 the professorship was recast, after the name of the institute had been broadened in 1971 into “Wildlife Research and Game Studies”. In 1976 it was renamed “The Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Studies”. The article presents the current teaching programme, including a compulsory 2-semester unit of four hours per week for wildlife biology and game studies, and the current research programmes which are concerned with indigenous hoofed animals, indigenous predators, hares and rodents, indigenous birds, ecosystem research, tropical research, the protection of wild animals, wildlife pathology, parasitology and the study of fisheries and hydrology. Further, reference is made to the services of the Institute (inter alia extensive age-estimates and investigations of dead game animals) and its collaboration with official organisations.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte des travaux de l'Institut de Biologie du Gibier et de Cynégétique de l'Université de Göttingen après 1945. De 1947 à 1952, ce fut au titre de Chargé de Cours, de 1953 à 1963 au titre de Professeur ordinaire, que le ProfesseurF. Nüsslein présida aux destinées de ce qui s'appelait à l'époque l'Institut de Cynégétique („Institut für Jagdkunde“). En 1973, la chaire de cynégétique fut à nouveau occupée, après que l'appellation de l'institut fut élargie sous le vocable „Recherche sur le gibier et cynégétiqu“ („Wildforschung und Jagdkunde“). En 1976, cette appellation fut transformée pour devenir „Institut de Biologie du Gibier et de Cynégétique“ („Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde“). Un aperçu est donné sur la charge d'enseignement actuelle (qui comprend entre autres un enseignement obligatoire, pendant deux semestres, de quatre heures-semaine pour la biologie du gibier et pour la cynégétique) et sur les recherches en cours (qui portent sur les Ongulés indigènes, les Carnivores, les Lagomorphes, les Rongeurs indigènes, l'avifaune indigène, sur les écosystèmes, la problématique tropicale, la protection des espèces menacées d'extinction, la pathologie et la parasitologie des espèces-gibier ainsi que sur la limnologie et la pisciculture). On mentionne également les services qui sont assurés par l'Institut (entre autres déterminations de l'âge et autopsies d'animaux retrouvés morts) et la collaboration qui est engagée avec différentes organisations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird über die Arbeit des Instituts für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde der Universität Göttingen nach 1945. Prof.Fritz Nüsslein war von 1947 bis 1952 Lehrbeauftragter und Leiter des damaligen Instituts für Jagdkunde und von 1953 bis 1967 Ordinarius. 1973 erfolgte die Neubesetzung des Lehrstuhles, nachdem 1971 die Institutsbezeichnung in „Wildforschung und Jagdkunde“ erweitert worden war. 1976 wurde die Umbenennung in „Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde“ vorgenommen. Dargestellt werden das gegenwärtige Lehrangebot, u. a. eine zweisemestrige Pflichtveranstaltung von 4 Wochenstunden für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde, und die laufenden Forschungen, die sich auf einheimische Huftiere, einheimische Raub-, Hasen- und Nagetiere, einheimische Vögel, die Ökosystemforschung, die Tropenforschung, den Wildtierschutz, die Wildpathologie und Parasitologie und die Fischerei- und Gewässerkunde beziehen. Hingewiesen wird ferner auf die Dienstleistungen des Instituts (u. a. umfangreiche Altersschätzungen und Fallwilduntersuchungen) und die Mitarbeit in Organisationen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 150-159 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary As a result of the administration of Testosteron and subsequent traumatisation, four male red deer which were castrated before or at puberty, developed antlers. During the autumn-winter period, Testosteron, Oestradiol or Progesteron were administered to the animals in order to induce cleaning. After the hormone treatment ceased, the antlers were shed in spring, whereupon the next period of antler growth began. The research showed that the effect of Progesteron on the antler cycle is similar to that of Testosteron, though Progesteron is at least 2–3 times less effective. In two cases antlers were generated without producing a trauma. These antlers did not develop in the normal way but grew bent over downwards, and in one case a pendulous beam developed.
    Abstract: Résumé Après administration de Testotérone et suite au traumatisme infligé aussitôt après, quatre cerfs mâles, qui avaient été châtrés au moment de la puberté, ont développé des bois. Au cours de l'automme et de l'hiver on administra aux animaux de la Testotérone, de l'Oestradiol et de la Progestérone afin de provoquer le décroûtage. Après l'arrêt du traitement hormonal, les bois furent jetés bas au printemps, après quoi on put observer la nouvelle poussée des bois. Les recherches ont montré que l'effet de la Progestérone sur le cycle des bois était semblable à celui de la Testotérone. La Progestérone présente cependant un effet certainement 2 à 3 fois moindre que celui de la Testotérone. Dans deux cas, des bois ont été produits sans intervention d'un traumatisme. Ces bois ne se développèrent pas de façon normale mais s'infléchirent vers l'avant; dans un cas se développa une perche en pendule („Pendelstange“).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Folge der Verabreichung von Testosteron und nachfolgender Traumatisierung haben vier männliche Rothirsche, die vor oder zur Zeit der Pubertät kastriert wurden, Geweihe entwickelt. Während der Herbst-Winter-Periode wurde den Tieren Testosteron, Oestradiol oder Progesteron verabreicht, um das Fegen zu verursachen. Nach Einstellung der Hormonbehandlung wurden die Geweihe im Frühjahr abgeworfen, worauf die nächste Geweihwachstumsperiode einsetzte. Die Versuche haben gezeigt, daß die Auswirkung von Progesteron auf den Geweihzyklus dem Effekt von Testosteron ähnlich ist. Progesteron ist jedoch mindestens 2–3mal weniger wirkungsvoll als Testosteron. In zwei Fällen wurden Geweihe ohne Beibringen eines Traumas erzeugt. Diese Geweihe entwickelten sich nicht in der normalen Weise, sondern wuchsen verbogen nach unten, und in einem Falle entwickelte sich eine pendelnde Stange.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 129-139 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is still very strictly protected in South West Africa/Namibia. There has even been a clear increase in cheetah numbers in farming areas over recent years. Causes of this are the general increase in game populations, the more favourable opportunities for capture as a result of farm husbandry measures, the diminishing competition from enemies, the reduced pressure of hunting and the more limited disturbance of their areas. Cheetah can do considerable damage to game and livestock. This has forced the farmers to hunt the cheetah. Capture by box trap at the play tree has proved to be particularly successful in the sense of skinning off the surplus population whilst at the same time being the best method of conserving the stock. By selling live cheetahs and cheetah skins, the farmers, prior to the Washington accord on protection of species coming into force, could balance out or outweigh the losses they suffered trough cheetah, so that they had a financial interest in the conservation of the species. The situation which has developed from the Washington accord on preservation of species gives rise to a fear that the repercussions may destroy the population. That is why ways must be sought to interest the farmers in future management by the conservation and effective hunting of cheetah.
    Abstract: Résumé Le Guépard (Acinonyx jubatus) est encore très fortement représenté dans le Sud-ouest de l'Afrique (Namibie). Ces derniers temps, une multiplication notoire de l'espèce dans les régions d'élevage peut même être constatée. L'augmentation généralisée des effectifs de gibier, les possibilités accrues de la prédation liées à certaines mesures favorables au bétail, la diminution de la pression de chasse et une moindre perturbation de l'espace rural en sont les causes. Les guépards peuvent causer des dommages importants au gibier et au bétail. Les fermiers sont ainsi amenés à faire la chasse à ce prèdateur. Le procédé de capture à la fois le plus efficace et le moins préjudiciable à la population consiste à utiliser des chatiéres que l'on dispose au pied de certains arbres utilisés par le carnivore. Avant l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Washington, les fermiers parvenaient, par la vente de guépards vivants ou de leur peaux, à compenser — parfois largement — les pertes qu'ils leur causaient; ces fermiers avaient donc tout intérêt à veiller à la conservation du félidé. La nouvelle situation qui résulte de la mise en application de la Convention de Washington pourrait avoir des effets négatifs. Une formule doit donc être trouvée qui permette d'associer économiquement les fermiers à la conservation et à une chasse permanente du Guépard.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus) ist in Südwestafrika/Namibia noch sehr stark vertreten. Für die jüngste Zeit läßt sich sogar eine deutliche Zunahme im Farmland feststellen. Ursachen hierfür sind die allgemeine Zunahme der Wildbestände, die günstigeren Erbeutungsmöglichkeiten infolge farmwirtschaftlicher Maßnahmen, die Verminderung des Feinddrucks, die Abnahme des Jagddrucks und die geringere Geländebeunruhigung. Unter Wild und Vieh können die Geparden beträchtliche Schäden anrichten. Die Farmer sind dadurch zu einer Bejagung der Geparden gezwungen. Als besonders erfolgreich im Sinne einer Bestandesabschöpfung und gleichzeitig als am meisten bestandesschonend hat sich der Fang mit der Kastenfalle am Spielbaum erwiesen. Durch Verkauf von lebenden Geparden und Gepardenfellen konnten die Farmer vor Inkrafttreten des Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommens ihre durch die Geparden verursachten Verluste ausgleichen oder übertreffen, so daß sie ein wirtschaftliches Interesse an der Erhaltung der Geparden hatten. Die durch das Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommen entstandene Situation läßt negative Auswirkungen befürchten. Es muß deshalb nach Wegen gesucht werden, die Farmer auch in Zukunft wirtschaftlich an der Erhaltung und nachhaltigen Bejagung der Geparden zu interessieren.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report deals with the residue-levels of heavy-metals in chamois of the Zillertal, Austria. The authors examined muscles and kidneys in order to discover the lead, mercury and cadmium content. The concentrations found in the muscles are of about the same level as for animals sent for slaughter, whereas the levels in the kidneys are higher. The lead content of kidneys relative to the age of the animals and seasonal variations of the lead-and mercury-concentrations are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de la contamination de chamois du Zillertal (Autriche) par des résidus de métaux lourds. Les concentrations de Plomb, Mercure et Cadmium dans les muscles et dans les reins ont été déterminées. Les résultats révèlent une contamination des muscles presque aussi importante que celle observée chez les bovidés d'abattoir en Autriche, tandis que celle des reins se situait à un niveau plus élevé. La discussion porte sur la dépendance de la teneur des reins en Plomb en fonction de l'âge des animaux et sur celle de la teneur en Plomb et en Mercure suivant les saisons.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Belastung von Gemsen aus dem Zillertal, Österreich, mit Schwermetallrückständen berichtet. Bei Muskulatur und Nieren wurden die Konzentrationen von Blei, Quecksilber und Cadmium ermittelt. Die Resultate zeigen eine etwa gleich hohe Belastung der Muskulatur wie bei Schlachtrindern in Österreich, während die Belastung der Nieren höher liegt. Abhängigkeiten des Bleigehaltes in der Niere vom Alter der Tiere sowie des Blei- und Quecksilbergehaltes von der Jahreszeit werden diskutiert.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study used a data base of 17 380 red deer calves and yearlings shot during 17 hunting seasons to investigate the mean growth development between August and January. Some statistical difficulties in analysing this kind of data are discussed. A second-order polynominal model was used to describe the relationship between body weight and date of kill. The deer were divided into four groups according to age and sex, and for each group the unknown parameters were estimated by the least square regression method. A similar model equation was derived for each of the 17 hunting seasons. The mean body weight on December 1st as predicted by these equations was used to show the correlation between body weight and population density as derived from the careful recording of the game management. According to these results, the increase in body weight was of the magnitude of one kilogram for a reduction of the population density by one animal per 100 hectares.
    Abstract: Résumé Le développement moyen du poids du corps au cours de la saison de chasse chez les faons et yearlings de Cerf est étudié grâce à l'analyse du poids de 17 380 animaux tirés au cours de 17 saisons de chasse. Certaines difficultés d'ordre méthodologique inhérentes à l'analyse de telles données sont soulignées. On fait appel à un polynôme du second degré pour décrire la relation entre le poids du corps et la date de tir. Pour chacun des quatres ensembles faons mâles, faons femelles, yearlings mâles et yearlings femelles, les paramètres inconnus sont estimés par la méthode des moindres carrés. Des courbes analogues sont obtenues pour chacune des 17 périodes d'observation. Les valeurs de poids au 1er décembre qui résultent de ces équations sont confrontées avec les densités de population d'année en année. On observe ainsi que la majoration des poids moyens des faons et yearlings est de l'ordre d'l kg lorsque la densité de population baisse d'une tête par 100 ha.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Daten von 17 380 erlegten Tieren aus 17 Jagdjahren wurde die mittlere Gewichtsentwicklung in der Abschußzeit von Kälbern und einjährigem Rotwild untersucht. Es werden einige methodische Schwierigkeiten der Analyse derartiger Daten erörtert. Ein Polynom zweiten Grades wurde benutzt, um die Beziehung zwischen Körpergewicht und Abschußdatum zu beschreiben. Für die vier Untersuchungskollektive Hirschkälber, Wildkälber, Schmalspießer und Schmaltiere wurden jeweils die unbekannten Parameter mittels der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate geschätzt. Ähnliche Kurven wurden für jedes der 17 Untersuchungsjahre abgeleitet. Die aus diesen Gleichungen errechneten Körpergewichte am 1. Dezember wurden den jährlichen Wilddichten gegenübergestellt. Danach lag die Steigerung der durchschnittlichen Körpergewichte von Kälbern und einjährigen Tieren in der Größenordnung von einem Kilogramm bei Senkung der Wilddichte um ein Tier pro 100 Hektar.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 178-179 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two cases of lead poisoning by shot in waterfowl(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) are reported from Schleswig-Holstein, North Germany.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans le Schleswig-Holstein, Allmagne fédérale, on a enregistré chez des Anatidés(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) deux cas d'empoisonnement provoqués par des plombs de chasse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei Fälle von Schrotbleivergiftung bei Anatiden(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) werden aus Schleswig-Holstein mitgeteilt.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 253-253 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Spacings ; quantiles ; generalized Pareto distribution ; log-logistic distribution
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The maximum product of spacings (MPS) method is discussed from the standpoint of information theory. MPS parameter and quantile estimates for the generalized Pareto distribution and the two parameter log-logistic distribution are compared with the maximum likelihood(ML) and probability weighted moment (PWM) estimates.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 17-37 
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    Keywords: Diffusion ; network ; reservoir ; power law
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    Notes: Abstract A diffusion approximation for a network of continuous time reservoirs with power law release rules is examined. Under a mild assumption on the inflow processes, we show that for physically reasonable values of the power law constants, the system of processes converges to a multi-dimensional Gaussian diffusion process. We also illustrate how the limiting Gaussian process may be used to compute approximations to the original system of reservoirs. In addition, we study the quality of our approximations by comparing them to results obtained by simulations of the original watershed model. The simulations offer support for the use of the approximation developed here.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 39-63 
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    Keywords: Saturated flow ; rainfall ; groundwater monitoring
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    Notes: Abstract A numerical experiment of flow in variably saturated porous media was performed in order to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of the groundwater recharge at the phreatic surface for a shallow aquifer as a function of the input rainfall process and soil heterogeneity. The study focused on the groundwater recharge which resulted from the percolation of the excess rainfall for a 90-days period of an actual precipitation record. Groundwater recharge was defined as the water flux across the moving phreatic surface. The observed spatial non-uniformity of the groundwater recharge was caused by soil heterogeneity and is particularly pronounced during the stage of recharge peak (substantial percolation stage). During that stage the recharge is associated with preferential flow paths defined as soil zones of locally higher hydraulic conductivity. For the periods of low percolation intensity the groundwater recharge was exhibiting more uniform spatial characteristics. The temporal distribution of the recharge was found to be a function of the frequency and intensity of the rainfall events. Application of sampling design demonstrates the joint influence of the spatial and temporal recharge variability on the cost-effective monitoring of groundwater potentiometric surfaces.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 65-85 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Streamflow ; drought ; tree-ring data ; renewal model ; geometric variables
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that runs of low-flow annual streamflow in a coastal semiarid basin of Central California can be adequately modelled by renewal theory. For example, runs of below-median annual streamflows are shown to follow a geometric distribution. The elapsed time between runs of below-median streamflow are geometrically distributed also. The sum of these two independently distributed geometric time variables defines the renewal time elapsing between the initiation of a low-flow run and the next one. The probability distribution of the renewal time is then derived from first principles, ultimately leading to the distribution of the number of low-flow runs in a specified time period, the expected number of low-flow runs, the risk of drought, and other important probabilistic indicators of low-flow. The authors argue that if one identifies drought threat with the occurrence of multiyear low-flow runs, as it is done by water supply managers in the study area, then our renewal model provides a number of interesting results concerning drought threat in areas historically subject to inclement, dry, climate. A 430-year long annual streamflow time series reconstructed by tree-ring analysis serves as the basis for testing our renewal model of low-flow sequences.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 87-106 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Climate change ; daily precipitation modelling ; generalized linear models ; iteratively reweighted least squares ; spline functions
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    Notes: Abstract The precipitation amounts on wet days at De Bilt (the Netherlands) are linked to temperature and surface air pressure through advanced regression techniques. Temperature is chosen as a covariate to use the model for generating synthetic time series of daily precipitation in a CO2 induced warmer climate. The precipitation-temperature dependence can partly be ascribed to the phenomenon that warmer air can contain more moisture. Spline functions are introduced to reproduce the non-monotonous change of the mean daily precipitation amount with temperature. Because the model is non-linear and the variance of the errors depends on the expected response, an iteratively reweighted least-squares technique is needed to estimate the regression coefficients. A representative rainfall sequence for the situation of a systematic temperature rise is obtained by multiplying the precipitation amounts in the observed record with a temperature dependent factor based on a fitted regression model. For a temperature change of 3°C (reasonable guess for a doubled CO2 climate according to the present-day general circulation models) this results in an increase in the annual average amount of 9% (20% in winter and 4% in summer). An extended model with both temperature and surface air pressure is presented which makes it possible to study the additional effects of a potential systematic change in surface air pressure on precipitation.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 107-126 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Gaussian process ; spatial correlation ; anisotropy ; Fourier transform ; Gauss-Newton ; ECM ; measurement error ; signal extraction ; irregular data
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with developing computational methods and approximations for maximum likelihood estimation and minimum mean square error smoothing of irregularly observed two-dimensional stationary spatial processes. The approximations are based on various Fourier expansions of the covariance function of the spatial process, expressed in terms of the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the spectral density function of the underlying spatial process. We assume that the underlying spatial process is governed by elliptic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE's) driven by a Gaussian white noise process. SPDE's have often been used to model the underlying physical phenomenon and the elliptic SPDE's are generally associated with steady-state problems. A central problem in estimation of underlying model parameters is to identify the covariance function of the process. The cumbersome exact analytical calculation of the covariance function by inverting the spectral density function of the process, has commonly been used in the literature. The present work develops various Fourier approximations for the covariance function of the underlying process which are in easily computable form and allow easy application of Newton-type algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. This work also develops an iterative search algorithm which combines the Gauss-Newton algorithm and a type of generalized expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, namely expectation-conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm, for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters. We analyze the accuracy of the covariance function approximations for the spatial autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models analyzed in Vecchia (1988) and illustrate the performance of our iterative search algorithm in obtaining the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters on simulated and actual data.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 127-150 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall estimation ; indicator cokriging ; rain gage measurements
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Indicator cokriging (Journel 1983) is examined as a tool for real-time estimation of rainfall from rain gage measurements. The approach proposed in this work obviates real-time estimation of real-time statistics of rainfall by using ensemble or climatological statistics exclusively, and reduces computational requirements attendant to indicator cokriging by employing only a few auxiliary cutoffs in estimation of conditional probabilities. Due to unavailability of suitable rain gage measurements, hourly radar rain fall data were used for both indicator covariance estimation and a comparative evaluation. Preliminary results suggest that the indicator cokriging approach is clearly superior to its ordinary kriging counterpart, whereas the indicator kriging approach is not. The improvement is most significant in estimation of light rainfall, but drops off significantly for heavy rainfall. The lack of predictability in spatial estimation of heavy rainfall is borne out in the integral scale of indicator correlation: peaking to its maximum for cutoffs near the median, indicator correlation scale becomes increasingly smaller for larger cutoffs of rainfall depth. A derived-distribution analysis, based on the assumption that radar rainfall is a linear sum of ground-truth and a random error, suggests that, at low cutoffs, indicator correlation scale of ground-truth can significantly differ from that of radar rainfall, and points toward inclusion of rainfall intermittency, for example, within the framework proposed in this work.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 151-161 
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 163-166 
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 187-207 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: log-Gumbel distribution ; flood frequency analysis ; quantile estimation ; confidence intervals
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    Notes: Abstract The log-Gumbel distribution is one of the extreme value distributions which has been widely used in flood frequency analysis. This distribution has been examined in this paper regarding quantile estimation and confidence intervals of quantiles. Specific estimation algorithms based on the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM) and maximum likelihood (ML) are presented. The applicability of the estimation procedures and comparison among the methods have been illustrated based on an application example considering the flood data of the St. Mary's River.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 167-186 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Reservoir stochastic theory ; reliability ; mean ; variance ; indicator function ; storage bounds ; nonlinear programming ; simulation
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    Notes: Abstract A new formulation is presented for the analysis of reservoir systems synthesizing concepts from the traditional stochastic theory of reservoir storage, moments analysis and reliability programming. The analysis is based on the development of the first and second moments for the stochastic storage state variable. These expressions include terms for the failure probabilities (probabilities of spill or deficit) and consider the storage bounds explicitly. Using this analysis, expected values of the storage state, variances of storage, optimal release policies and failure probabilities — useful information in the context of reservoir operations and design, can be obtained from a nonlinear programming solution. The solutions developed from studies of single reservoir operations on both an annual and monthly basis, compare favorably with those obtained from simulation. The presentation herein is directed to both traditional reservoir storage theorists who are interested in the design of a reservoir and modern reservoir analysts who are interested in the long term operation of reservoirs.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 209-229 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Infiltration-advance equation ; water spreading ; cellular automata ; irrigation ; surface hydrology ; hydrodynamics ; stochastic processes
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    Notes: Abstract A technique has been developed for predicting the irregular advance pattern often observed as water spreads on the surface of the ground. The technique is a combination of stochastic sketching, potential theory, probability theory, and a mass balance equation in the form of an advance equation. The technique can be used on flat as well as sloping terrain and addresses any form of obstructions or constraints to the flow of the water. The stochastic sketching portion of the technique uses cellular automata with transition probability movement rules to sketch the dynamics of small volume water elements in the defined environment. Randomly selected small volume flow path segments are computed and plotted. The envelope of these segments defines the wetted area and the advance front. Several examples are presented showing the patterns produced for various situations.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 231-251 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic ; multiphase ; three phase ; heterogeneity
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    Notes: Abstract The first paper (Chang et al., 1995b) of this two-part series described the stochastic analysis using spectral/perturbation approach to analyze steady state two-phase (water and oil) flow in a, liquid-unsaturated, three fluid-phase porous medium. In this paper, the results between the numerical simulations and closed-form expressions obtained using the perturbation approach are compared. We present the solution to the one-dimensional, steady-state oil and water flow equations. The stochastic input processes are the spatially correlated logk where k is the intrinsic permeability and the soil retention parameter, α. These solutions are subsequently used in the numerical simulations to estimate the statistical properties of the key output processes. The comparison between the results of the perturbation analysis and numerical simulations showed a good agreement between the two methods over a wide range of logk variability with three different combinations of input stochastic processes of logk and soil parameter α. The results clearly demonstrated the importance of considering the spatial variability of key subsurface properties under a variety of physical scenarios. The variability of both capillary pressure and saturation is affected by the type of input stochastic process used to represent the spatial variability. The results also demonstrated the applicability of perturbation theory in predicting the system variability and defining effective fluid properties through the ergodic assumption.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 295-317 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bayesion methods ; time series ; hydrology
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    Notes: Abstract A review of literature reveals the inadequacy of Intervention analysis and spectrum based methods to adequately quantify changes in hydrologic times series. A Bayesian method is used to investigate the statistical significance of observed changes in hydrologic times series and the results are reported herein. The Bayesian method is superior to the previous methods.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 253-278 
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    Keywords: Random fields ; stochastic processes ; fractals
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new method for generating spatially-correlated random fields. Such fields are often encountered in hydrology and hydrogeology and in the earth sciences. The method is based on two observations: (i) spatially distributed attributes usually display a stationary correlation structure, and (ii) the screening effect of measurements leads to the sufficiency of a small search neighborhood when it comes to projecting measurements and data in space. The algorithm which was developed based on these principles is called HYDRO_GEN, and its features and properties are discussed in depth. HYDRO_GEN is found to be accurate and extremely fast. It is also versatile: it can simulate fields of different nature, starting from weakly stationary fields with a prescribed covariance and ending with fractal fields. The simulated fields can display statistical isotropy or anisotropy.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 279-294 
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    Keywords: Linear estimation ; interpolation ; kriging ; splines ; conditional
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    Notes: Abstract This work presents analytical expressions for the best estimate, conditional covariance function, and conditional realizations of a function from sparse observations. In contrast to the prevalent approach in kriging where the best estimates at every point are determined from the solution of a system of linear equations, the best-estimate function can be represented analytically in terms of basis functions, whose number depends on the observations. This approach is computationally superior when graphing a function estimate and is also valuable in understanding what the solution should look like. For example, one can immediately see that all “singularities” in the best-estimate function are at observation points.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 319-329 
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    Keywords: Particle tracking ; numerical methods ; random walks ; advection-dispersion equation ; stochastic processes
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    Notes: Abstract A formal statistical discussion of the origins of the random walk and its relation to the classic advection-dispersion equation is given. At issue is the common use of Gaussian distributed steps in producing the desired dispersive effects. Shown are alternative solutions to the basic Langevin equation describing mass displacements based on non-Gaussian, white increments. In particular, the results reveal that uniform or symmetric-triangular steps can be employed without loss of generality in accuracy of the solution (over all Peclet numbers) and may yield significant savings in the computational generation of the random deviates required in the Monte Carlo procedures of the random walk method.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 330-330 
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bivariate density ; meta-Gaussian density ; normal quantile transform ; likelihood ratio dependence ; correlation coefficient
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    Notes: Abstract Convenient bivariate densities found in the literature are often unsuitable for modeling hydrologic variates. They either constrain the range of association between variates, or fix the form of the marginal distributions. The bivariate meta-Gaussian density is constructed by embedding the normal quantile transform of each variate into the Gaussian law. The density can represent a full range of association between variates and admits arbitrarily specified marginal distributions. Modeling and estimation can be decomposed into i) independent analyses of the marginal distributions, and ii) investigation of the dependence structure. Both statistical and judgmental estimation procedures are possible. Some comparisons to recent applications of bivariate densities in the hydrologic literature motivate and illustrate the model.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 33-50 
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    Keywords: Unit hydrograph ; uncertainty analysis ; linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation ; reliability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Unit hydrographs (UHs), along with design rainfalls, are frequently used to determine the discharge hydrograph for design and evaluation of hydraulic structures. Due to the presence of various uncertainties in its derivation, the resulting UH is inevitably subject to uncertainty. Consequently, the performance of hydraulic structures under the design storm condition is uncertain. This paper integrates the linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation with the UH theory and routing techniques to evaluate the reliability of hydraulic structures. The linear constraint is considered because the water volume of each generated design direct runoff hydrograph should be equal to that of the design effective rainfall hyetograph or the water volume of each generated UH must be equal to one inch (or cm) over the watershed. For illustration, the proposed methodology is applied to evaluate the overtopping risk of a hypothetical flood detention reservoir downstream of Tong-Tou watershed in Taiwan.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Nash cascade reservoir model ; rainfall-runoff ; EM algorithm ; filtering ; maximum likelihood estimation ; martingale estimating function
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    Notes: Abstract Abstract: Linear continuous time stochastic Nash cascade conceptual models for runoff are developed. The runoff is modeled as a simple system of linear stochastic differential equations driven by white Gaussian and marked point process noises. In the case of d reservoirs, the outputs of these reservoirs form a d dimensional vector Markov process, of which only the dth coordinate process is observed, usually at a discrete sample of time points. The dth coordinate process is not Markovian. Thus runoff is a partially observed Markov process if it is modeled using the stochastic Nash cascade model. We consider how to estimate the parameters in such models. In principle, maximum likelihood estimation for the complete process parameters can be carried out directly or through some form of the EM (estimation and maximization) algorithm or variation thereof, applied to the observed process data. In this research we consider a direct approximate likelihood approach and a filtering approach to an algorithm of EM type, as developed in Thompson and Kaseke (1994). These two methods are applied to some real life runoff data from a catchment in Wales, England. We also consider a special case of the martingale estimating function approach on the runoff model in the presence of rainfall. Finally, some simulations of the runoff process are given based on the estimated parameters.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 173-192 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Uncertainty analysis ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; probabilistic point estimation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic model parameters obtained from regional regression equations are subject to uncertainty. Consequently, hydrologic model outputs based on the stochastic parameters are random. This paper presents a systematic analysis of uncertainty associated with the two parameters, N and K, in Nash's IUH model from different regional regression equations. The uncertainty features associated with N and K are further incorporated to assess the uncertainty of the resulting IUH. Numerical results indicate that uncertainty of N and K from the regional regression equations are too significant to be ignored.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 145-171 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrologic regionalization ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; multivariate regression ; seemingly unrelated regression ; validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic regionalization is a useful tool that allows for the transfer of hydrological information from gaged sites to ungaged sites. This study developed regional regression equations that relate the two parameters in Nash's IUH model to the basin characteristics for 42 major watersheds in Taiwan. In the process of developing the regional equations, different regression procedures including the conventional univariate regression, multivariate regression, and seemingly unrelated regression were used. Multivariate regression and seeming unrelated regression were applied because there exists a rather strong correlation between the Nash's IUH parameters. Furthermore, a validation study was conducted to examine the predictability of regional equations derived by different regression procedures. The study indicates that hydrologic regionalization involving several dependent variables should consider their correlations in the process of establishing the regional equations. The consideration of such correlation will enhance the predictability of resulting regional equations as compared with the ones from the conventional univariate regression procedure.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
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    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
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    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 211-227 
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    Notes: Abstract The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was employed to derive a new method of parameter estimation for the 2-parameter generalized Pareto (GP2) distribution. Monte Carlo simulated data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM), and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The parameter estimates yielded by POME were comparable or better within certain ranges of sample size and coefficient of variation.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 523-547 
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    Notes: Abstract Kernel density estimators are useful building blocks for empirical statistical modeling of precipitation and other hydroclimatic variables. Data driven estimates of the marginal probability density function of these variables (which may have discrete or continuous arguments) provide a useful basis for Monte Carlo resampling and are also useful for posing and testing hypotheses (e.g bimodality) as to the frequency distributions of the variable. In this paper, some issues related to the selection and design of univariate kernel density estimators are reviewed. Some strategies for bandwidth and kernel selection are discussed in an applied context and recommendations for parameter selection are offered. This paper complements the nonparametric wet/dry spell resampling methodology presented in Lall et al. (1996).
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 459-482 
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    Keywords: Karhunen-Loéve expansion ; Empirical Orthogonal Functions ; stochastic simulation ; gaussian fields ; analytical covariance functions ; eigenfunctions ; kriging
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    Notes: Abstract Simulation of multigaussian stochastic fields can be made after a Karhunen-Loéve expansion of a given covariance function. This method is also called simulation by Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The simulations are made by drawing stochastic coefficients from a random generator. These numbers are multiplied with eigenfunctions and eigenvalues derived from the predefined covariance model. The number of eigenfunctions necessary to reproduce the stochastic process within a predefined variance error, turns out to be a cardinal question. Some ordinary analytical covariance functions are used to evaluate how quickly the series of eigenfunctions can be truncated. This analysis demonstrates extremely quick convergence to 99.5% of total variance for the 2nd order exponential (‘gaussian’) covariance function, while the opposite is true for the 1st order exponential covariance function. Due to these convergence characteristics, the Karhunen-Loéve method is most suitable for simulating smooth fields with ‘gaussian’ shaped covariance functions. Practical applications of Karhunen-Loéve simulations can be improved by spatial interpolation of the eigenfunctions. In this paper, we suggest interpolation by kriging and limits for reproduction of the predefined covariance functions are evaluated.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 1-14 
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    Keywords: Key words: Exceedance probability ; trend ; stochastic variables ; non-stationarity
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    Notes: Abstract Studying the hypothetical case of a trend superimposed on a random stationary variable, we highlight the strong influence of possible non-stationarities on exceedance probability. After a general outline, the subject is analytically developed using the Gumbel distribution, emphasizing the quick increase of the exceedance probability over time in the presence of weak rising trends, and its sensitive underestimation where the non-stationarity goes unnoticed or is considered negligible. Finally the work is applied to hydrological series of rainfall and river flow.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 53-64 
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    Keywords: Key words: Risk ; clustering ; point process ; Poisson ; flood.
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    Notes: Abstract: Since the introduction into flood risk analysis, the partial duration series method has gained increasing acceptance as an appealing alternative to the annual maximum series method. However, when the base flow is low, there is clustering in the flood peak or flow volume point process. In this case, the general stochastic point process model is not suitable to risk analysis. Therefore, two types of models for flood risk analysis are derived on the basis of clustering stochastic point process theory in this paper. The most remarkable characteristic of these models is that the flood risk is considered directly within the time domain. The acceptability of different models are also discussed with the combination of the flood peak counted process in twenty years at Yichang station on the Yangtze river. The result shows that the two kinds of models are suitable ones for flood risk analysis, which are more flexible compared with the traditional flood risk models derived on the basis of annual maximum series method or the general stochastic point process theory.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 33-52 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Streamflow ; simulation ; nonparametric
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    Notes: Abstract A new approach for streamflow simulation using nonparametric methods was described in a recent publication (Sharma et al. 1997). Use of nonparametric methods has the advantage that they avoid the issue of selecting a probability distribution and can represent nonlinear features, such as asymmetry and bimodality that hitherto were difficult to represent, in the probability structure of hydrologic variables such as streamflow and precipitation. The nonparametric method used was kernel density estimation, which requires the selection of bandwidth (smoothing) parameters. This study documents some of the tests that were conduced to evaluate the performance of bandwidth estimation methods for kernel density estimation. Issues related to selection of optimal smoothing parameters for kernel density estimation with small samples (200 or fewer data points) are examined. Both reference to a Gaussian density and data based specifications are applied to estimate bandwidths for samples from bivariate normal mixture densities. The three data based methods studied are Maximum Likelihood Cross Validation (MLCV), Least Square Cross Validation (LSCV) and Biased Cross Validation (BCV2). Modifications for estimating optimal local bandwidths using MLCV and LSCV are also examined. We found that the use of local bandwidths does not necessarily improve the density estimate with small samples. Of the global bandwidth estimators compared, we found that MLCV and LSCV are better because they show lower variability and higher accuracy while Biased Cross Validation suffers from multiple optimal bandwidths for samples from strongly bimodal densities. These results, of particular interest in stochastic hydrology where small samples are common, may have importance in other applications of nonparametric density estimation methods with similar sample sizes and distribution shapes.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 15-32 
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    Keywords: Key words: Kalman filtering ; groundwater modelling ; inverse methods ; uncertainty analysis ; state prediction ; parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The popularity of applying filtering theory in the environmental and hydrological sciences passed its first climax in the 1970s. Like so many other new mathematical methods it was simply the fashion at the time. The study of groundwater systems was not immune to this fashion, but neither was it by any means a prominent area of application. The spatial-temporal characteristics of groundwater flow are customarily described by analytical or, more frequently, numerical, physics-based models. Consequently, the state-space representations associated with filtering must be of a high order, with an immediately apparent computational over-burden. And therein lies part of the reason for the but modest interest there has been in applying Kalman filtering to groundwater systems, as reviewed critically in this paper. Filtering theory may be used to address a variety of problems, such as: state estimation and reconstruction, parameter estimation (including the study of uncertainty and its propagation), combined state-parameter estimation, input estimation, estimation of the variance-covariance properties of stochastic disturbances, the design of observation networks, and the analysis of parameter identifiability. A large proportion of previous studies has dealt with the problem of parameter estimation in one form or another. This may well not remain the focus of attention in the future. Instead, filtering theory may find wider application in the context of data assimilation, that is, in reconstructing fields of flow and the migration of sub-surface contaminant plumes from relatively sparse observations.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 65-82 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Flood flow ; threshold ; generalized Pareto ; Poisson
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study uses the method of peaks over threshold (P.O.T.) to estimate the flood flow quantiles for a number of hydrometric stations in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The peak values exceeding the base level (threshold), or `exceedances', are fitted by a generalized Pareto distribution. It is known that under the assumption of Poisson process arrival for flood exceedances, the P.O.T. model leads to a generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) for yearly maximum discharge values. The P.O.T. model can then be applied to calculate the quantiles X T corresponding to different return periods T, in years. A regionalization of floods in New Brunswick, which consists of dividing the province into `homogeneous regions', is performed using the method of the `region of influence'. The 100-year flood is subsequently estimated using a regionally estimated value of the shape parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution and a regression of the 100-year flood on the drainage area. The jackknife sampling method is then used to contrast the regional results with the values estimated at site. The variability of these results is presented in box-plot form.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 97-116 
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    Notes: Abstract : The knowledge of the volume and duration of low-flow events in river channels is essential for water management and the design of hydraulics structures. In this study, both preceding characteristics, X 1 and X 2, are considered simultaneously via two types of bivariate distributions whose marginals are exponential. One of these bivariate distributions has been presented by Nagao and Kadoya (1971) and the other has been used by Singh and Singh (1991) to the study of rainfall intensity and rainfall depth. The results are applied to the low-flow series (“peaks-below-threshold”) of Lepreau River (station 01AQ001) in New Brunswick, Canada. These results show that the model that was successfully employed by Singh and Singh (1991) to study rainfall, presents certain difficulties when a very strong correlation, ρ, between the two random variables X 1 and X 2, exists. The model by Nagao and Kadoya (1971) seems to be more satisfactory for such situations, although this model seems also to be quite sensitive to variations in ρ.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 83-96 
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    Notes: Abstract Many natural porous geological rock formations, as well as engineered porous structures, have fractal properties, i.e., they are self-similar over several length scales. While there have been many experimental and theoretical studies on how to quantify a fractal porous medium and on how to determine its fractal dimension, the numerical generation of a fractal pore structure with predefined statistical and scaling properties is somewhat scarcer. In the present paper a new numerical method for generating a three-dimensional porous medium with any desired probability density function (PDF) and autocorrelation function (ACF) is presented. The well-known Turning Bands Method (TBM) is modified to generate three-dimensional synthetic isotropic and anisotropic porous media with a Gaussian PDF and exponential-decay ACF. Porous media with other PDF's and ACF's are constructed with a nonlinear, iterative PDF and ACF transformation, whereby the arbitrary PDF is converted to an equivalent Gaussian PDF which is then simulated with the classical TBM. Employing a new method for the estimation of the surface area for a given porosity, the fractal dimensions of the surface area of the synthetic porous media generated in this way are then measured by classical fractal perimeter/area relationships. Different 3D porous media are simulated by varying the porosity and the correlation structure of the random field. The performance of the simulations is evaluated by checking the ensemble statistics, the mean, variance and ACF of the simulated random field. For a porous medium with Gaussian PDF, an average fractal dimension of approximately 2.76 is obtained which is in the range of values of actually measured fractal dimensions of molecular surfaces. For a porous medium with a non-Gaussian quadratic PDF the calculated fractal dimension appears to be consistently higher and averages 2.82. The results also show that the fractal dimension is neither strongly dependent of the porosity nor of the degree of anisotropy assumed.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 117-140 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Transport of non-ergodic solute plumes by steady-state groundwater flow with a uniform mean velocity, μ, were simulated with Monte Carlo approach in a two-dimensional heterogeneous and statistically isotropic aquifer whose transmissivity, T, is log-normally distributed with an exponential covariance. The ensemble averages of the second spatial moments of the plume about its center of mass, 〈S i i (t)〉, and the plume centroid covariance, R i i (t) (i=1,2), were simulated for the variance of Y=log T, σ Y 2=0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 and line sources normal or parallel to μ of three dimensionless lengths, 1, 5, and 10. For σ Y 2=0.1, all simulated 〈S i i (t)〉−S i i (0) and R i i (t) agree well with the first-order theoretical values, where S i i (0) are the initial values of S i i (t). For σ Y 2=0.5 and 1.0 and the line sources normal to μ, the simulated longitudinal moments, 〈S 11(t)〉−S 11(0) and R 11(t), agree well with the first-order theoretical results but the simulated transverse moments 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) and R 22(t) are significantly larger than the first-order values. For the same two larger values of σ Y 2 but the line sources parallel to μ, the simulated 〈S 11(t)〉−S 11(0) are larger than but the simulated R 11 are smaller than the first-order values, and both simulated 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) and R 22(t) stay larger than the first-order values. For a fixed value of σ Y 2, the summations of 〈S i i (t)〉−S i i (0) and R i i , i.e., X i i (i=1,2), remain almost the same no matter what kind of source simulated. The simulated X 11 are in good agreement with the first-order theory but the simulated X 22 are significantly larger than the first-order values. The simulated X 22, however, are in excellent agreement with a previous modeling result and both of them are very close to the values derived using Corrsin's conjecture. It is found that the transverse moments may be significantly underestimated if less accurate hydraulic head solutions are used and that the decreasing of 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) with time or a negative effective dispersivity, defined as , may happen in the case of a line source parallel to μ where σ Y 2 is small.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 141-154 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Ground truth ; geostatistical techniques ; areal reduction factor ; Rainfall process ; linear relationship.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Geostatistical techniques are used to quantify the reference mean areal rainfall (ground truth) from sparse raingaugenetworks. Based on the EPSAT-Niger event cumulative rainfall, a linear relationship between the ground truth considered as the mean area rainfall estimated from the densely available raingauge network and the area rainfall estimated from sparse network are derived. Also, a linear relationship between the ground truth and point rainfall is established. As it was reported experimentally by some authors, the slope of these relationships is less than one. Based on the geostatistical framework, the slope and the ordinate at the origin can be estimated as a function of the spatial structure of the rainfall process. It is shown that the slope is smaller than one. For the special case of one gauge inside a fixed area or a Field Of View (FOV), an areal reduction factor is derived. It has a limit value which depends only on the size of the area and the spatial structure of the rainfall process. The relative variance error of estimating the FOV cumulative rainfall from point rainfall is also given.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 223-245 
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    Keywords: Key words: Stochastic differential equation ; spatial data ; irregularly sampled data ; parameter estimation.
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    Notes: Abstract: A second order stochastic differential equation is used for modeling of water-table elevation. The data were sampled at the Borden Aquifer as a part of a tracer experiment. The purpose of the water-table data collection was to determine presence of a water flow. We argue that the water-table surface is a simple plane oscillating up and down in time according to an equation for a stochastic oscillator. We derive the model, estimate its parameters and provide arguments for goodness-of-fit of the model.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Flood frequency analysis ; TCEV ; non-systematic information ; regional ; statistical gain.
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    Notes: Abstract: Due to the social and economic implications, flood frequency analysis must be done with the highest precision. For this reason, the most suitable statistical model must be selected, and the maximum amount of information must be used. Floods in Mediterranean rivers can be produced by two different mechanisms, which forces the use of a non-traditional distribution like the TCEV. The information can be increased by using additional non-systematic data, or with a regional analysis, or both. Through the statistical gain concept, it has been shown that in most cases the use of additional non-systematic information can decrease the quantile estimation error in about 50%. In a regional analysis, the␣benefit of additional information in one station, is propagated to the rest of␣the␣stations with only a small decrease with respect to the at-site equivalent analysis.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 285-298 
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    Notes: Abstract We present a geostatistically based inverse model for characterizing heterogeneity in parameters of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for three-dimensional flow. Pressure and moisture content are related to perturbations in hydraulic parameters through cross-covariances, which are calculated to first-order. Sensitivities needed for covariance calculations are derived using the adjoint state sensitivity method. Approximations of the conditional mean parameter fields are then obtained from the cokriging estimator. Correlation between parameters and pressure – moisture content perturbations is seen to be strongly dependent on mean pressure or moisture content. High correlation between parameters and pressure data was obtained under saturated or near saturated flow conditions, providing accurate estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity, while moisture content measurements provided accurate estimation of the pore size distribution parameter under unsaturated flow conditions.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 247-266 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Stochastic control ; dynamic programming ; reservoir systems ; hydrologic forecasting ; hydropower ; feedback control ; autoregressive models.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract : As with all dynamic programming formulations, differential dynamic programming (DDP) successfully exploits the sequential decision structure of multi-reservoir optimization problems, overcomes difficulties with the nonconvexity of energy production functions for hydropower systems, and provides optimal feedback release policies. DDP is particularly well suited to optimizing large-scale multi-reservoir systems due to its relative insensitivity to state-space dimensionality. This advantage of DDP encourages expansion of the state vector to include additional multi-lag hydrologic information and/or future inflow forecasts in developing optimal reservoir release policies. Unfortunately, attempts at extending DDP to the stochastic case have not been entirely successful. A modified stochastic DDP algorithm is presented which overcomes difficulties in previous formulations. Application of the algorithm to a four-reservoir hydropower system demonstrates its capabilities as an efficient approach to solving stochastic multi-reservoir optimization problems. The algorithm is also applied to a single reservoir problem with inclusion of multi-lag hydrologic information in the state vector. Results provide evidence of significant benefits in direct inclusion of expanded hydrologic state information in optimal feedback release policies.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 299-316 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a geostatistical approach to multi-directional aquifer stimulation in order to better identify the transmissivity field. Hydraulic head measurements, taken at a few locations but under a number of different steady-state flow conditions, are used to estimate the transmissivity. Well installation is generally the most costly aspect of obtaining hydraulic head measurements. Therefore, it is advantageous to obtain as many informative measurements from each sampling location as possible. This can be achieved by hydraulically stimulating the aquifer through pumping, in order to set-up a variety of flow conditions. We illustrate the method by applying it to a synthetic aquifer. The simulations provide evidence that a few sampling locations may provide enough information to estimate the transmissivity field. Furthermore, the innovation of, or new information provided by, each measurement can be examined by looking at the corresponding spline and sensitivity matrix. Estimates from multi-directional stimulation are found to be clearly superior to estimates using data taken under one flow condition. We describe the geostatistical methodology for using data from multi-directional simulations and address computational issues.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 33-47 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hidden markov models ; maximum likelihood estimation ; EM algorithm ; martingale estimating function ; forward-backward algorithm ; Monte Carlo ; filtering ; Nash cascade model ; rainfall runoff modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many stochastic process models for environmental data sets assume a process of relatively simple structure which is in some sense partially observed. That is, there is an underlying process (Xn, n ≥ 0) or (Xt, t ≥ 0) for which the parameters are of interest and physically meaningful, and an observable process (Yn, n ≥ 0) or (Yt, t ≥ 0) which depends on the X process but not otherwise on those parameters. Examples are wide ranging: the Y process may be the X process with missing observations; the Y process may be the X process observed with a noise component; the X process might constitute a random environment for the Y process, as with hidden Markov models; the Y process might be a lower dimensional function or reduction of the X process. In principle, maximum likelihood estimation for the X process parameters can be carried out by some form of the EM algorithm applied to the Y process data. In the paper we review some current methods for exact and approximate maximum likelihood estimation. We illustrate some of the issues by considering how to estimate the parameters of a stochastic Nash cascade model for runoff. In the case of k reservoirs, the outputs of these reservoirs form a k dimensional vector Markov process, of which only the kth coordinate process is observed, usually at a discrete sample of time points.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 117-132 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: River Quality ; network ; computer model ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, concepts of network thermodynamics are applied to a river water quality model, which is based on Streeter-Phelps equations, to identify the corresponding physical components and their topology. Then, the randomness in the parameters, input coefficients and initial conditions are modeled by Gaussian white noises. From the stochastic components of the physical system description of problem and concepts of physical system theory, a set of stochastic differential equations can be automatically generated in a computer and the recent developments on the automatic formulation of the moment equations based on Ito calculus can be used. This procedure is illustrated through the solution of an example of stochastic river water quality problem and it is also shown how other related problems with different configurations can be automatically solved in a computer using just one software.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 171-205 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: AR-AIC-Bayes filter ; autoregressive spectral density estimation ; diagnostic checks for ARMA models ; exploratory data analysis ; fast Fourier transform ; Hurst coefficient ; long-memory times series ; periodogram smoothing ; riverflow time series ; spectral density plots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of estimation of the univariate spectral density are reviewed and some improvements are made. It is suggested that spectral analysis may perhaps be best thought of as another exploratory data analysis (EDA) tool which complements, rather than competes with, the popular ARMA model building approach. A new diagnostic check for ARMA model adequacy based on the nonparametric spectral density is introduced. Additionally, two new algorithms for fast computation of the autoregressive spectral density function are presented. For improving interpretation of results, a new style of plotting the spectral density function is suggested. Exploratory spectral analyses of a number of hydrological time series are performed and some interesting periodicities are suggested for further investigation. The application of spectral analysis to determine the possible existence of long memory in natural time series is discussed with respect to long riverflow, treering and mud varve series. Moreover, a comparison of the estimated spectral densities suggests the ARMA models fitted previously to these datasets adequately describe the low frequency component. Finally, the software and data used in this paper are available by anonymous ftp from fisher.stats.uwo.ca.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 215-237 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Computation ; discretization ; entropy ; networks ; time averaging ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The computational aspects of using a new, entropy-based, theory to predict water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations are discussed. The main computational issues addressed are the level of discretization used in converting the continuous probability distribution of water quality values to the discrete levels required for the entropy function, and the choice of the interval of time for which to assign the value of the water quality (period of time averaging) through the entropy function. Unlike most cases of entropy applications involving discretization of continuous functions the results of using entropy theory to predict water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations in this application appear to be insensitive to the choice of the level of discretization even down to the very coarse level discretization associated with only eight intervals. However, depending on the length of record available the choice of the time interval for which the water quality values are assigned (period for time averaging) appear to have a significant impact on the accuracy of the results.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 13-32 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Distributed parameter filter ; shallow water equations ; distributed dynamical systems ; data assimilation ; white Gaussian noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Distributed parameter filtering theory is employed for estimating the state variables and associated error covariances of a dynamical distributed system under highly random tidal and meteorological influences. The stochastic-deterministic mathematical model of the physical system under study consists of the shallow water equations described by the momentum and continuity equations in which the external forces such as Coriolis force, wind friction, and atmospheric pressure are considered. White Gaussian noises in the system and measurement equations are used to account for the inherent stochasticity of the system. By using an optimal distributed parameter filter, the information provided by the stochastic dynamical model and the noisy measurements taken from the actual system are combined to obtain an optimal estimate of the state of the system, which in turn is used as the initial condition for the prediction procedure. The approach followed here has numerical approximation carried out at the end, which means that the numerical discretization is performed in the filtering equations, and not in the equations modelling the system. Therefore, the continuous distributed nature of the original system is maintained as long as possible and the propagation of modelling errors in the problem is minimized. The appropriateness of the distributed parameter filter is demonstrated in an application involving the prediction of storm surges in the North Sea. The results confirm excellent filter performance with considerable improvement with respect to the deterministic prediction.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Extreme rainfalls ; partial duration series ; regional estimation ; Bayes' theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Based on the Partial Duration Series model a regional Bayesian approach is introduced in the modelling of extreme rainfalls from a country-wide system of recording raingauges in Denmark. The application of the Bayesian principles is derived in case of both exponential and generalized Pareto-distributed exceedances. The method is applied to, respectively, the total precipitation depth and the maximum 10 minutes rain intensity of individual storms from 41 stations. By means of the regional analysis prior distributions of the parameters in the Partial Duration Series model are estimated. It is shown that the regional approach significantly reduces the uncertainty of the T-year event estimator compared to estimation based solely on at-site data. In addition, the regional approach provides quantile estimates at non-monitored sites.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Radiosondendaten wurde eine Frontalzone, die am 30. März 1977 südlich von Denver, Colorado, verlief, im Detail analysiert. Die Frontalzone zeigte eine Mehrfachstruktur, die auch aus den Verteilungen von O3- und Kondensationskern-Konzentrationen zu ersehen war. Diese Konzentrationen wurden mit dem NCAR Sabreliner vermessen.
    Notes: Summary A detailed analysis of a frontal zone located south of Denver, Colorado, on 30 March, 1977 was made using radiosonde data. This zone revealed a multiple structure which also showed up in the distributions of O3 and condensational nuclei concentrations measured with the Sabre-linear aircraft of the National Center of Atmospheric Research.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 1-10 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am 29. und 30. März 1977 wurden von einem Sabreliner-Flugzeug aus in einer Frontalzone südlich von Denver in Colorado Ozon und Kondensationskerne gemessen. Das Ozon diente als Tracer für stratosphärische Luft und die Kondensationskerne dienten als Tracer für troposphärische Luft. Sowohl der Langer-Kondensationskernzähler wie auch der Rich-100 Zähler können für Messungen der Kondensationskernkonzentration in der Nähe der Tropopause verwendet werden. Der erstere ist jedoch für niedrige Konzentrationen empfindlicher. Die gemessenen Kerne hatten meist einen größeren Radius als 0,005 μm und bestanden aus tausenden von Molekülen. Die Mesostruktur der Ozon- und Kondensationskernkonzentrationen stimmte gut mit der doppelten Struktur der Frontalzone überein, die aus einer Detailanalyse der Radiosondendaten ersichtlich wurde.
    Notes: Summary Ozone and condensation nuclei were measured on 29 March 1977 (and 30 March GMT) from a Sabreliner in a frontal zone south of Denver, Colorado. The ozone served as a tracer for stratospheric air and the condensation nuclei as a tracer for tropospheric air. Both the Langer condensation nucleus counter and the Rich-100 counter can be used to measure condensation nucleus concentrations in the vicinity of the tropopause. However, the former counter is more sensitive to low concentrations. The nuclei measured were found to be almost entirely larger than 0.005 μm in radius, consisting of thousands of molecules. The mesostructure of the ozone and condensation nucleus concentrations agreed well with a double structure of the frontal zone that became apparent from a detailed analysis of radiosonde data.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 111-112 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 187-193 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine theoretische annähernde Berechnung gibt die Bedingungen an, die für die Bildung der Wellenform eines Frontenprofiles erforderlich sind. Die Wellenform hat Charakteristiken von sekundären und primären Fronten. Aufgrund der systematischen Analyse der Beobachtungsdaten des meteorologischen Stationsnetzes von Jugoslawien wurde gefunden, daß es Wettersituationen gibt, bei denen das Frontenprofil Wellenform hat. Dafür werden zwei Beispiele vorgelegt.
    Notes: Summary One theoretical approach indicates the conditions required for formation of a waveform of the frontal profile. The wave form has characteristics of secondary and primary fronts. On the base of systematic analyse of data from network of meteorological stations over Yugoslavia it is found that there are weather situations when frontal profile is wave shaped. Two examples are presented.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 233-244 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three examples for non-frontal cloud system are discussed: 1) A cloud system that is created by positive vertical motion as a consequence of vertical wind shear; 2) a cloud system is created by horizontal and vertical temperature and humidity differences; 3) a cloud system is created by positive vorticity values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden drei Beispiele nichtfrontaler Bewölkungssysteme diskutiert: 1) Ein Wolkensystem wird durch positive Vertikalbewegung infolge vertikaler Windscherung erzeugt; 2) ein Wolkensystem wird durch horizontale und vertikale Temperatur- und Feuchteunterschiede erzeugt; 3) ein Wolkensystem wird durch zyklonale Vorticity erzeugt.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 195-210 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von den verschiedenen Termen, welche in den Wärmehaushalt eines Wasservolumens in der Nähe der Meeresoberfläche eingehen und welche Anomalien der Oberflächentemperatur (SST) beeinflussen, scheint die Advektion in den großräumigen Strömungssystemen, vor allem im Westpazifik, einige Bedeutung zu besitzen. Langzeitige Tendenzen in dieser Advektion scheinen zu einem gewissen Grade mit der Schubspannung der Passatwinde des Nordpazifik gekoppelt zu sein. Die Variabilität der Meeresoberflächentemperaturen innerhalb der Zeitspanne von etlichen Monaten scheint entlang der japanischen Küste, zumindest teilweise, von Strömungsmäandern und im offenen Ozean von windschubbeeinflußten Mechanismen kontrolliert zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Among the various terms entering the heat budget of an oceanic volume close to the ocean surface and affecting sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies, advection in the large current systems appears to be of importance in the West Pacific. Long-term trends in this advection appear to be coupled, to a certain extent, to forcing by zonal wind stress in the North Pacific trade-wind region. Variability of SST on time scales of the order of months off the coast of Japan seems to be governed, at least in part, by current meanders, and in the open ocean by winds-stress operated mechanisms.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 211-232 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the summer months of 1976 to 1978 the surface energy balance was measured at Obergurgl-Wiese (1960 m a.s.l.) and at Hohe Mut (2560 m a.s.l.) in the Tyrolean Alps. As first result the components of the energy balance at the two stations were analyzed for 8 clear summer days. Microclimate is different at the two stations because of the vegetation (meadow and curvuletum, resp.), because of the location near the bottom of the valley and on a mountain ridge and because of the altitude difference of 600 m. Hourly values of the energy balance components are calculated from radiation measurements, from soil temperatures, and from profiles of air temperature and water vapour using the Bowen ratio method. For the period of positive radiation balance on clear summer days Bowen ratio values of 0.5 to 0.8 are representative for the curvuletum of the Hohe Mut, for the meadow at Obergurgl the values are 0.2 to 0.6. At the two stations the Bowen ratio values increase during summer because vegetation dries up. The diurnal variation of the Bowen ratio is different at the two stations due to vegetation and water balance. In order to check the laws of turbulent transport for applications in mountainous regions, the product of dimensionless wind shear and dimensionless temperature gradient was calculated from wind profile measurements and energy fluxes at the Hohe Mut. The relationship of these parameters to the stability parameters Richardson number and dimensionless height correspond to relations found over homogeneous, level terrain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Sommermonaten der Jahre 1976 bis 1978 wurden an den Stationen Obergurgl-Wiese (1960 m) und Hohe Mut (2560 m) in den Ötztaler Alpen Wärmehaushaltsmessungen durchgeführt. Als erste Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden die Komponenten der Energiebilanz an beiden Stationen für je 4 heitere Sommertage 1976 und 1977 analysiert. Unterschiede im Mikroklima beider Stationen werden auf die Vegetation, Bergwiese bzw. Curvuletum der alpinen Grasheide, auf die Lage nahe dem Talboden bzw. auf einem Bergrücken und auf die Höhendifferenz von 600 m zurückgeführt. Die Komponenten der Energiebilanz wurden aus Strahlungsmessungen, aus Profilen der Bodentemperatur und aus Profilmessungen von Lufttemperatur und Dampfdruck über das Bowen-Verhältnis stundenweise berechnet. Für das Curvuletum der Hohen Mut sind an heiteren Sommertagen für die Periode positiver Strahlungsbilanz Bowen-Verhältnisse von 0,5 bis 0,8 repräsentativ, für die Bergwiese Werte von 0,2 bis 0,6. An beiden Stationen kann man am Anstieg des Bowen-Verhältnisses im Laufe der Vegetationsperiode die zunehmende Austrocknung erkennen. Im Tagesgang hingegen verhält sich das Bowen-Verhältnis an den zwei Stationen unterschiedlich, was durch Vegetation und Wasserhaushalt bedingt ist. Um für die Messungen im Hochgebirge die Anwendbarkeit der Gesetze des turbulenten Austausches zu überprüfen, wurde bei labiler Schichtung aus Windprofil und Energieflüssen auf der Hohen Mut das Produkt von dimensionslosem Temperaturgradienten und dimensionsloser Windscherung berechnet. Die Beziehung dieser Größen zu den Stabilitätsparametern Richardson-Zahl und dimensionslose Höhe zeigt an der Hochgebirgsstation einen ähnlichen Verlauf wie an Flachlandstationen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 271-277 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The drainage behaviour of free water in various snow types is examined in detail. It was found a strong dependence on the grain-size and therefore also on the degree of metamorphism. For the parametern which determines the drainage behaviour results in dependence on the snow structure a range from 1,5 to 4,3. An error analysis of two evaluation methods shows, that it is preferable to obtain the parametern from the course of the measured outflowing water volume rather than from the course of the water flux. The gravity-flow-theory is suitable for describing the drainage process.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Sickerverhalten von freiem Wasser wird in verschiedenen Schneearten näher untersucht. Es zeigt sich eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Korngröße und damit auch vom Grad der Metamorphose. Für den das Sickerverhalten bestimmenden Parametern ergibt sich in Abhängigkeit von der Schneestruktur ein Wertebereich von 1,5≤n≤4,3. Eine Fehleranalyse zu zwei Auswerteverfahren zeigt, daß die Ermittlung dieses Parameters aus dem gemessenen Verlauf des ausrinnenden Wasservolumens der Ermittlung aus dem Verlauf des Flusses vorzuziehen ist. Zur Beschreibung des Sickerverhaltens hat sich die “gravity-flow”-Theorie als geeignet erwiesen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 305-308 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 293-299 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Laboratoriums experimente haben gezeigt, daß sich unter besonderen chemischen und physikalischen Bedingungen Mangan aus einer Mn++-angereicherten Lösung von Meereswasser in Form von kolloidalen Micellen absondert. Diese werden, statt zusammen mit dem Lehmmaterial abzuscheiden, davon abgesondert und häufen sich in der Sedimentlösungs-zwischenschicht an. Dies kann eine Erklärung sein für die in der Natur beobachtete Mangankonzentration am Meeresboden gegen die Oberfläche von Sedimentschichten hin. In manchen Fällen können die schwarzen magnetischen Kügelchen (B. M. S.) als Anhäufungskerne für die Fällung von Mangan-Micellen wirken.
    Notes: Summary Laboratory experiments have shown that in particular chemical and physical conditions, manganese separates from a Mn++-enriched solution of seawater in the form of colloidal micelles. These, instead of co-precipitating with the clay matrix, are repelled from it, and accumulate at the sediment solution interface. This may be an explanation of the manganese concentrations observed in nature on the seafloor towards the surface of sediment columns. In some cases, the black magnetic spherules (B. M. S.) might act as aggregation cores for the precipitation of manganes micelles.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 301-304 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Electrical field-strength fluctuations, produced by a person walking in front of an open metal cage, become weaker and almost disappear, if an electric DC-field of about 200 to 1000 V/m is generated within the cage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Elektrische Feldstärkeschwankungen, die durch Umhergehen einer Person vor der Öffnung eines Metallkastens erzeugt werden, erscheinen wesentlich schwächer, wenn im Kasten ein elektrisches Gleichfeld von etwa 200 bis 1000 V/m erzeugt wird.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 341-348 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse der Monatsmittel der Gesamtwolkendecke in den Tropen weist die Existenz einer quasibiennalen Oszillation der Gesamtwolkendecke nach. Die Amplitude dieser Oszillation liegt zwischen 1 und 2,5% in den zonalen Anteilen der Gesamtwolkendecke über den äquatorialen und südlichen Breiten. Diese Oszillation wurde auch mit den entsprechenden Oszillationen der stratosphärischen Temperaturen verglichen. Die quasibiennale Oszillation der tropischen Gesamtwolkendecke ist längerzeitigen Schwankungen überlagert, was im Text besprochen wird.
    Notes: Summary An analysis of monthly mean total cloud cover fractions in the tropics showed the existence of a quasi-biennial oscillation in total cloud cover. The amplitude of the oscillation is between 1 and 2.5 percent in zonal total cloud cover fractions, over the equatorial and southern latitudes. This oscillation is also compared with the corresponding oscillations in zonal mean stratospheric temperatures. The QBO in the tropical total cloud cover is superimposed on longer-term fluctuations (trends) which are discussed in the text.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 375-386 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am 2. November 1977 ist im Gebiet von Athen ein ungewöhnlich starker Regen gefallen. Die gefallene Regenmenge von 165 mm ist die größte seit Beginn der Beobachtungen im Jahre 1871 registrierte Niederschlagsmenge. Nach Darstellung der räumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilung des Regens wird die synoptische Situation beschrieben. Es wird angenommen, daß dieses Ereignis in erster Linie auf den Einfluß des verbauten Gebietes auf eine potentiell instabile Luftmasse zurückzuführen ist und daß das Ergebnis als stadtbedingter Regen bezeichnet werden kann.
    Notes: Summary A spectacularly heavy rainstorm occurred in the Athens area on 2 November 1977. The 165 mm of rain which fell was the heaviest recorded in Athens since records began in 1871. After showing the distribution of the rain spatially and temporally, the synoptic situation is described. It is suggested that the event was due primarily to the influence of the built-up area on a potentially unstable airmass and that the result was an “urban rainstorm”.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 396-396 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Ergebnisse von Messungen der Radon-Aktivität, die während des Monson-77 Beobachtungsprogrammes über der Arabischen See und der Bucht von Bengalen durchgeführt worden sind, dargelegt und zusammen mit Beobachtungsdaten des früheren ISMEX-73 Programmes (Indisch-sowjetisches Monsun-Experiment) diskutiert. Der Radon-Gehalt in der Monsun-Region zeigt beträchtliche Änderungen im Ausmaß von 1 bis 15 pCi pro m3 Luft. Die Werte über der Arabischen See zeigen eine merkliche Zunahme in Breiten um 20°N, die Werte von 8 bis 10 pCi/m3 erreicht, womit auf eine gesteigerte Zufuhr von kontinentaler Luft hingewiesen wird. In niedrigeren Breiten liegen die Werte bei wenigen pCi/m3, was für maritime Luft in den äquatorialen Gebieten charakteristisch ist. Kontinuierliche Messungen an weit voneinander entfernt gelegenen festen Stationen in der Arabischen See ergaben ähnliche Änderungen im Radon-Gehalt. Diese Änderungen scheinen mit Monsunstörungen und ihrer Verlagerung gegen Westen in Verbindung zu stehen, die eine Verminderung des Radon-Gehaltes durch eine Verstärkung der Monsunströmung aus Süden, die nur einen geringen Radon-Gehalt hat, mit sich bringen. In der Bucht von Bengalen zeigen sich niedrigere Radon-Werte während Monsunpausen. Dies könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, daß während Monsunpausen ein Isobarenverlauf in Nord-Süd-Richtung vorherrscht, wodurch äquatoriale maritime Luft direkt in die Bucht von Bengalen geführt wird, ohne über das Festland von Indien zu kommen.Während des Monsuns kommen die Luftmassen aber erst nach Überstreichen von Indien in die Bucht von Bengalen und haben daher größeren Radon-Gehalt. Nahe der Küste ist der Radon-Gehalt erwartungsgemäß groß.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of Radon activity carried-out during the Monsoon-77 Observational Programme over the Arabian Sea—Bay of Bengal Region are presented and discussed along with the earlier ISMEX-73 data. Levels of radon within the monsoon region show considerable variations in the range of one to fifteen picocuries per cubic meter of air. The levels in the Arabian Sea showed a marked increase at latitudes near-about 20°N, reaching values of eight to ten picocuries per cubic meter, thereby suggesting increased input of continental air. At lower latitudes, the levels are a few picocuries per cubic meter which is characteristics of maritime air from equatorial regions. Continuous measurements at stationary positions in the Arabian sea at widely separated locations show similar variations in radon levels. These variations seem to be connected with monsoon disturbances and their westward movements which reduce radon levels due to the strengthening of the southerly monsoon current having low radon content. In the Bay of Bengal, there is some evidence of lower radon values during “break” monsoon conditions. This could be due to the prevailing pressure pattern during the “breaks” with isobars running in north-south direction resulting in the movement of equatorial maritime air mass directly to the Bay without going over the land mass of India. During strong monsoon conditions, the air mass enters the Bay after travelling over India and consequently has higher randon levels. Near the coast, randon values are high, as is to be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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