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  • evolution
  • Springer  (135)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989  (105)
  • 1980-1984  (30)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (135)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (12)
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Acta biotheoretica 30 (1981), S. 79-102 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: evolution ; modifier theory ; dominance evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of modifier evolution was examined with regard to the idea that modifier evolution can be considered as a result of selection for adaptation speed in populations far from equilibrium. This kind of selection was called ‘feedback selection’ in order to emphasize the difference to theories which consider modifier evolution near the equilibrium. The basic principles of this kind of selection are derived for asexual populations and the problem of dominance is discussed in the light of this concept. In general the results support the view, that the genetic properties of a character are selected along with the character itself.
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  • 2
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    Acta biotheoretica 34 (1985), S. 3-51 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: anthropic principle ; creativity ; evolution ; insight ; manifestation ; mental creativity ; organismal creativity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
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    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 649-661 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sociality ; evolution ; Vespidae ; Stenogastrinae ; brood rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Stenogastrinae are a subfamily of the Vespidae. The main difference between these and other social wasps (Polistinae and Vespinae) is a jelly-like substance that the Stenogastrinae secrete from the Dufour 's gland and use in many functions of their biology. It is suggested that this substance greatly contributed to the evolution of social life in these wasps by making it possible to nourish the brood with liquid food and store it in the nest, thus favoring also the evolution of the behavioral mechanisms which facilitated interactions between adults. Social organization of the colonies may have been kept at a low level through a basic system of continuous temporary helper replacement, while the evolution of large colonies was restrained, as well as by the poor quality of construction material, low egg-laying capacity and limited production of abdominal substance, imperfect social regulatory mechanisms, and the absence of defensive mechanisms of the colonies against large predators.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 284-295 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Annual cycle ; Asclepias ; cardenolide ; Danaidae ; Danaus plexippus ; defense ; ecological chemistry ; evolution ; herbivory ; host plant ; life history ; migration ; milkweed ; monarch butterfly ; overwintering ; predation ; repellent allomone ; sequestration ; storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 μg/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.
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  • 5
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 919-930 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Heart ; circulation ; blood ; lower vertebrate ; embryology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In very few instances can the cardiovascular systems of adult ‘lower’ vertebrates serve asdirect models for development in ‘higher’ vertebrates, primarily because numerous evolutionary specializations for preferential distribution of cardiac output between systemic tissues and gas exchange, organs occur in the highly derived circulation of most extant lower vertebrates. Yet, the extensive literature on the cardiovascular anatomy and physiology of aquatic and air breathing fishes, amphibians and reptiles offers important conceptual insights into both patterns and mechanisms of development in birds and mammals. The primary contribution of such studies to the student of developing bird and mammal circulations is the clear demonstration that surprisingly complex hemodynamic function can develop from supposedly ‘simple’ cardiovascular systems typified by incompletely divided heart chambers. Thus, the hemodynamics of embryonic bird and mammal circulations should be determined by measurement, rather than inferred from structure.
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  • 6
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 24-29 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pieridae ; Lepidoptera ; systematics ; evolution ; enzyme electrophoresis ; genetic differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enzyme electrophoretic data show a remarkably high degree of genetic similarity within the European group ofnapi s.l. whereas genetic differences exist at several loci between the European and the North American taxa ofnapi s.l. It is concluded that the European taxa did not differentiate to the species level and form a phylogenetically young group. The North American taxa included in this study are specifically distinct from Europeannapi and separated much earlier. Within these North American taxamarginalis, oleracea andvirginiensis did undergo speciation. The data show a splitting of the genusPieris into three species groups, each genetically differentiated to the same level. The splitting ofPieris into two genera, as suggested by earlier investigators, is not supported here.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1231-1235 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex ; recombination ; evolution ; parasites ; the Tangled Bank ; the Red Queen ; sex-allocation ; sexual selection ; sex determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 8
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1235-1245 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex ; evolution ; the Tangled Bank ; the Red Queen ; recombination experiments ; genotype × environment interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Biology ; creation science ; creationism ; evolution ; hundredth monkey phenomenon ; paranormal ; pseudoscience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Public suspicion of science stems from science's challenging of perceptions and myths about reality, and a public fear of new technology. The result is a susceptibility to pseudoscience. In claiming that creation ‘science’ is as valid as evolution the creationists misquote scientists and seek to spread their own ‘scientific’ myths concerning a young age for the earth, an act of creation based on a particular literalist interpretation of the Christian Bible and a single worldwide flood. They use methods of debate and politics, rather than scientific research. A selection of their arguments is examined and the nature of the evidence for evolution is discussed. Problems with the creation ‘science’ model are noted. In the myth of the hundredth monkey phenomenon, original research is misquoted to denigrate scientific research and support sentimental ideas of paranormal events. The misuse of science is seen as damaging to society because it reduces the effective gathering and application of scientific information. However, pseudoscience provides a valuable guide to gaps in public scientific education.
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  • 10
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 851-860 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Social insects ; Isoptera ; caste differentiation ; reproductive biology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hemimetabolous termites have a very different caste system from social Hymenoptera in which only true imagoes participate in all social tasks. In termites, the imagoes are restricted to reproduction. The termite solidiers have no equivalent in other social insects. They are unique both in their post-embryonic development and their exclusively defensive function. At maturity they keep their molting gland and therefore should be considered as stabilized, differentiated immatures. They appeared monophyletically, early in the evolution of termites. The definition of the worker caste and the current theories explaining its evolution are reexamined after a critical reappraisal of data on post-embryonic development. On the basis of ontogenic, morphologic and functional criteria, we define termite workers as individuals diverging early and irreversibly from the imaginal development, with a morphology typical of their caste but largely of larval appearance, and taking part in most of the social tasks. Such a truly eusocial worker caste is observed in all advanced phyla: Termitidae, Hodotermitidae, andSchedorhinotermes (Rhinotermitidae), but apparently also in one morphologically primitive termite,Mastotermes darwiniensis. This distribution can only be explained by postulating a polyphyletic origin of the worker caste in termites. In all other primitive termites, most of the work is done by temporary helpers (late larvae and nymphs). In these societies, pseudergates are redefined as individuals separating late from the imaginal line, functioning as workers, but not constituting the main working force in the natural society. The particularity of the caste system in termites results from two fundamental peculiarities of their post-embryonic development: -A certain dissociation of molt, growth, and differentiation. -A relative independence in the ontogeny of their different organs.
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  • 11
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 248-262 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; biosynthesis ; neurobiology ; sensory biology ; orientation behavior ; flight control ; anemotaxis ; genetics ; communication ; olfaction ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant progress has been made recently in research on lepidopterous sex pheromones. Advances in understanding the biochemical, neurobiological, and behavioral events that results in both successful and unsuccessful pheromone communication have allowed researchers to gain new insights into the genetic control and evolution of phermone systems.
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: evolution ; monophagy ; polyphagy ; host range ; Vespidae ; caterpillars ; predation ; Mischocyttarus flavitarsus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The narrow host range of insect herbivores is noted, and some of the reasons why specificity has evolved are reviewed. Works indicating the need for new approaches are pointed out including the possibility that generalist predators provide a suitable pressure. Experiments to test the hypothesis that generalists are more vulnerable than specialists to predators are described. They involved a vespid wasp and over thirty species pairs of caterpillars, matched for size and density. Overall, generalists were taken more readily than specialists: some but not all reasons could be detected. The results are discussed in ecological and evolutionary terms.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; Bruchidae ; Coleoptera ; behavior ; evolution ; genetic variation ; insect-plant interactions ; oviposition preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux lignées deC. maculatus Fab., liées à 6 plantes-hôtes, ont été examinées quant à leurs préférences — sans choix—parmi les graines de 9 légumineuses. Ces préférences se sont révél'ees semblables à celles observées lors de choix binaires; 3 paramètres ont donné les mêmes résultats: nombre moyen d'oeufs pondus par l'ensemble des femelles, nombre moyen d'oeufs émis par l'ensemble de celles acceptant la plante, fréquence des femelles acceptant la plante. L'analyse en composantes principales des préférences pour les 9 plantes a révélé que la majorité des mesures se situe sur les 2 premiers axes, qui ont rendu compte de 89% de la variation. Les performances des lignées sur le premier axe suggèrent qu'il s'agit d'un critère général de préférence. La classification automatique des plantes a montré un aspect général semblable à celui des composantes principales. Par ces 2 méthodes, les plantes ne se sont pas classées nettement selon leurs affinités taxonomiques. Bien que la classification automatique n'ait pas mis en évidence une similarité de comportement chez les insectes liés au même hôte, ceci était apparemment le cas. Les lignées liées à des hôtes présentant de fortes — ou à l'opoosé — de faibles préférences, ont montré différents seuils d'acceptation pour les 9 substrats de ponte. A l'opposé, il n'y a aucune preuve d'altération évolutive de la hiérarchie de préférences. On en a déduit que ces insectes étaient motivés par un petit nombre de stimulus, tels que les allélochimiques et al texture de tégument, pour déceler l'adéquation des substrats potentiels. (La microscopie électronique a suggéré une corrélation entre la texture du tégument et la hiérarchie des préférences de ces populations). La confiance dans les stimulus recueillis contribue à limiter les stratégies évolutives disponibles pour la population. A partir de là, la sélection en faveur —ou contre — des plantes, à l'origine, faiblement préférées, peut conduire, dans la niche de ponte, à l'incorporation — ou à l'exclusion — d'un groupe d'espèces taxonomiquemment éloignées, mais phénétiquement semblables. La probabilité d'altérations importantes de la hiérarchie des préférences paraît extrémement faible.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of 22 strains ofCallosobruchus maculatus associated with six different leguminous hosts indicates extensive genetic differentiation for oviposition preference. Female behavior suggests the existence of two distinct host preference groups among the nine oviposition substrates tested. Strains associated with plants in these two groups show distinct preference profiles. Genetic differentiation of oviposition preference is due to evolutionary modification of the threshold of acceptance of host plants, not to alteration of the preference hierarchy. From principal components analysis of these results, it is likely that very few independent plant traits govern oviposition preference.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spleen ; red pulp ; storage ; release ; morphology ; evolution ; structural characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 15
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 942-944 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect hormones ; estradiol ; estriol ; evolution ; sex hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insects representing 5 different orders contain androgen and estrogen-like substances as determined by radioimmunoassay. Estradiol and estriol have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of these steroids in insects suggests that the vertebrate sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history.
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  • 16
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spleen ; evolution ; phylogeny ; ontogeny ; non-mammalian spleen ; mammalian spleen ; comparative macromorphology ; comparative micromorphology ; intralienal vessels ; extralienal vessels ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 17
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 624-624 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Egg pedicel ; evolution ; lacewings ; Hemerobiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brown lacewing eggs (Planipennia: Hemerobiidae) glued to the top of hairs of maize leaves can be seen as an intermediary evolutionary step between depositing the egg directly on the substrate (as in most neuropteroid families) and the protective behavioral adaptation of depositing the egg on a long thin pedicel (as e.g. in the Chrysopidae).
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  • 18
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 735-738 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect ; flight ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity patterns of interneurones in the flight systems of dragonflies and mayflies were investigated using standard intracellular recording and staining techniques, and were compared with those of crickets and locusts. The results show several basic similarities in the operation of a central motor pattern generator for flight in all four groups of insects. These similarities can be explained as resulting from conservative evolution of flight pattern generating circuitry within the central nervous system.
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  • 19
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 633-637 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; evolution ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 20
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 697-700 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lizard ; Chamaeleontidae ; Agamidae ; tongue ; feeding ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An incipient form of tongue projection occurs inPhrynocephalus helioscopus, a generalized agamid lizard. We argue that this condition represents a functional intermediate between typical lingual prehension and chamaeleontid tongue projection, and that tongue projection evolved in chameleons by augmentation of ancestral mechanisms still operating in related, generalized lizards.
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  • 21
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryo ; RNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frog embryo nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA populations, labeled in vivo and in vitro, were hybridized to, filterbound homologous and heterologous DNA. The transcription of homologous (frog) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA decreases qualitatively during development while the transcription of heterologous (minnow, human) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA remains relatively constant qualitatively. The diversity of homologous repetitive mRNA increases during development, but there is only a slight change in the diversity of heterologous repetitive mRNA transcripts. There is a marked restriction of transport of the heterologous RNA sequences to the cytoplasm at a later stage of development.
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  • 22
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1285-1296 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex ; sex determination ; sex ratio ; evolution ; animals ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Theories on the evolution of sex determining mechanisms are reviewed for male and female heterogamety, environmental sex determination, and briefly, haplo-diploidy and hermaphroditism. Because of their discrete and well-defined nature, sex determining mechanisms lend themselves to three types of evolutionary questions:what variety occurs and might be expected but does not occur,how do changes occur from one mechanism to another, andwhy do certain changes occur? All three approaches were illustrated for these different sex determining mechanisms. A generality emerging from these studies is that, at the level of selection on the sex ratio, there are no intrinsic problems in evolving from one sex determining mechanism to another: straightforward transitions between different mechanisms exist under various conditions.
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  • 23
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1471-1472 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Phosphoglycerate mutase isozymes ; evolution ; gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The phosphoglycerate mutase isozyme patterns from cyclostomata, cartilaginous and bony fish were analyzed. The observed patterns indicate that a duplication of a single ancestral gene coding for phosphoglycerate mutase took place during the evolution of the gnathostome vertebrates.
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  • 24
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 788-794 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Electrostatic complementation ; evolution ; genetic code ; hydropathic complementation ; receptor imprinting
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  • 25
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 1094-1099 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cognitive processes ; metabolism ; evolution ; biomathematical models ; cell proliferation ; cell growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A model for cellular proliferation is described according to which proliferation ensues when metabolism evolves towards commitment to DNA synthesis, and inhibition of proliferation occurs when enzymic interactions are iterated within a few metabolic pathways, another limiting factor being the supply of metabolites. The model successfully describes cellular growth and division as a ‘cognitive process’ based on interaction within enzymic elements and the genome, and affords an explanation in these terms of some empirical phenomena which have previously been understood only as isolated observations.
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  • 26
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 84 (1988), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: aging ; free radicals ; antioxidants ; disease ; evolution ; longevity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aging is the progressive accumulation of changes with time that are responsible for the ever-increasing likelihood of disease and death. These irreversible changes are attributed to the aging process. This process is now the major cause of death in the developed countries. This fact is obscured by the protean nature of the contributions of this process to the events which terminate life. The aging process may be due to free radical reations. This theory is supported by: 1) studies on the origin and evolution of life; 2) the numerous studies of the effect of ionizing radiation on living systems; 3) life span experiments in which the diet was modified so as to alter endogenous free radical reaction levels; 4) the plausible explanations it provides for aging phenomena; and 5) the growing number of studies which implicate free radical reactions in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. The relationship between aging and diseases involving free radical reactions seems to be a direct one. Modulation of the normal distribution of deleterious free radical reaction-induced changes throughout the body by genetic and environmental differences between individuals results in patterns of change, in some sufficiently different from the normal aging pattern to be recognized as disease. The growing number of ‘free radical’ diseases includes the two major causes of death, cancer and atherosclerosis. It is reasonable to expect on the basis of present data that a judicious selection of diets and antioxidant supplements will increase the healthy, active life span by 5–10 or more years.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: evolution ; polyploidy ; ribosomal RNA ; protein synthesis ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hidden breaks occur in the ribosomal RNA of tetraploid Cyprinid fish such that the large ribosomal RNA (28 S) yields upon denaturation two RNA fragments of 8.7×105 and 5.0×105 daltons, whereas the small rRNA (18 S) yields fragments of 3.2×105 to 5.0×104 daltons. In tetraploid Cyprinids hidden breaks occur only in the rRNA of somatic tissue and not in oocytes and sperm cells. Hidden breaks can be detected only slightly in diploid Cyprinid species. Ribosomes purified from somatic tissue of tetraploid Cyprinids show a reduced efficiency in protein synthesis in vitro. The ribosomal proteins from diploid and tetraploid Cyprinid fish show considerable electrophoretic differences. This is discussed in light of a possible functional role of hidden breaks in rRNA in the process of diploidization of gene expression in tetraploid Cyprinid species.
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  • 28
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum timopheevii ; Triticum speltoides ; G genome ; tetraploids ; evolution ; DNA hybridizations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro DNA:DNA hybridizations and hydroxyapatite thermal-elution chromatography were employed to identify the diploid Triticum species ancestral to the G genome of Triticum timopheevii. Total genomic, unique-sequence, and repeated-sequence fractions of 3H-T. timopheevii DNA were hybridized to the corresponding fractions of unlabeled DNAs of T. searsii, T. speltoides, T. sharonensis, T. longissimum, and T. bicorne. The heteroduplex thermal stabilities indicated that, of the five species examined, T. speltoides was the most closely related to the G genome of T. timopheevii. Thus, T. spelotides appears to be the G-genome donor to T. timopheevii. The thermal stability profiles further indicated that the repeated DNA fractions from the five diploid species and the tetraploid T. timopheevii are more similar than the unique DNA fractions. This indicates that all of these species are closely related and that the sequences which comprise the current repeated fractions in the various species have not undergone any significant change since the formation of various species.
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  • 29
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 567-583 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila ; evolution ; gene regulation ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At least four enzymes contribute to histochemically, electrophoretically, or spectrophotometrically detectable aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity in Drosophila melanogaster. The one we designate AO-1 contributes the majority of activity measured in extracts of whole flies. Pyridoxal oxidase (PO) is also a broad range AO. It is prominent only in midgut and Malpighian tubules, where it apparently accounts for a substantial fraction of total AO activity. The tissue distributions of these enzymes are clearly disparate despite close linkage of their structural loci and parallel dependence on the mal, lxd, and cin loci. A similarly related enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), is detected as an AO only in electrophoretic gels. A fourth broad range AO, not dependent on mal, lxd, and cin, is confined to the ejaculatory bulb. A similar array of AO isozymes is present in phylogenetically distant Drosophila species.
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  • 30
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    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 17-30 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: λgt11 ; evolution ; hormonal regulation ; myoblasts ; isoelectric focusing ; DNA polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA for the mouse carbonic anhydrase, CAIII, has been isolated from a λgt11 expression library. The cloned cDNA contains all of the coding region (777 bp) and both 5′ untranslated (86-bp) and 3′ untranslated (217-bp) sequences. The coding sequence shows 87% homology at the nucleotide level and 91% homology, when amino acid residues are compared, with human CAIII. Protein and mRNA analyses show that CAIII is present at low levels in cultured myoblasts and is abundant in adult skeletal muscle and in liver. The marked sex-related differences in CAIII distribution, described for rat liver, are not seen in the mouse. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms usingTaqI andPstI are described which distinguish betweenMus spretus andMus musculus domesticus.
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    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 1039-1053 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: cereal ; prolamin ; sequence ; homology ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Prolamin mixtures were isolated from oats, rice, normal and high-lysine sorghum, two varieties of pearl millet, two strains of teosinte, and gamma grass and subjected to NH2-terminal amino acid sequence determinations. In each case (except for rice, whose prolamins apparently have blocked or unavailable NH2-terminal residues), primarily a single sequence was observed despite significant heterogeneity, suggesting that prolamin homology in each cereal arose through duplication and mutation of a single ancestral gene. Comparisons were then made to prolamin sequences previously determined for wheat, corn, barley, and rye. Within genera, different varieties or subspecies exhibited few differences, but more distantly related genera, subtribes, and tribes showed increasingly large differences. Within the subfamily Festucoideae, no homology was apparent between prolamins of oats and those of the subtribe Triticinae (including wheat, rye, and barley, for which prolamin homology was previously demonstrated). Within the subfamily Panicoideae, corn was shown to be closely related to teosinte but more distantly to Tripsacum. Sorghum was shown to have diverged less from corn than had millet. These comparisons demonstrate that prolamin sequence analyses can successfully predict and clarify evolutionary relationships of cereals.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: cereals ; seed proteins ; amino acid sequences ; genetics ; homology ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Haynaldia villosa is a wild grass of the tribe Triticeae, other members of which include the cultivated cereals barley, rye, and wheat. We have made an electrophoretic and chemical characterization of the major seed storage proteins (prolamins) of H. villosa and determined the chromosomal locations of the structural genes for some components using the available wheat/H. villosa chromosome addition lines. As in wheat, barley, and rye, groups of high molecular weight (polymeric), sulfur-poor (monomeric), and sulfur-rich (monomeric γ-type and polymeric) prolamins can be recognized. Most of the components are encoded by genes on chromosome 1 Ha, which is homologous with the chromosomes controlling many of the prolamins in wheat and rye and all of those in barley. In addition, H. villosa also contains α-type sulfur-rich prolamins, previously detected only in wheat and its close relatives. These may be encoded by genes on chromosome 6Ha, which is homologous with the group 6 chromosomes that control the α-type gliadins of wheat. Despite the proposed close relationship between Haynaldia and ryes, no evidence was found for the presence of proteins closely related to the M r 75,000 γ-secalins which are characteristic of wild and cultivated species of Secale.
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Xenopus ; creatine kinase ; isozymes ; gene duplication and regulation ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis of creatine kinase (CK) isozymes of Xenopus tropicalis shows that at least two different genes code for CK in this diploid (2n=20) species. These genes seem to be orthologous to the CK-A and CK-C genes of extant crossopterygian fish. Additional isozymes may be interpreted either as products of duplicate genes or, more probably, as epigenetically modified forms of the homodimers AtAt and CtCt, respectively. The originally tetraploid species X. laevis laevis (2n=36), which may have arisen by hybridization of diploid ancestors some 30–40 million years ago, has retained expression of all duplicate CK-A and CK-C genes. Differential expression during ontogenesis (CK-A genes) and in different adult tissues (CK-C genes) indicates that divergence occurred not only with respect to the primary sequence of these duplicate genes, but also with respect to the regulation of their expression. In the interspecific hybrid X. 1. laevis × X. tropicalis, all parental CK genes appear to be expressed simultaneously in the heart. However, several subunit combinations cannot be detected on the zymograms.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allotype ; gene ; low-density lipoprotein ; mink ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies against a new allotype, Ld2, of mink low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were obtained by alloimmunization with a preparation of this lipoprotein. The two known allotypes of LDL, designated Ld1 and Ld2, are coded for by codominant alleles of the autosomal Ld locus. This locus is probably involved in the genetic control of the whole serum pool of LDL molecules. In Ld 1 /Ld 2 heterozygotes, LDL is represented by two homozygous types of molecules, Ld1 and Ld2; it has no hybrid molecules bearing both allotypic specificities together. The results suggest that the Ld locus has, presumably, only two alleles in the mink populations studied. Mink LDL having allotypes Ld1 and Ld2 was found to be homologous to human and pig LDLs. Antigenic specificity of Ld1 allotype was established in the sera of a wide phylogenetic range of mammals and in the human LDL. The parallelism between the phylogenetic antiquity of the Ld 1 gene and its high frequency in mink and other species may be attributed to the selective value of this gene, which has been retained unaltered during macroevolution.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: storage protein ; evolution ; napin ; matteuccin
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ostrich fern,Matteuccia struthiopteris L., contains two globulin spore storage proteins of 2.2 S and 11.3 S, with physical characteristics similar to those of seed storage proteins ofBrassica napus (rapeseed) andRaphanus sativus (radish). By the use of a cloned cDNA that encodes the 1.7 SB. napus storage protein (napin), gene sequences that hybridized with napin were detected in fern nuclear DNA, and a 900-nucleotide homologous mRNA was detected in developing spores.In vitro translation of this fern mRNA produced a 22-kD polypeptide comparable in size to the 21-kD precursor polypeptide identified inBrassica. No hybridizations were observed between theBrassica 12 S clone and either fern DNA or developing spore mRNA.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1037-1055 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; yeasts ; cactus ; community ecology ; mutualism ; coadaptation ; evolution ; alkaloids ; fatty acids ; sterols
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mutualistic interactions of cactophilicDrosophila and their associated yeasts in the Sonoran Desert are studied as a system which has evolved within the framework of their host cactus stem chemistry. Because theDrosophila-yeast system is saphrophytic, their responses are not thought to directly influence the evolution of the host. Host cactus stem chemistry appears to play an important role in determining where cactophilicDrosophila breed and feed. Several chemicals have been identified as being important. These include sterols and alkaloids of senita as well as fatty acids and sterol diols of agria and organpipe cactus. Cactus chemistry appears to have a limited role in directly determining the distribution of cactus-specific yeasts. Those effects which are known are due to unusual lipids of organpipe cactus and triterpene glycosides of agria and organpipe cactus.Drosophilayeast interactions are viewed as mutualistic and can take the form of (1) benefits to theDrosophila by either direct nutritional gains or by detoxification of harmful chemicals produced during decay of the host stem tissue and (2) benefits to the yeast in the form of increased likelihood of transmission to new habitats. Experiments on yeast-yeast interactions in decaying agria cactus provide evidence that the yeast community is coadapted. This coadaptation among yeasts occurs in two manners: (1) mutualistic increases in growth rates (which are independent of the presence ofDrosophila larvae) and (2) stabilizing competitive interactions when growth reaches carrying capacity. This latter form is dependent on larval activity and results in benefits to the larvae present. In this sense, the coadapted yeast community is probably also coadapted with respect to itsDrosophila vector.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2177-2189 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acraea horta ; Lepidoptera ; Acraeinae ; cyclopentenyl cyanoglycoside ; gynocardin ; Kiggelaria africana ; sequestration ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All stages in the life cycle ofAcraea horta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Acraeinae) were found to release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from their crushed tissues, and the source of cyanogenesis was present in the hemolymph of adults and larvae. Comparison with standards on thin-layer chromatograms (TLC) revealed the presence in adults of gynocardin, a cyclopentenyl cyanoglycoside also produced by the larval food plant,Kiggelaria africana L. (Flacourtiaceae). Analysis of adults reared on plant species (Passifloraceae) containing gynocardin and/or other cyanoglycosides suggested selective uptake of gynocardin by the larvae. This is the first demonstration of a cyanoglycoside, other than the acyclic linamarin and lotaustralin, occurring in Lepidoptera and the first evidence for the storage byAcraea butterflies of a plant-produced allelochemical. Possible implications for the understanding of the evolution of acraeine host choice are discussed.
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 513-522 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; courtship ; crowding ; prestimulation ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The mating times of single males and pairs of males were increased by crowding with virgin females but only at very high densities. Mating times were decreased by the presence of a second male. Quantitative analysis of courtship showed that prestimulation of females in crowded conditions influences mating. The pattern of male courtship was highly consistent across moderate levels of crowding. This suggests thatDrosophila courtships evolved in crowded conditions.
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 465-482 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: kin recognition ; animal communication ; signature systems ; birds ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract I develop the argument that for a true kin recognition system to evolve, selection must act on both parties: not only must recognition be favored in the donor of care, but reliable identification must be favored in the potential recipient of the care. This perspective suggests two complementary hypotheses, which I discuss and evaluate with data drawn from studies of birds. According to thesignature adaptation hypothesis, when the sender benefits by reliably identifying itself, selection will act directly on phenotypic characters so as to enhance their signature properties. I summarize our studies on parent-offspring recognition in four species of swallows which are consistent with this hypothesis. In particular, acoustical and perceptual analyses of chick calls show that the calls of colonial swallows are more individually distinctive than are the chick calls of noncolonial swallows. According to theantirecognition hypothesis, when the sender doesnot benefit by reliably identifying itself, selection will act so as to minimize signature characteristics. I suggest two contexts for research on this hypothesis. The first context occurs when parentage is uncertain due to extrapair copulations and/or egg-dumping, and the second context occurs when there is a long period between the onset of chick mobility and chick fledging, as occurs typically in gulls. In both instances, parents will be favored to recognize genetic relatedness of offspring but offspring will be favored to conceal it. To date, data from bird studies are consistent with the prediction that the interests of chicks win out in this situation.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: biometrical genetics ; genetic architecture ; evolution ; rat ; wild population ; escape-avoidance conditioning
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The interest of biometrical geneticists in the genetic architecture of behavior is explained with reference to the additive, dominance, and epistatic components of variation and their relation to evolutionary pressures. For one phenotype, escape-avoidance conditioning inRattus norvegicus, a fairly complete description of its genetic architecture has been gradually built and the major conclusions from four studies of this phenotype are reported: a selection study initially demonstrated the presence of large amounts of additive genetic variation and produced phenotypically extreme lines needed for later work; a diallel cross provided the opportunity for detailed examination of the dominance effects; a triple test cross permitted a similar examination of epistatic effects; and finally, another triple test cross using wild rats provided a confirmatory first attempt to test the assumption that a wild population's genetic architecture did not differ markedly from that found in laboratory populations. In relating the genetic findings to the evolutionary significance of behaviors in the escape-avoidance paradigm, it is argued that interspecific comparisons might play a major role.
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 1 (1988), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; biotechnology ; ecology ; ecosystem ; environment ; ethics ; evolution ; genetics ; health ; medicine
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references “biodiversity,” such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadins ; gel electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gliadin composition of 78 spring durum wheat varieties has been studied by one-dimensional (Al-lactate,pH 3.1) and two-dimensional (first dimension, Al-lactate,pH 3.1; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel) electrophoresis. Analysis of hybrids has shown that all components of the α zone of gliadin spectra are inherited together as blocks and are, probably, coded for by a cluster of tightly linked genes located on chromosome 6A. Fourteen variants of gliadin blocks have been identified, which can be classified into five families on the basis of component composition. All families but one have analogues among chromosome 6A-controlled blocks of bread wheat. The results indicate that some of the genome A diploid genotypes that were ancestors of durum wheats were also ancestors of bread wheats and that polyploid wheats were produced by repeated allopolyploidization events, as has been suggested earlier.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadins ; gel electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gliadin composition of 78 spring durum wheat varieties has been studied by one-dimensional (Al-lactate,pH 3.1) and two-dimensional (first dimension, Al-lactate,pH 3.1; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel) electrophoresis. Analysis of hybrids has shown that all components of the α zone of gliadin spectra are inherited together as blocks and are, probably, coded for by a cluster of tightly linked genes located on chromosome 6A. Fourteen variants of gliadin blocks have been identified, which can be classified into five families on the basis of component composition. All families but one have analogues among chromosome 6A-controlled blocks of bread wheat. The results indicate that some of the genome A diploid genotypes that were ancestors of durum wheats were also ancestors of bread wheats and that polyploid wheats were produced by repeated allopolyploidization events, as has been suggested earlier.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: storage protein ; evolution ; napin ; matteuccin
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ostrich fern,Matteuccia struthiopteris L., contains two globulin spore storage proteins of 2.2 S and 11.3 S, with physical characteristics similar to those of seed storage proteins ofBrassica napus (rapeseed) andRaphanus sativus (radish). By the use of a cloned cDNA that encodes the 1.7 SB. napus storage protein (napin), gene sequences that hybridized with napin were detected in fern nuclear DNA, and a 900-nucleotide homologous mRNA was detected in developing spores.In vitro translation of this fern mRNA produced a 22-kD polypeptide comparable in size to the 21-kD precursor polypeptide identified inBrassica. No hybridizations were observed between theBrassica 12 S clone and either fern DNA or developing spore mRNA.
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    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 483-497 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mice ; behavior ; domestication ; drift ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Three populations of randomly bredMus musculus, differing in size and generations of isolation, were scored on a battery of 16 behavioral and 4 physical measures. The pattern of population differences in wheel activity, open-field behavior, skin conductance, and shuttle-box behavior is consistent with the operation of drift associated more closely with small population size than with generations of separation. Other possible explanations are less likely.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mus domesticus ; housemice ; infant behavior ; diallel analysis ; genetic variance ; heritability ; genetic dominance ; fitness ; domestication ; heterosis ; heterozygote advantage ; selection ; evolution ; ecological niche
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A complete diallel cross was generated from six Jax inbred strains ofMus domesticus from diverse origins and a second 6×6 diallel generated from strains derived from a single wild population. During their second day of life, infants from both diallels were tested for latency to orient toward and root beneath mothers and, in a separate test, for latency to attach to mother's nipple. Rooting latency showed a significant additive maternal strain effect but little systematic effect of pup genotype. Nipple attachment latencies exhibited complete genetic dominance favoring rapid attachment, with no maternal effects. Patterns of genetic and environmental influences obtained from the two diallels were highly similar for both behaviors, suggesting that for many traits the requirement that strains be drawn from a common base population may be relaxed.
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    The protein journal 8 (1989), S. 629-646 
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Primary structure ; α-chain ; hemoglobin ; Columbiformes ; evolution
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Primary structure of hemoglobin of α-chain ofColumba livia is presented. The separation of α-chain was obtained from globin by ion-exchange chromatography (CMC-52) and reversed-phase HPLC (RP-2 column). Amino acid sequence of intact as well as tryptic digested chain was determined on gas-phase sequencer. Structure is aligned homologously with 21 other species. Among different exchanges, positions α24 (Tyr→Leu), α26 (Ala→Gly), α32 (Met→Leu), α64 (Asp→Glu), α113 (Leu→Phe), and α129 (Leu→Val) are unique to pigeon hemoglobin. The various exchanges in α-chain are discussed with reference to evolution and phylogeny. The results show that the order Columbiformes is evolutionarily closer to the order Anseriformes. Since the pigeon is homogeneous, having HbA (αA-chain) and lacks αD-chain, its phylogenetic placement could be established among birds having single hemoglobin components.
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    The protein journal 8 (1989), S. 647-652 
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: hemoglobin ; primary structure ; gray partridge ; evolution
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of the αA-chain of major hemoglobin component from gray partridgeFrancolinus pondacerianus is presented. The major component HbA accounts for 75% of the total hemolysate. Separation of the globin subunits was achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Cellulose in 8 M urea. The sequence was studied by automatic Edman degradation of the native chain and its tryptic peptides in a gas-phase sequencer. The phylogenetic relationship of Galliformes with other avian orders is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: evolution ; hormones ; imprinting ; peptides
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Certain non-hormone oligopeptides have a greater imprinting effect on Tetrahymena than others. The imprinting potential is unrelated to the length of the peptide chain, but seems greatly dependent on the amino acid sequence. The direct growth-stimulant action developed by the peptides at the first interaction is unrelated to their imprinting effect.
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    Bioscience reports 8 (1988), S. 585-588 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: plants ; evolution ; transposable elements ; protein evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Transposable elements (TE) are natural constituents of plant genomes. However, their presence only becomes apparent if they become dislodged from their resident positions in the genome and transpore into another gene, thereby inducing a mutation. Such TE-induced mutations are somatically unstable because they revert to wild type and hence reconstitute the expression of the mutated gene. The frequent somatic excision of the TE results in a variegated phenotype. Since this instability is inherited in a Mendelian manner the variegated phenotype is nuclear determined. By this criterion TE have been shown to occur in more than 30 species belonging to different families and genera. Many questions arise when dealing with TE: their structure and functions, and the biological significance of the activity of elements in the differentiation of a normal plant or in the evolution of plant genes.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: multigene family ; sweet potato ; Ipomoea batatas ; storage protein ; sporamin ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporamin, the major soluble protein of the sweet potato tuberous root, is coded for by a multigene family. Fourty-nine essentially full-length sporamin cDNAs isolated from tuberous root cDNA library have been classified by cross hybridization, restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern and ribonuclease cleavage mapping. All the cDNAs fall into one of the two distinct homology groups, subfamilies A and B, which correspond to the polypeptide classes sporamin A and B, respectively. At least 5 different sequences are detected in both of the 22 sporamin A and 27 sporamin B cDNAs. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the coding region of three each of sporamin A and B subfamily members, four from cDNAs and two from genomic clones, indicates that intra-subfamily homologies (94 to 98%) are much higher than inter-subfamily homologies (82 to 84%), and there are deletions or insertions of one or two codons at three locations which characterize each subfamily. Large portions of base substitutions in the coding region accompany amino acid substitutions. In contrast to the coding region, most of the structural differences among the members in the 5′ and 3′ noncoding regions are deletions or insertions.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; evolution ; Pylaiella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. ; rDNA spacer region
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The DNA segment situated between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes belonging to the plastid genome of the brown alga Pylaiella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. has been sequenced. This small region (322 bp) contains two unsplit tRNA genes separated by 3 bp. A comparison with similar regions from different plants shows that this region has evolved in two different ways according to the place of plants in evolution. In the “primitive” group, this region is reduced in size when compared to prokaryotes. In the other groups, it is considerably enlarged by insertion of repetitive sequences, open reading frames and introns.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 22 (1985), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: ESS ; evolution ; game dynamics ; population genetics ; sexual populations ; strategies
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract As an extension of the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) evolutionarily stable sets are introduced, i.e. sets of equilibrium strategies (EQS) which have much of the properties of an ESS. They are primarily used with evolutionary game models that allow a continuum of EQSs, none of which can be an ESS, but also include common ESSs as a special case. For a large class even of nonlinear models it can be shown that the standard dynamics converge towards some equilibrium point in an ES set if started within a neighbourhood of the set. Important applications of ES sets include e.g. mixed-strategist models and evolutionary game models in sexual populations.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 136 (1980), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (=Gramineae) ; Triticum ; Aegilops ; diploid species ; Starch Gel electrophoresis ; allozymic variation ; phylogenetic relationships ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty enzyme loci were examined in the diploid species ofTriticum andAegilops for allelic variation by starch gel electrophoresis. SectionSitopsis, including the five species,Ae. speltoides, Ae. lingissima, Ae. sharonensis, Ae. bicornis andAe. searsii form a close subgroup withAe. speltoides slightly removed from the others.T. monococcum s. lat., was found to be closest to the species of theSitopsis group.Ae. comosa, Ae. umbellulata andAe. uniaristata form a second subgroup withAe. caudata most closely related to these species.Ae. squarrosa appears almost equally related to all of the species, showing no special affinity for any one species group. Nineteen out of twenty loci examined were polymorphic with a mean of 6.7 alleles per locus. Species could be, for most loci, characterized by the presence of predominant alleles. A conspicious genetic characteristic ofTriticum-Aegilops is the sharing of these predominant alleles between species. Within species variation is characterized by a diffuse distribution of secondary alleles.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 213-229 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Cuticles ; Recent ; Tertiary ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic reassessment of megafossil records ofFagaceae in Central Europe has been undertaken on the basis of leaf cuticular characters. The oldest representatives date back to the Eocene:Quercus subhercynica spec. nova,Dryophyllum furcinerve (Rossm.)Schmalh.,Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides (Rossm.) gen. & comb. nov. In the Oligocene other members of extant genera appear:Quercus rhenana (Weyl. & Kilpp.)Knobloch & Kvaček,Fagus attenuata Goepp.,Lithocarpus saxonicus spec. nova. In the Neogene these ancient taxa (except inFagus lineage), are gradually replaced by deciduous species ofQuercus andCastanea. Trigonobalanus andCastanopsis are recorded by fruits (or wood) only.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 231-250 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juglandaceae ; Paleobotany ; pollen ; fruits ; evolution ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major radiation of theJuglandaceae occurred during the early Tertiary as recorded by the proliferation of juglandaceous pollen and the appearance of fruits representing extinct and extant genera of the family. Juglandaceous pollen types of the Paleocene were predominantly triporate and exhibited a greater diversity in patterns of exinous thinning than occurs in the family today. Analyses of in situ pollen from early Tertiary juglandaceous inflorescences confirms the taxonomic value of certain patterns of exinous thinning. Data from co-occurring fruits and pollen indicate that relatively unspecialized, isopolar triporate pollen of the type presently confined to the tribeEngelhardieae also occurred in other tribes of the family during the Paleocene. Pollination has been mostly anemophilous throughout the Tertiary. Both wind and animal fruit-dispersal syndromes were established early in the radiation of the family but a greater diversity of wind-dispersed genera has prevailed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Buxaceae ; Buxus ; Pollen morphology ; leaf venation ; fossil records ; systematics ; evolution ; chorogenesis
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    Notes: Abstract Trends of pollen grain aperture evolution and exine characters as well as characters of leaf venation, petiole and axial vascularization are briefly described and related to geographical distribution and classification ofBuxus. A review of fossil records is given. Three major taxonomic groups can be delimitated within the genus, and aspects of their relationships and chorogenesis are presented. The level of differentiation, the pattern of distribution and the fossil record speak in favour of an ancient origin of the genus.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Caryophyllaceae ; Silene pratensis ; S. alba ; S. dioica ; Flavone glycosylation ; genetic variation ; morphological differentiation ; flavonoids ; evolution ; Flora of Europe
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    Notes: Abstract Three of the loci controlling isovitexin glycosylation inSilene pratensis are polymorphic and show geographic trends which are compared with geographic trends in seed morphology (and other phenotypic characters) as demonstrated by multivariate analysis. Various lines of evidence support the hypothesis thatS. pratensis spread into Europe from at least two genetically differentiated sources.S. dioica, by contrast, shows little interpretable geographic variation in morphology or flavonoid content.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 133-146 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; C. sativus ; C. melo ; C. metuliferus ; C. anguria ; C. zeyheri ; C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis ; comb. nov. ; Crossing experiments ; meiosis of hybrids ; polyploidy ; isozymes ; DNA analysis ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Meiosis in seven interspecificCucumis hybrids has been analysed i.a. inC. metuliferus ×C. zeyheri, where the parents belong to different sections. In the triploid hybrids a remarkably high number of trivalents has been found. Additional data from literature on geographical distribution, cucurbitacins, flavonoid patterns, isozymes, C-banding, genome size, DNA amount and chloroplast DNA are used to discuss species relationships and evolution. The African cross-compatible group is divided into theMyriocarpus subgroup with the diploid speciesC. africanus, C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis and subsp.myriocarpus, and theAnguria subgroup withC. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. ficifolius, C. prophetarum, C. zeyheri and all polyploids (exceptC. heptadactylus). It is argued that the Asian subg.Melo with x = 7 is derived from the African subg.Cucumis with x = 12; the latter contains all the polyploid species and has the most common basic chromosome number of theCucurbitaceae. This phylogenetic advance is interpreted with concepts of the quantum model of evolution.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Fragaria ; Restitution ; microsporogenesis ; polyploidy ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Double restitution has been observed cytologically for the first time in microsporogenesis of a F1 hybridFragaria virginiana ×F. chiloensis ♂. Restitution is probably due to irregularities affecting the spindle mechanism. Single or double restitution may depend upon the duration of the effect or upon the stage of meiosis affected. The occurrence of triades is indicative of a possible intracellular diversity. Although the reason which may cause restitution remains to be ascertained, maternal inheritance indicates an extrachromosomal cause.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 29-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Cryptomeria ; Cunninghamia ; Metasequoia ; Sciadopitys ; Sequoia ; Sequoiadendron ; Taiwania ; Taxodium ; Marker chromosome ; karyotype ; polyploidy ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Various species ofTaxodiaceae were selected for chromosome studies to indicate cytotaxonomic and phylogenetic relationships. Point dispersal patterns of diagrammatic presentations of the species' karyotypes, rather than marker chromosomes, were found to be the most significant cytotaxonomic characteristic in indicating phylogenetic relationships. Karyotypic evolution inTaxodiaceae appears to occur by unequal reciprocal translocations followed by pericentric and paracentric inversions. Cytotaxonomic relationships among species generally correspond to the phylogenetic relationships withinTaxodiaceae indicated by classical taxonomic classification. Presence and types of marker chromosomes may have the potential to indicate relationships between different coniferous families.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nicotiana. — Habituation ; differentiation ; crown gall ; tissue culture ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Differentiation on hormoneless media, habituation ability and crown gall induction inNicotiana tissue cultures have been used as physiological parameters of evolutionary differentiation between species. Some of them on hormone free media differentiated whole plantlets, others produced only shoots or roots or showed undifferentiated growth (habituation), some eventually died. Moreover, the same genotypes showed a differential behaviour as far as tumor formation byAgrobacterium tumefaciens was concerned. Particularly, the competence for crown gall transformation inNicotiana species seems negatively correlated with differentiation capacity and may be ascribed to differences in the plants capacity to synthesize growth regulators. The correlation between the results obtained and the phylogenetic position of the genotypes tested is finally discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Trigonella ; fenugreek ; Karyotype ; C-banding ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The six species of the sectionFoenum-graecum ofTrigonella have the same chromosome number, 2n = 16.T. gladiata andT. cariensis have fairly symmetrical karyotypes, while those ofT. foenum-graecum, T. berythea, T. macrorrhyncha andT. cassia are asymmetrical. C-bands are present in all six species but the number of bands and their positive vary considerably among the species. The karyotype evidence suggests that none of the available species of theFoenum-graecum section can be considered as the wild progenitor of fenugreek.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Nuclear DNA content ; evolution ; polyploidy ; woody habit
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    Notes: Abstract The DNA 2C and per chromosome values of 57 species belonging to 22 genera of gymnosperms have been analysed. The overall range is 12-fold with a modal value of about 30.0 pg.Cycadales exhibit a 2-fold difference. AmongConiferales with a 4-fold variation, thePinaceae have higher mean DNA contents as well as a greater range and diversity than other families. Remarkable interspecific differences are found inCycas, Picea, Larix, Pinus, Callitris, Cupressus, andChamaecyparis. Despite this, there is a constancy of basikaryotypes within these genera.Gnetum shows a distinctly low DNA value.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lactoridaceae ; Lactoris ; Flavonoids ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Leaves of the monotypic angiosperm familyLactoridaceae exhibit flavonoid constituents consisting of six 3-0-diglycosides of the flavonols kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The presence of flavonols is concordant with the placement ofLactoridaceae among the “archaic” or “primitive” flowering plants. Flavonoid chemistry is less informative on the relationships of the family within the primitive dicots. The presence of isorhamnetin suggests closer affinities with families in theLaurales, particularly theGomortegaceae andMonimiaceae. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of morphological features place theLactoridaceae near several families in theMagnoliales.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 223-227 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Caesalpinioideae ; Cassia ; Habit ; DNA content ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Ten species of the genusCassia show a range of 2C DNA amounts from 1.30 to 2.54 pg at the same ploidy level. Remarkably, a distinct 2-fold increase is depicted by an arboreal speciesC. excelsa while the rest comprising of herbs, trees and shrubs have a range from 1.30 to 1.47 pg. These form a natural grouping with respect to mean DNA amounts which differ by 0.05 pg in the herbs, trees and shrubs respectively.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 243-258 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum tenuifolium L. ; L. suffruticosum L. ; L. salsoloides Lam. ; L. appressum Caballero ; Variation ; phenetics ; systematics ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The phenetic variation inL. tenuifolium s.l. was assessed using multivariate analyses of 27 characters found to be variable within the species. These results are discussed and interpreted in the context of the reproductive biology, chromosome number and ecological responses of the taxa. Evidence suggests that both the self-compatible and tetraploid races were derived independently from a self-incompatible, diploid type. Although no taxonomic scheme is compatible with all of the evidence presented, the study supports a recent decision to recognize four taxa at subspecific level.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 281-285 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Brassicaceae ; Brassica ; Electrophoresis of complete Rubisco ; systematics ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract A simple electrophoretic technique for separating Rubiscoholoenzyme (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) from crude extracts is introduced. No preliminary purification steps are required. To prove the validity of the technique we rely on well studiedBrassica spp., tobacco and spinach. We recommend this method for studies concerned with intrageneric relationships and for proving the intraspecific constancy of Rubisco.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 154 (1986), S. 237-250 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bignoniaceae ; Deplanchea ; Morphology ; inflorescence ; flower ; nectar ; pollination ; evolution ; Flora of Malesia ; Australia
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    Notes: Abstract The reproductive structures ofDeplanchea tetraphylla (Bignoniaceae) exhibit a significant number of unusual features: inflorescence with an apical “platform”; flowers yellow, short-tubed, strongly zygomorphic; mouth closed through lateral compression; stamens and style long-exserted, erect or slightly reclined; nectar dark brown, exposed in the spoon-shaped lowermost corolla lobe and apparently acting also as a visual cue. These features suggest a highly elaborate syndrome for bird pollination: the birds (probably lorikeets) perch on the inflorescence platform and bend downwards to take up the exposed nectar, thus touching the exserted anthers and stigmas with the throat or breast. The likely evolution of this syndrome by additive steps, effecting a change from “head up” to “head down” position of the pollinator, can be traced from the floral structure of the remaining four species of the genus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 156 (1987), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Lactuceae ; Scorzonera ; Karyology ; karyosystematics ; chromosome morphology ; evolution ; Flora of the Iberian Peninsula
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    Notes: Abstract A karyological study of 15 taxa ofScorzonera L. from the Iberian Peninsula has been made. The chromosome numbers found inS. hispanica var.pinnatifida, S. baetica, S. reverchonii, S. angustifolia, S. laciniata var.calcitrapifolia and var.subulata (2n = 14) are new. Diploid cytotypes with 2n = 14 and 2n = 12 prevail, andS. hispanica var.crispatula is the only taxon which exhibits autopolyploidy (2n = 14, 28). x = 7 is considered to be the base chromosome number within the genus, with x = 6 being derived from it by translocation. This and detailed karyotype analyses allow to group the Iberian Peninsula species ofScorzonera into three groups.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 156 (1987), S. 127-131 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Orobanchaceae ; Lesquereuxia = Siphonostegia syriaca ; Parasitism ; secondary haustoria ; primary haustorium ; apical meristem ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract In the parasiticScrophulariaceae andOrobanchaceae, two types of contact organs exist: secondary and primary haustoria. Secondary haustoria are lateral organs, developing in large numbers and only when the seedling is fully established. In contrast, a primary haustorium represents the first developmental stage of the seedling itself. In the root system of the parasiticLesquereuxia syriaca (=Siphonostegia syriaca) there are only secondary haustoria, but a few of them apparently develop in a terminal position. This is achieved by transferring the haustorial initiation region closer to the root apex. One can interpret this as a transformation of the apical meristem into a meristematic haustorial tissue. On the condition that an extreme shortening (abbrevation) of the primary root could happen, we discuss the transformation of the terminal secondary into a primary haustorium.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 157 (1987), S. 33-47 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Secale cereale ; S. montanum ; S. vavilovii ; S. silvestre ; Rye ; evolution ; genetic similarity ; isozymes
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    Notes: Abstract The genetic frequencies of 9 isozyme loci have been estimated in 23 samples of 4 species ofSecale by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The populations ofS. silvestre andS. vavilovii were monomorphic and uniform within each species, those ofS. montanum andS. cereale were polymorphic for most of the isozyme loci. On the basis of isozyme patterns as well as allelic and genotypic frequencies of isozyme loci,S. silvestre can be distinguished fromS. vavilovii, and both fromS. cereale andS. montanum; but there is no clear differentiation between the two latter species. Clusters constructed from genetic distances separateS. silvestre andS. vavilovii, whereasS. cereale andS. montanum were grouped together. The isozymatic data presented here, along with cytogenetic and life habit data, agree with the generally admitted existence of 4 species inSecale, and support the relationships suggested byKhush & Stebbins (1961).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 157 (1987), S. 161-180 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nicotiana ; Nuclear DNA ; heterochromatin ; chromosome differentiation ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract A survey of 51 species fromNicotiana subgg.Tabacum, Rustica andPetunioides has shown that evolution was accompanied by a five-fold variation in nuclear DNA amounts. This variation, however, was not directly correlated with the changes in chromosome number. Drastic rearrangement of karyotypes is characteristic for the evolution ofNicotiana spp. Significant gain or loss in nuclear DNA has often accompanied such changes, but DNA variation has also occurred without significant changes in karyotype arrangements.—The distribution of nuclear DNA is discontinuous inNicotiana, species cluster into DNA groups with consistently regular increments in the mean DNA amounts. The discontinuities are viewed as “steady states” in terms of genomic balance and biological fitness.—Changes in the amount of nuclear DNA and in the heterochromatin are compared with the morphological, chromosomal and adaptive changes which accompanied speciation in 14 subgeneric sections. The evolutionary significance of DNA variation is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 159 (1988), S. 173-183 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alismataceae ; Baldellia ; Reproductive biology ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology of the genusBaldellia was studied under cultivation and in nature.B. ranunculoides subsp.repens is self-incompatible whereasB. ranunculoides subsp.ranunculoides andB. alpestris are self-compatible. Bud-pollination occurs in theB. alpestris. Self-incompatibility correlates with the production of fewer, larger, more showy flowers, higher pollen production (but reduced pollen grain size), fewer carpels and smaller seeds. Resource allocation to sexual reproduction is inversely correlated with the degree of vegetative growth.B. ranunculoides subsp.repens produces more ramets than subsp.ranunculoides, which reproduces mainly by seeds.B. alpestris is intermediate between the two since it is self-compatible, produces fewer, larger seed than subsp.ranunculoides and is also able to propagate by vegetative means.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 159 (1988), S. 193-215 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium ; Distribution ; historical phytogeography ; chromosome number ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Greece is considered as a secondary centre of evolution for the genusAllium since it possesses about 50% of the species known from the whole Flora Europaea area. In the present investigation 44 GreekAllium spp. have been studied and new chromosome counts are reported from 40 populations and 17 species. The distribution of the different cytotypes (x = 7, x = 8, x = 11 and 2n = 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x) in Greece is discussed. From the four phytogeographical subdivisions recognized, South continental Greece shows the greatest species and karyotype diversity. This phenomenon is probably due to the geographical position and to the geological history of this area which has received species and populations from different directions. Subsequently, hybridization apparently has been of evolutionary importance.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 195-205 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Leguminosae ; Medicago ; Trigonella ; Melilotus ; Trifolium ; Parochetus ; Ononis ; Pollen ; pollination ; ovule ; adaptation ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Relative pollen and ovule production in the genera of the legume tribeTrifolieae is explored particularly as to howMedicago with its explosive pollination mechanism compares with its allies.Medicago produces much larger, although much fewer pollen per ovule than the other five genera in the tribe; this is interpreted as a consequence of its highly specialized, irreversible pollination mechanism, which allows only one effective exchange of pollen with pollinators.Melilotus andTrifolium produce a comparatively large quantity of pollen; this can be related to their floral characteristics requiring abundant pollen to achieve fertilization. InMedicago andTrigonella, annuals convert a higher proportion of pollen grains and ovules into seeds than perennials.
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    Plant ecology 44 (1981), S. 101-135 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: classification ; evolution ; Fisher's exact test of probability ; human influence ; ordination ; phytosociological analysis ; polyploid complex ; post-glacial history ; TABORD
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lists were made of the vascular plant species associated with Hierochloë australis (5 localities), H. odorata ssp. odorata (79 localities), H. odorata ssp. baltica (20 localities), H. hirta ssp. hirta (17 localities), H. hirta ssp. arctica (53 localities) and H. alpina ssp. alpina (5 localities). The localities were classified by the TABORD computer program to produce phytosociological tables. An ordination of localities and of selected species was also made using the ORDINA program. Significant groups of species were distinguished by using Fisher's exact test of probability. All the H. australis localities were in mixed forests. In general, the natural habitats of H. odorata spp. odorata are fens and grasslands in the mountains and on the seashores of Scandinavia, those of H. odorata ssp. baltica are on brackish-water shores of the Baltic, those of H. hirta ssp. hirta on sandy or gravelly river banks and lake-shores, and those of H. hirta ssp. arctica are on fens and grasslands in the northern boreal forests. These latter four taxa occur, in addition, in various anthropogenic, or semi-natural, disturbed and/or unstable habitats. Their scattered occurrence in S Scandinavia and C Europe is probably more related to sporadic long-distance dispersal, than to their being glacial relicts. The natural habitats of H. alpina ssp. alpina are exposed mountain heaths. It is suggested that H. odorata ssp. odorata, and possibly H. alpina ssp. alpina, survived the last glaciation in refugia off the Norwegian coast, and that H. odorata ssp. baltica and H. hirta ssp. hirta may have arisen by polyploidy within Scandinavia during the Post-glacial period. H. hirta ssp. arctica probably immigrated into Scandinavia from the east during the Post-glacial and H. australis from the south. The results are considered in relation to the views previously expressed in the literature and the analytic techniques used are discussed. This work has been supported by grants from the University of Lund, for which I am duly grateful.
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    Biology and philosophy 2 (1987), S. 65-91 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Nietzsche ; Darwin ; evolution ; epistemology ; sociobiology
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Nietzsche was a philosopher, not a biologist, Nevertheless his philosophical thought was deeply influenced by ideas emerging from the evolutionary biology of the nineteenth century. His relationship to the Darwinism of his time is difficult to disentangle. It is argued that he was in a sense an unwitting Darwinist. It follows that his philosophical thought is of considerable interest to those concerned to develop an evolutionary biology of mankind. His approach can be likened to that of an extraterrestrial sociobiologist studying “clever beasts... in some out of the way corner of the universe ...” It is shown how be uses this viewpoint to account for the origin of the central psychobiology of humankind: for dualistic philosophies, such as that of Descartes (which Ryle famously called ‘the official doctrine’), for human notions of ‘truth’ and ‘falsehood’, ‘being’ and ‘becoming’, and for other fundamental concepts of Western philosophy and science. All these, he argues, are no more and no less than the necessary adaptations of a zoological species, Homo sapiens, in its ‘struggle for life’ in a Darwinian world. It is concluded that Nietzsche was the first philosopher to accept and use in their full depth the philosophical implications of nineteeth-century evolutionism, implications which are still resisted to this day. It is also argued that this interpretation of Nietzsche's aphoristic writings provides them with an organic consistency.
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    Biology and philosophy 2 (1987), S. 253-270 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Ethics ; evolution ; sociobiology
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Many think that evolutionary biology has relevance to ethics, but how far that relevance extends is a matter of debate. It is easy to show that “pop” sociobiological approaches to ethics all commit some type of naturalistic fallacy. More sophisticated attempts, like Donald Campbell's, or, more recently, Robert Richards', are not so easily refuted, but I will show that they too reason fallaciously from facts to values. What remains is the possibility of an evolutionary search for human nature. Unfortunately, evolutionary theory itself seems to imply that the quest for human nature will not be very promising. As far as there is such a thing as human nature, we will have to know it before we can meaningfully talk about its evolution. Anthropological data suggest that we differ widely in our normative judgments. And even where we seem to agree, there is good reason to doubt that we really do so.
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    Biology and philosophy 2 (1987), S. 277-293 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Confirmation ; testing ; evolution ; models
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I distinguish various ways in which empirical claims about evolutionary and ecological models can be supported by data. I describe three basic factors bearing on confirmation of empirical claims: fit of the model to data; independent testing of various aspects of the model, and variety of evident. A brief description of the kinds of confirmation is followed by examples of each kind, drawn from a range of evolutionary and ecological theories. I conclude that the greater complexity and precision of my approach, as compared to, for instance, a Popperian approach, can facilitate detailed analysis and comparison of empirical claims.
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    Biology and philosophy 2 (1987), S. 295-313 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Evolutionary epistemology ; evolution ; cognition ; hierarchy theory
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract What credentials does evolutionary epistemology have as science? A judgement based on past performance, both in terms of advancing an empirical programme and further ng theory construction, is not much. This paper briefly outlines some of the research areas, both theoretical and empirical, that can be developed and that might secure for evolutionary epistemology a future in evolutionary biology.
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    Biology and philosophy 2 (1987), S. 415-434 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Units ; lineages ; evolution ; ecology ; hierarchy ; pluralism ; causality ; ontology ; species ; phylogeny
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Many authors, including paleobiologists, cladists and so on, adopt a nested hierarchical viewpoint to examine the relationships among different levels of biological organization. Furthermore, species are often considered to be unique entities in functioning evolutionary processes and one of the individuals forming a nested hierarchy. I have attempted to show that such a hierarchical view is inadequate in evolutionary biology. We should define units depending on what we are trying to explain. Units that play an important role in evolution and ecology do not necessarily form a nested hierarchy. Also the relationships among genealogies at different levels are not simply nested. I have attempted to distinguish the different characteristics of passages when they are used for different purposes of explanation. In my analysis, species and monophyletic taxa cannot be uniquely defined as single units that function in ecological and evolutionary processes. The view discussed in this paper may provide a more general basis for testing competing theories in evolution, and provide new insights for future empirical studies.
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Philosophy of biology ; teleology ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; C. Darwin ; evolution ; evolutionary ethics ; naturalistic fallacy ; Sociobiology
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 407-432 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: evolution ; entropy ; information ; hierarchy ; ecology ; phylogeny ; natural selection
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Integrating concepts of maintenance and of origins is essential to explaining biological diversity. The unified theory of evolution attempts to find a common theme linking production rules inherent in biological systems, explaining the origin of biological order as a manifestation of the flow of energy and the flow of information on various spatial and temporal scales, with the recognition that natural selection is an evolutionarily relevant process. Biological systems persist in space and time by transfor ming energy from one state to another in a manner that generates structures which allows the system to continue to persist. Two classes of energetic transformations allow this; heat-generating transformations, resulting in a net loss of energy from the system, and conservative transformations, changing unusable energy into states that can be stored and used subsequently. All conservative transformations in biological systems are coupled with heat-generating transformations; hence, inherent biological production, or genealogical proesses, is positively entropic. There is a self-organizing phenomenology common to genealogical phenomena, which imparts an arrow of time to biological systems. Natural selection, which by itself is time-reversible, contributes to the organization of the self-organized genealogical trajectories. The interplay of genealogical (diversity-promoting) and selective (diversity-limiting) processes produces biological order to which the primary contribution is genealogical history. Dynamic changes occuring on times scales shorter than speciation rates are microevolutionary; those occuring on time scales longer than speciation rates are macroevolutionary. Macroevolutionary processes are neither redicible to, nor autonomous from, microevolutionary processes.
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    Biology and philosophy 1 (1986), S. 5-24 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Entropy ; evolution ; information ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Daniel R. Brooks and E. O. Wiley have proposed a theory of evolution in which fitness is merely a rate determining factor. Evolution is driven by non-equilibrium processes which increase the entropy and information content of species together. Evolution can occur without environmental selection, since increased complexity and organization result from the likely “capture” at the species level of random variations produced at the chemical level. Speciation can occur as the result of variation within the species which decreases the probability of sharing genetic information. Critics of the Brooks-Wiley theory argue that they have abused terminology from information theory and t thermodynamics. In this paper I review the essentials of the theory, and give an account of hierarchical physical information systems within which the theory can be interpreted. I then show how the major conceptual objections can be answered.
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  • 87
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    Biology and philosophy 1 (1986), S. 133-168 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Darwin ; divergence ; evolution ; origin ; pangenesis ; selection ; species ; theory ; transmutation ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The paper characterizes Darwin's theory, providing a synthesis of recent historical investigations in this area. Darwin's reading of Malthus led him to appreciate the importance of population pressures, and subsequently of natural selection, with the help of the “wedge” metaphor. But, in itself, natural selection did not furnish an adequate account of the origin of species, for which a principle of divergence was needed. Initially, Darwin attributed this to geographical isolation, but later, following his work on barnacles which underscored the significance of variation, and arising from his work on “botanical arithmetic,” he supposed that diversity allowed more “places” to be occupied in a given region. So isolation was not regarded as essential. Large regions with intense competition, and with ample variation spread by blending, would facilitate speciation. The notion of “place” was different from “niche,” and it is questioned whether Darwin's views on ecology were as modern as is commonly supposed. Two notions of “struggle” are found in Darwin's theory; and three notions of “variation.” Criticisms of his theory led him to emphasize the importance of “variation” over a range of forms. Hence the theory was “populational” rather than “typological.” The theory required a “Lamarckian” notion of inheritable changes initiated by the environment as a source of variation. Also, Darwin deployed a “use/habit” theory; and the notion of sexual selection. Selection normally acted at the level of the individual, though “kin selection” was possible. “Group selection” was hinted at for man. Darwin's thinking (and also the exposition of his theory) was generally guided by the domestic-organism analogy, which satisfied his methodological requirement of a vera causa principle.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 8 (1980), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: liver weight ; hepatic blood flow ; evolution ; interspecies variation ; intraspecies variation ; intrinsic clearance ; antipyrine ; benzodiazepines ; phenytoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The literature was reviewed to obtain data from 11 mammalian species on liver weight, hepatic blood flow, and antipyrine intrinsic clearance. It was demonstrated that liver weight and hepatic blood flow in all species could be readily related to body weight by a simple equation. Additionally, hepatic blood flow in all species was directly proportional to liver weight. With the exception of man, antipyrine intrinsic clearance was also directly proportional to liver weight. Man's intrinsic clearance was approximately one-seventh of that which would be predicted from other species. Data on benzodiazepines and phenytoin showed a similar pattern.
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    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; behavior ; ADH activity ; adaptation ; evolution ; alcohol avoidance ; Adh genotypes
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Three alcohol dehydrogenase genotypes, homozygous for either the electrophoretically fast, slow, or null allele at theAdh locus inD. melanogaster, were tested for relative larval alcohol preference behavior (APB) over a range of ethanol concentrations. Differences in behavior between genotypes were not significant at concentrations below 10%. At concentrations greater than 10%, avoidance behavior was negatively correlated with the relative ADH activity levels of the genotypes tested. A model based on the differential buildup of toxic acetaldehyde is proposed to explain the avoidance response.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: t complex ; H-2 complex ; mouse genetics ; wild mice ; mating preference ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-five percent of wild house mice are heterozygous (+/t) for a deleterious, recessive mutation at the t complex. In previous studies we have demonstrated that wild female house mice can discriminate +/+ from +/t males and show strong preferences for the odors of males who do not carry t mutations. In the present study we examine the extent to which preferences of +/+ female mice are influenced by the genotype of their parents and or littermates. Our data indicate that when +/+ females are reared by two +/+ parents, they exhibit strong preferences for the odors of +/+ males. In contrast, when a +/+ female is reared by one +/+ and one +/t parent she shows no preference for males of either genotype. A second experiment using mice carrying recombinant chromosomes indicates that the genes responsible for the parental (or family) odor cue are not the deleterious t mutations per se but rather other genes linked to these mutations.
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    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 299-311 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Host range ; evolution ; herbivores ; predation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The potential role of generalist natural enemies is presented as one of the important ecological pressures that select for narrow host range in phytophagous insects, and dominant relative to physiological bases for specialization. Experiments are described in three completely different systems indicating that generalist herbivores are more vulnerable to predation than specialist herbivores. The three predators were (a) the vespid waspMischocyttarus flavitarsus, (b) the Argentine antIridomyrmex humilis and (c) the coccinellid beetleHippodamia convergens. It is concluded the predators may provide strong selection pressure for maintenance and perhaps evolution of narrow host range in insect herbivores.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Palaeobotany ; cone morphology ; apophysis characters ; shape and position of umbo and mucro ; taxonomy ; evolution ; distribution pattern and fossils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new approach to the classification ofPinus based on analyses of umbo and mucro on the cone scales is presented. It matches the basic frame of existing classification systems and allows determination of sections or even species. In particular, the subdivision ofDiploxylon pines into groups with centric or excentric mucro separates most Eurasian from American species. Fossils with well preserved mucro now can be grouped better and determined with more accuracy. Furthermore, umbo analyses which consider the ontogeny of the conelets and the shift from primitive to derived character states from the apex to the basis of mature cones lead to an additional evaluation of relationships and evolutionary lines among pines.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Botanical classification ; phylogenetic models ; phenetics ; cladistics ; systematics ; evolution ; computer packages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aristotelian principles still dominate botanical classification. Biological classification has undergone a major transformation during the period fromAdanson (1763) toDarwin (1859), from essentialism and the practice of downward classification, to empiricism and upward classification. The polythetic class was conceptualized during the 1950s. Interest in the species problem generated data from many different disciplines, the most recent being DNA systematics. These many disciplines have contributed to our understanding of evolutionary processes and to improved classifications. Many different phylogenetic models were developed and for different kinds of data. These models formed the basis of many algorithms to infer phylogenetic trees, some widely available in computer packages. This became possible with rapid growth of computer technology. These developments in turn catalyzed the formulation of divergent philosophical principles and approaches to classification. For instance, should methodological principles be divorced from knowledge about evolutionary processes? These approaches are discussed along with problems of reticulate evolution, intra-OTU-variation, homology, and other issues in the light of existing methodologies and their impact on classification. The next important direction in addition to development of new classificatory algorithms is the synthesis of various elements of different methodologies presently used in isolation.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 136 (1980), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Scrophulariaceae ; Orobanchaceae ; Euphrasia ; Rhinanthus ; Melampyrum ; Pedicularis ; Tozzia ; Lathraea ; Odontites ; Bartsia ; Bellardia ; Parentucellia ; Orobanche ; Hyobanche ; Alectra ; Striga ; Parasitism ; primary and secondary haustoria ; wart- and leaf-haustoria ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Different growth forms and life forms of parasitic plants inScrophulariaceae andOrobanchaceae were studied from a comparative point of view. The most primitive form of parasitism is found in small, annual root parasites. Small wart-haustoria in the hypocotylar region of larger root parasites point towards a tendency of these plants to form hypocotylar tubercles as primary haustoria. Wart-haustoria also can develop on scale leaves, demonstrating an evolutionary trend towards the most advanced form of parasitism in these two families the formation of large leaf haustoria.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Spinacia ; S. turkestanica ; S. tetrandra ; Reproduction ; multigermicity ; seedball ; dioecy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The presence of multigerm seedballs in the chenopodiacious genusSpinacia is noted. In the wild, colonising, and “weedy” dioecious species,S. turkestanica andS. tetrandra, the distribution of a multigerm seedball could effectively overcome the problem posed by isolation of the sexes. The hypothesis is tested assessing the extent of intra-seedball progeny hybridisations and seed production in the two wild species. The success in seed production by intra-seedball progeny crosses suggests that the distribution of such seedball progeny groups permits not only a percentage survival under isolation of these dioecious plants, but also the colonisation of areas outside that of the parent populations.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 164 (1989), S. 75-91 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Dinophyta ; Gymnodinium aeruginosum ; Anucleate cryptophycean endosymbiont ; evolution ; ribosomes in an anucleate compartment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gymnodinium aeruginosum has the usual fine structure of a dinoflagellate but does not seem to contain a well elaborated peduncle or a microtubular basket. Naked cells are surrounded by a single large amphiesmal vesicle. It houses an endosymbiont with typical blue-green cryptophycean chloroplasts (generally only one), cryptophycean starch grains in the periplastidal cytoplasm without a nucleomorph, and two membranes separating the periplastidal cytoplasm from the cryptophycean cytoplasm which contains mitochondria, ER, vesicles and ribosomes, but no eukaryotic nucleus. The endosymbiont is surrounded by a single membrane. Possible ways of the acquisition of the endosymbiont and the problem of the existence of ribosomes within a compartment without nucleus are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 201-217 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Vicia narbonensis ; Intraspecific crosses ; interchange homozygote ; karyotype ; meiotic pairing ; chromosome differentiation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine accessions ofVicia narbonensis, considered to be the wild progenitor of faba bean (Vicia faba), were investigated to ascertain the nature and extent of intraspecific karyotypic polymorphism. The chromosome complements resolved into four distinct types (A, B, C, D), and the meiotic data of F1 hybrids (A × B, B × C, A × C) revealed that alteration in chromosome morphology is the result of segmental interchanges. The interchange complexes indicate that the parents differ from each other by 1 to 2 interchanges. It is also evident that karyotype B, and not A as previously reported, is the normal karyotype of the species, and A and C are single homozygotes for unequal interchange. The comparative karyomorphology of the parents and the hybrids, and of two interchange heterozygotes of four chromosomes each in F1 hybrids of A × C shows that the chromosomes involved in the single interchange homozygotes (A, C) are not common and the breaks in both interchanges occurred in short and long arms of the involved chromosomes. Identification of the interchanged chromosomes in the complements and the frequency of ring and chain quadrivalents in the heterozygotes enabled location of the breakpoints. The present results provide probably the first example indicating that interchange homozygosity (A) is not only firmly established but also has enabled the species to spread further by adapting to a wide range of habitats. — The genetic relationships between A and D are very different. All seven chromosome pairs in D could be distinguished from A, and for that matter, B and C as well. From the meiotic pairing properties it is also amply clear that genome D is well differentiated from A and possibly B, and C, and deserves special status.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Crepis tectorum ; Alvar habitats ; autogamy ; floral display ; evolution ; genetic differentiation ; weediness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The extent of self-fertility was examined in 16 populations ofCrepis tectorum. A hypothesis that a weedy habit favours autogamy was only partly supported. Low levels of self-fertility characterized non-weedy populations from calcareous grasslands (“alvars”) on the Baltic island in Öland. By contrast, plants in nearly all weed populations studied were more or less self-fertile. However, the trend towards autogamy may have occurred independently of the trend towards a weedy habit, as shown by moderately to high levels of self-fertility in alvar populations from two other Baltic islands. In the weed group, there was a tendency for plants from two field populations to be more autogamous than plants from more “ruderal” habitats. There was an association between self-fertility and small, inconspicious heads in the alvar group but the association was weaker when weed populations were also considered. The relatively wide heads characterizing the ruderal weed populations may, at least partly, be an indirect effect of increases in overall plant size and/or in the size of the fruit associated with each flower.
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 725-734 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. ; botrytis ; cauliflower ; evolution ; resistance ; Plasmodiophora brassicae ; clubroot ; Delia radicum ; cabbage root fly ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A hypothetical scheme is given for the evolution of the different types of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). This has been useful in identifying sources of reduced susceptibility to cabbage root fly (Delia radicum (L.)), and may also be useful in the search for reduced susceptibility to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron.). It is argued that knowledge of the phylogeny of types within each crop species is of great importance in the exploitation of genetic resources.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; nitrogen uptake ; plant nitrogen distribution ; translocation efficiency ; harvest index ; domestication ; evolution ; yield components ; grain protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences were found in total nitrogen uptake and its pattern of distribution in the main tiller amongst five lines of wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) and between it and two hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum) under low (48 ppm) and higher (240 ppm) levels of soil nitrogen. Under the low soil nitrogen level the hexaploids had higher amounts of total nitrogen in the main tiller than the dicoccoides lines, but under the higher soil nitrogen level, three of the dicoccoides lines had significantly (P〈0.01) higher, and the other two lines, similar amounts as the hexaploids. The total amount of grain nitrogen in the hexaploids was significantly (P〈0.01) higher than the five dicoccoides under the low nitrogen soil level but under the higher level, two of the dicoccoides lines had similar amounts as one of the hexaploids (cv. Bencubbin) but significantly (P〈0.01) lower than the other (cv. Argentine IX). The efficiency of nitrogen translocation to the grain was significantly (P〈0.01) lower in a primitive, compared with four cereal forms of dicoccoides under both low and high levels of soil nitrogen. The cereal forms of dicoccoides, while similar in nitrogen translocation efficiency under low soil nitrogen as the lower translocation efficiency hexaploid (cv. Bencubbin), were significantly (P〈0.01) and substantially lower than it under the higher soil nitrogen level.
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