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  • Articles  (68)
  • soybean  (68)
  • 2000-2004  (9)
  • 1990-1994  (59)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (68)
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  • Articles  (68)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maize, soybean and sunflower litter dynamics in two physicochemically different soils (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop residue ; decomposition ; maize ; nutrient dynamics ; soybean ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition rates of different plant parts of maize (Zea mays L.; Gramineae), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.; Leguminosae] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.; Compositae) were studied in soils with different physicochemical characteristics, and their contribution to nutrient availability was assessed. Litter decomposition rates were affected by plant species, plant part, and soil characteristics. In site A (SiCL soil), loss of litter mass was highest in soybean followed by sunflower and maize. In site B (Loam soil), loss of litter mass for soybean and sunflower was almost the same, while for maize it was lower. Nutrient release was high when their soil concentration was initially low. The higher the initial concentration of a nutrient in a plant part the greater its release rate. Nutrients, especially N, released from maize litter mass will be available to successive crops for a longer period than for soybean and sunflower, and are unaffected by soil texture. Nutrients are easily removed from sunflower and soybeans and are more likely to be lost through leaching than nutrients from maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009814218516
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated Soybean Pest Management in Micro River Basins in Brazil (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 5 (2000), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: integrated pest management ; soybean ; micro river basin ; pests ; Trissolcus basalis ; Baculovirus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A Soybean IPM system was deployed in large, continuous river basin areas. The system was designed to improve the productivity of the rural environment by restoring balance among pests and their natural enemies. The system was developed with the active participation of various governmental, industrial and academic institutions, and it was based on the main approaches utilized by the EMBRAPA soybean IPM program referred here as IPM-Soybean. The work of IPM-Soybean in microbasins is being implemented in five counties in Paraná state (Campo Mourão, Mamborê, Missal, Cambé and Toledo) in an area of approximately 18,020 ha of soybean involving 343 producers at various stages of implementation. The results obtained in the Rio do Campo basin in Campo Mourão, after four years of IPM-Soybean, showed drastic changes in pest control practices. Mean number of insecticide applications per cropping year in the river basin fell from 2.8 (1993/94 season) to 1.23 four seasons later. Biological control of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis, by Baculovirus anticarsia increased 57%, from 205 ha treated with this biological product in the 1993/94 season to 2730 ha in 1998. A mean of about 300,000 Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) adults were released per year to control soybean stink bugs. As a consequence of the parasitoid release and the use of more selective insecticides, the number of insecticide applications to control stink bugs was significantly reduced. After two soybean seasons with IPM-Soybean in the river basin, mean applications for stink bugs decreased from 0.81 before the program started to 0.09 in 1996. The mean number of applications in the region and the state respectively were 9.20 and 11.44 times greater. In 1997 and 1998, the results again showed very low population densities of stink bugs in the river basin area, with a consequent reduction in insecticide applications for the control of these pests. Furthermore there was a substantial improvement in the range of products used in this area for soybean pest control. Broad spectrum products, used in 97.5% of the applications before start of IPM-Soybean (1993/94), were replaced with more selective products, especially biologicals and growth regulators. The latter had rarely been used by the river basin producers before the study (0.6% of the applications), but they accounted for 35.8% of the applications after four seasons with IPM-Soybean. IPM-Soybean developed in river basins has resulted in a more stable control system that, in turn, provides greater long-term equilibrium between the pests and the natural enemies populations in these soybean producing areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009653717787
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genistein preincubation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum cells improves strain competitiveness under greenhouse, but not field conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; genistein ; soybean ; strain competitiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the soybean-B. japonicum symbiosis, genistein has been identified as one of the major compounds in soybean seed and root exudates responsible for inducing expression of the B. japonicum nodYABC operon. In this study, we have tested the possibility that genistein treatment prior to inoculation can increase the competitiveness of the treated B. japonicum strain under both greenhouse and field conditions. Two mutants of the two B. japonicum strains each with a different antibiotic resistant marker were selected. They were tested with one or the other treated with genistein. The results showed genistein treated mutants had higher levels of nodule occupancy than the untreated mutant or parent strain under greenhouse conditions. Mutants from 532C had higher nodule occupancies than mutants from USDA110, especially at 15 °C. In the more complex field environment, genistein treated mutants formed fewer nodules than the untreated mutants. The contradictory results of strain competitiveness for greenhouse and field experiments are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004880305826
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preincubation of B. japonicum cells with genistein reduces the inhibitory effects of mineral nitrogen on soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation under field conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; genistein ; mineral nitrogen ; nodulation ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genistein is the major root produced isoflavonoid inducer of nod genes in the symbiosis between B. japonicum and soybean plants. Reduction in the isoflavonoid content of the host plants has recently been suggested as a possible explanation for the inhibition of mineral nitrogen (N) on the establishment of the symbiosis. In order to determine whether genistein addition could overcome this inhibition, we incubated B. japonicum cells (strain 532C) with genistein. Mineral N (in the form of NH4NO3) was applied at 0, 20 and 100 kg ha-1. The experiments were conducted on both a sandy-loam soil and a clay-loam soil. Preincubation of B. japonicum cells with genistein increased soybean nodule number and nodule weight, especially in the low-N-containing sandy-loam soil and the low N fertilizer treatment. Plant growth and yield were less affected by genistein preincubation treatments than nitrogen assimilation. Total plant nitrogen content was increased by the two genistein preincubation treatments at the early flowering stage. At maturity, shoot and total plant nitrogen contents were increased by the 40 μM genistein preincubation treatment at the sandy-loam soil site. Total nitrogen contents were increased by the 20 μM genistein preincubation treatment only at the 0 and 20 kg ha-1 nitrate levels in clay-loam soil. Forty μM genistein preincubation treatment increased soybean yield on the sandy-loam soil. There was no difference among treatments for 100-seed weight. The results suggest that preincubation of B. japonicum cells with genistein could improve soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation, and at least partially overcome the inhibition of mineral nitrogen on soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004832422665
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of long juvenile period under short day conditions for the BR80-6778 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) line (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: delayed flowering ; Glycine max ; long juvenile period ; short-days ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long juvenile period characteristic (LJP), which delays flowering under short day conditions, has been identified in soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merrill). This characteristic may be especially important as it increases the range of adaptation of soybean in low latitudes and gives greater flexibility for sowing periods within the same latitude. The inheritance of the long juvenile period was studied in the BR80-6778 soybean line to provide knowledge to support the development of cultivars adapted to short day conditions. Cultivars with classic flowering, Paraná, Bossier, Bragg and Davis, which flower early under short day conditions, were also used as parents in single crosses. They were crossed among themselves and with the genotypes with LJP, BR80-6778 and MG/BR 22 (Garimpo). The study was carried out under short day conditions (early sowings) in greenhouses and in the field at Embrapa National Soybean Research Center, Londrina, PR. Flowering was assessed daily. The results indicated that the BR89-6778 line shares a pair of alleles with the Paraná cultivar, and when associated with the cc allele retards flowering under short day conditions. The following genotype constitutions were attributed to the cultivars: Paraná (aaBBCC), Bossier (AabbCC), and BR80-6778 (aaBBcc). The combination of the genes aabb and aabbcc has a pronounced effect on the manifestation of the trait.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003927817278
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of antisense L-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase transgenic soybean plants subjected to osmotic and drought stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: P5CR ; drought ; osmotic stress ; proline ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential value of proline accumulation during environmental stressreveals a collection of controversial statements. Some argue that prolineaccumulation is beneficial to the plant, while others suggest the oppositeto be true. It is thus still unknown whether or not a constitutive higherlevel of proline accumulation enhances plant tolerance to environmentalstress. Since proline in plants is synthesised from both glutamic acid andornithine, we generated antisense soybean plants with an L-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR)gene, as it controls thecommon step of both pathways. The gene expression and consequentlyproline production was manipulated, with the use of an inducible heat shockpromoter (IHSP). The activation of the IHSP resulted in the inactivation ofthe P5CR gene, which resulted in decreased proline synthesis. Theantisense plants have provided us with insight into the correlation betweenproline accumulation, drought and osmotic stress. A mannitol stress at 32and 42 °C enhanced the accumulation of proline in control plants, incontrast to a significant decrease observed in the transformants. Theproline accumulation documented in this paper provides additional evidencethat the increase in proline levels during osmotic stress constitute anadaptive response by the plant. It was confirmed that there is anassociation between P5CR translation and proline accumulation, as theproline accumulation was markedly decreased by the activation of the heatinducible promoter and thus the antisense construct in transformed plants.A woodenbox screening indicated that proline plays a definite role insurvival of soybean plants under a drought stress, the transformantsfailed to survive a 6 day drought stress at 37 °C. This was in contrastwith the control plants which experienced the treatment only as a mildstress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006338911617
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterizing the cytoplasmic diversity and phyletic relationship of Chinese landraces of soybean, Glycine max, based on RFLPs of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Chinese landraces ; chloroplast ; mitochondria ; phylogeny ; RFLP ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of many soybean landraces were analyzed to characterize their cytoplasmic genome and to consider the diversity and phylogeny of soybean in China. Three chloroplast and five mitochondrial types were distinguished, and seven cytoplasmic genome types were observed in different combinations in specimens collected from China. The cytoplasmic genome diversity was higher at the Yangtze River Valley. The main group of cytoplasmic genomes was composed of five types related phylogenetically and occurred in the southern region of China. Two unique types were very different in cytoplasmic genome constitution from each other and from the main group. They were considered to be derived from wild plants with the same cytoplasmic genome and to occur in two remote regions, the northern region and the Yangtze River Valley of China, respectively. Therefore, when considered with regard to the cytoplasmic genome of soybean landraces detected in China, seven genome types are distinguished, some types may be assumed to have arisen in wild soybean before domestication; and the Yangtze River Valley is the center of cytoplasmic diversity of the soybean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026538907387
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity induced nuclear and DNA degradation in meristematic cells of soybean (Glycine max (L.)) roots (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: calcium ; DNA degradation ; meristematic root cells ; salt stress ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the nuclei of meristematic root cells of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Acme) in response to severe salinity were studied. Root growth was inhibited by 200 mM NaCl, when 1 mM CaCl_2 was present in the culture media. Increasing CaCl_2 up to 5 mM partially prevented this inhibition. However, inhibition also occurred with 100~mM NaCl without CaCl_2. We examined the meristematic cells under a series of NaCl treatments. Nuclear deformation of the cells occurred with 24 h of 150 mM or higher NaCl, and was followed by degradation of nuclei in the apical region of the root. TEM observation and agarose gel electrophoretic analysis confirmed that root tip nuclear DNA deformed or degraded with 150 mM or higher NaCl concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006311619937
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of traits of Bacillus megaterium onseed and root colonization and their correlation withthe suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot of soybean (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 223-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: antagonism ; biocontrol ; chemotaxis ; motility ; soybean ; sporulation ; Bacillus megaterium ; Rhizoctoria solani
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacillus megaterium strainB153-2-2 is a potential bacterial biocontrol agentagainst Rhizoctonia solani isolate 2B12(ISG-2B). To study the role of antagonism (Ant),chemotaxis (Che), motility (Mot), and sporulation(Spo) of the biocontrol agent during seed and rootcolonization and the correlation between rootcolonization and the suppression of soybean (Glycine max) root rot caused by R. solani,strain B153-2-2(Che+Mot+Ant++Spo++) and the sevenderived mutants with altered antagonism, chemotaxis,motility, and/or sporulation were used. The bacterialcells were introduced into soil separately either asa soybean seed coating or soil application. Two soilmixtures defined as coarse and fine soil were used. The bacterial cell chemotactic response to soybeanroot and seed exudates and antagonism to R.solani were significantly (p = 0.05) correlatedwith root and seed colonization in some but not alltreatments. The sporulation-defective mutants had lowcell populations immediately after application and,therefore, reduced root colonization. The differencesin root colonization diminished among the mutants andstrain B153-2-2 when R. solani was present inthe soil or, as seedlings grew older. Soybean seedlingroots grown in coarse soil had significantly greatercolonization by B153-2-2 or its mutants and a lowerdisease index than that in fine soil. There was asignificant positive correlation (r 2 = 0.78)between root colonization by strain B153-2-2 or itsmutants and suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009998304177
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of split application of potassium on growth, yield and potassium accumulation by soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: growth ; K accumulation ; K nutrition ; physiological efficiency ; soybean ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted during 1989 to 1991 on a loamy sand (Typic ustochrept) soil to study the K nutrition of soybean. Soybean responded significantly up to 50 kg K ha−1 when applied 1/2 of K at planting and 1/2 at flower initiation (two split) or applying 1/3 K at planting, 1/3 at flower initiation and 1/3 at pod development (three splits). Split application was more beneficial than applying full K at time of planting due to higher leaf area index, crop growth rate, chlorophyll content of fresh leaves, K accumulation in soybean and better agronomic and physiological efficiency of applied K. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and apparent recovery of K reduced as rate of applied K was increased from 50 to 75 kg ha−1. Highest K+ concentration (3.4 % of dry matter) was recorded in 30-day-old plants at 75 kg K ha−1 which depressed progressively with the age of the crop. At maturity, the K concentration of soybean seed varied from 1.5% (unfertilised K plants) to 2.1 % (when 75 kg K ha−1 was applied in three splits).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750249
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic allelism and linkage tests of a soybean gene, Rfg1, controlling nodulation with Rhizobium fredii strain USDA 205 (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fast-growing rhizobia ; genetics ; nitrogen fixation ; soybean ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A soybean gene, Rfg1, controlling nodulation with strain USDA 205, the type strain for the fast-growing species Rhizobium fredii, was tested for allelism with the Rj4 gene. The Rj4 gene conditions ineffective nodulation primarily with certain strains of the slow-growing soybean microsymbiont, Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The F2 seeds of the cross of the cultivars Peking, carrying the alleles rfg1, Rj4, i (controlling inhibition of seed coat color) and W1 (controlling flower color), and Kent, carrying the alleles Rfg1, rj4, i-i and w1, were evaluated for nodulation response with strain USDA 205 by planting surface disinfested seeds in sterilized vermiculite in growth trays and inoculating with a stationary phase broth culture of strain USDA 205 at planting. Plants were classified for nodulation response visually after four weeks growth and transplanted to the field for F3 seed production. Flower color, purple (W1) vs white (w1), was determined in the field. The allele present at the i locus was determined by classification of F3 seed coat color. The F3 seeds were planted in growth trays and inoculated with strain USDA 61 of Bradyrhizobium elkanii to determine the genotype for the Rj4 locus. The Rfg1 and Rj4 genes were determined to be located at separate loci. Chi-square analysis for linkage indicated that Rfg1 segregated independently of the Rj4, I and W1 loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007916
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the isotopically exchangeable phosphate of a loamy soil the plant-available P? (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizae ; available P ; barley ; Glomus intraradices ; soil solution ; 32P uptake ; P uptake ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study compared the validity of using the isotopically exchangeable phosphorus (P) as an accurate measurement of plant available P by comparing the specific activity of P, i.e. the 32P/31P ratio, in soil solution (Ss) against the specific activity of P in plants (Sp) growing in a loamy soil after applying a 32P-labelled fertilizer (NaH2PO42H2O) at different rates (F) and specific activities (Sf). Non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) plants of two species (soybean and barley) were grown in greenhouse experiments. Ss values were determined on 1:10 soil suspension after periods of incubation ranged from 1 min to 35 d. At a given rate of P application, the Sp values of both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal soybean and barley did not show significant difference although the plant P uptake varied 18 fold for all the (crop species × mycorrhizal infection) treatments over soil solution P values ranging from 0.02 to 5.46 mg P L-1 (0.6–176 μM). Ss values decreased with time and reached a steady state after 35 d of equilibration period. Both Sp/Sf and Ss/Sf increased with applied P and there is a 1:1 correspondence between Sp/Sf and Ss/Sf values. The identity between the isotopic composition of both P in soil solution and in plant indicates that the isotopically exchangeable P (E=F(Sf/Ss−1)) is the only source of phosphate in solid soil phase which replenishes P of the soil solution after P has been removed by the plant, i.e. the only source of P which participates in plant nutrition. The isotopically exchangeable P of a loamy soil is the P available to growing plants and mycorrhizal fungi increases the P uptake giving plants wider access to isotopically exchangeable P in soil, and not making previously non-exchangeable P available. An immediate application of the 1:1 correspondence between a soil parameter (Ss/Sf) and a plant parameter (Sp/Sf) concerns the agronomic evaluation of P fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009502
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enrichment of some B-vitamins in plants with application of organic fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cyanocobalamin ; dung ; manure ; organic fertilizer ; spinach ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A review of the literature showed that plants grown with organic fertilizers often contain higher concentrations of vitamins B1 (thiamin) and B12 (cyanocobalamin) as compared with plants grown with inorganic fertilizers. Since plant roots were recently shown to be able to absorb B1 and B12, it was thus suspected that organic fertilizers (such as manure of diverse sources or sewage sludges which often contain relatively high concentrations of several vitamins) introduce additional vitamins into the soil which in turn leads to increased vitamins in the plants. This possibility was studied by measuring the B12 content in the seeds of soybean and barley and in the leaves of spinach plants grown in soils amended with pure B12 or cow dung (which is naturally rich in B12). The addition of pure B12 or cow dung did not alter the B12 content in the soybean seeds but significantly increased that in the barley kernels and in the spinach leaves. For example, the addition of cow dung at the rate of 10 g kg−1 increased the B12 content in barley kernels by more than threefold (from 2.6 to 9.1 ng g−1 DW) and in spinach leaves by close to twofold (from 6.9 to 17.8 ng g−1 DW). Long-term addition of organic fertilizers to the soil also significantly increased the soil content of this vitamin. Since plants cannot synthesize B12 and thus plant foods are normally fully devoid of (or have very low concentrations of) this vitamin, the finding that plants grown with organic fertilizers may contain relatively higher concentrations of this vitamin may have nutritional consequences in that the consumption of these plants by humans would inadvertently increase their intake of this vitamin. This may be of special benefit to people living by choice or by necessity on strict vegetarian diets who are known to be in danger of B12 deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007957
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of environmental productivity levels and yield stability on selection strategies in soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; breeding methodology ; stress tolerance ; genotype × environment interaction ; yield stability ; productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Yield data were collected for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) lines in maturity groups III and IV in 14 environments from 1985 to 1989. The lines in each maturity group were subdivided into three different groups based on the mean yield over all environments, and the genotype × environment interactions were studied for each group. Yield stability of the lines was determined. Effectiveness of selection based on different types of environments was examined. Productivity level of the environment did not influence the relative ranking of the lines. Significant rank correlations occurred between mean yields in most environments and the overall mean yield, but few similarities occurred in the line rankings among individual environments. High-yielding lines contributed a significantly smaller proportion to the genotype × environment interaction than medium- and low-yielding lines. A small proportion of the lines were below or above average stability. Significant correlations occurred among stability, overall mean yield, and mean yield in high- and low-yielding environments. However, few significant correlations occurred between individual environment yields and stability in high- or low-yielding environments. Maturity groups differed in yield and stability relationships. Stability in high- and low-yielding environments did not adequately predict stability for each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021406
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium tolerance of soya bean genotypes in short term experiments (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; aluminium ; mineral elements ; variety ; genetics ; screening ; nutrient solution ; ionic strength ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field techniques to select for aluminium tolerance are very laborious, time consuming and need to be repeated along crop seasons to minimize the effects of uncontrolled environmental factors. The logical alternative is the use of hydroponics experiments that are easy to conduct, quick and non-destructive. Early testing can be efficient in the identification of Al-tolerant genotypes if problems related to seed vigour are thoroughly controlled. Measurements as early as 24 hours after the beginning of treatment did not yield consistent results. However, root measurements 96 hours after the beginning of treatment yielded differences among varieties which are more related to field performance in acid soils. This method can be employed in screening soya beans for Al-tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024022
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentration-dependent influence of quercetin on nodulation process and the main characteristics of soybean inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; nitrogen content ; nodulation ; plant growth ; quercetin concentration ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soybean plants cv. Corsoy were grown in greenhouse conditions on sterilized quartz sand. They were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, strain 542. The plants were treated with different concentrations of quercetin (ranging from 10 nM to 1μM) at regular intervals during the experiment. The experiment was terminated at flower development. The following parameters, important for symbiosis efficiency were determined: shoot, root and nodule weights, nodule number, total leghemoglobin in the nodules,total nitrogen and soluble protein concentrations in shoots and roots, as well as chlorophyll concentration in the leaves. The results obtained partly confirmed the earlier findings that quercetin inhibits nodulation since increasing quercetin concentration decreased the number of nodules. However, at very low concentrations, quercetin stimulated the number of nodules. Quercetin also exerted a stimulating influence on other characteristics of the plant and nodules which did not correlate with nodule number and quantity of N fixed. These are: nodule weight, leghemoglobin concentration, total soluble protein content in shoots and roots as well as shoot and root weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008337
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    Field screening of soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) germplasm for aluminium tolerance by the use of augmented design (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetics ; breeding ; adaptation ; Cerrados ; mineral element ; interaction ; experimental design ; Glycine max ; soybean ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selection for aluminium tolerance is necessary to adapt the soya bean crop to vast areas of acid soil in the tropics such as the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrados). The breeding programmes include field testing of large numbers of varieties. The tests are laborious, time consuming and need to be repeated to minimize effects of uncontrolled environmental factors. The present results show that augmented designs are efficient in the identification of Al-tolerant genotypes. These designs (i) allow elimination of soil differences as common causes for error in comparison of entries, and (ii) can be successfully employed in genetic studies and breeding programmes for crop improvement, being more cost effective than fully replicated trials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022165
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    DNA fingerprinting in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) with oligonucleotide probes for simple repetitive sequences (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; DNA fingerprinting, cultivar identification ; simple repetitive sequences ; oligonucleotide probes ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soybean DNA fingerprints were analyzed by digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes complementary to simple repetitive sequences. The clearest and most polymorphic patterns were obtained with (AAT)6 as a probe, with which all 47 soybean cultivars tested could be distinguished. However, DNA fingerprints of individuals within cultivars showed the same pattern. Using (CT)8, (GAA)5 or (AAGG)4 as probes, clear polymorphic patterns among cultivars and accessions in the subgenus Soja (Glycine max and Glycine soja) were not observed, while quite different patterns were found in accessions in the subgenus Glycine. The results suggest that G. max and G. soja are closer in their genome structure. DNA fingerprints of reciprocal crosses between cultivars and accessions in the subgenus Soja were similar, and contained bands of both parents. In an F2 population from these crosses, such bands segregated in a Mendelian fashion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039308
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  • 19
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    Evaluation of powdered pine bark for control ofMeloidogyne arenaria andHeterodera glycines on soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fluorescein diacetate ; Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines invertase ; Meloidogyne arenaria ; organic amendments ; pine bark ; soybean ; trehalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Commercially avaiable pine bark nuggets (composted) and fresh pine bark were ground into powders and added at rates of 0 to 50 g kg−1 to field soil infested withMeloidogyne arenaria andHeterodera glycines. The treated soil was maintained moist in the greenhouse for 2 weeks, sampled, and planted with ‘Davis’ soybean (Glycine max.). Eight weeks after planting, numbers ofM. arenaria andH. glycines in soil decreased with increasing amounts of composted or fresh pine bark. No juveniles were present in soil treated with 5% pine bark. The number of galls and cysts g−1 root decreased in proportion to the amount of pine bark added to soil. Gall and cyst formation was completely eliminated at the 5% rate. Numbers of saprophagous nematodes were highest in soil with 4–5% pine bark. The activity of several soil enzymes was correlated with the addition of both composted and fresh pine bark. Fresh pine bark powder caused an increase in soil enzyme activity compared to composted pine bark, but did not provide consistent control of gall and cyst formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347702
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    Resistance to soybean cyst nematode and molecular polymorphism in various sources of Peking soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 75 (1994), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cyst nematode ; Heterodera glycines ; diversity ; resistance ; RFLP ; RAPD ; soybean ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultivar Peking has been extensively used as a source of resistance to Race 3 and Race 5 of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines I., and Peking genes for resistance are present in a wide range of resistant soybean cultivars. Peking is also used as a host differential in the soybean cyst nematode race classification system. Thirteen Peking lines maintained in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and in several breeding programs were surveyed using RFLP and RAPD markers for genetic characterization. Based on the molecular diversity combined with reaction to soybean cyst nematode, Peking genotypes from a common original source were identified. Peking lines PI 297543 (introduction from Hungary), and PI 438496A, PI 438496B and PI 438496C (introductions from Russia) represented unrelated germplasms. Identified molecular polymorphism can be used to validate the genetic purity of Peking lines used as host differentials for soybean cyst nematode classification system as well as utilization of an individual germplasm line in genetic-breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024532
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    Seed quality of soya bean based on mineral composition of seeds of 45 varieties grown in a Brazilian Savanna acid soil (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Cerrado ; aluminium ; liming ; genetics ; mineral elements ; seed quality ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Brazilian Savannas (Cerrados), a vast area covering one fourth of the country's territory, has acidic soils that are devoid of nutrients and must be amended before cultivation. Mineral disorder on the soya bean crop has been frequent, mainly due to unbalanced liming and fertilization. There is no information on varietal differences and the impact of these practices on the seed quality. Chemical analyses were performed to assess the levels of elements in seed samples of 45 soya bean varieties from an experiment in a partly- and fully-limed acid soil. The levels of phosphorus, potassium, iron, aluminium, manganese, zinc and copper were inversely proportional to the level of liming. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, molybdenum and titanium did not show statistical differences for seed accumulation in the liming levels. There was a high frequency of varieties derived from Al-intolerant parents to increased levels of P, K, Ca and Mg, contrasting with respective lower levels in the leaves. The varietal differences suggest further investigation on the genetics of mineral element accumulation in the soya bean seeds. Aluminium levels varied between 8.7 to 5.5 mg/kg, respectively, for the partly- and the fully-limed soil, indicating that cultivation of soya beans in these acid soils produced little effect on the quality of seeds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024030
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    New aspects of soybean somatic embryogenesis (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: somatic embryogenesis ; Glycine max ; cut cotyledons ; polyamines ; nitrogen ions ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Somatic embryo formation from immature cotyledons was improved in the following ways: by cutting into sections, supplementing culture media with spermine and using solid/liquid/solid type of culture. Cut cotyledons of the eight genotypes examined expressed a higher ability for somatic embryogenesis than whole cotyledons. Of the three polyamines tested, spermine considerably stimulated and putrescine slightly inhibited induction of somatic embryos. The ability of embryoid formation on medium with spermidine depended on the genotype. The solid/liquid/solid type of culture was better than the continuous solid culture. The best nitrogen ion content for the subculture of somatic embryos was 10 mM NH4NO3 and 30 mM KNO3. The possibility of using these modifications in Agrobacterium transformation is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039309
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    Effect of phosphate rock sources on biological nitrogen fixation by soybean (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Available phosphorus ; biological nitrogen fixation ; phosphate rock (PR) ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Very little information is available concerning the effect of phosphate rock (PR) sources on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legume crops. In a greenhouse study, the15N isotopic dilution technique was used to compare the effectiveness of three sources of PR (Hahotoe rock, Togo; Tilemsi rock, Mali; and Sechura rock, Peru) with that of triple superphosphate (TSP) in increasing soybean seed yield and the amounts of N fixed by the soybean crop. The acid Hartsells slit loam was limed to pH 5.2 and incubated with 8.5 mg N kg−1 as K15NO3 and sucrose for 2 months prior to planting. Then fertilizer P was incorporated into the soil at 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg P kg−1 rates. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of the three PRs with respect to TSP (RAE = 100%) in terms of increasing seed yield was Hahotoe rock = 6.0%, Tilemsi rock = 45.9%, and Sechura rock = 75.2%; this trend followed the same trend as PR reactivity, i.e., Sechura rock 〉 Tilemsi rock 〉 Hahotoe rock. BNF was affected significantly by all the P treatments. Of the total N derived from the three N sources (atmosphere, Ndfa; fertilizer K15NO3, Ndff; and soil, Ndfs), Ndfa was highest with TSP and lowest with Hahotoe rock, whereas the reverse was found with Ndfs. Among various plant parts, more Ndfa was translocated and stored in seeds than in stems + leaves and roots. The RAE values of the three PRs with respect to TSP (RAE = 100%) in terms of influencing the amount of BNF were Hahotoe rock = 3.0%, Tilemsi rock = 43.4%, and Sechura rock = 71.2%. A linear relationship was found between the amount of BNF by the whole soybean plant and the soybean seed yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750110
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    Fluorescence and reflectance characteristics of manganese deficient soybean leaves: Effects of leaf age and choice of leaflet (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fluorescence induction ; Glycine max ; leaf age ; leaflet ; manganese deficiency ; nodal position ; reflectance ; remote sensing ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leaf reflectance and fluorescence characteristics of soybean (Glycine max cv ‘Bragg’) are influenced strongly by Mn availability. This report evaluates the effects of leaflet choice, leaf age, and leaf nodal position on several spectral characteristics. Leaves were obtained from soybeans grown hydroponically under controlled environmental conditions with wide differences in Mn supply. The ratio of ‘constant yield’ fluorescence (Fo) to ‘variable yield’ fluorescence (Fv), the ratios of reflectance at 750 nm to 550 nm and that at 650 nm to 550 nm, the position of the "red edge" near 700 nm, and an index of leaf "yellowness" were measured periodically. Increasing leaf age caused increases in the "red edge" and in both reflectance ratios. Leaf "yellowness" and the fluorescence ratio Fo/Fv decreased with leaf age and increased with leaf nodal position, primarily in Mn deficient leaves. Effects arising from leaf choice were smaller than those caused by Mn deficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025027
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    Daily transpiration of field soybeans as related to hydraulic conductance, root distribution, soil potential and midday leaf potential (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: hydraulic conductance ; leaf potential ; lower potential limit ; model ; Ohm's law ; plant osmotic potential ; soybean ; soil potential ; water uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present study aims at characterizing plant water status under field conditions on a daily basis, in order to improve operational predictions of plant water stress. Ohm's law analog serves as a basis for establishing daily soil-plant relationships, using experimental data from a water-limited soybean crop: 227-1. The daily transpiration flux, T, is estimated from experimental evapotranspiration data and simulated soil evaporation values. The difference, 227-2, named the effective potential gradient, is derived from i) the midday leaf potential of the uppermost expanded leaves and ii) an effective soil potential accounting for soil potential profile and an effectiveness factor of roots competing for water uptake. This factor is experimentally estimated from field observation of roots. G is an apparent hydraulic conductance of water flow from the soil to the leaves. The value of the lower potential limit for water extraction, required to assess the effective soil potential, is calculated with respect to the plant using the predawn leaf potential. It is found to be equal to −1.2 MPa. It appears that over the range of soil and climatic conditions experienced, the daily effective potential gradient remains constant (1.2 MPa), implying that, on a daily basis, transpiration only depends on the hydraulic conductance. The authors explain this behaviour by diurnal variation of osmotic potential, relying on Morgan's theory (1984). Possible generalization of the results to other crop species is suggested, providing a framework for reasoning plant water behaviour at a daily time step.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012528
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    Identification of soybean strains resistant to Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max. ; soybean ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines ; bacterial pustule disease ; variation ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soybean germplasm was screened for resistance to bacterial pustule disease. The etiological agent, Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines, was isolated from the leaves of field grown soybean in Maharashtra, India. The screening of soybean stocks was carried out by excised leaf inoculation method. A differential susceptibility to the pathogen was observed in the tested stocks. Two stocks P-4-2 and P-169-3 were found to be completely resistant to the pathogen and displayed an incompatible reaction. Four cultivars, EC-34160, Bragg, Kalitur and PK-472 displayed moderate resistance and the remaining stocks were susceptible to the attack of the pathogen. The stocks P-4-2 and P-169-3 remained resistant even to a high concentration of 109 colony forming units (cfu)/ml of the pathogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022730
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    Zinc-binding peptides as a function of Zn and S in soybeans (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 435-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: heavy metal ; metal-binding peptides ; soybean ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Ransom) plants were grown for two weeks in nutrient solutions at 0.8 and 40 μM Zn and 0.02 and 20 mM S. Zinc toxicity appeared to induce synthesis of low molecular weight Zn-binding peptides in soybean roots and leaves. This binding of Zn-ions seemed to increase in leaves when the S concentration was high in the nutrient solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025076
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    Early seedling and seasonal N2-fixing symbiotic activity of two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains of diverse origin (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 289-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; short season ; soil temperature ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In areas with a short growing season the poor adaptability of soybean [Glycine max Meer. (L.)] to cool soil conditions is considered the primary yield limiting factor. Soybean requires temperatures in the 25 to 30°C range for optimum N2-fixation and yield. Field studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Montreal, Quebec to determine whether adaptability to cool soil conditions, with respect to earlier symbiosis establishment and function, existed among either Bradyrhizobium strains or soybean genotypes. An early maturing isoline of the soybean cultivar Evans and the cultivar Maple Arrow were inoculated with one of four strains isolated from the cold soils of Hakkaido, northern Japan, or the commercially used strains 532C or USDA110, at two planting dates. Plot biomass and nodulation were assessed at seedling (V2), and flowering(R2) growth stages and harvest maturity. Soybean genotypes did not differ for pre-flowering nodulation or N2-fixation in the cool spring conditions of the first year. Seasonal N2-fixation rates were also determined at the final harvest by the N-balance and 15N-isotope dilution methods. Significantly higher symbiotic activity was found for two of the four Hakkaido strains and was reflected in higher final soybean seed yield and total N2-fixation for the growing season, as compared to the two commercial strains. Planting 14 days earlier resulted in greater early vegetative and total seasonal N2 fixation and yield in the second year when soil temperatures were warmer, emphasizing the need for the development of soybean-Bradyrhizobium combinations superior in nodule development and function under cool soil conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011057
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    Response of soybean genotypes to boron, zinc and manganese deficiency in tissue culture (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: soybean ; callus ; boron deficiency ; zinc deficiency ; manganese deficiency ; genotypic resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of boron (B), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) deficiency in the medium on eight soybean genotypes was evaluated using friable callus after a 21 day growth period. Of the three micronutrients evaluated, Zn and B deficiencies had the greatest effect on callus weight, while Mn had only a slight effect. Despite this, significant differences in callus weight reduction of the eight genotypes tested were observed on the three different media. These results indicate that genotypic variation for response to B, Zn, and Mn deficiency is present in soybean at the cellular level. If the resistant genotypes identified in this study are also resistant at the whole plant level, then they could be used in soils which are deficient in the above micronutrients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013029
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    Effect of abscisic acid application on root isoflavonoid concentration and nodulation of wild-type and nodulation-mutant soybean plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Glycine max ; HPLC ; isoflavonoids ; nodulation mutants ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isoflavonoids (daidzein, genistein, and coumestrol) are involved in induction of nod genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum and may be involved in nodule development as well. Abscisic acid (ABA) may also impact nodulation since ABA is reportedly involved in isoflavonoid synthesis. The current study was conducted to evaluate whether ABA plays a role in differential nodulation of a hypernodulated soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) mutant and the Williams parent. Exogenous ABA application resulted in a decrease in nodule number and weight in both lines. Isoflavonoid concentrations were also markedly decreased in response to ABA application in both inoculated and noninoculated soybean roots. The inoculation treatment itself resulted in a marked increase in isoflavonoid concentrations of NOD1-3, regardless of ABA levels, while only slight increases occurred in Williams. The nodule numbers of both soybean lines across several ABA concentration treatments were highly correlated with the concentration of all three isoflavonoids. However, differences in internal levels of ABA between lines were not detected when grown in the absence of external ABA additions. It is concluded that differential nodule expression between the wild type and the hypernodulated mutant is not likely due to differential ABA synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010552
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    Estimation of hybrid seed production and efficient pollen flow using insect pollination of male sterile soybeans in caged plots (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: male sterility ; Glycine max ; Megachile rotundata ; soybean ; hybrid seed production ; pollen flow ; leafcutter bee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aptitude of leafcutter bees to pollinate male sterile soybean plants (ms2 gene) in caged plots was evaluated in four experiments from both quantitative and qualitative points of view. The m.s. plant seed set was satisfactory: on average, it represented 60% of the male fertile isogenic seed set (with a range between 44 and 69%). The lower yield of m.s. plants was linked with a smaller number of fertile reproductive nodes. The efficient pollen flow was observed over the flowering period with both morphological and electrophoretic markers. Insect behaviour was not influenced by flower colour. Differences between flowering duration of pollen donors appear to be the major factor inducing unbalanced populations. The interest of this technique as a tool for dynamic management of the genetic variation in populations or for hybrid seed production is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029641
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    The potential of alley cropping im improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia II. Maize production (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 241-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; soybean ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Sesbania sesban ; Albizia falcataria ; Flemingia congesta ; Gliricidia sepium ; Cassia spectabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theee trials to evaluat the potential of alley cropping in maize production on the low fertility, acidic soils in Northern Zambia are described. Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Albizia falcataria, Fleminga congesta, and Cassia spectabilis, were grown in alley crops with hybrid maize and soybean. All trials received recommended rates of P and K fertiliser; N fertiliser was applied at three rates as a subplot treatment. One trial received lime before establishment. Only in the limed trial was there a significant improvement in maize yields through alley cropping; when no N fertiliser was applied, incorporation of Leucaena leucocephala prunings resulted in an increase of up to 95% in yields, with a smaller improvement being produced by Flemingia congesta. There was a significant correlation between the quantity of prunings biomass applied and the proportional increase in maize yields over the control treatment. It is suggested that the lack of effect of most of the tree species on crop yields was due to low biomass production. An economic analysis showed that alley cropping with limed Leucaena was only profitable when fertiliser costs were high in relation to maize prices. However, lime is both expensive and difficult to obtain and transport for most small scale farmers in the region, and is therefore not a practical recommendation. It is suggested that future alley cropping research should focus on screening a wider range of tree species, including other species of Leucaena, for acid tolerance and higher biomass production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054150
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    Callose formation as parameter for assessing genotypical plant tolerance of aluminium and manganese (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 67-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; callose ; cell culture ; cowpea ; linseed ; manganese ; screening ; soybean ; tolerance ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Callose ((1,3)-β-glucan) formation in plant tissues is induced by excess Al and Mn. In the present study callose was spectrophotometrically quantified in order to evaluate whether it could be used as a parameter to identify genotypical differences in Al and Mn tolerance. Mn leaf-tissue tolerance of cowpea and linseed genotypes was assessed using the technique of isolated leaf tissue floating on Mn solution. Genotypical differences in the density of brown speckles on the leaf tissue (Mn toxicity symptoms) correlated closely with the concentrations of callose for both plant species. In cell suspension cultures Mn excess also induced callose formation. However, differences in tolerance of cowpea genotypes using callose formation as a parameter could only be found in cultured cowpea cells if controls cultured at optimum Mn supply showed low background callose. As soon as after 1 h, Al supply (50 μM) induced callose formation predominantly in the 5-mm root tip of soybean seedlings. Callose concentration in the 0–30 mm root tips was inversely related to the root elongation rate when roots were subjected to an increasing Al supply above 10 μM. Three soybean genotypes differed in inhibition of root-elongation rate and induction of callose formation when treated with 50 μM Al for 8 h. Relative callose concentrations and relative root-elongation rates for these genotypes were significantly negatively correlated.
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    Effects of N fertilization on N2 fixation and N balances of soybean grown after lowland rice (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: humid tropics ; N balance ; N2 fixation ; N fertilizer ; nodulation ; rice ; rotation ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We report a study in northern Thailand to examine the effects of fertilizer N, applied both to paddy rice and to a subsequent soybean crop on symbiotic and yield characteristics of soybean and on the differences between inputs of fixed N2 and the removal of N as harvested product. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of 0, 100 and 300 kg N ha-1 applied to the rice (designated R0, R100 and R300, respectively), and 0,25 and 50 kg N ha-1, applied as ‘starter’ fertilizer to the soybean (S0, S25 and S50, respectively). Nitrogen applied to the rice increased rice yields by up to 74% but proportions recovered by the rice were low (45% [R100] and 14% [R300]). The rice N treatments had only marginal effects on soybean nodulation (up to 17% reduction in early growth) and above-ground dry matter (up to 9% increase). Effects on soybean seed yield and total N2 fixed were insignificant. Starter N, applied to the soybean at sowing, also marginally reduced nodulation and enhanced above-ground dry matter. Total N2 fixed was unaffected but seed yield was increased by up to 6%. For all treatments, total above-ground N ranged from 145 to 179 kg ha-1 with 72 to 85% (122 and 140 kg ha-1) derived from N2 fixation. When harvested product consisted of seed only, differences between inputs of fixed N2 and removals of seed N were close to zero (-10 to+9 kg N ha-1) with little effect of fertilizer N. The N balances were reduced by an average of 18 kg N ha-1 when straw was included as harvested product. We concluded that N applied to the rice and to the following soybean was inefficiently used by those crops and had only marginal effects of symbiotic activity of the soybean. Furthermore, the benefit of the N2 fixing soybean in this system was to slow the decline of, rather than enhance, the N fertility of the soil
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    Recurrent selection for maturity and percent seed protein in Glycine max based on S0 plant evaluations (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: male-sterility ; maturity ; protein ; recurrent selection ; seed yield ; soybean ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Progress was evaluated after four cycles of recurrent selection among S0 plants of Glycine max (L.) Merr. in which selection was either for maturity (MAT) or seed protein (PRO). The two populations, MAT and PRO, were developed from an initial population that was a combination of a line with 48.4% seed protein and two F2 populations segregating for male sterility. Intermating was facilitated by genetic male-sterility and the selection intensity was 20% in each cycle of the two populations. Selection for early maturity advanced the average maturity a significant 2.7±0.34 days cycle−1 and reduced seed yield a non-significant 9.1±2.95 g plant−1 cycle−1. Selection increased mean seed protein a significant 0.8±0.15 percentage points cycle−1 and decreased percent seed oil a non-significant 0.5±0.17 percentage points cycle−1. Correlation coefficients between seed protein and seed yield varied from 0.18 to −0.21 in the four cycles indicating plants with favorable combinations of seed yield and seed protein could be identified. Selection in these two populations would be effective for early maturity and for increased seed protein.
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    Rhizosphere bacteria antagonistic to soybean cyst (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) nematodes: Identification by fatty acid analysis and frequency of biological control activity (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antagonistic plants ; biological control ; fatty acids ; Heterodera glycines ; Meloidogyne incognita ; rhizobacteria ; rhizosphere ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere bacteria were isolated from roots of young and mature plants with known antagonism to phytopathogenic nematodes, including velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), castor bean (Ricinus communis), sword bean (Cannavalia ensiformis), and Abruzzi rye (Secale cereale). Isolates from antagonistic plants were compared to soybean isolates for the frequency of antagonism to the root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) and soybean cyst (Heterodera schachtii) nematodes in a disease assay with soybean. Bacterial isolates were identified using fatty acid analysis, and isolates which exhibited a significant reduction in incidence of soybean damage from both nematodes were characterized physiologically. The bacterial taxa associated with antagonistic plants were markedly different from soybean bacteria. Isolates from soybean were predominantly Bacillus spp., while those from antagonistic plants included more coryneform and Gram-negative genera. Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas gladioli were predominant among Gram-negative bacteria on antagonistic plants but were not isolated from soybean. Four to six times the number of bacteria from antagonistic plants, compared to soybean, significantly reduced disease incidence of both nematodes. No single pattern of physiological reactions was common among all these bacteria, suggesting that multiple mechanisms accounted for the observed biological control. The results suggest that rhizospheres of antagonistic plants may be useful sources of potential biological control agents for phytopathogenic nematodes.
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    Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biocontrol agent ; Glomus mosseae ; mycorrhiza ; rhizosphere ; soybean ; Streptomyces griseoviridis ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A container system for rapid infection of roots with pathogenic or mycorrhizal fungi was used to test the effect of the two commercial biological control agents, Trichoderma harzianum and Streptomyces griseoviridis, on the formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in soybean. In the presence of these biocontrol agents, mycorrhiza formation with Glomus mosseae was significantly depressed, particularly with S. griseoviridis. Infection by the root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was not altered by these agents. Remarkably, not only R. solani but also T. harzianum induced accumulation of large amounts of the phytoalexin glyceollin in the roots. In contrast, roots inoculated with S. griseoviridis or with the mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae did not accumulate glyceollin.
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    Radiation effect on ascorbic acid and riboflavin biosynthesis in germinating soybean (1992)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 42 (1992), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Radiation ; biosynthesis ; ascorbic acid ; riboflavin ; germination ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of irradiation on biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and riboflavin in germinating soybean seeds in tap and distilled water at ambient (25–35°C) conditions was investigated. Ascorbic acid was not detectable in the original seeds and the initial level of riboflavin was 3.3 μg/g. The rate of synthesis of these vitamins increased with increasing germination time up to 72–96hr followed by a decreasing pattern depending upon the treatment. The effect of irradiation and germination on the synthesis of these vitamins was statistically significant (P〈0.01). Maximum amounts of ascrobic acid 16.2 and 15.0 mg/ 100 g (fresh weight basis) were found in the 0.10 kGy sample after 72 hr of germination in tap and distilled water, respectively. However, a radiation dose of 0.20 kGy resulted in the development of maximum values of riboflavin, 30.0 and 27.0 μg/g (dry weight basis) on germination in tap and distilled water respectively.
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    Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: Important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cassava ; Guelph permeameter ; leaching ; maize ; methylene blue ; rice ; rooting depth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010715
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    Association of isozyme genotypes with agronomic and seed composition traits in soybean (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Glycine soja ; introgression ; isozyme ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two crosses between Glycine max (L.) Merr. and G. soja Sieb. & Zucc. parents were used to study the association between isozyme marker loci and agronomic and seed composition traits in soybean. The parents possessed different alleles at six isozyme loci for Cross 1 (A80-244036 × PI 326581) and at eight isozyme loci for Cross 2 (A81-157007 × PI 342618A). A total of 480 BC2F4:6 lines from the two crosses was evaluated for 13 traits in two environments. Lines were grouped in locus classes from 0 to 5 according to the number of loci homozygous for the G. soja alleles that they possessed. Within each locus class, each isozyme genotype was represented by five random lines. Selection for G. max alleles at the isozyme loci was not effective in recovering the recurrent parent phenotype in either cross. In cross 1, however, BC2F4-derived lines in the 0- or 1- locus class more closely resembled the G. max parent than lines in the 4- or 5- locus classes for most of the agronomic and seed composition traits evaluated. Significant associations were found between particular isozyme genotypes and every trait analyzed. The estimated effect of genes linked to the Pgm1 locus was a delay in maturity of 6.0±3.4 days. In cross 1, the Idh2 locus was associated with a significant effect on linolenic acid content. The percentage of variation accounted for by the models of estimation varied according to the heritability of the trait. The R2 was high (up to 78%) for maturity, lodging, and vining, and low (up to 21%) for seed yield. Most of the variation was associated with the BC2F1 family from which the lines were derived. There was little evidence that digenic epistasis was an important source of variation.
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    Ferric chelate reduction by suspension culture cells and roots of soybean: A kinetic comparison (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 130 (1991), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell culture ; FeHEDTA ; Glycine max ; iron chelate reduction ; iron nutrition ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The abilities of suspension cultures and intact roots of soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Hawkeye) to reduce ferric chelate were compared. Ferric chelate was supplied as ferric hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (FeHEDTA) and reduction was measured spectrophotometrically using bathophenan-throlinedisulfonic acid (BPDS) as the ferrous scavenger. Ferric chelate reduction by cell suspension cultures showed typical saturation kinetics; however, no difference was observed between cells that had been continuously grown with Fe (+Fe) and those that had been grown for four days without added Fe (−Fe). Values for Km and Vmax, determined from a Lineweaver-Burk plot, were 57 μM and nmoles mg-1 dry weight for the +Fe cells and 50 μM and 22 nmoles mg-1 dry weight for the -Fe cells, respectively. Ferric chelate reduction by Fe-deficient roots also exhibited saturation kinetics, while roots grown with adequate Fe did not reduce ferric chelate. The Km and Vmax values for Fe-deficient roots were 45 μM and 20 nmoles mg-1 dry weight, respectively, and did not differ from values obtained for cells in culture. This study offers strong evidence that the mechanism responsible for the reduction of ferric chelate is the same for cultured cells and roots and that the process is controlled at the cellular level. We propose that suspension cultures can be used as an alternative to intact roots in the study of ferric chelate reduction.
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    Soybean genotypic differences in sensitivity of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to soil dehydration (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought stress ; Glycine max ; nitrogen fixation ; osmotic potential ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation activity by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) nodules has been shown to be especially sensitive to soil dehydration. Specifically, nitrogen fixation rates have been found to decrease in response to soil dehydration preceding alterations in plant gas exchange rates. The objective of this research was to investigate possible genetic variation in the sensitivity of soybean cultivars for nitrogen fixation rates in response to soil drying. Field tests showed substantial variation among cultivars with Jackson and CNS showing the least sensitivity in nitrogen accumulation to soil drying. Glasshouse experiments confirmed a large divergence among cultivars in the nitrogen fixation response to drought. Nitrogen fixation in Jackson was again found to be tolerant of soil drying, but the other five cultivars tested, including CNS, were found to be intolerant. Experiments with CNS which induced localized soil drying around the nodules did not result in decreases in nitrogen fixation rates, but rather nitrogen fixation responded to drying of the entire rooting volume. The osmotic potential of nodules was found to decrease markedly upon soil drying. However, the decrease in nodule osmotic potential occurred after significant decreases in nitrogen fixation rates had already been observed. Overall, the results of this study indicate that important genetic variations for sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to soil drying exist in soybean, and that the variation may be useful in physiology and breeding studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011896
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    Competitiveness of indigenous populations of Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 as determined using a root-tip marking procedure in growth pouches (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition ; nodulation ; root exudate ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil Bradyrhizobium populations limit nodule occupancy of soybean by symbiotically-superior inoculant strains throughout much of the American midwest. In this study, the competitiveness of indigenous populations of B. japonicum serocluster 123 from Waukegan and Webster soils was evaluated in growth pouches using a root-tip marking procedure. The native rhizobia were from soils incubated 0–8 h in soybean root exudate (SRE) or plant nutrient solution (PNS) prior to inoculation. Populations of serocluster 123 strains in soil and nodule occupancy by these strains were assessed using fluorescent antibodies prepared against B. japonicum USDA 123. There were no significant differences in populations that came from SRE or PNS incubated soils: both populations increased in number over the incubation period. Nodule occupancy by both populations in growth pouches was similar to that previously encountered in field studies with these two soils. With the Waukegan soil, the serocluster 123 population dominated nodulation forming 69 and 62% of taproot nodules above and below the root tip mark, respectively. However, for the more alkaline Webster soil, serocluster 123 strains were much less competitive, producing only 9 and 13%, respectively, of the nodules formed above and below the root tip mark. In growth pouches, soil populations of bradyrhizobia from the Webster soil produced significantly more nodules than those from the Waukegan soil, but both strains and a pure culture of USDA 110 had a similar distribution of nodules.
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    Inheritance of resistance and genetic relationships among soybean plant introductions to races of soybean cyst nematode (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic resistance ; Glycine max ; soybean ; Heterodera glycines ; soybean cyst nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objectives of this study were to determine if genes for resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in soybean PI 437654 were identical or different from the genes in Peking, and PI 90763. The F2 plants and F3 families were studied from crosses between PI 437654, Peking, and PI 90763. The cross PI 437654 × susceptible Essex was included to determine inheritance of resistance to SCN. For Race 3, PI 437654 was found to have genes in common with Peking and PI 90763. The segregation in PI 437654 × Essex indicated the presence of one dominant and two recessive genes. For Race 5, PI 437654 indicated the presence of similar genes as those in PI 90763 and Peking whereas, PI 437654 × Essex indicated the action of the segregation ratios of two dominant and two recessive genes. For Race 14, the data from the cross PI 437654 × PI 90763 indicated monogenic inheritance with resistance being dominant; whereas PI 437654 × Peking showed a recessive gene controlling resistance. The segregation in PI 437654(R) × Essex(S) suggested one dominant and two recessive genes for Race 14 reaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021239
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    Tolerance to low leaf water potential in soybean genotypes (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; drought tolerance ; chlorophyll fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Photosynthetic activity of water stressed plants could be used to assess drought tolerance in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Changes in Photosystem II (PS II) activity during stress integrates the direct effect on PS II activity, analyzed by chlorophyll fluorescence, and responses to decreased CO2 fixation activity due to stomatal closure and photoprotective energy dissipation within the photochemical apparatus. This study analyzed genotypic variation for drought tolerance at low leaf water potentials. Plants were grown in pots under natural or controlled environmental conditions. A PAM modulation fluorometer was used to measure the effects of dehydration on the activity of the photosystems of detached or attached leaves at 350 μLL-1 ambient CO2. The fluorescence parameters which were examined, were i. the photosystem II efficiency defined by (Fm-Fo)/Fm where Fm is maximum fluorescence with saturating light and Fo the initial fluorescence, ii. the photochemical fluorescence quenching (QP) and iii. the ratio of the fluorescence decrease, 247-1, from the maximum fluorescence Fp to the steady-state fluorescence Ft. As leaf water potential declined, the decrease in these fluorescence parameters differed between ‘Hodgson’ and ‘Kingsoy’ and paralleled the decrease in stomatal conductance. The parameter Rdf, which is associated with photosystem activity and CO2 exchanges, was the most discriminating factor of the ability of genotypes to withstand low leaf water potential. Seven genotypes showed a wide variability in the response of Rfd to leaf dehydration. Effects observed on detached leaves under irradiance during dehydration were representative of the response of the attached leaves of plants undergoing a soil water deficiency. Readily and rapidly measurable fluorescence parameters, such as Rfd obtained with the PAM modulation fluorometer at the steady-state fluorescence, thus appear to be valuable selection criteria for drought tolerance in soybean.
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    Nitrogen transfer from nodulating soybean to maize or to nonnodulating soybean in intercrops: the 15N dilution method (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; intercropping ; maize ; N-depleted soil ; 15N dilution method ; N transfer ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1985, 1986 and 1988, maize (Zea mays L.) was monocropped or intercropped with nodulating or nonnodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In addition, nodulating soybean and nonnodulating soybean were each monocropped and grown as a mixture. In 1985 and 1986, treatments were grown at 0 and 60 kg N ha−1 and in 1988, the treatments were grown without N fertilizer, on N-depeted soil and on non-N-depleted soil. 15N enriched N was applied to soil in all the aforementioned treatments to test for N transfer from nodulating soybean to non-N2-fixing crops by the 15N dilution method. The 15N dilution method did not show the occurrence of N transfer in 1985 and 1986, but the N sparing effect was evident from the total N uptake of nonnodulating soybean, dwarf maize and tall maize, in 1986. In 1988, maize and nonnodulating soybean seed yields and seed N yields were higher on non-N-depleted soil than on N-depleted soil. On N-depleted soil, the 15N dilution method indicated N transfer from nodulating soybean to maize and to nonndulating soybean. At a population ratio of 67% nodulating soybean to 33% nonnodulating soybean, N transfer was also seen on non-N-depleted soil in 1988.
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    Native root-nodule bacteria of traditional soybean-growing areas of northern Thailand (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; effectiveness ; infectiveness ; intrinsic antibiotic resistance ; rhizobium ; serology ; soybean ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Over 1500 root-nodule bacteria were isolated from a range of uninoculated soybeans, and one cowpea, ‘trap-hosts’, sown in 1985 into traditional soybean-growing areas of soybean-growing areas of northern Thailand. Most isolates were slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Using a modified ‘bottle-jar’ technique, 586 of the isolates were tested with a range of soybean hosts and one cowpea host. The results indicated: (a) a very high level of infectiveness, with only one isolate failing to nodulate one host, and 95% forming \s〉20 nodules per plant; (b) a high level of effectiveness of fixation of nitrogen by the local rhizobium populations with soybeans; (c) evidence of selection of effective strains by both soybean and cowpea hosts in the field; These results strongly suggest that there is no need for selection of soybean germplasm for compatibility with the local rhizobium populations. 1500 isolates were examined serologically using antisera to both US and Thai strains. While there was greater compatibility between the local isolates and Thai antisera, there was no obvious geographic relationship within or between isolates at the local or regional level. Inter-site differences were as great as inter-regional differences. Antibiotic resistance patterns, examined on 116 isolates, were useful for separating isolates for effectiveness testing, but the degree of variability was great, and the patterns differed greatly from published data on US collections. The considerable superiority in effectiveness of fixation of this collection, over that of a collection made from comparable trap hosts in Nigeria, and the lack of common serological and antibiotic resistance patterns with strains of US origin, illustrate the uniqueness of this collection, and emphasise the value of intensive study of natural populations.
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    Pedicel abscission and rachis morphology of soybean as influenced by benzylaminopurine and the presence of pods (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 291-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: BAP ; benzyladenine ; rachis ; pedicel ; abscission ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) increases pod set of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. This study was performed to determine the effect of site and method of BAP application on pedicel abscission and the accompanying changes in rachis anatomy. Spraying racemes with BAP in solution, or applying in a lanolin suspension to proximal nodes on a rachis where proximal pedicels had been excised, delayed pedicel abscission at distal nodes. Applying BAP in lanolin to distal pedicels following flower excision failed to delay their abscission. BAP caused rachis swelling only when pods were present, but BAP could delay pedicel abscission either in the presence or absence of pods. These results suggest that rachis swelling following BAP treatment does not have a causal relationship to a delay or decrease of pedicel abscission.
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    Development ofBrachymeria ovata [hymenoptera: chalcididae] in three noctuid hosts reared on artificial diet and insect-resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Brachymeria ovata ; Noctuidae ; soybean ; parasitoid ; plant resistance ; 3-trophic level interaction ; Brachymeria ovata ; Noctuidae ; soja ; parasitoïde ; résistance des plantes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le développement du parasitoïde de chrysalideBrachymeria ovata (Say) a été étudié sur trois hôtes de lépidoptères élevés sur régime artificiel, sur des génotypes de soja sensibles aux insectes et sur des génotypes de soja résistants aux insectes. Les chrysalides de larves dePseudoplusia includens (Walker),Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner etHeliothis zea (Boddie) élevés sur feuilles de soja étaient moins sensibles au développement deB. ovata que celles de ces mêmes espèces élevées en régime artificiel. Une influence défavorable était constatée sur les taux d'émergences, la taille et quelquefois la phase de développement deB. ovata chez les hôtes élevés sur les plantes. La dissection des hôtes 6 jours après le parasitisme parB. ovata montrait qu'une proportion plus élevée des chrysalides issues d'hôtes élevés en régime artificiel contenaient des larves plus grandes de parasitoïdes que les hôtes élevés sur les plantes. Des différences d'adaptation s'observaient également parmi les hôtes élevés sur les différents génotypes de soja, mais ces différences ne donnaient pas des réactions analogues à celles des lépidoptères hôtes aux génotypes de soja.
    Notes: Abstract The development of the pupal parasitoidBrachymeria ovata (Say) was studied in 3 lepidopterous hosts reared on artificial diet and insect-susceptible and insectresistant soybena genotypes.Pseudoplusia includens (Walker),Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner andHeliothis zea (Boddie) pupae from larvae reared on soybean leaves were less suitable forB. ovata development than pupae from larvae reared on artificial diet.B. ovata emergence rates, size and sometimes development period were adversely affected on plant-reared hosts. Dissection of hosts 6 days after parasitisation byB. ovata showed a higher proportion of diet-reared host pupae contained large parasitoid larvae than plant-reared hosts. Suitability differences were also detected among hosts reared on different soybean genotypes but these differences did not parallel closely the response of the lepidopterous hosts to soybean genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374634
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    Selection of healthy and nuclear polyhedrosis virus infectedAnticarsia gemmatalis [Lep.: Noctuidae] as prey by nymphalNabis roseipennis [Hemiptera: Nabidae] in laboratory and on soybean (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Nabis roseipennis ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Baculoviridae ; nuclear polyhedrosis ; soybean ; predation ; biological control ; Nabis roseipennis ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Baculoviridae ; polyédrose nucléaire ; soja ; prédation ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lorsque, en laboratoire et sur le soja, le choix entre des larves saines et des larves infectées par le virus de la polyédrose nucléaire (NPV) a été offert aux nymphes deNabis roseipennis, ces dernières ont démontré une préférence pour les larves infectées. En laboratoire, (boîtes de Pétri), les nymphes de petite (2e et 3e stade larvaire) et de grosse taille (5e et 6e stade) ont attaqué un nombre significativement plus élevé de larves malades que de larves saines à tous les stades de développement larvaire testés (du 1er au 5e) et aux périodes d'exposition (2, 5, et 24 heures), excepté qu'à la période de 2 h, le nombre de 1er et de 3e stade larvaire attaqué par les nymphes de grosse taille n'a pas différé de manière significative (P≤0,05). Dans la pépinière et après une période de 2 jours, la mise en cage desNabis roseipennis avec des plants de soja individuels a entraîné un pourcentage d'attaque par les nymphes de petite et de grosse taille généralement bas, allant de 5,6 à 36,7%. Quant au soja, et comme pour les boîtes de Pétri, les nabids ont montré qu'ils préféraient de manière significative, les larves malades aux larves saines. Ils ont attaqué les malades quel que soit le stade de développement des nabids et des larves, le pourcentage de larves malades attaquées allant alors de 28,0 à 65,4% (P≤0,05). Cette préférence pour les larves malades, aussi bien sur le soja qu'en laboratoire, indique que cette préférence n'est pas due à la proximité de l'hôte et de la proie dans les boîtes de Pétri. La préférence pour les larves malades peut être due à l'affaiblissement du mécanisme de défense qui a lieu pendant les stades avancés de la maladie.
    Notes: Abstract Nabis roseipennis Reuter nymphs demonstrated a preference for nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) — infected over healthyAnticarsia gemmatalis Hübner larvae when offered a choice of larval prey in Petri dishes and on soybean. In Petri dishes, small (second-third instar) and large (fifth-sixth instar) nymphs attacked a significantly greater number of diseased than healthy larvae at all larval instars tested (first-fifth instars) and exposure periods (2, 5 and 24 h), except that at 2 h the number of 1st and 3rd instar larvae attacked by large nymphs did not differ significantly (P≤0.05). Nabis roseipennis caged with larvae on individual soybean plants in the greenhouse resulted in a generally low percentage of attack by small and large nymphs after 2 days, ranging from 5.6 to 36.7%. As in the Petri dishes, the nabids showed a significant preference for diseased larvae over healthy larvae attacked for all nabid and larval sizes on soybean, with the percentage of diseased larvae attacked ranging from 28.0 to 65.4% (P≤0.05). This preference for diseased larvae on soybean as well as in Petri dishes demonstrates that the preference was not due to the close proximity in which the host and prey were found in the Petri dishes. The preference for diseased larvae may be due to a reduction in a defensive response in late stages of disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374562
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    Long-term fertility treatments and molybdenum availability (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1990), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Mo ; interaction ; soybean ; deficiency ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent on-farm liming experiments showed that Mo deficiency in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is widespread in northern Alabama. In contrast, a long-term, fertility-rotation experiment in the same area showed no response to Mo during 33 yr when Mo was added bienially to corn [Zea mays L.] in the rotation; however, soybean foliage had the chlorotic appearance of Mo deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine if Mo deficiency was being missed by comparing only two fertilizer treatments. Each rotation-fertilizer treatment plot was split into two, with one-half receiving MO at a 100 g ha−1 foliar rate after seedling emergence, while the other half received none. Yields were increased by Mo in 13 to 16 fertilizer treatments in 1985 and 15 out of 16 in 1986. Leaf-N concentrations and seed weight had comparable increased amounts by the Mo supplement. Without the Mo supplement, there was a response to lime but not to P, K, or a Mo-containing micronutrient mixture; with the Mo supplement, there was no response to liming, but a definite response to P and K (in addition to Mo). The lack of response to Mo when applied to corn in a 2-yr rotation over 33 yr led to the erroneous conclusion that these soils were not Mo deficient for soybean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01087427
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    Irradiation and germination effects on phytate, protein and amino acids of soybean (1990)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 40 (1990), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: soybean ; irradiation ; germination ; phytate ; protein ; amino acids ; distilled water ; tap water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Influence of irradiation (0.05–0.20 kGy) and germination (24–120 hours) in distilled and tap water on phytate, protein and amino acids of soybean, was studied. Phytate values significantly decreased with increasing germination period and irradiation dose (P〈0.01). Irradiation independently decreased the original phytate (212.0 mg/100 g) to a range value of 205.0–190.0 mg/100 g depending upon dose level. Germination of unirradiated seeds for 120 hours in distilled and tap water lowered the phytate to 55.0 and 94.9 mg/100 g (74.1 and 55.2% reduction) respectively. Maximum destruction of phytate to levels of 20.5 and 50.9 mg/100 g (90.3 and 76.0% reduction) occurred during germination of 0.20 kGy samples for 120 hours in distilled and tap water respectively. Total protein content significantly increased during germination (P〈0.05) and the increase was more in tap than distilled water. Germination for 120 hours of untreated seeds in tap water increased the essential and decreased non-essential amino acids while in the 0.10 kGy sample, increases in both cases were observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01104141
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    Inhibitory effects of acidified soil on the soybean/Bradyrhizobium symbiosis (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminum ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; soybean ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of acidic soil factors (Al, H-ion, Mo, and Mn) upon the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Essex)/Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis were examined in acidified soil. Plants were grown under full sunlight in pots containing N-deficient soil (pH 6.7) or similar soil amended with sufficient Al2(SO4)3 or elemental S to give soil pH values of 4.8 and 4.6, respectively, and water-extractable Al levels of 30 and 14 μM, respectively. Other treatments consisted of the addition of inorganic N or inoculation with commercial or locally-isolated B. japonicum. Acidification did not reduce shoot or root weights of plants receiving inorganic N but reduced (P≤0.05) shoot and root dry weights, nodule dry weights and numbers, shoot N concentrations, and chlorophyll levels of inoculated plants. Shoot dry weights and nodulation of inoculated plants were greater (P≤0.05) in Al2(SO4)3-amended soil than in S-amended soil. Addition of Mo was not beneficial. It was concluded that reduced plant growth was caused by the effects of acidified soil on nodulation and that H-ion toxicity was probably the most limiting factor. Effects of Al, Mn, or Mo appeared less likely.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014432
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    Assessment of potential sources of error in nitrogen fixation measurements by the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution technique (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max. [L.] Merrill ; 15N, non-nodulating soybean ; reference crop ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although the use of 15N fertilizers to measure nitrogen (N2) fixed in crops has increased substantially in recent years, some methodological uncertainties still remain unresolved. The results obtained from a greenhouse study of soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merrill] inoculated by six different methods have been examined for potential errors arising from incorporating 15N labelled fertilizer into soil to estimate N2 fixed in pods or shoots or the whole plant at three growth stages (50% flowering, pod-initiation and physiological maturity) using as reference crops, an uninoculated soybean cultivar and a non-nodulating soybean isoline. At the first harvest when N2 fixed was very low, the estimates of N2 fixed by the two reference crops did not match. At this stage the uninoculated soybean estimated about four times as much N2 fixed in the symbiotic soybean as that measured using the non-nodulating soybean. For the second and third harvests, there were substantial increases in N2 fixed, and both the non-nodulating and uninoculated soybean were equally suitable as reference crops for assessing N2 fixed in the symbiotic soybean. These results indicate how critical and difficult the choice of the reference crop could be at early harvests, or when N2 fixed is low. Even though there were significant differences in 15N enrichments in different organs (generally nodules 〈 pods 〈 roots 〈 shoots), the estimates of N2 fixed in soybean plants obtained by excluding roots and nodules did not differ much from those based on the whole plant. Of the above-ground organs, % N2 fixed in pods (containing seeds) was closest to that of the whole plant (similar at P〈0.05 at physiological maturity). However, the total N2 fixed in pods or shoots was substantially lower than that fixed by the whole plant (P〈0.05), although that for the pods and enclosed seeds once again was closer to N2 fixed in the whole plant than that in the shoots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010748
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    Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in soybean improvement for N2 fixation efficiency (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; N2 fixation ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; host genotype-rhizobial strain interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chlorophyll fluorescence, and more particularly the fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd) which indicates the potential photosynthetic activity of the leaf is highly correlated with the plant nitrogen fixation activity, at stage R2 (onset of flowering), under controlled growth conditions, using nutrient solutions where mineral nitrogen supply is decreasing. The Rfd value affords the analysis of the efficiency of the nitrogen fixation related to the host plant and the rhizobial strain, and the characterization of the best strain-genotype pairs. The rapidity of the measurement together with the availability of portable fluorescence determination systems make possible an application to soybean improvement for increased nitrogen fixation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032149
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    Recurrent selection for yield in Glycine max using genetic male-sterility (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; genetic male-sterility ; recurrent selection ; harvest index ; seed yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recurrent selection, using genetic male sterility to facilitate intermating in Glycine max, was evaluated when selecting among individual space-planted S0 soybean plants for three yield-related traits: 1) seed yield per se (YLD), 2) apparent harvest index (AHI), and 3) a selection index in which seed yield was regressed on maturity (REG). The original intermating population was a combination of the cultivar Century and two F2 populations segregating for male sterility. The selection intensity through three cycles of selection was 20%. The YLD population increased in mean yield by 2.8±2.2 g plant-1 cycle-1 buf shifted significantly toward late maturity by 3.9±0.6 days cycle-1. The AHI population decreased in yield by 4.4±2.6 g cycle-1 while maturity shifted slightly earlier; there was very little change in AHI. The REG population increased in yield by 5.7±2.4 g plant-1 cycle-1 while shifting toward later maturity by only 0.8±0.5 day cycle-1. We concluded that selection among S0 plants in these populations, using the selection index of yield regressed on maturity, was affective in increasing single plant yields without causing a significant shift in maturity. Selecting for yield per se caused an unacceptable shift toward late maturity and selection for AHI was ineffective for increasing yield or AHI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023156
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    The relative roles of N fixation, fertilizer, crop residues and soil in supplying N in multiple cropping systems in a humid, tropical upland cropping system (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: corn ; cowpea ; humid tropics ; multiple cropping ; N fertilizer ; N fixation ; orthoxic ; palehumult ; residues ; soybean ; upland rice ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work provides information relevant to the nitrogen (N) management strategy of multiple cropping in upland systems in the humid tropics of the transmigration areas of Sumatra, Indonesia. The experiment was conducted on a red yellow podzolic (orthoxic palehumult) soil at Kota Bumi in Lampung Province, Indonesia, where the annual rainfall of 2430 mm allows three consecutive crops per year to be grown. Two sequential systems were studied—rice-soybean-cowpea and rice-corn-cowpea. For each crop, crop residues and fertilizer applied to subplots were labelled with 15N so that the crop N uptake for the planted crop and subsequent crops could be partitioned into that derived from N fixation (legume only), fertilizer, crop residues and soil. The experiment was conducted over two years (6 crops). The percentage of soybean and cowpea N derived from N fixation was 33% for soybean and 12–33% for cowpea. Removal of N in seed exceeded the amount derived from fixation. Efficiency of utilization of fertilizer N ranged from 9–18% of that applied for wet season upland rice (900–1300 mm rainfall) to 32–40% for dry season corn (410–840 mm rainfall). Residual fertilizer N recovery by subsequent erops was as high as 14% of that applied to corn and as low as 2% of that applied to rice. Legume residues were an effective source of N to the following crop, particularly cowpea residues applied to rice, where percent recovery was higher than from fertilizer. Cereal residues were of lower value as a source of N. Percent utilization of N in crop residues by the following crop was related to the % N in the residues and the rainfall received by the following crop (R2=0.69, P=0.01).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013099
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    The relative roles of N fixation, fertilizer, crop residues and soil in supplying N in multiple cropping systems in a humid, tropical upland cropping system (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: corn ; cowpea ; humid tropics ; multiple cropping ; N fertilizer ; N fixation ; orthoxic ; palehumult ; residues ; soybean ; upland rice ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work provides information relevant to the nitrogen (N) management strategy of multiple cropping in upland systems in the humid tropics of the transmigration areas of Sumatra, Indonesia. The experiment was conducted on a red yellow podzolic (orthoxic palehumult) soil at Kota Bumi in Lampung Province, Indonesia, where the annual rainfall of 2430 mm allows three consecutive crops per year to be grown. Two sequential systems were studied—rice-soybean-cowpea and rice-corn-cowpea. For each crop, crop residues and fertilizer applied to subplots were labelled with15N so that the crop N uptake for the planted crop and subsequent crops could be partitioned into that derived from N fixation (legume only), fertilizer, crop residues and soil. The experiment was conducted over two years (6 crops). The percentage of soybean and cowpea N derived from N fixation was 33% for soybean and 12–33% for cowpea. Removal of N in seed exceeded the amount derived from fixation. Efficiency of utilization of fertilizer N ranged from 9–18% of that applied for wet season upland rice (900–1300 mm rainfall) to 32–40% for dry season corn (410–840 mm rainfall). Residual fertilizer N recovery by subsequent erops was as high as 14% of that applied to corn and as low as 2% of that applied to rice. Legume residues were an effective source of N to the following crop, particularly cowpea residues applied to rice, where percent recovery was higher than from fertilizer. Cereal residues were of lower value as a source of N. Percent utilization of N in crop residues by the following crop was related to the % N in the residues and the rainfall received by the following crop (R2=0.69,P=0.01).
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    Extent and pattern of early soybean seedling colonization by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani in naturally infested soil (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biocontrol ; colonization ; F.oxysporum ; F. solani ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fusarium oxysporum colonized soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Essex] cotyledons 1 day after planting in a naturally infested soil and was present in 25% of tissue segments after 4 days. Both F. solani and F. oxysporum colonized the lower hypocotyl and emerging roots 2 and 3 days after planting, respectively. After 4 days, both fungi were found colonizing the elongating, upper portion of the hypocotyl, but the root tip remained free of the two fungi. The hypocotyl-root transition zone had the highest frequency of colonization (20–28% of 2 mm tissue segments) by each species at 4 days. F. solani had higher inoculum efficiencies for colonization than F. oxysporum. Tissue pasteurization tests indicated most early colonization is confined to the outer portions of tissues. The relative frequency and pattern of isolation of F. oxysporum and F. solani from lesions paralleled that of early colonization results, but only a small portion of hypocotyl and root colonization sites developed into lesions. These results support the hypothesis that non-pathogenic and pathogenic F. oxysporum and F. solani strains are primary and frequent colonizers of soybean tissues. Non-pathogenic isolates may have potential for biocontrol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009926
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    Carbohydrate status in roots of two soybean cultivars: A possible parameter to explain different efficiencies concerning phosphate uptake (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: phosphate ; root carbohydrate content ; soybean ; uptake efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The carbohydrate levels in the roots of two soybean cultivars (Century, Woodworth) were determined during the early vegetative growth stage. Based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics Century was characterized as being more efficient at phosphate uptake when compared to Woodworth. The experiments were carried out at normal nutrition (+P treatment) as well as under a condition of moderate phosphate stress (−P treatment). The stress situation was created by withdrawal of phosphate from the nutrient solution for five or nine days. Compared to the +P-treatment the deprivation of phosphate led to a reduction of more than 50% in the phosphate content of the plant tissue. The carbohydrates in the roots exhibited differences between both cultivars with Century generally having higher sucrose levels. During the morning the +P treatment of Century exhibited ≈ 10 mg g-1 and in the afternoon ≈ 16 mg g-1 sucrose (plant dry weight basis). This compares to ≈ 8 mg g-1 sucrose (morning) and ≈ 13 mg g-1 sucrose (afternoon) for Woodworth. Phosphate stress increased the levels of hexoses (glucose, fructose) in both varieties significantly. The sucrose levels remained higher for the Century variety even during phosphate stress. We conclude that the shoot of the Century variety supplies its root with an increased amount of energy in form of carbohydrates compared to the Woodworth variety. This may enable the plant to take up phosphate more efficiently. It is also remarkable that the Century variety reduces the pH of the nutrient medium more rapidly. This active proton deposition may create a high membrane potential which is known to be necessary for phosphate uptake.
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    Nutrient culture medium components affecting plant recovery from immature embryos of three Glycine genotypes and an interspecific hybrid grown in vitro (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Glycine tabacina ; Glycine tomentella ; soybean ; interspecific hybrid ; wide hybridization ; embryo culture ; embryo rescue ; culture media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Immature embryos of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Bay’, G. tabacina (Labill.) Benth. and G. tomentella Hayata were cultured on 72 media combinations to identify a nutrient medium which would allow a greater percentage of interspecific plants to be recovered from cultured embryos of G. max × various perennial Glycine species. The highest mean plant recovery rate of 79% was from a medium containing ‘B5’ nutrient salts as reported by Gamborg et al. (1968), vitamin components according to Williams (1978) and 30 g/l sucrose. This is as compared with 25% from a medium used previously. In an additional test, 67% of hybrid embryos of G. max × G. tomentella were recovered from the same medium, from which G. tomentella was most effectively recovered in all testing.
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    Implications of selecting improved strains of soybeans for dry-matter accumulation and grain yield (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; dry-matter accumulation ; grain yield ; harvest index ; maturity groups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three maturity groups of soybeans (Glycine max L.) were used to investigate the relationship between dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and grain yield (GY), and the prospects for selection of high seed yielding strains among the existing soybean cultivars in a tropical environment. The positive and significant association between DMA and GY (r=0.888***) indicated that selection for high DMA could give gains in GY. However, the higher harvest index (HI=37.5%) for the low seed yielding early maturing genotypes than the more vegetatively endowed and higher seed producing late maturity group, is an indication that excessive DMA could be disadvantageous. Total seed yield per land area for the three maturity groups of soybeans showed that the genotypes with high harvest index and low seed yield could be as good as those ones with high seed and dry-matter yields with low harvest index. The high coefficient of variation which ranged between 18.1 and 59.8% and the heritability estimations which also ranged from 34.4 to 82.2% are indicative of the presence of substantial genetic diversity and there are good prospects for the improvement of the crop through selection.
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    Influence of phosphate status on phosphate uptake kinetics of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cmin ; depletion curve ; flowing solution culture ; Glycine max L. ; Imax ; Km ; maize ; phosphate uptake kinetics ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain plants of different P status, maize and soybean seedlings were grown for several weeks in flowing nutrient solution culture with P concentrations ranging from 0.03–100 µmol P L-1 kept constant within treatments. P uptake kinetics of the roots were then determined with intact plants in short-term experiments by monitoring P depletion of a 3.5 L volume of nutrient solution in contact with the roots. Results show maximum influx, Imax, 5-fold higher in plants which had been raised in solution of low compared with high P concentration. Because P concentrations in the plants were increased with increase in external P concentration, Imax was negatively related to % P in shoots. Michaelis constants, Km, were also increased with increased pretreatment P concentration, only slightly with soybean, but by a factor of 3 with maize. The minimum P concentration, Cmin, where net influx equals zero, was found between 0.06 and 0.3 µmol L-1 with a tendency to increase with pretreatment P concentration. Filtration of solutions at the end of the depletion experiment showed that part of the external P was associated with solid particles. It was concluded that plants markedly adapt P uptake kinetics to their P status, essentially by the increase of Imax, when internal P concentration decreases. Changes of Km and Cmin were of minor importance.
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    Critical manganese deficiency level for soybean grown in Ustochrepts (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 25 (1990), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Critical level of Mn ; Mn uptake ; Mn response ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study with 15 soils, having a range in DTPA extractable Mn, was conducted to determine the critical deficiency level of Mn in Ustochrepts for predicting response of soybean to Mn application. Soil application of 10 mg Mn kg−1 soil significantly increased the dry matter yield in deficient soils. Soil Mn was significantly related with Bray's per cent yield (r = 0.72**) and Mn uptake (r = 0.75**). Both graphical and statistical models of Cate and Nelson indicated the critical level to be 3.3 mg kg−1 soil of DTPA extractable Mn. Critical Mn deficiency level in recently matured terminal leaflet blade at V6 growth stage in soybean plant was 22.0µg g−1 dry matter. The predictability of soil and plant critical Mn level was 87 per cent.
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    Excretion of ureide and other nitrogenous compounds by the root system of soybean at different growth stages (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth stage ; N-excretion ; soybean ; ureide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct excretion of nitrogenous compounds into a N-free nutrient solution, which was allowed to drip onto the root system of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr. cv. Kurosengoku) was examined at different growth stages; vegetative, flowering and pod-filling. Considerable amounts of nitrogenous compounds were excreted at all the growth stages, with the highest amount recorded at the pod-filling stage. The root was found to be the major site of N compound excretion and its dry weight was linearly correlated with N amount excreted. Maximum nitrogen excretion rate during vegetative and flowering stages was recorded during the ‘day’, however at the pod-filling stage, the highest was recorded during the ‘night’. Ureide was excreted at all growth stages, but the highest amount was recorded at the pod-filing stage. The root was found to be the active site of ureide excretion. Composition of the total nitrogen examined i. e. ureide, soluble proteins, ammonia and amino acids, was found to be changing during the growth stages, suggesting possible different major pathways of excretion at different plant age. Among the N compounds monitored, were soluble proteins, ammonia and amino acids. Only a few of the several amino acids found in the root tissues were observed in the ‘excreted solution’, notably phosphoserine and phosphoethanolamine, at all the growth stages, whilst γ-amino-butyric-acid and serine were observed in trace amounts during vegetative and flowering stages. Quantitatively the ammonia found in the ‘excreted solution’ was far greater than in the tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011102
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    The influence of soybean planting density on dinitrogen fixation and yield (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; dinitrogen fixation ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; planting density ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the effect of planting density on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield in glasshouse and field experiments. Because net canopy photosynthesis increases with increasing plant density, we hypothesized that increasing planting density would result in increasing rates of dinitrogen fixation in soybeans and higher yields per unit land area. In glasshouse studies, Wayne variety soybeans were planted in 10-cm diameter pots, 1 plant pot-1 in matrices of 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, or 30-cm equidistant intervals. Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculum was added to half of the plants in each treatment. Replicate measurements of total stem height, internode lengths, leaf mass, stem mass, root mass, nodule number, nodule mass, and nitrogenase activity were obtained at 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-emergence. Fruits were harvested and counted at week 14. As planting density increased there were (1) altered morphology and growth rates, (2) increased apparent specific nodule activity (SNA), (3) decreased nodule number and mass, and (4) nearly constant fruit and seed production/plant. Expressed on a unit area basis, nitrogen influx and yield increased geometrically as planting density increased, with maximum values observed for 10-cm plantings. Field studies of Wayne, Stein, Williams, and Gold Harvest soybean varieties were made in 1985. Plots were established containing 100 plants spaced at 10-, 20-, and 30-cm distances. Measurements made during the growing season and at harvest established the same relative trends identified from the glasshouse studies. Increasing plant densities resulted in higher yields per unit land. Varietal differences were almost significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032407
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  • 67
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    Mechanical impedance increases aluminium tolerance of soybean (Glycine max) roots (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium tolerance ; Glycine max L. ; mechanical impedance ; root growth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of aluminium (Al) on root elongation was studied in solution culture and sand culture. Compared to solution culture, in sand culture a ten times higher Al supply was necessary to inhibit root elongation to a comparable degree. This was due to a much lower Al uptake into the 5 mm root tips in sand culture. Fe concentrations in root tips were also lower in sand culture. Ca concentrations were higher and less depressed by Al, whereas Mg and K concentrations were not affected by the culture substrate. Regressions of Al concentrations in root tips versus inhibition of root elongation by Al revealed root damage at lower Al concentrations in sand culture. The effect of culture substrate on Al tolerance was independent of N source and could also be shown in flowing solution culture with and without sand. The results indicate that mechanical impedance in sand culture decreased Al uptake. This may be due to enhanced exudation of organic complexors thus reducing activites of monomeric Al species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009264
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  • 68
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    Effects of aluminium on tap-root elongation of soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and green gram (Vigna radiata) grown in the presence of organic acids (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; cowpea ; fulvic acid ; Glycine max (L.) Merr ; green gram ; malic acid ; momomeric aluminium ; oxalic acid ; soybean ; tap-root elongation ; Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of fulvic, malic, and oxalic acids in alleviating the toxic effects of aluminium (Al) on tap-root elongation of soybean cv. Fitzroy, cowpea cv. Vita 4, and green gram cv. Berken was studied. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four Al concentrations (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 µM as Al(NO3)3·9H2O) and two concentrations either of malic or oxalic acid (0, 50 µM) or fulvic acid (0, 65 mg L-1 of organic carbon). The free monomeric Al in solution was determined using a pyrocatechol violet procedure which distinguishes between monomeric and organically complexed Al. Fulvic acid completely alleviated the toxic effect of Al at all concentrations on soybean and cowpea and at concentrations 〈25 µM on green gram. The non-toxic Al-fulvate complex remained in solution. Both malic and oxalic acid, at the concentrations tested, failed to alleviate Al toxicity on any species; a much higher proportion of the added Al remained in monomeric form in the presence of these acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009265
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