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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: mate choice ; taxonomy ; phenotypic hybrids ; fitness ; decision rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die als Unterarten klassifizierten europäischen Formen der Aaskrähe, Rabenkrähe und Nebelkrähe, besiedeln verschiedene, aneinandergrenzende Verbreitungsgebiete und hybridisieren in der Kontaktzone. Die Nachkommen von Mischpaaren sind fruchtbar und können sowohl mit anderen Hybriden als auch mit Raben- und Nebelkrähen erfolgreich brüten. Trotzdem kommt es zu keiner völligen Vermischung der Formen und/oder Verlagerung der Verbreitungsgebiete. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchten wir die Partnerwahl von Aaskrähen in der Hybridisierungszone auf der nordfriesischen Insel Amrum und stellten fest, daß Partner gleichen Phänotyps häufiger miteinander verpaart waren, als stochastisch zu erwarten gewesen wäre. Unsere Daten bestätigen vergleichbare Studien aus Hybridisierungszonen in Italien und Sibirien. Wir schließen daraus, daß phänotypisch selektive Partnerwahl bei der Aaskrähe ein allgemeines Phänomen sein könnte und diskutieren, warum dieses Verhalten anfitness-relevante Parameter gekoppelt sein sollte. Um welche es sich dabei handeln könnte, wurde bisher nicht hinreichend untersucht und muß deshalb offen bleiben.
    Notes: Summary Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow are regarded as subspecies of the Crow. They show frequent hybridisation along the adjacent borders of their distribution. Mixed pairs produce fertile offspring which are able to breed successfully with both hybrids and mates of either phenotype. However, hybridisation does not lead to phenotypic changes of Carrion and Hooded Crows in general nor in their distinct distribution. We studied the mating behaviour of Crows in the hybrid zone on the Island of Amrum (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) and found evidence that Crows may prefer mates of the same phenotype. Our data confirm previous studies which reported assortative mating with respect to plumage coloration from hybrid zones in Italy and Siberia. We discuss why this behaviour should be related tofitness traits which in our opinion have not yet been studied adequately nor identified.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: evolutionary algorithms ; genetic algorithms ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how evolutionary algorithms can be described in a concise, yet comprehensive and accurate way. A classification scheme is introduced and presented in a tabular form called TEA (Table of Evolutionary Algorithms). It distinguishes between different classes of evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms, ant systems) by enumerating the fundamental ingredients of each of these algorithms. At the end, possible uses of the TEA are illustrated on classical evolutionary algorithms.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 29 (1981), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteronychus arator ; Scarabaeidae ; larvae ; consumption ; utilization ; growth ; feeding ; roots ; Paspalum dilatatum ; Lolium perenne ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Futteraufnahme, die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum von Drittstadiumlarven von H. arator beim Fressen von Wurzeln von Paspalum dilatatum, Raygras (Lolium perenne) und Weissklee (Trifolium repens) wurden gravimetrisch gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Futterverzehrindex auf Gräsern war 0.65 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.18 auf Weissklee. Die relative Wachstumsrate auf Paspalum und Raygras was 0.158 und 0.124 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.043 auf Weissklee, was den geringen Verzehr an Weisskleewurzel widerspiegelt. Die Verwertung der gefressenen Wurzel war 22%, 18% und 24% für Paspalum, Ryagras und Weissklee. Das Fehlen gesicherter Unterschiede in der Futterverwertung der drei Pflanzenarten deutet darauf hin, dass die geringe Wachstumsrate auf Weissklee bloss durch geringe Futteraufnahme verursacht ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Weisskleewurzel Frasinhibitoren für H. arator vorhanden sind. Die erhaltenen Schätzungen für Futteraufnahme durch Scarabaeiden sind die besten Daten für wurzelfressende Arten und liefern eine Basis, um den Einfluss der Weidepflanzen auf H. arator Populationen zu verstehen.
    Notes: Abstract The consumotion, utilization and growth of third-instar larvae of black beetle, Heteronychus arator (F.) feeding on roots of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. Consumption was greater on the grasses than on white clover when assessed by gravimetric methods. Larvae had a higher growth rate on the grasses. Utilization of the roots of the three species was similar indicating that poor growth on white clover is the result of low consumption probably induced by the presence of feeding deterrents in the roots.
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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  • 16
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    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Africa ; Fusarium ; F. moniliforme ; grain ; Lesotho ; mating population ; Nigeria ; taxonomy ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several Fusarium species have been found associated with millet and sorghum in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Amongst these, some isolates were originally identified as short- and long-chained types of F. nygamai. However, there was some question as to the correct identification of the long chained types. This study reclassified some of the isolates with long microconidial chains as F. moniliforme. Morphologically, these strains do not produce chlamydospores like F. nygamai, but produce swollen hyphal cells or resistant hyphae. The isolates in this study were crossed with the mating-type tester strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (F. moniliforme and G. nygamai (F. nygamai). Of the isolates with long chains of microconidia and other characteristics of F. moniliforme, 36% crossed with mating population ''A'' of G. fujikuroi. Of the isolates with characteristics of F. nygamai, 65% crossed with the testers used to produce the teleomorph of F. nygamai. Mating tests support the separation of the sample population into F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. The results of this study show that genetics can be an aid in resolving some problems in fungal taxonomy.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 177-190 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: winter wheat ; nitrogen uptake ; autumn dressing ; split-dressing ; growth ; grain yield ; protein content ; harvest-index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with the winter wheat cultivar Donata was carried out on a fine-textured river clay soil in 1978. The rates of nitrogen dressing ranged from 0 to 160 kg N per ha and were split over from one up to three application times: autumn, early spring and late spring. Total above-ground dry matter and grain dry-weight yields ranged from 9.1 to 13.7 tons per ha and from 4.17 to 6.35 tons per ha, respectively. Late top-dressings increased the harvest-index, whereas an autumn dressing had the opposite effect. Number of culms per m2, grain weight (mg) and grain number per m2 increased from 350 to 430, from 35.5 to 36.8 and from 11 680 to 16 980, respectively, as the nitrogen dosage was raised from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. The linear rate of grain growth ranged from 111 to 172 kg dry matter per ha per day with nitrogen doses from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. Differences in rate of grain growth per unit area were mainly related to number of grains per m2. The association between grain number and grain yield was reflected by a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (n = 32). A higher level of nitrogen dressing enhanced the leaf area index and leaf area duration. However, we could not derive an effect of nitrogen on the duration of grain growth. Total nitrogen yield ranged from 71 to 166 kg N per ha and grain nitrogen yield from 54 to 122 kg N per ha with nitrogen dosages of 0 and 160 kg N per ha, respectively. The nitrogen concentration of the grains varied between 1.3 and 2.0 N. An autumn dressing of 40 kg N per ha generally showed only minor effects on yield and yield components. Top dressings during spring resulted in a higher recovery and efficiency of the applied nitrogen. Therefore, it may be concluded from this experiment and literature that on fertile soils an autumn dressing of nitrogen will not be economical, but split-dressings in spring are very beneficial. In particular, a late nitrogen application during the boot stage increased grain number, harvest-index and grain yield as well as protein concentration of the grain.
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  • 19
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iodine ; lucerne ; ryegrass ; growth ; chemical composition ; nutrient-solutions ; ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen ; acidity ; volatilization ; fertilizers ; grazing animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of lucerne was inhibited by sodium iodide even more than that of ryegrass above a concentration equivalent to 1µg cm−3 of iodine in an applied solution. In sand-culture the extent to which the iodide depressed yield of dry matter depended on the type of nutrient-solution used to stimulate and maintain vigorous growth. In contrast, where the plants were grown in soil the depression was independent of the nutrient-solution used. This difference between solutions is a reflection of the extent to which growing plants can modify pH in the root-zone of a sandy unbuffered substrate and leads to a conclusion that acidity greatly enhances the toxic effect of the iodine. There are reasons for believing that in sunlight iodine may be lost by volatilization even from living plant-tissue. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to using either iodized fertilizers or iodized salt-blocks in order to maintain iodine in pastoral systems at levels satisfactory for animal-health.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: growth ; differentiation ; mammary epithelium ; collagen gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mammary glands are enzymatically dissociated and the resulting tissue digest enriched for epithelial cells by isopycnic banding on a density gradient of Percoll. The cells are embedded within a rat tail collagen gel matrix and fed with the appropriate medium. Growth and differentiation are superior in such a system when compared to culture on plastic, using identical media.
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  • 21
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 375-378 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Candida novakii ; taxonomy ; yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of an undescribed species of the genus Candida were isolated from decaying wood of Quercus sp. A description of the new species Candida novakii is given.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: phylogeny ; prosthecobacter ; taxonomy ; Verrucomicrobia ; Verrucomicrobiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of nonmotile, prosthecate bacteria were isolated in the 1970s and assigned to the genus Prosthecobacter. These strains were compared genotypically by DNA/DNA reassociation and 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analyses. Genotypic comparisons were complemented with phenotypic characterizations. Together, these studies clearly indicate each Prosthecobacter strain represents a novel species of bacteria. We propose three new species of Prosthecobacter, P. dejongeii strain FC1, P. vanneervenii strain FC2, and P. debontii strain FC3; P. fusiformis is reserved for the type strain of the genus, strain FC4. Additionally, we propose the genera Prosthecobacter and Verrucomicrobium, currently members of the order Verrucomicrobiales, to comprise a novel higher order taxonomic group, the division Verrucomicrobia div. nov. and the class Verrumicrobiae class nov. Many novel members of the Verrucomicrobia, as revealed by molecular ecology studies, await isolation and description.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: keratinophilic fungi ; Neoarachnotheca ; Neoarachnotheca keratinophila ; Nannizziopsis tropicalis ; Onygenales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Neoarachnotheca is proposed as a new genus of Onygenales. The outstanding generic characteristics are white, spherical ascomata with a wall formed by a network of hyphae and spherical, subhyaline ascospores with an irregular sheath. Nt. keratinophila, the type species, characterized by wavy peridial hyphae has been isolated from marine and river sediments and Myriodontium keratinophilum is its anamorph. Nannizziopsis tropicalis is proposed as a new species based on a strain isolated from soil in Burundi. RFLPs analysis of ITS and 5.8S rDNA support these proposals. The differences with related genera are discussed.
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  • 24
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74 (1998), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Dipodascus capitatus ; D.spicifer ; Geotrichum clavatum ; yeast ; taxonomy ; DNA heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The G+C contents of 25 strains of Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum were found to be heterogeneous on basis of derivative graphs of the melting profiles. Strains showing similar derivative graphs of the melting curve exhibited high levels of DNA homology (80-100%); strains showing dissimilar derivative graphs exhibited low levels of DNA homology (5 to 45%). Being considered separate taxa on basis of these parameters, D. capitatus, D. spicifer and G. clavatum could be identified by a combination of the key characteristics growth on xylose, cellobiose, salicin and arbutin.
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  • 25
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    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: allele-specific PCR ; Beta ; ITS1 ; plant identification ; rDNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequence variation in the ITS1 locus of the nuclear ribosomal DNA in beets has previously been used to reconstruct phylogeny of the species in the genus Beta. We have developed protocols that allow the identification of Beta taxa by use of taxon-specific primers. Beta sections, species and subspecies can be identified. Differences within the ITS1 region of a single base can be exploited for species identification. The results from this study not only provide effective methods for wild beet identification, but also indicate the potential use of the techniques in other crops.
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  • 26
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    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; biodiversity ; taxonomy ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is estimated that only 10–15% of the world's insect fauna has been described and named. Efforts to inventory insect biodiversity are hampered by this taxonomic impediment, which is compounded by the logistical problems of an insufficient taxonomic workforce and their remote location in museums thousands of miles from the areas of highest biodiversity. Compared to most other invertebrate groups however, the taxonomic impediment is relatively benign in the order Orthoptera. This is a small to medium-sized order (approximately 20 000 described species) which is well known taxonomically, owing to the group's agricultural importance worldwide. Furthermore, orthopteran taxonomists are now fortunate to have a published up-to-date catalogue of all known species, which has just become accessible as a regularly updated database on the World Wide Web. Whilst new information technology, in the form of e-mail networks, World Wide Web sites and CD-ROM information archives, is already enhancing communication between specialists and helping to reduce the logistical problems of documenting orthopteran biodiversity, a major reinvestment in basic taxonomic research is needed if we are to reduce the existing taxonomic impediment significantly. There is general agreement that an internationally coordinated approach will be necessary and priorities must be set to tackle the biodiversity/systematics crisis. In the future, the Orthoptera can make an important contribution to invertebrate faunal surveys and have potential as an indicator taxon. Furthermore, the Orthoptera Species File establishes a taxonomic framework which could be readily enlarged to include geographic data and phenology of species from existing museum specimens.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: Avicennia alba ; growth ; internodal sequences ; mangrove age determination ; Rhizophora apiculata ; Sonneratia caseolaris ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of periodic changes in the length of the internodes of the seedlings of SE Asian mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) growing in the Pak Phanang estuary (Nakhon Si Thammarat, SE Thailand) was confirmed. The annual nature of these periodic changes was verified through comparisons with the observed average number of internodes produced by plants tagged for one year. The cycles in the sequence of internodal length of the seedlings had an average (± SE) period of 16.0 ± 0.78 internodes for Avicennia alba, 25.0 ± 1.2 internodes for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.29 ± 0.40 internodes for Rhizophora apiculata. These values are remarkably close to, and not significantly different (t‐test, P 〉 0.05) from the average (± SE) annual number of internodes of 17.6 ± 0.8 for Avicennia alba, 28.8 ± 2.1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.03 ± 0.36 for Rhizophora apiculata produced in a year by tagged plants. In addition, the average (± SE) growth of the tagged plants was 0.39 ± 0.018 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.24 ± 0.015 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.091 ± 0.0036 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata. These estimates were very close to those (0.45 ± 0.06 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.32 ± 0.01 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.13 ± 0.005 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata) derived as the product of the mean number of internodes produced per day, calculated from the inferred number of internodes produced per year, and the mean length of the internodes of the plants. These findings indicate that the use of regular, annual changes in the length of the internodes of mangrove seedlings can be used reliably to determine their age and to estimate their growth rate.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Biological control ; insects ; pathogens ; germination ; taxonomy ; genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) are of economic importance worldwide. In Europe, Amaranthus retroflexus is one of the ten weed species of greatest economic importance. It is a serious problem weed in several field crops (e.g. maize), as well as in vegetables, orchards and grape vines. It is an annual spreading by seeds which have a long viabilityand are dispersed principally by wind and water, but also by machinery. There is great variability in seed germination which renders control with post-emergence herbicides difficult. In addition, triazine herbicide-resistant populations occur in ten European countries. The aim of this subproject of COST action 816 is to investigate the possibilities of classical and inundative biological control of Amaranthus spp., to characterize potentialbiological control agents and to develop methods for their integration with current phytosanitary measures in the target crops. The project was initiated with an extended literaturesurvey followed by field surveys for insects and pathogens associated with Amaranthus spp. in several European countries. Promising isolates of fungal pathogens have been tested ondetached leaves and whole plants, and initial studies on the application of pathogens causing damping off in seedlings have been made. Further, the variability of different provenances ofAmaranthus spp. in response to fungal attack has been investigated
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  • 29
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    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 509-555 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: Louis Agassiz ; Spencer Baird ; Charles Girard ; reputation ; taxonomy ; ichthyology ; Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Smithsonian Institution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract The reputations of scientists among their contemporaries depend not only on accomplishment, but also on interactions affected by influence and personality. The historical lore of most fields of scientific endeavor preserve these reputations, often through the identification of founders, innovators, and prolific workers whose contributions are considered fundamental to progress in the field. Historians frequently rely on the historical lore of scientists to guide their studies of the development of ideas, exhibiting justifiable caution in reassessing reputations in the light of current knowledge. However, the transmission of historical lore can obscure the relative importance of accomplishment, influence and personality in shaping contemporary reputations, leaving the historian to either accept reputations at face value or attempt to reconstruct the context in which they were created. The science of taxonomy, because of its rules of priority, leaves a relatively accurate record of historical accomplishment through the persistence of taxa in catalogues and faunal guides. These records allow the modern historian an unbiased means to assess the relative accomplishments of historical figures and therefore a means to critically reassess reputations independent of personality and influence. In the historical lore of North American ichthyology, Louis Agassiz at Harvard and Spencer Baird at the Smithsonian emerge as central figures in the early development of the field during the mid-1800s, contributing not only through the quality and quantity of their science, but also through their roles as institutional leaders and mentors to workers who followed. Charles Girard, originally a student of Agassiz's and later a coworker with Baird, receives little notice in the history of ichthyology, and his reputation is that of a minor player in the initial description of the North American fish fauna, and one whose work appears to have been flawed or even careless when compared to his contemporaries. However, a review of both contemporary and modern taxonomic works reveals that Girard's productivity far exceeded that of either Agassiz or Baird. Furthermore, an examination of the tendency of Girard and his contemporaries to introduce synonymous names into the literature, which might reflect careless or uncritical work, suggests that Girard was among the more accomplished workers of hisera, including Agassiz and Baird. Girard's low ranking in the folklore of North American ichthyology, therefore, can not be attributed to discernible shortcomings in his scientific work, but rather to a public and private campaign of criticism waged by Agassiz after Girard's departure from Harvard. While Agassiz's dispute with Girard stemmed from their personal interactions, he expressed them as criticisms of Girard's work, and thus helped shape Girard's scientific reputation as it has been transmitted through the lore of ichthyology. This case study reveals how scientific reputation may not always rest on accomplishment, but can be influenced by personal interactions obscured by time but nonetheless important to history.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alternating high magnetic fields ; eddy current ; magnetic flux concentration ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; growth ; reproduction ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Agrostis canina ; CO2 vents ; photosynthesis ; lignification ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to characterise growth and photosynthetic capacity in plants adapted to long-term contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C a). Seeds of Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii were collected from a natural CO2 transect in central-western Italy and plants grown in controlled environment chambers at both ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol−1) in nutrient-rich soil. Seasonal mean C a at the source of the plant material ranged from 610 to 451 μmol CO2 mol−1, derived from C4 leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C). Under chamber conditions, CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth of all populations. However, plants originating from elevated C a exhibited higher initial relative growth rates (RGRs) irrespective of chamber CO2 concentrations and a positive relationship was found between RGR and C a at the seed source. Seed weight was positively correlated with C a, but differences in seed weight were found to explain no more than 34% of the variation in RGRs at elevated CO2. Longer-term experiments (over 98 days) on two populations originating from the extremes of the transect (451 and 610 μmol CO2 mol−1) indicated that differences in growth between populations were maintained when plants were grown at both 350 and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Analysis of leaf material revealed an increase in the cell wall fraction (CWF) in plants grown at elevated CO2, with plants originating from high C a exhibiting constitutively lower levels but a variable response in terms of the degree of lignification. In vivo gas exchange measurements revealed no significant differences in light and CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis and carboxylation efficiency between populations or with CO2 treatment. Moreover, SDS-PAGE/ LISA quantification of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed no difference in Rubisco content between populations or CO2 treatments. These findings suggest that long-term adaptation to growth at elevated CO2 may be associated with a potential for increased growth, but this does not appear to be linked with differences in the intrinsic capacity for photosynthesis.
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: H42 ; J 13 ; O 11 ; Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome.
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 273-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: F22 ; O3 ; J61 ; Key words: Immigration ; assimilation ; growth ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
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  • 34
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 517-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; mortality ; growth ; JEL classification: J13 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation. There is an endogenous population of reproductive agents who belong to dynastic families of overlapping generations connected through altruism. In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development.
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  • 35
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome. JEL classification: H42, J13, O11
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Protein phosphorylation ; ATP-Pi exchange ; Light-harvesting complexes ; Reaction center ; Photosynthesis ; Photomorphogenesis ; Membrane ; growth ; Polypeptide insertion ; Phospho-amino esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain U43 (pTX35) showed qualitatively very similar phosphorylation patterns under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, it was irrelevant whether the phosphate source was orthophosphate or ATP. Inhibitors of electron transport did not inhibit light-harvesting complex I (LHIα) (B870) polypeptide phosphorylation, except for o-phenanthroline, which was strongly inhibitory. Redox conditions regulated the amount of protein phosphorylated; external redox potentials between +200 and +300 mV promoted the reaction. Phosphorylation was inhibited by uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and nigericin plus valinomycin plus potassium ions. Inhibitors of the H+-ATPase were also inhibitory when the phosphate source was [32P]Pi or [γ-32P]ATP. From these results, it was concluded that an operative reaction center, a coupled membrane, and external redox potentials higher than +200 mV are required for optimum LHIα phosphorylation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of LHIα polypeptide occurs before insertion into the membrane and that phosphate is preferentially incorporated into specific domains within the cytoplasmic membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes, identified here as light membranes, were found to contain a dephosphorylated LHIα polypeptide.
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  • 37
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    Invertebrate neuroscience 1 (1995), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: phospholipase C ; inositol phosphate ; invertebrate vision ; olfaction ; growth ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: abstract Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is a family of enzymes that occupy a pivotal role in one of the largest classes of cellular signaling pathways known. Mammalian PLC enzymes have been divided into four major classes and a variety of subclasses based on their structural characteristics and immunological differences. There have been five invertebrate PLC-encoding genes cloned thus far and these fall within three of the four major classes used in categorizing mammalian PLC. Four of these invertebrate genes have been cloned fromDrosophila melanogaster and one is fromArtemia, a brine shrimp. Structural characteristics of the invertebrate enzymes include the presence of highly conserved Box X and Box Y domains found in major types of mammalian PLC as well as novel features. Two of the invertebrate PLC genes encode multiple splice-variant subtypes which is a newly emerging level of diversity observed in mammalian enzymes. Studies of the invertebrate PLCs have contributed to the identification of the physiological functions of individual isozymes. These identified roles include cellular processes such as phototransduction, olfaction, cell growth and differentiation.
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  • 38
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1996), S. 328-345 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: hyphomycetes ; ascomycetes ; taxonomy ; ecology ; stream biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract There are more than 600 species of freshwater fungi with more known from temperate, as compared to tropical regions. These includeca 340 ascomycetes, 300 deuteromycetes, and a number of lower fungi which are not discussed here.Aniptodera, Annulatascus, Massarina, Ophioceras andPseudohalonectria are common freshwater ascomycetes, which appear to be well adapted for this lifestyle either in their ascospore types or their competitive-degradative characters. The most common genera of wood-inhabiting deuteromycetes includeCancellidium, Dactylaria, Dictyosporium andHelicomyces. They are categorized into four groups depending on their form and life style: the ingoldian hyphomycetes; the aero-aquatic hyphomycetes; the terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes; and the submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes. The adaptations of aquatic fungi for their dispersal and subsequent attachment to new substrates are discussed.
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  • 39
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 537-542 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: fractals ; growth ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The author presents a model based on multi-step nucleation for the heterogeneous decompositions described by nucleation and growth phenomena, taking into account the fractal nature of the nuclei.
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  • 40
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    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; Condition factor ; feeding regimes ; growth ; proximate composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different feeding methods on growth and slaughter traits of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, have been examined. Swimming activity associated with feeding was greatest amongst fish fed using automatic feeders, intermediate amongst those fed predetermined rations by hand, and least in groups of fish fed to satiation twice per day. Fish fed to satiation ate more and grew faster than did those provided with rations predicted to support high rates of growth, but the fish fed to satiation had higher feed:gain ratios than those given predetermined rations as two meals per day. The muscle tissues of the fish fed to satiation had higher lipid (%) and lower moisture (%) contents than did those of the fish fed the predetermined rations, but differences in muscle composition could be accounted for by differences in the size of the fish. Lipid was positively, and moisture negatively, correlated with fish size, whereas per cent protein and dress-out losses were little influenced by fish size and feeding regime. The fish fed to satiation were slightly heavier for a given length than those in the other groups. There was, however, no evidence that the largest fish had the highest condition factor, nor could condition factor be used to predict per cent lipid in the muscle tissue. Size variation increased in all groups of fish, and this was, in part, due to the cessation of growth of maturing individuals. Size variation was, however, most marked in the groups fed using automatic feeders, suggesting that interindividual competition for food was greatest amongst these fish.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) ; growth ; Laguna Lake ; salinity tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Oshima) fry of various ages (11, 18, and 35 days post-hatch) were exposed to the low salinities encountered during the annual intrusion of seawater in Laguna Lake, Philippines. Practical indices of salinity tolerance assessed the effect of a 96 h direct exposure to low salinities (0–16‰). Mean (MST) and median survival times (MST50) of fry decreased as salinity of rearing medium increased. Younger fry were less able to tolerate exposure to these salinities than their older cohorts. Median lethal salinity after 96 h (MLS) revealed higher tolerance among 35–day old fry (7.6‰) than 11 (2.3‰) and 18–day old fry (6.0‰), demonstrating that survival in saline water depends on their age at initial exposure to low salinities. Mean body weight of 18–day old fry reared in 0 and 2‰ for 3 and 4 weeks was higher than for those reared in 4 and 6‰ for the same period. Growth over these periods was inversely related with the range of salinities tested. These results demonstrate that, despite their known stenohalinity, bighead carp fry possess some degree of osmoregulatory capability, allowing them to survive and grow in lakes subjected periodically to saltwater inflow.
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  • 42
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    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bone mineralization ; calcium requirement ; feed efficiency ; growth ; semi-purified diet ; tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) were fed semi-purified diets with graded levels (0–0.40%) of calcium (Ca) supplements for 8 weeks at a temperature of 23.0–25.5 °C. At the end of the feeding experiment, average final body weight increased with increasing dietary Ca levels. A diet without Ca supplement resulted in poor average final body weight and 0.05% dietary Ca supplement could not significantly improve the growth. However, supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.40% significantly increased growth. Dietary Ca supplements of 0.10% or more also improved the feed efficiency in tiger puffer. Ca and phosphorus contents of the bone were independent of dietary Ca supplements. However, 0.40% Ca in the diet decreased the zinc and manganese contents of bone. Results indicated that supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.20% in a semi-purified diet were required to maintain normal growth, feed utilization and bone mineralization of tiger puffer.
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  • 43
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 146 (1995), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: rice bran oil ; growth ; plasma lipids ; fatty acids ; lipoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of feeding two levels of rice bran oil (RBO) on the growth, lipid parameters, and fatty acid composition of the plasma and liver of rats (Wistar strain) were compared with those produced on animals which had been fed the same levels of peanut oil (PNO). The control animals were fed synthetic diets containing 5 and 20% peanut oil (PNO) and the experimental groups were fed similar diets, containing the same level of rice bran oil (RBO). There was no significant difference with respect to the organ weights between the control and the experimental groups. In general, groups fed 20% oil gained more weight than groups fed 5% oil. The animals which received rice bran oil in their diet had, in general, comparatively lower levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. On the other hand, animals receiving 20% rice bran oil in their diet, showed an increase of 20% in high density lipoproteins (HDL-C), within 18 weeks (p〈0.05), when compared to the animals fed with peanut oil. Similarly, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were lower in RBO-fed groups, than in the PNO-fed groups. There was, however, no significant differences in the cholesterol/phospholipid (C/P) ratio of the two groups. Analysis of plasma and of liver fatty acids indicated, in a general way, the type of fat consumed. There were no significant difference in the P/S ratio, nor any in the oleic/linoleic, oleic/stearic, palmitoleic/palmitic, oleic/palmitic, and oleic/palmitoleic ratios. Furthermore, levels of saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were identical in both the groups. Thus, our results suggest that feeding a high level of rice bran oil (RBO) has no deleterious effect on the growth and blood lipid profile of rats.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; plasma membranes ; growth ; retinol ; retinoids ; HeLa cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several retinoids, both natural and synthetic, were evaluated for their ability to modulate NADH oxidase activity of plasma membranes of cultured HeLa cells and the growth of HeLa cells in culture. Both NADH oxidase activity and the growth of cells were inhibited by the naturally-occurring retinoids all trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) and retinol as well as by the synthetic retinoids, trans-acitretin, 13-cis-acitretin, etretinate and arotonoid ethylester (Ro 13-6298). For all retinoids tested, inhibition of NADH oxidase activity and inhibition of growth were correlated closely. With tretinoin, etretinate and arotonoid ethylester, NADH oxidase activity and cell growth were inhibited in parallel in proportion to the logarithm of retinoid concentration over the range of concentrations 10-8 to 10-5 M. Approximately 70% inhibition of both NADH oxidase activity and growth was reached at 10 µM. With retinol, trans-acitretin and 13-cis-acitretin, inhibition of NADH oxidase activity and growth also were correlated but maximum inhibition of both was about 40% at 10 µM. The possibility is suggested that inhibition of the plasma membrane NADH oxidase activity by retinoids may be related to their mechanism of inhibition of growth of HeLa cells in culture. (Mol Cell Biochem 166: 101-109, 1997)
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; postnatal development ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; phospholamban ; calcium transport ; spontaneously hypertensive rats ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This comparative study investigates the relationship between sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium(Ca2+)-ATPase transport activity and phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation in whole cardiac homogenates of spo`ntaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their parent, normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain during early postnatal development at days 1, 3, 6, 12 and at day 40 to ascertain any difference in SR Ca2+ handling before the onset of hypertension. At day 1, the rate of homogenate oxalate-supported Ca2+ uptake was significantly higher in SHR than in WKY (0.25 ± 0.02 vs 0.12 ± 0.01 nmoles Ca2+/mg wet ventricular weight/min, respectively; p 〈 0.001). This interstrain difference disappeared with further developmental increase in SR Ca2+ transport. Western Blot analysis and a semiquantitative ELISA did not reveal any difference in the amount of immunoreactive PLB (per mg of total tissue protein) between strains at any of the ages studied. In addition, levels of phosphorylated PLB formed in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled ATP and catalytic (C) subunit of protein kinase A did not differ between SHR and WKY at days 1, 3, 6 and 12. At day 40, C subunit-catalyzed formation of 32P-PLB was reduced by 66% (p 〈 0.001) in SHR when compared to age-matched WKY In the early postnatal period between day 1 and 12 SR Ca2+-transport values were linearly related to the respective 32P-PLB levels of both SHR and WKY rats. The results indicate that cardiac SR of SHR can sequester Ca2+ at a much higher rate immediately after birth compared to WKY rats. The disappearance of this interstrain difference with further development suggests that some endogenous neuroendocrine or nutritional factor(s) from the hypertensive mother may exert an influence upon the developing heart in utero resulting in a transiently advanced maturation of the SR Ca2+ transport function in SHR pups at the time of birth.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; protein disulfide-thiol interchange ; dipyridyl-dithio substrates ; plasma membrane ; auxin ; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; growth ; plant (Glycine max)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dipyridyl-dithio substrates were cleaved by isolated vesicles of plasma membranes prepared from etiolated hypocotyls of soybean. The cleavage was stimulated by auxins at physiological concentrations. The substrates utilized were principally 2,2′-dithiodippyrine (DTP) and 6,6′-dithiodinicotinic acid (DTNA). The DTP generated 2 moles of 2-pyridinethione whereas the 6,6′-dithiodinicotinic acid generated 2 moles of 6-nicotinylthionine. Both products absorbed at 340 nm. The auxin herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stimulated the activity approximately 2-fold to a maximum at about 10 μM. Concentrations of 2,4-D greater than 100 μM inhibited the activity. Indole-3-acetic acid stimulated the activity as well. The growth-inactive auxin, 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,3-D), was without effect. DTNA cleavage correlated with oxidation of NADH and reduction of protein disulfide bonds reported earlier in terms of location at the external plasma membrane surface, absolute specific activity, pH dependence and auxin specificity. The dipyridyl-dithio substrates provide, for the first time, a direct measure of the disulfide-thiol interchange activity of the protein previously measured only indirectly as an auxin-dependent ability of isolated plasma membrane vesicles to restore activity to scrambled and inactive RNase.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: annexin V ; cardiac myocyte ; growth ; hypertrophy ; heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently it was shown that annexin V is the most prominent member of the annexin family in the adult heart [1]. Amongst others, annexin V has been suggested to play a role in developmental processes. The aim of the present study was to explore whether in the heart annexin V content and localization change during maturational and hypertrophic growth, in order to obtain indications that annexin V is involved in cardiac growth processes. First, in the intact rat heart annexin V content and localization were studied during perinatal development. It was clearly demonstrated that annexin V content in total heart transiently increased in the first week after birth, from 0.79 ± 0.06 µg/mg protein at l day before birth to a peak value of 1.24 ± 0.08 µg/mg protein 6 days after birth, whereafter annexin V protein levels declined to a value of 0.70 ± 0.06 µg/mg protein at 84 days after birth (p 〈 0.05). Differences in annexin V content were also observed between myocytes isolated from neonatal and adult hearts [0.81 ± 0.09 and 0.17 ± 0.08 µg/mg protein, respectively (p 〈 0.05)]. Moreover, during cardiac maturational growth the subcellular localization of annexin V might change from a cytoplasmic to a more prominent sarcolemmal localization. Second, in vivo hypertrophy induced by aortic coarctation resulted in a marked degree of hypertrophy (22% increase in ventricular weight), but was not associated with a change in annexin V localization or content. The quantitative results obtained with intact hypertrophic rat hearts are supported by findings in neonatal ventricular myocytes, in which hypertrophy was induced by phenylephrine (10-5 M). In the latter model no changes in annexin V content could be observed either. In conclusion, the marked alterations in annexin V content during the maturational growth in the heart suggest a possible involvement of this protein in this process. In contrast, the absence of changes in annexin V content and localization in hypertrophied hearts compared to age matched control hearts suggests that annexin V does not play a crucial role in the maintenance of the hypertrophic phenotype of the cardiac muscle cell. This notion is supported by observations in phenylephrine-induced hypertrophied neonatal cardiomyocytes.
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  • 48
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    Aquarium sciences and conservation 2 (1998), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 1573-1448
    Keywords: Barbus tetrazona ; nutrition ; dietary requirement-phosphorus ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of increasing dietary concentrations of phosphorus on growth, feeding efficiency and body composition were studied in the tiger barb (Barbus tetrazona) (Bleeker, 1855). Juvenile tiger barbs (initial weight 0.33 ± 0.02 g) were fed purified diets containing graded levels of KH2PO4 to provide 0.17–1.57% available dietary phosphorus for 8 weeks in freshwater glass aquaria. The weight gain, feeding efficiency and mineral composition of the whole body and bone were significantly (p〈0.05) affected by dietary phosphorus. Growth response data calculated by broken line analysis showed that the minimum dietary phosphorus level required for maximum growth was 0.52%. The carcass protein, fat and ash contents but not moisture were affected by various dietary phosphorus levels. Fish fed a low-phosphorus diet had high body crude fat.
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  • 49
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    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1455-1479 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Turnera ulmifolia ; Euptoieta hegesia ; cyanogenesis ; Anolis sagrei ; tritrophic interactions ; host range ; sequestration ; growth ; development ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examine the effects of the cyanogenesis polymorphism in Turnera ulmifolia on larvae, pupae, and adults of Euptoieta hegesia, the most damaging herbivore of T. ulmifolia in terms of tissue loss per unit time. We provide evidence that female E. hegesia do not show preference for host plants on the basis of their cyanogenesis level but do prefer T. ulmifolia over equally cyanogenic, closely related secondary host-plant species (Passiflora sp.). Similarly, cyanogenesis in T. ulmifolia has little effect on the food preference, growth, or development of the larvae. The potential host range of E. hegesia is limited, even within the genus Turnera, but this does not appear to be due to host-plant cyanogenesis. Pupae suffer very high mortality levels in the wild that are not associated with host-plant cyanogenesis, although our studies indicate that larvae are capable of sequestering cyanogenic glycosides from their host plants and possibly of synthesizing these or similar compounds. We provide evidence that the presence of sequestered cyanogenic compounds in the larvae protects them from terrestrial-based predators such as Anolis lizards
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Fish populations ; perch ; roach ; growth ; reproduction ; water chemistry ; acidification ; recover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid-induced fish damage in small lakes in southern Finland was studied in a fish status survey of eighty lakes from 1985–1987. Later, twenty of these lakes were selected for further monitoring. A sampling of these lakes from 1988–1989 showed that the decrease in some perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) populations still continued. The results from the same lakes in 1992 showed that successful reproduction had taken place with many of the perch populations that had been close to extinction in 1985. In contrast, no signs of recovery in the roach populations were detected. The explanation for the appearance of new cohorts of perch could have been the decrease in acid deposition but the exceptional hydrological conditions of winters in the early 1990s may also have affected them. The different responses of the perch and roach populations were interpreted as a consequence of the different sensitivity of these two species to acidification. Even a slight improvement in the water quality has resulted in the appearance of strong new year-classes of perch, but not of roach. Therefore, more improvement in water quality is needed until a sensitive species like roach can reproduce again.
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  • 51
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: contamination risks ; fish ; Mississippi River ; ecological factors ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared contamination levels in fish from contaminated and uncontaminated floodplain swamps of the lower Mississippi River to assess differences in contamination risks between swamps, across different taxonomic and ecological groupings of fishes within and between swamps, and with seasonality in river stage. Fish tissue levels of inorganic contaminants were substantially lower than environmental levels in both swamps, suggesting either that fish were not uptaking these contaminants, or they were effectively eliminating the contaminants from their bodies. Tissue levels of organic contaminants were high relative to environmental levels, suggesting that these contaminants were bioaccumulating. Organic contaminants were significantly higher in fish from the contaminated swamp (Devil's Swamp) than in fish from a reference swamp up river (Tunica Swamp). Because the organic contaminants were largely confined to sediments, we expected bottom-oriented fishes to have higher concentrations than pelagic fishes. Assuming that uptake was primarily through the food chain, we expected top predators to exhibit higher concentrations than low-level consumers. We also expected year- round swamp residents to exhibit higher accumulations than more transitory users of backswamp habitat. However, organic contaminant levels did not differ in the directions expected for any of these groupings. We did observe differences in organic contaminant levels within and between swamps for different taxonomic groupings of fishes (species and genera). Some taxa occupying low to middle positions in the food web (e.g., gizzard shad, Lepomis spp.) exhibited higher concentrations than taxa near the top of the food web. Within Devil's Swamp, organic contaminant levels were significantly higher at low river stage, when fish were confined to the swamp, than at high river stage, when fish were free to move between the river and the swamp. We caught more species and more fish per unit effort in Devil's Swamp than in Tunica Swamp, contrary to expectations if contaminants in the former were negatively impacting population and community structure. Species richness differences between swamps were a consequence of catch differences, with higher catch corresponding to inclusion of more rare species. The lower catch in Tunica Swamp may have resulted from physical modifications of its waterways to support agriculture and hunting. The results of this study underscore the importance in factoring information on the taxonomy and ecology of organisms, and seasonal changes in environmental conditions, into assessments of contamination risks.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Tubifex tubifex ; sediment bioassay ; hormesis ; growth ; reproduction ; egestion rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Toxicity assessment based on sediment chronic bioassays with the aquatic worm Tubifex tubifex was performed at ten contaminated sites in the industrial area of Bilbao (Northern Spain). One control and three reference sites were also included. Tubifex bioassay measures both survival and reproduction impairment. These endpoints have been contrasted and discussed in relation to somatic growth and both individual and total biomass of cocoons. Survival was only affected at one site which was heavily contaminated by organic compounds, mainly PAHs. A group of four severely ecotoxic sediments was characterised by a drastic reduction in number and size of cocoons, and adult somatic growth. In other group of sediments, some significant increases were found for these variables. It is suggested that these increases represent an effect of hormesis. An index of reproductive effort was used to integrate the relationship between somatic growth and reproduction. Values of reproductive effort at the test sediments were lower than those at the control sediment, suggesting a conservative strategy of oligochaete worms which consisted in an investment into somatic line (growth) at the expenses of offspring. Rates of food consumption which were estimated from egestion rates, were low at the contaminated sites. This fact could be related to the low production levels found at these sites and may reflect avoidance feeding behaviour of the oligochaete worms within the sediments. At some reference sites, high production could have resulted from high nutritional quality of sediments, or to an hormetic effect due to low concentration of some chemicals. Results are discussed in relation to toxicity data from sediment three-brood bioassay with Daphnia magna Straus performed separately on the same sediments.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Aesthetasc ; Chemoreception ; Dendrite Blue crab ; growth ; Olfaction ; Salinity adaptation ; Sensilla ; Callinectes sapidus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aesthetasc sensilla of the euryhaline blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, are innervated by the dendrites of from 40 to 160 bipolar chemosensory neurons. Each dendrite forms two cilia within the basal portion of the sensillum, and these subsequently branch yielding approximately 10 outer dendritic segments per neuron. Auxiliary cells surround the inner dendritic segments and also ensheathe the outer dendritic segments up to the terminus of the ”constricted region” (a zone in which there is a slight narrowing of the aesthetasc). Crystal violet staining suggesting access of odor stimuli is limited to that portion of the sensillum distal to the constricted region. In freshwater-acclimated blue crabs the length and level of branching in the dendrites extending beyond the constricted region is significantly reduced relative to that of seawater-acclimated animals (mean lengths: 150 µm versus 517 µm, respectively). After transfer of freshwater-acclimated crabs to seawater there is a rapid increase in length of the outer dendritic segments, reaching 60% of that for seawater-acclimated crabs by 48 h. A similar time course for regrowth is seen for seawater-acclimated crabs in which the outer dendritic segments have been osmotically ablated. Conversely, with rapid transfer of seawater-acclimated animals to lower salinities, there is a correspondingly rapid reduction in length of the outer dendritic segments. The reduced length of the outer dendritic segments in freshwater-acclimated animals may reflect the effective distance over which an appropriate osmotic/ionic microenvironment for neural function can be maintained within the aesthetasc.
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth ; yield ; fertilizer mixes ; solubilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth of potato plants and yield of tubers were poor in plots fertilized with rock phosphate alone but the addition of pyrites so improved its efficacy that it outyielded superphosphate in one season. A mixture of rock phosphate and superphosphate, in equal proportions on a P basis, was found to be 85–93% as effective as suerphosphate in increasing tuber yield.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: subspecies ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A joint Mexico/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Mexico between August 1–31, 1993. The purpose of the expedition was to expand germplasm and herbarium collections ofS. bulbocastanum andS. cardiophyllum. Collections were made from west-central to southern Mexico, and comprised 19 true seed and 37 tuber collections (45 collections in total) of 9 species and two putative natural hybrids.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; temperature stress ; growth ; nutrient deficiency ; tuber analysis ; tuber size ; glasshouse ; growth room
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To determine calcium fertility and high temperature effects on internal brown spot development in potato, cv. Russet Burbank plants were fertilised with Hoagland's nutrient solution with or without calcium. Prevalence and severity of internal brown spot were greatest in tubers receiving no calcium fertilisation during growth. Internal brown spot was evident as early as tuber initiation. A high growth medium temperature (32°C) at tuber maturity with a lack of calcium increased internal brown spot incidence and severity. No tubers subjected to the high temperature and fertilised with calcium developed internal brown spot. Peel calcium concentration of tubers receiving no calcium fertilisation was lower (0.5–0.8 g/kg) than tubers receiving calcium (1.2–1.9 g/kg). Medullary tissue calcium concentration was similar under both calcium regimes. Calcium availability during early tuber growth was an influential factor in internal brown spot development, however high temperature effects may not be discounted in exacerbating the disorder.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ; ecology ; Lanceispora amphibia ; mangrove ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov. in the Amphisphaeriaceae is described from senescent and fallen leaves ofBruguiera gymnorrhiza in mangrove forests in the Southwest Islands, Japan. The fungus produces immersed ascomata in leaf tissue, cylindrical asci with an apical ring staining blue with iodine, and oblanceolate ascospores with a septum above the middle. Studies on the fungal succession on the mangrove leaves revealed thatL. amphibia infects senescent leaves on the tree and inhabits intertidal fallen leaves, showing the highest frequency of occurrence at the late stage of decomposition. In culture the optimal conditions for hyphal growth were 20 ppt salinity and 30°C, and those for sexual reproduction were 10 ppt salinity and 25°C. Growth at 0 ppt (fresh water) was depressed. The fungus has amphibious habits, growing on the tree and in intertidal water; and it is adapted to the high osmotic conditions in leaf tissues of the mangrove tree and to the subtropical, brackish water environment of mangrove forests.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Bauhinus ; Microbotryum ; taxonomy ; Ustilago ; ustomycetes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of the type specimen ofUstilago jehudana resulted in the correction of the diagnosis. The sori are localized in the host gynoecium but not in the anthers. Morphological characters of the sori and ustospores of the later describedU. moenchiae-manticae are identical with these ofU. jehudana. Ustilago moenchiae-manticae is reduced here to a synonym ofU. jehudana. The smut is reported as new to Bulgaria on a new host, viz.,Moenchia erecta. A new combination,Bauhinus jehudanus, is proposed.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Aphyllophorales ; ribosomalDNA ; synnematous hyphomycete ; taxonomy ; Tretopileus sphaerophorus
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities was newly isolated from the decaying petiole and peduncle ofCocos nucifera collected in Depok, Indonesia. The species produced first a bulbil as a propagule on the top of a synnema. After the bulbil had fallen, the synnema proliferated about seven times to produce new bulbils, each time making conspicuous nodes at the upper part. By careful morphological observation, clamp connections were confirmed on the hyphae in the specimens and culture. In culture, each hyphal cell with or without a clamp was found to be dikaryotic by DAPI nuclear staining. Germination of the bulbils occurred first from projecting hyphal tips on their upper surface, which have been treated as germ pores. The inner structure of the bulbils, the hyaline mucus of the bulbils, and conidium-like hyphal fragments were also examined. Phylogenetically,T. sphaerophorus was inferred to be related to the Aphyllophorales based on the nuclear encoded small subunit (18S) rDNA using the homology search system (FASTA) and the neighbour-joining method.
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    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Loculoascomycetes ; phyllachoraceae ; phyllachorales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The order Phyllachorales contains ascomycetous fungi of considerable economic importance. The group is represented mostly by foliar parasites which produce perithecia under a clypeus, inside a stroma, or do not produce any stromatic tissue. A major taxonomic problem with this order is the lack of reliable morphological characters that clearly delimit the entire group. The main purpose of this review is to provide a clear picture of the taxonomic relationships of the order Phyllachorales, along with a key to the most important genera in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycena auricoma ; Mycena sect.Radiatae ; Mycena spinosissima ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cellular slime molds ; dictyostelids ; macrocyst ; mating system ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrocyst formation in the sexual cycle was found in three dictyostelid species:Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum. Mating tests suggested thatD. monochasioides andP. pseudocandidum were heterothallic andP. candidum was homothallic. The primary walls of macrocysts had partially or fully degenerated, while the inner walls, believed to be tertiary walls, showed an undulate structure.
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    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Atkinsiella dubia ; Halocrusticida ; Japan ; marine fungus ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atkinsiella dubia, isolated from the mantle of abalone (Haliotis sieboldii), is described and illustrated as a new record from Japan. The fungus was also obtained from the gills of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Six other species of the genusAtkinsiella have hitherto been reported from various aquatic animals. The fungus is distinguished from the other six species by the morphology of its mycelia and the process of zoospore production. The most distinctive feature is that zoospores in the first motile stage ofA. dubia encyst in zoosporangia, unlike the other species. We therefore proposeHalocrusticida gen. nov. (Lagenidiales, Haliphthoraceae) for the other six species ofAtkinsiella. A key to species of the genusHalocrusticida is provided.
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    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 173-185 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Geminago ; Geminago nonveilleri ; Mycosyrinx ; taxonomy ; Ustilaginales
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The revision of the genusMycosyrinx resulted in the recognition of three species, all on Vitaceae:M. cissi (type onCissus sicyoides), M. arabica (type onCissus quadrangularis), andM. microspora (type onCissus afzelii), and in the description of a new genus. After a short historical review, the genusMycosyrinx is characterized and descriptions, synonyms, ilustrations, and a key are given for the three recognizedMycosyrinx species.Mycosyrinx globosa (nomen nudum, onCissus sp.) is considered to be immatureM. microspora. Lectotype is selected forSchizonella colemani (=M. arabica). A short characterization is given for the generaSchizonella andUstacystis and they are compared withMycosyrinx andSchroeteria. ForM. nonveilleri (type onTriplochiton scleroxylon, Sterculiaceae) a new genus,Geminago, is proposed. A key to the pair-spored genera of Ustilaginales is given.Mycosyrinx osmundae (type onOsmunda regalis, Pteridophyta, Osmundaceae) and its var.cinnamomae are excluded fromMycosyrinx.
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    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cleistothecial ascomycete ; Lasiobolidium gracile ; soil fungus ; taxonomy ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lasiobolidium gracile isolated from a soil sample collected from California, USA is described as a new species. This species is characterized by yellowish brown to reddish brown, nonostiolate ascomata with numerous, long straight appendages and a translucent peridium, subglobose to broadly clavate asci, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, ellipsoidal ascospores. It differs from the other species ofLasiobolidium in the straight and narrow appendages and the large ascospores. A key is presented separating the seven known species.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Chaetomidium ; Chaetomidium heterotrichum ; cladistic analysis ; systematics ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A species of the genusChaetomidium was isolated from fallen leaves of an unknown tree during a mycofloral survey of materials from the ‘Gran Sabana’ region in Southeastern Venezuela. The species was identified asC. heterotrichum. Identification was based on the perithecium lacking a neck and ostiole, the peridium being composed of textura angularis cells, the perithecium being covered with hairs and setae at the apex, and by 4-spored asci containing uniporate ascospores. The anamorph was intermediate betweenChalara andAcremonium sect.Chaetomioides. This is the first report of this species in Venezuela and only the second timeC. heterotrichum has been found. An illustrated description ofC. heterotrichum and a key to eight recognized species ofChaetomidium, based on morphological characters in the literature, are provided. The results of a cladistic analysis of 12 available morphological characters of the genus revealed two main groups, each based on the two characters ‘ascospore shape’ and ‘peridial wall type’. The ascomatal hairs had little influence on the species grouping. With the exception ofC. heterotrichum, the remaining species ofChaetomidium were monophyletically supported in 73% of the bootstrap replicates.Chaetomidium heterotrichum was the basal ingroup taxon and formed a sister group to the other species in the genus.
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: discomycetes ; ITS rDNA phylogeny ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The systematics ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia of the family Sclerotiniaceae is reevaluated on the basis of morphological, cultural and molecular criteria.Scleromitrula shiraiana, Verpatinia species andCiborinia candolleana share gross morphological, microanatomical and cultural features which clearly distinguish them from the closely relatedCiborinia andRutstroemia species. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S gene) of nuclear ribosomal DNA demonstrate that the stipitate-capitate specimens ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia species plus the stipitate-cupulateCiborinia candolleana constitute a monophyletic clade separate from a clade including the type species ofCiborinia. Scleromitrula is emended to includeS. shiraiana, the new speciesS. rubicola, C. candolleana, and specimens formerly assigned toVerpatinia. A key to the accepted species ofScleromitrula is provided.
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 71-73 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Ceratobasidiaceae ; Japan ; taxonomy ; Ypsilonidium bananisporum
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. belonging to Ceratobasidiales is described and illustrated. This fungus has all the characteristics of the genusYpsilonidium including reticulate-hypochnoid basidiomes, broad hyphae branching at right angles, broadly clavate basidia with two sterigmata, and basidiospores germinating by repetition. It differs from all hitherto known species in the genus by producing suballantoid to banana-shaped basidiospores, measuring 19.5–22×5.5–6 μm.
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 87-89 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Israel ; Mycomycetes ; Physarales ; Stemonitales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten taxa of myxomycetes growing mainly withEucalyptus, oak and pine are described. They were found in Upper Galilee, Mt. Carmel and Central parts of the country and all are new to Israel.
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: hyphomycetes ; identification ; taxonomy ; Tuberculariaceae ; Tuberculariales
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mycoleptodiscus terrestris from black pepper roots in the Dominican Republic is described together with some notes and photomicrographs.
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 429-431 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: coelomycete ; Japan ; Microsphaeropsis rugospora ; soil fungus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In an exploratory survey of soil-borne mitosporic fungi as producers of secondary metabolites useful to the pharmaceutical industry, a pale yellow pycnidial coelomycete was encountered and isolated on potato-dextrose agar. The fungus was characterized as follows: rapid growth on common media, conidiomata which are non-pulvinate, semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, glabrous, with a slightly papillate ostiole; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; discrete, ampulliform, monophialidic conidiogenous cells; and onecelled, dark brown, globose, thick-walled, rugose conidia which germinate very easily. In accordance with this profile, our isolate is included in the genusMicrosphaeropsis Höhnel. (Morgan-Jones, 1974a, b; Sutton, 1977, 1980; Morgan-Jones and White, 1987; Heiny et al., 1992; Katumoto, 1992). However, it proved to be sufficiently different from all described species ofMicrosphaeropsis to warrant its description as a new species.
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofMicrosphaeropsis (Sphaeropsidales, Coelomycetes),M. rugospora, is described and illustrated. This fungus is characterized by its rapid growth on common media such as oatmeal and potato-carrot agars; semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, papillate pycnidias; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; monophialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells; and one-celled, dark brown, globose conidia ornamented with distinct tubercles. The holotype was isolated from the cultivated soil in Tanegashima Island, southern Japan.
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    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycogloea ; Platygloea ; Platygloeaceae ; Platygloeales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new species ofMycogloea are described and illustrated; they are:M. amethystina from Canada,M. nipponica, from Japan, andM. bullata from Thailand.Mycogloea tahitiensis is reported from Japan and additional undescribed taxa in the genus are briefly noted. Some characteristics of the genus are discussed, and a key is provided for six species recognized at this time.
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    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 189-191 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: bamboo fungus ; hyperparasitism ; hyphomycetes ; mycoparasites ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a single collection attached to a synnematous fungus,Janetia synnematosa, from a dead bamboo culm. It differs from other species ofCryptophiala in having spherical to subspherical conidia and a cerebroid layer of phialides. The overall morohology of this species is smaller than that of previously described species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Conjugatophyceae ; Desmidiales ; Phymatodocis nordstedtiana ; Cell wall ; pore apparatus ; taxonomy ; ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Filaments ofPhymatodocis nordstedtiana Wolle were isolated from a sample of a Texan lake. Cultures were established and examined by light and scanning electron (SEM) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is shown that the pores apparent on light microscopical examination are not of the cosmaroid type as expected. TEM examination disclosed that they are similar to those found in the generaClosterium Ralfs andPenium Bréb. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated by light and SEM microscopy that the primary cell wall is shed during cell division. The remaining secondary cell wall of the mature cell consists of interwoven bands of parallel microfibrils. A conspicuous overlap of the semicell walls clearly denotes the isthmus region. The significance of these deviations unusual for desmids is discussed. Suggestions are made that the taxonomic position ofPh. nordstedtiana should be re-evaluated.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 196 (1995), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pteridophyta ; Dryopteridaceae ; Dryopteris filix-mas ; Clonal gametophytes ; growth ; reproduction ; genetic and environmental effects ; phenotypic plasticity
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    Notes: Abstract Artificially formed clonal gametophytes ofDryopteris filix-mas (L.)Schott were able to grow and reproduce, although growth rates, proportions of hermaphrodites and reproductive efforts were low. Variable density and nutrient levels appeared to affect gametophytic life histories and they continued to influence the viability of the developing sporophyte generation. Differences between populations and sporophytes were discovered in life histories. Hermaphroditic gametophytes were considerably larger and possessed higher viability than did males. Clear differences between clones in the level of phenotypic plasticity in gametophyte size were observed. No neighbor effect on gametophyte sex expression was detected with the densities and nutrient levels used.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Volvocales ; Chlamydomonas ; Morphology ; reproduction ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chlamydomonas chlorococcoides, a morphologically most interesting new species with a lobate chloroplast was isolated from soils of the island Lavsa (Adriatic Sea, Yugoslavia). Description, pictures and remarks on the reproduction are given.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Bacillariophyta ; Pennatae ; Fragilariaceae ; Licmophora gracilis var.anglica ; Auxospore formation ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InLicmophora gracilis var.anglica two auxospores are produced per pair of mother-cells, through the allogamic fusion of migratory and stationary gametes. Both active gametes are produced from the same mother-cell and hence both zygotes are formed in the other mother-cell. Pairing can occur between two stalked cells, or between a stalked cell and a detached cell; in the latter case the migratory gametes derive from the detached cell. The auxospores expand parallel to one another and to the apical axis of the donor mother-cell. Behavioural anisogamy of this kind, which may be termed thecis-type, seems to be characteristic of most araphid pennates and contrasts with thetrans-type exhibited byCymbella, Gomphonema and some other raphid taxa, where each mother-cell produces one migratory and one stationary gamete.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rubiaceae ; Coffeeae ; Gardenieae ; Pavetteae ; Dictyandra ; Leptactina ; Tarenna ; Pavetta ; Dictyandra congolana sp. nova ; taxonomy ; morphology ; seed-coat ; palynology ; Flora of tropical Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The closely related African generaDictyandra andLeptactina are redelimited. The two genera are distinguished by long tubular corolla-tubes with included anthers (Leptactina) vs. much shorter tubes with exserted anthers (Dictyandra), rather than—as previously thought—presence or absence of multilocellate anthers. The discovery of a new species (Dictyandra congolana from the Congo and W-Zaire) confirms this. It can be concluded, especially from comparative morphological studies of fruits and seeds, thatDictyandra andLeptactina are related toPavetta, Tarenna, Ixora, etc., i.e. the group of genera in theCoffeeae s.l. with terminal inflorescences. It is proposed that the tribePavetteae be revived to accomodate those genera.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 31-46 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis ; Dunaliella ; D. salina ; Green flagellates ; ultrastructure ; taxonomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the type species of the genusDunaliella, D. salina, has been reinvestigated in an attempt to clarify the relationships betweenDunaliella andSpermatozopsis. Dunaliella salina differs in the following ultrastructural characters fromSpermatozopsis (as exemplified byS. similis Preisig etMelkonian): presence of a distinctive surface coat covering the plasmalemma; presence of a prominent pyrenoid (with pairs of thylakoids partially entering the pyrenoid matrix); dictyosomes parabasal; endoplasmic reticulum closely underlying the plasmalemma around most of the cell; contractile vacuoles absent; cell form ovoid to elongated and not spirally twisted; mitochondrial profiles near the flagellar apparatus. Differences in the ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus: basal body angle more or less fixed; distal connecting fibre cross-striated; system II fibre (rhizoplast) present, associated with mitochondrial profile; system I fibre underlying two-stranded microtubular root; mating structure present. These ultrastructural differences justify distinction between the two taxa at generic level. The problematical status of “freshwater” species ofDunaliella is briefly discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis similis ; Green flagellate ; new species ; algal culture ; electron microscopy ; taxonomy ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The green flagellateSpermatozopsis similis spec. nova has been studied in culture by light and electron microscopy. The flagellate bears two flagella, is naked and has a characteristic crescent and spirally twisted cell shape. The two flagella are of subequal length, each with a prominent hair-point. Each cell contains two contractile vacuoles, a single chloroplast with an anterior eyespot but lacking a pyrenoid, an anteriorly located nucleus, a single dictyosome associated with the posterior end of the nucleus, a single mitochondrion posterior to the nucleus and associated with a small microbody, some conspicuous vacuoles, and a greater number of secondary cytoskeletal microtubules which probably are responsible for maintaining the peculiar shape of this species. SinceS. similis in culture is only biflagellate, it cannot be accommodated within the quadriflagellate, but otherwise very similar speciesS. exsultans. Spermatozopsis similis is compared with other green flagellates and is shown to share common ultrastructural characters withChlamydomonas-type green algae.
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  • 82
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 103-117 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Chrysophyceae ; Spiniferomonas septispina sp. n. ; S. enigmata sp. n. ; Chrysosphaerella ; Morphology ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new species of non-colonial silica-scaled chrysophytes were discovered in Ontario and were assigned to the genusSpiniferomonas (Chrysophyceae) owing to their solitary cell habit. Scale structure in the two new species is distinctive but includes features common to bothSpiniferomonas andChrysosphaerella. The use of scale structure as the main diagnostic feature to distinguish the two genera is no longer acceptable. A more expedient separation of the two genera based on cell habit (solitary vs. colonial) is proposed and includes the transfer ofChrysospharella salina Birch-Andersen andChrysosphaerella coronacircumspina Wujek & Kristiansen to the genusSpiniferomonas as new combinations. The proposed revision is consistent with existing generic circumscriptions of other ochromonadalean forms with either solitary or colonial cell habit.
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  • 83
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cryptophyceae ; Bodonaceae ; Proteromonas steinii sp. n. ; Cryptomonas spp. div. ; Intracellular parasite ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract A new intracellular parasite inCryptomonas spp. div. previously known is described asProteromonas steinii spec. nova. The flagellate (infectious) stage isBodo-like, with a distinct kinetoplast. The immobile parasitic stage occurs in the cells of Cryptomonads as a multinucleate trophocyst with a thin mucilage envelope (pseudocyst), while the hypnocyst is uninucleate, walled and bearing two horned projections.
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  • 84
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    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 179-194 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia sect.Faba ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of seed albumins (PAGE) covered 173 accessions representing nine species ofVicia sect.Faba. The number of albumin bands recorded in particular species varied from three inV. eristaloides to 23 inV. faba; in total, 38 bands were distinguished in the investigated material. The examined species, exceptV. eristalioides, showed intraspecific variation with respect to the number and relative staining intensity of albumin bands; individual variation was especially marked inV. faba and inV. narbonensis. Hierarchical clustering of the investigated taxa was based onBhattacharyya distances calculated from the electrophoretic data. The taxa grouped in three main clusters.Vicia faba and the rather remotely relatedV. kalakhensis formed one cluster. The second cluster was composed ofV. narbonensis distantly related toV. hyaeniscyamus. The third cluster comprised three subgroups: 1.V. johannis, V. galilaea andV. serratifolia, 2.V. eristalioides, and 3.V. bithynica. The obtained results are discussed with reference to taxonomic relationships inVicia sect.Faba.
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  • 85
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    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 109-120 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Scutellaria sect.Resinosa ; SEM ; nutlet sculpturing ; micromorphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutlet sculpturing of 22 taxa ofScutellaria sect.Resinosa, representing 18 of its 19 species, and the monotypic genusSalazaria was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nutlets of sect.Resinosa, while remarkably variable among themselves, differed from hypothetically closely related sections in lacking circumferential banding and sessile glands. Species could be grouped by surface sculpturing into seemingly meaningful phenetic clusters.Scutellaria potosina var.platyphylla was sufficiently distinct micromorphically so as to be elevated to specific status asScutellaria platyphylla comb. and stat. nov. The significance of nutlet microcharacters within sect.Resinosa is discussed, especially as compared to closely related sections. The genusSalazaria had nutlet sculpturing quite different from all taxa belonging to sect.Resinosa.
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  • 86
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    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Eriocaulaceae ; Leiothrix crassifolia (L. nubigena, L. obtusifolia) ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of ‘campos rupestres’ ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and anatomical leaf and scape differentiation ofLeiothrix crassifolia is analysed and classified into seven types (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campo rupestre of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Variation in the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.L. nubigena andL. obtusifolia are included inL. crassifolia.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rosaceae ; Rosa sect.Caninae ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; genetic variation ; hemisexual ; apomixis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Difficulties in delimiting well-defined entities in the dogroses (Rosa sect.Caninae) has resulted in very variable taxonomic treatments. The present study was undertaken to provide a background for taxonomy as well as plant breeding. Morphometric diversity was analysed on seedlings obtained from field collections in South Sweden of three species,Rosa dumalis, R. rubiginosa andR. villosa. A canonical variates analysis showed that the three species are relatively distinct whereas two subspecies ofR. dumalis were less well discriminated. Analyses of variance demonstrated that intraspecific variation is pronounced inR. dumalis and, to a lesser extent, inR. villosa.
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  • 88
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    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 241-264 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Boraginaceae ; Boragineae ; Anchusella ; A. variegata ; A. cretica ; Lycopsis ; Anchusa ; Mediterranean flora ; macromorphology ; micromorphology ; karyology ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract The two closely related speciesLycopsis variegata andAnchusa cretica, formerly placed inAnchusa subg.Rivinia, were compared with the type species ofLycopsis andAnchusa, on the basis of a set of macro and microcharacters. The presence of only two fertile stamens as well as other peculiar characters in flower structure, androecium, gynoecium, pollen and fruit, supports the institution of the new genusAnchusella, consisting ofA. variegata andA. cretica. Karyological and eco-chorological aspects are consistent with morphological data in pointing to the autonomy of this genus, which appears characterized by autapomorphic, advanced traits.
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  • 89
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    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; V. kalakhensis ; Seed albumins ; HPLC ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously reported electrophoretic seed albumin data have shown an unexpected association ofVicia faba withV. kalakhensis. In the present work, seed albumins ofV. faba (subsp.paucijuga and subsp.faba) were compared with those ofV. kalakhensis using ionexchange (IE) and reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two subspecies ofV. faba displayed similar seed albumin profiles. On the other hand, seed albumin profiles ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis showed no major protein peak in common either in IE-HPLC or RP-HPLC chromatograms. The reported differences in seed albumin composition ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis are consistent with other taxonomical data showingV. faba to be genetically distant from the wild relatives.
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  • 90
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    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 239-248 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia ; sect.Hypechusa ; sect.Peregrinae ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract This work is a continuation of electrophoretic investigations aimed at revealing a wild relative ofVicia faba. Electrophoretic analysis (PAGE) of seed albumins covered 52 accessions representing eightVicia species of sect.Hypechusa and two species of sect.Peregrinae. Most of the examined species showed an intraspecific variation due to differences between accessions and/or individual variation within accessions. In spite of the intraspecific variation, marked interspecific differences were recorded. However, none of the investigated species displayed electrophoretic seed albumin patterns similar to those reported earlier forV. faba. Contribution of the obtained results to characterization of the examined taxa is discussed.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; trnL intron ; PCR-sequencing ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract The chloroplasttrnL intron from 46 differentVicia accessions, representing five of the nine sections of the genusVicia subg.Vicia sensuMaxted (1991a) were amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers homologous to conserved regions intrnL. The products fell into two distinct groups; those of approximately 250 nt and those of around 450 nt in length. Of these, products from 17 differentVicia species were cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. Multiple alignments were assembled and phylogenetic trees constructed by the weighted least-squares distance method. ALathyrus latifolius trnL intron sequence was used as an outgroup. The resulting trees clearly group and separate the sectt.Narbonensis, Bithynica andFaba species but were less able to distinguish species from sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. Based on these sequence data,V. faba appears to be more distant from sect.Narbonensis than sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. The results are in general agreement with a recent treatment ofVicia subg.Vicia (Maxted 1993) and lend further support to placingV. faba in the monospecific sect.Faba.
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  • 92
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    Plant systematics and evolution 213 (1998), S. 173-186 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia ; sect.Bithynicae ; sect.Narbonensis ; Allozymes ; genetic diversity ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of five enzyme systems, LAP, PGI, SKDH, SOD and 6-PGDH, among 102Vicia accessions representingV. bithynica and seven species of theV. narbonensis complex, namelyV. eristalioides, V. kalakhensis, V. johannis, V. galilaea, V. serratifolia, V. narbonensis andV. hyaeniscyamus, has been performed. The recorded variation was tentatively assigned to 41 allelic genes at eight loci; intraspecific variation was observed in all species except forV. eristalioides. The results obtained were compared with the corresponding data reported earlier forV. faba. Hierarchical grouping of the investigated taxa, includingV. faba, was based onNei's genetic identities calculated from the allozyme frequency data.Vicia faba andV. bithynica were shown to be most distantly related to one another and to the remaining species investigated.Vicia serratifolia appeared to be a peripheral member of theV. narbonensis complex. The results are discussed with reference to genetic diversity and taxonomic relationships of the species under study.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Bryophyta ; Mitochondria ; nad5 gene ; group I intron ; molecular phylogeny ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to animals, the slowly evolving mitochondrial nucleotide sequences of plants appear well suited to investigate phylogenetic relations between old taxonomic groups. Analysis ofnad5 gene sequences in 47 bryophytes, the living representatives of very early land plants, confirm this assessment. Statistically reliable phylogenetic trees are obtained with different mathematical approaches. A group I intron sequence conserved in thenad5 gene of all 30 mosses and 15 liverworts investigated supports a sister group relationship of the two classes. The intron sequence adds phylogenetic information for fine resolution on top of the conserved exon sequences down to the level of classically defined orders or families, respectively. This intron is not present in the hornwortsAnthoceros husnotii andA. punctatus. The results allow statements on diverging taxonomic interpretations and support the monophyly of the liverworts, mosses, Jungermanniidae, Marchantiidae and Bryidae, and allow recognition of subclasses like Hypnanae and Dicrananae. Among the mosses, the derived orders (subclass Bryidae) are confidently set apart from the Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Polytrichales and Tetraphidales with Buxbaumiales occupying a mediating position. Among the liverworts, full support is found for the classic separation of simple (jungermanniid) and complex thalloid (marchantiid) species with a strikingly low mitochondrial sequence divergence among the latter.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Debromolaurinterol ; growth ; Laurencia ; laurinterol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of Laurencia okamurae and the content of laurinterol and debromolaurinterol were influenced by various factors. Temperature influenced growth raere te with a maximum at 25°C, regardless of daylength. Maturity depended on temperature rather than daylength; the plants grew without maturing at 15°C, while the plants matured within two weeks at 25°C. The plants were able to grow at salinities of 14–50‰ with maximum growth at 26‰. The salinities growth rash;50‰te reduced with decreasing concentration of nitrate below 1.2 × 10-3 M, and of total phosphate below 7.5× 10-8 M. Bromide concentration had no effect on growth, and the plants grew without bromide. Variation in temperature between 15–25°C and daylength produced no obvious change in laurinterol and debromolaurinterol contents. On the other hand, an increase in salinity led to an increase for both. The plants cultured in a completely artificial medium, modified ASP12NTA, showed a marked drop in their content of these metabolites. An increase in concentrations of nitrate, total phosphate or bromide did not restore the content.
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  • 95
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    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 547-554 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: herbicide ; green alga ; growth ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; it Protosiphon botryoides ; respiration ; Thiobencarb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the herbicide thiobencarb (Saturn) were tested on the growth and physiology of the chlorophyte Protosiphon botryoides isolated from an Egyptian paddy. Assays were conducted using 16-day batch cultures. Chlorophyll and dry weight biomass yields were significantly reduced at 2–3 mg L-1 thiobencarb, and dark respiration increased and protein decreased significantly at 3 mg L-1. Reductions in exponential specific growth rate (μ) were generally small, but in some cases significant. Thiobencarb also slightly, but significantly, reduced the 77 K fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, an indicator of maximum photosynthetic efficiency. No consistent dose-dependent changes occurred in chlorophyll per unit dry weight, total carbohydrate or gross photosynthetic capacity. Whereas half of the added thiobencarb was recovered from control (uninoculated) medium, it was largely absent from cells and culture medium after sixteen days, indicating biodegradation by the alga or associated bacteria. P. botryoides recovered fully within sixteen days following subculture in thiobencarb-free medium. Independently varying phosphate and nitrate nine-fold had no clear effect on the sensitivity of P. botryoides to thiobencarb.
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  • 96
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    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 411-419 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Bangiales ; Porphyra life history ; culture ; conchocelis ; conchosporangia ; spores ; neutral conchospores morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since 1992, as part of a study to circumscribe the genus Porphyra in New Zealand, an extensive culture programme has been developed at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. This collection currently houses more than 800 cultures and 150strains. We currently recognise at least 20 species in New Zealand, most of which are undescribed. Close observation of reproduction and the development of conchocelis-phase filaments grown in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature, irradiance and photoperiod, has enabled the recognition of characters that can assist in species separation. The comparative taxonomic value of a range of such characters is discussed, including reporting a novel reproductive mode.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: distribution ; harvesting ; Porphyra ; recruitment ; seasonality ; South Africa ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Although Porphyra is commercially farmed in many countries, in South Africa only small harvests of wild populations for sale as nori have been carried out. The discovery that Porphyra improves growth of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) farmed inland-based tanks has led to increased pressure to harvest wild populations. This paper reports on a survey of the distribution and seasonality of Porphyra in the southern Western Cape. Porphyrawas present at all sites surveyed, and showed considerable temporal variation. A significant amount of the Porphyra present is in reserves and therefore protected from harvesting. Close rexamination of one site revealed seasonal populations of Porphyra that occupied different niches dependent on season. Recruitment peaked in spring and autumn, leading to dense summer and winter populations. Summer populations generally grew lower in the eulittoral than winter populations. No pattern in the mortality of larger thalli wasde tected, though sporeling mortality was high following recruitment peaks. Although it seems that most sites in the southern Western Cape are suitable for harvesting, the taxonomy of the genus in the region urgently needs revision if populations are to be appropriately managed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: agar ; Gracilaria tenuistipitata ; growth ; salinity ; seawater pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acclimation responses of the red alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui collected on the northwest coast of Philippines were determined in laboratory setups and outdoor cultivation tanks in Haifa, Israel. Growth under laboratory conditions was influenced by all three variables studied, namely, temperature (20 or 30 °C), salinity (20, 30 or39‰) and seawater pH (6.5, 7.0, 8.0 or ≥ 9.0). In 250 mL flasks lacking pH control growth was influenced by temperature only at 20 ‰, whereas at 39 ‰, growth rates were similar at 20 or 30 °C. In 500 mL cylinders in which pH was controlled, growth rates were significantly different at a pH of 6.5 and 7.0 for all salinities, with maximal rates occurring in 39 ‰. At pH 8.0, and above, growth rates between salinities were similar and reduced to approximately 50% at a pH of 9.0 compared to rates at a pH of 6.5. Photosynthesis responses generally resembled growth responses both, in 250 mL and 500 mL cultures. In 40-L outdoor tanks, weekly growth and agar yields were apparently enhanced by increasing light intensities (up to full sunlight) and nutrient concentrations (up to 0.2 mM PO3 2- and 2.0 mM NH4 +), and rates averaged four times higher than rates determined in the smaller flask cultures. This study shows broad salinity tolerance of G. tenuistipitata var. liui and its ability to sustain growth rates that are among the highest measured for Gracilaria spp. in outdoor cultures.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: growth ; Azolla ; eutrophication ; mercury ; India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth ofAzolla was stimulated in different water bodies in Burdwan. It depended on the PO4−P contents of the media. Biomass, chlorophyll and tissue phosphorus content ofAzolla were positively correlated with PO4−P of the different water bodies while chlorophyll content of the fern was positively correlated with conductivity. We concluded that the water bodies of Burdwan can be utilised as sites for large scale multiplication ofAzolla for fertilization purposes in rice cultivation, despite the presence of mercury.
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  • 100
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    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Chaetoceros ; growth ; neutral lipid ; total lipid ; nitrogen deprivation ; Nile Red
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chaetoceros muelleri (Schütt) was cultured on a thermal gradient plate, subjected to two media types with a range of specific conductances, and evaluated for growth and neutral lipid accumulation. Growth was measured directly by daily changes in cell numbers and indirectly by changes in optical density at 750 nm. C. muelleri exhibited a growth rate of at least two doublings day-1 over broad temperature (20 to 35 °C) and conductance ranges (10 to over 60 mS cm-1) and the optimum growth rate approached 4.0 doublings day-1 at 30 °C and a conductance of 25 mS cm-1. Intracellular neutral lipid storage was evaluated with fluorometry and epifluorescent microscopy using the fluorochrome Nile Red. Gravimetric analysis revealed a total lipid content in nitrogen-depleted cultures of C. muelleri of over 400 mg L-1, five to seven times that observed in nitrogen-replete cultures. Based on its high growth rate, tolerance to a broad range of temperatures and specific conductances, and large quantity of intracellular lipid, C. muelleri may have potential for exploitation as a renewable precursor to liquid fuels or as a lipid source.
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