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  • *Biological Evolution  (374)
  • Models, Biological  (272)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (626)
  • Wiley
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • 2005-2009  (626)
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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stanley, George D Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):857-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Montana Paleontology Center, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. george.stanley@umontana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/growth & development/*physiology ; Fossils ; Photosynthesis ; Sunlight ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steneck, Robert S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):480-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME 04573, USA. steneck@maine.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Caribbean Region ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/growth & development/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Seawater ; *Swimming ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: The replication of many viruses is associated with specific intracellular compartments called virus factories or virioplasm. These are thought to provide a physical scaffold to concentrate viral components and thereby increase the efficiency of replication. The formation of virus replication sites often results in rearrangement of cellular membranes and reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Similar rearrangements are seen in cells in response to protein aggregation, where aggresomes and autophagosomes are produced to facilitate protein degradation. Here I review the evidence that some viruses induce aggresomes and autophagosomes to generate sites of replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wileman, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):875-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. t.wileman@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Autophagy ; Cell Membrane Structures/ultrastructure/virology ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure/virology ; Cell Nucleus Structures/ultrastructure/virology ; Cytoplasmic Vesicles/physiology/ultrastructure/*virology ; DNA Viruses/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Phagosomes/physiology/*virology ; Proteins/metabolism ; RNA Viruses/*physiology ; *Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: Dey and Joshi (Reports, 21 April 2006, p. 434) studied replicate laboratory populations of Drosophila and reported that low migration led to asynchrony among subpopulations. We argue that this unexpected outcome may be due to variation in the initial size of the subpopulations and uncontrolled stochasticity in the experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ranta, Esa -- Kaitala, Veijo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):420; author reply 420.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Integrative Ecology Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. esa.ranta@helsinki.fi〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Stochastic Processes
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glenner, Henrik -- Thomsen, Philip Francis -- Hebsgaard, Martin Bay -- Sorensen, Martin Vinther -- Willerslev, Eske -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1883-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ancient Genetics, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@bi.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Crustacea/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Fresh Water ; *Insects/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Seawater ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: Attine ants engage in a quadripartite symbiosis with fungi they cultivate for food, specialized garden parasites, and parasite-inhibiting bacteria. Molecular phylogenetic evidence supports an ancient host-pathogen association between the ant-cultivar mutualism and the garden parasite. Here we show that ants rear the antibiotic-producing bacteria in elaborate cuticular crypts, supported by unique exocrine glands, and that these structures have been highly modified across the ants' evolutionary history. This specialized structural evolution, together with the absence of these bacteria and modifications in other ant genera that do not grow fungus, indicate that the bacteria have an ancient and coevolved association with the ants, their fungal cultivar, and the garden parasite.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Currie, Cameron R -- Poulsen, Michael -- Mendenhall, John -- Boomsma, Jacobus J -- Billen, Johan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):81-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. currie@bact.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actinomycetales/growth & development/*physiology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis ; Antibiosis ; Ants/*anatomy & histology/*microbiology/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Biological Evolution ; Exocrine Glands/anatomy & histology/microbiology ; Female ; Fungi/*growth & development ; Hypocreales/*growth & development ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redecker, Dirk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):53-4; author reply 53-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fungi/classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Humans behave altruistically in natural settings and experiments. A possible explanation-that groups with more altruists survive when groups compete-has long been judged untenable on empirical grounds for most species. But there have been no empirical tests of this explanation for humans. My empirical estimates show that genetic differences between early human groups are likely to have been great enough so that lethal intergroup competition could account for the evolution of altruism. Crucial to this process were distinctive human practices such as sharing food beyond the immediate family, monogamy, and other forms of reproductive leveling. These culturally transmitted practices presuppose advanced cognitive and linguistic capacities, possibly accounting for the distinctive forms of altruism found in our species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowles, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1569-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA, and Universita di Siena, 17 Piazza San Francesco, Siena, Italy. bowles@santafe.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Competitive Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Violence ; Warfare
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: Given the considerable challenges to the rapid development of an effective vaccine against influenza, antiviral agents will play an important role as a first-line defense if a new pandemic occurs. The large-scale use of drugs for chemoprophylaxis and treatment will impose strong selection for the evolution of drug-resistant strains. The ensuing transmission of those strains could substantially limit the effectiveness of the drugs as a first-line defense. Summarizing recent data on the rate at which the treatment of influenza infection generates resistance de novo and on the transmission fitness of resistant virus, we discuss possible implications for the epidemiological spread of drug resistance in the context of an established population dynamic model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Regoes, Roland R -- Bonhoeffer, Sebastian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):389-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum CHN K12.1, Universitatsstrasse 16, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetamides/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Amantadine/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Computer Simulation ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Orthomyxoviridae/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; Oseltamivir ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brasaemle, Dawn L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1581-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. brasaemle@aesop.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Caveolae/metabolism ; Caveolin 1/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Glucose/administration & dosage ; Hepatocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; *Lipid Metabolism ; *Liver Regeneration ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Triglycerides/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Development of the animal body plan is controlled by large gene regulatory networks (GRNs), and hence evolution of body plans must depend upon change in the architecture of developmental GRNs. However, these networks are composed of diverse components that evolve at different rates and in different ways. Because of the hierarchical organization of developmental GRNs, some kinds of change affect terminal properties of the body plan such as occur in speciation, whereas others affect major aspects of body plan morphology. A notable feature of the paleontological record of animal evolution is the establishment by the Early "Cambrian of virtually all phylum-level body plans. We identify a class of GRN component, the kernels" of the network, which, because of their developmental role and their particular internal structure, are most impervious to change. Conservation of phyletic body plans may have been due to the retention since pre-Cambrian time of GRN kernels, which underlie development of major body parts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davidson, Eric H -- Erwin, Douglas H -- HD37105/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):796-800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. davidson@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Patterning/*genetics ; Embryonic Development ; Fossils ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Regulator ; Genetic Speciation ; Morphogenesis/*genetics ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, David L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):997-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: Long-distance dispersal (LDD) of plants poses challenges to research because it involves rare events driven by complex and highly stochastic processes. The current surge of renewed interest in LDD, motivated by growing recognition of its critical importance for natural populations and communities and for humanity, promises an improved, quantitatively derived understanding of LDD. To gain deep insights into the patterns, mechanisms, causes, and consequences of LDD, we must look beyond the standard dispersal vectors and the mean trend of the distribution of dispersal distances. "Nonstandard" mechanisms such as extreme climatic events and generalized LDD vectors seem to hold the greatest explanatory power for the drastic deviations from the mean trend, deviations that make the nearly impossible LDD a reality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nathan, Ran -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):786-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel. rnathan@cc.huji.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; *Seeds ; Selection, Genetic ; Stochastic Processes ; Water Movements ; *Weather ; Wind
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: During development, cells monitor and adjust their rates of accumulation to produce organs of predetermined size. We show here that central nervous system-specific deletion of the essential adherens junction gene, alphaE-catenin, causes abnormal activation of the hedgehog pathway, resulting in shortening of the cell cycle, decreased apoptosis, and cortical hyperplasia. We propose that alphaE-catenin connects cell-density-dependent adherens junctions with the developmental hedgehog pathway and that this connection may provide a negative feedback loop controlling the size of developing cerebral cortex.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556178/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556178/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lien, Wen-Hui -- Klezovitch, Olga -- Fernandez, Tania E -- Delrow, Jeff -- Vasioukhin, Valeri -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823-128171/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1609-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543460" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adherens Junctions/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Count ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Polarity ; Central Nervous System/embryology ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*embryology/pathology/physiology ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Hyperplasia ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology/ultrastructure ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; alpha Catenin/genetics/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neels, Jaap G -- Olefsky, Jerrold M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1756-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0673, USA. jolefsky@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Adipocytes/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Fasting ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Insulin/physiology ; Insulin Resistance ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipogenesis ; Liver/metabolism ; Malonyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Obesity/therapy ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*metabolism
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2006-08-19
    Description: Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are built on a 9 + 2 array of microtubules plus 〉250 accessory proteins, forming a biological machine called the axoneme. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of rapidly frozen axonemes from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm, using cryoelectron tomography and image processing to focus on the motor enzyme dynein. Our images suggest a model for the way dynein generates force to slide microtubules. They also reveal two dynein linkers that may provide "hard-wiring" to coordinate motor enzyme action, both circumferentially and along the axoneme. Periodic densities were also observed inside doublet microtubules; these may contribute to doublet stability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nicastro, Daniela -- Schwartz, Cindi -- Pierson, Jason -- Gaudette, Richard -- Porter, Mary E -- McIntosh, J Richard -- 2R37-GM55667/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR 000592/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 18;313(5789):944-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for 3D Electron Microscopy of Cells, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, CB 347, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA. nicastro@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Dyneins/*chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Flagella/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Freezing ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; Microtubules/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sea Urchins ; Sperm Tail/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Tomography
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: Very few experimental studies have examined how migration rate affects metapopulation dynamics and stability. We studied the dynamics of replicate laboratory metapopulations of Drosophila under different migration rates. Low migration stabilized metapopulation dynamics, while promoting unstable subpopulation dynamics, by inducing asynchrony among neighboring subpopulations. High migration synchronized subpopulation dynamics, thereby destabilizing the metapopulations. Contrary to some theoretical predictions, increased migration did not affect average population size. Simulations based on a simple non-species-specific population growth model captured most features of the data, which suggests that our results are generalizable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dey, Sutirth -- Joshi, Amitabh -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):434-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Evolutionary & Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560 064, India.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: Sibly et al. (Reports, 22 July 2005, p. 607) recently estimated the relationship between population size and growth rate for 1780 time series of various species. I explain why some aspects of their analysis are questionable and, therefore, why their results and estimation procedure should be used with care.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ross, Joshua V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1100; author reply 1100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Mathematics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. jvr@maths.uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Insects ; Logistic Models ; *Mammals ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Regression Analysis
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Linden, Joel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1689-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. jlinden@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Apyrase/pharmacology ; *Autocrine Communication ; Blood Platelets/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine ; Neutrophils/drug effects/*metabolism/physiology ; Receptor, Adenosine A3/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2 ; Respiratory Burst/drug effects ; Signal Transduction
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rokas, Antonis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1897-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Microbial Genome Analysis and Annotation, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. arokas@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; Genome ; *Genomics ; *Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: For microbial pathogens, phylogeographic differentiation seems to be relatively common. However, the neutral population structure of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi reflects the continued existence of ubiquitous haplotypes over millennia. In contrast, clinical use of fluoroquinolones has yielded at least 15 independent gyrA mutations within a decade and stimulated clonal expansion of haplotype H58 in Asia and Africa. Yet, antibiotic-sensitive strains and haplotypes other than H58 still persist despite selection for antibiotic resistance. Neutral evolution in Typhi appears to reflect the asymptomatic carrier state, and adaptive evolution depends on the rapid transmission of phenotypic changes through acute infections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652035/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652035/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roumagnac, Philippe -- Weill, Francois-Xavier -- Dolecek, Christiane -- Baker, Stephen -- Brisse, Sylvain -- Chinh, Nguyen Tran -- Le, Thi Anh Hong -- Acosta, Camilo J -- Farrar, Jeremy -- Dougan, Gordon -- Achtman, Mark -- 076962/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1301-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Infektionsbiologie, Department of Molecular Biology, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Africa ; Alleles ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Asia ; *Biological Evolution ; Carrier State/*microbiology ; DNA Gyrase/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Salmonella typhi/drug effects/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Typhoid Fever/drug therapy/*microbiology
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Mounting evidence has revealed pathological interactions between HIV and malaria in dually infected patients, but the public health implications of the interplay have remained unclear. A transient almost one-log elevation in HIV viral load occurs during febrile malaria episodes; in addition, susceptibility to malaria is enhanced in HIV-infected patients. A mathematical model applied to a setting in Kenya with an adult population of roughly 200,000 estimated that, since 1980, the disease interaction may have been responsible for 8,500 excess HIV infections and 980,000 excess malaria episodes. Co-infection might also have facilitated the geographic expansion of malaria in areas where HIV prevalence is high. Hence, transient and repeated increases in HIV viral load resulting from recurrent co-infection with malaria may be an important factor in promoting the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abu-Raddad, Laith J -- Patnaik, Padmaja -- Kublin, James G -- P30 AI 27757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1603-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. laith@scharp.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Disease Susceptibility ; Endemic Diseases ; Female ; HIV Infections/*complications/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; HIV-1/physiology ; Humans ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Sexual Behavior ; Viral Load ; Viremia ; Virus Replication
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: Our knowledge of Neanderthals is based on a limited number of remains and artifacts from which we must make inferences about their biology, behavior, and relationship to ourselves. Here, we describe the characterization of these extinct hominids from a new perspective, based on the development of a Neanderthal metagenomic library and its high-throughput sequencing and analysis. Several lines of evidence indicate that the 65,250 base pairs of hominid sequence so far identified in the library are of Neanderthal origin, the strongest being the ascertainment of sequence identities between Neanderthal and chimpanzee at sites where the human genomic sequence is different. These results enabled us to calculate the human-Neanderthal divergence time based on multiple randomly distributed autosomal loci. Our analyses suggest that on average the Neanderthal genomic sequence we obtained and the reference human genome sequence share a most recent common ancestor approximately 706,000 years ago, and that the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations split approximately 370,000 years ago, before the emergence of anatomically modern humans. Our finding that the Neanderthal and human genomes are at least 99.5% identical led us to develop and successfully implement a targeted method for recovering specific ancient DNA sequences from metagenomic libraries. This initial analysis of the Neanderthal genome advances our understanding of the evolutionary relationship of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis and signifies the dawn of Neanderthal genomics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Noonan, James P -- Coop, Graham -- Kudaravalli, Sridhar -- Smith, Doug -- Krause, Johannes -- Alessi, Joe -- Chen, Feng -- Platt, Darren -- Paabo, Svante -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- Rubin, Edward M -- 1-F32-GM074367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL066681/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772-1/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1113-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Nucleus ; DNA/*genetics/isolation & purification ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; *Fossils ; Gene Pool ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomic Library ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Time
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: A biosynthetic approach was developed to control and probe cooperativity in multiunit biomotor assemblies by linking molecular motors to artificial protein scaffolds. This approach provides precise control over spatial and elastic coupling between motors. Cooperative interactions between monomeric kinesin-1 motors attached to protein scaffolds enhance hydrolysis activity and microtubule gliding velocity. However, these interactions are not influenced by changes in the elastic properties of the scaffold, distinguishing multimotor transport from that powered by unorganized monomeric motors. These results highlight the role of supramolecular architecture in determining mechanisms of collective transport.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diehl, Michael R -- Zhang, Kechun -- Lee, Heun Jin -- Tirrell, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. diehl@rice.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Elasticity ; Elastin/chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Kinesin/chemistry ; Microtubules/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: Bacteria use diverse small molecules for extra- and intracellular signaling. They scan small-molecule mixtures to access information about both their extracellular environment and their intracellular physiological status, and based on this information, they continuously interpret their circumstances and react rapidly to changes. Bacteria must integrate extra- and intracellular signaling information to mount appropriate responses to changes in their environment. We review recent research into two fundamental bacterial small-molecule signaling pathways: extracellular quorum-sensing signaling and intracellular cyclic dinucleotide signaling. We suggest how these two pathways may converge to control complex processes including multicellularity, biofilm formation, and virulence. We also outline new questions that have arisen from recent studies in these fields.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776824/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776824/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Camilli, Andrew -- Bassler, Bonnie L -- R01 AI045746/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI045746-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1113-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111-1817, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Cyclic GMP/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Homoserine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Lactones/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Oligopeptides/metabolism ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism ; Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/metabolism ; Purine Nucleotides/metabolism ; Quinolones/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; *Signal Transduction ; Virulence/genetics
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: The most obvious key synapomorphy of the therian mammals is the tribosphenic pattern of their molars. Tribosphenic teeth are capable of both shearing and grinding, which substantially increase effectiveness of food processing and, in turn, permit evolution of a wide range of dietary specializations. Functional tribospheny developed repeatedly during mammalian evolution but was successful only in the Boreosphenida. The earliest stage in the development of boreosphenidan tribospheny has remained poorly understood, being documented only by lower molars of aegialodontids. Here, we report a known upper molar of an aegialodontid mammal, Kielantherium, from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lopatin, Alexey V -- Averianov, Alexander O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1092.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsojuznaya ul. 123, Moscow 117997, Russia. alopat@paleo.ru〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931755" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Dentition ; History, Ancient ; *Mammals/anatomy & histology ; Molar/*anatomy & histology ; Mongolia ; Paleodontology
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279745/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279745/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nowak, Martin A -- 1R01GM078986-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078986/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078986-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. martin_nowak@harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Community Networks ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Family ; Game Theory ; Helping Behavior ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: Rapid evolution of asexual populations, such as that of cancer cells or of microorganisms developing drug resistance, can include the simultaneous spread of distinct beneficial mutations. We demonstrate that evolution in such cases is driven by the fitness effects and appearance times of only a small minority of favorable mutations. The complexity of the mutation-selection process is thereby greatly reduced, and much of the evolutionary dynamics can be encapsulated in two parameters-an effective selection coefficient and effective rate of beneficial mutations. We confirm this theoretical finding and estimate the effective parameters for evolving populations of fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli. The effective parameters constitute a simple description and provide a natural standard for comparing adaptation between species and across environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hegreness, Matthew -- Shoresh, Noam -- Hartl, Daniel -- Kishony, Roy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1615-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bauer Center for Genomics Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/*physiology ; Genetics, Population ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/analysis/genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/analysis/genetics ; Mathematics ; Models, Genetic ; *Mutation
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: Vandermeer and Perfecto (Reports, 17 February 2006, p. 1000) reported a general power law pattern in the distribution of a common agricultural pest. However, there is an exact analytical solution for the expected cluster distribution under the proposed null model of density-independent growth in a patchy landscape. Reanalysis of the data shows that the system is not in a critical state but confirms the importance of a mutualism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alonso, David -- Pascual, Mercedes -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1739; author reply 1739.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA. dalonso@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Coffea ; *Ecosystem ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; Probability ; *Symbiosis
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Charles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):66-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. cmarshal@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bivalvia/anatomy & histology/classification ; *Fossils ; Geography ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; *Tropical Climate
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szathmary, Eors -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):306-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biology, Eotvos University Budapest, and Collegium Budapest (Institute for Advanced Study), 2 Szentharomsag utca, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. szathmary@colbud.hu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computational Biology ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Exobiology ; Humans ; Language ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Biology ; Origin of Life ; *Research ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484458" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; *Paleontology ; Regression Analysis ; Time
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: The evolution of new combinations of bacterial properties contributes to biodiversity and the emergence of new diseases. We investigated the capacity for bacterial divergence with a chemostat culture of Escherichia coli. A clonal population radiated into more than five phenotypic clusters within 26 days, with multiple variations in global regulation, metabolic strategies, surface properties, and nutrient permeability pathways. Most isolates belonged to a single ecotype, and neither periodic selection events nor ecological competition for a single niche prevented an adaptive radiation with a single resource. The multidirectional exploration of fitness space is an underestimated ingredient to bacterial success even in unstructured environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maharjan, Ram -- Seeto, Shona -- Notley-McRobb, Lucinda -- Ferenci, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):514-7. Epub 2006 Jul 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Culture Media ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Escherichia coli/classification/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Glucose/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Surface Properties
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Irene A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1558-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ichen@post.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Awards and Prizes ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cells ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lipid Bilayers ; *Liposomes/chemistry ; Models, Biological ; *Origin of Life ; Osmotic Pressure ; *Rna ; RNA, Catalytic
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  • 35
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: The origin and possible antiquity of faunas at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and seeps have been debated since their discovery. We used the fossil record of seep mollusks to show that the living seep genera have significantly longer geologic ranges than the marine mollusks in general, but have ranges similar to those of deep-sea taxa, suggesting that seep faunas may be shaped by the factors that drive the evolution of life in the deep sea in general. Our data indicate that deep-sea anoxic/dysoxic events did not affect seep faunas, casting doubt on the suggested anoxic nature and/or global extent of these events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kiel, Steffen -- Little, Crispin T S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1429-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. steffen.kiel@gmx.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bivalvia/classification/physiology ; Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Gastropoda/classification/physiology ; *Mollusca/classification/physiology ; Polyplacophora/classification/physiology ; *Seawater ; Symbiosis
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: Nee et al. (Reports, 19 August 2005, p. 1236) used a null model to argue that life history invariants are illusions. We show that their results are largely inconsequential for life history theory because the authors confound two definitions of invariance, and rigorous analysis of their null model demonstrates that it does not match observed data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Savage, Van M -- White, Ethan P -- Moses, Melanie E -- Ernest, S K Morgan -- Enquist, Brian J -- Charnov, Eric L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):198; author reply 198.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bauer Center for Genomics Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. vsavage@cgr.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; *Body Weight ; Clutch Size ; *Growth ; Longevity ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Regression Analysis ; *Reproduction ; Sexual Maturation
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Organ Size ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉King, Anthony W -- Gunderson, Carla A -- Post, Wilfred M -- Weston, David J -- Wullschleger, Stan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):536-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. kingaw@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acclimatization ; Atmosphere ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; *Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1292.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biology/*education/legislation & jurisprudence ; Georgia ; Religion and Science ; Teaching/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Textbooks as Topic
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: Draft genome sequences have been determined for the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae and the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Oomycetes such as these Phytophthora species share the kingdom Stramenopila with photosynthetic algae such as diatoms, and the presence of many Phytophthora genes of probable phototroph origin supports a photosynthetic ancestry for the stramenopiles. Comparison of the two species' genomes reveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many protein families associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and, in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarity to known oomycete avirulence genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tyler, Brett M -- Tripathy, Sucheta -- Zhang, Xuemin -- Dehal, Paramvir -- Jiang, Rays H Y -- Aerts, Andrea -- Arredondo, Felipe D -- Baxter, Laura -- Bensasson, Douda -- Beynon, Jim L -- Chapman, Jarrod -- Damasceno, Cynthia M B -- Dorrance, Anne E -- Dou, Daolong -- Dickerman, Allan W -- Dubchak, Inna L -- Garbelotto, Matteo -- Gijzen, Mark -- Gordon, Stuart G -- Govers, Francine -- Grunwald, Niklaus J -- Huang, Wayne -- Ivors, Kelly L -- Jones, Richard W -- Kamoun, Sophien -- Krampis, Konstantinos -- Lamour, Kurt H -- Lee, Mi-Kyung -- McDonald, W Hayes -- Medina, Monica -- Meijer, Harold J G -- Nordberg, Eric K -- Maclean, Donald J -- Ospina-Giraldo, Manuel D -- Morris, Paul F -- Phuntumart, Vipaporn -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Rash, Sam -- Rose, Jocelyn K C -- Sakihama, Yasuko -- Salamov, Asaf A -- Savidor, Alon -- Scheuring, Chantel F -- Smith, Brian M -- Sobral, Bruno W S -- Terry, Astrid -- Torto-Alalibo, Trudy A -- Win, Joe -- Xu, Zhanyou -- Zhang, Hongbin -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- Boore, Jeffrey L -- BB/C509123/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1261-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. bmtyler@vt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Algal/*genetics ; Genes ; *Genome ; Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Phytophthora/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; Toxins, Biological/genetics
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1083.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; *Curriculum ; Ohio ; Religion and Science
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: Latimer et al. (Reports, 9 September 2005, p. 1722) used an approximate likelihood function to estimate parameters of Hubbell's neutral model of biodiversity. Reanalysis with the exact likelihood not only yields different estimates but also shows that two similar likelihood maxima for very different parameter combinations can occur. This reveals a limitation of using species abundance data to gain insight into speciation and dispersal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etienne, Rampal S -- Latimer, Andrew M -- Silander, John A Jr -- Cowling, Richard M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands. r.s.etienne@rug.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; *Plants/classification/genetics ; South Africa
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  • 43
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):769-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Culture ; Curriculum ; Earth (Planet) ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Humans ; *Religion and Science ; *Students ; Teaching ; United States ; *Universities
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1871-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology ; China ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics ; *Cognition ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Intelligence/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; United States
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1071.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Human ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Paleontology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior ; tau Proteins/genetics
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):779-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecology ; Flight, Animal ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Movement ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Wind
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  • 47
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Falkowski, Paul G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1724-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. falko@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; Electron Transport ; Electrons ; Energy Metabolism ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic ; Water/metabolism
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bartek, Jiri -- Lukas, Jiri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):261-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. jb@cancer.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; BRCA2 Protein/metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transcription, Genetic ; cdc25 Phosphatases/metabolism
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2007-03-17
    Description: Population dynamics and evolutionary change are linked by the fundamental biological processes of birth and death. This means that population growth may correlate with the strength of selection, whereas evolutionary change can leave an ecological signature. We decompose population growth in an age-structured population into contributions from variation in a quantitative trait. We report that the distribution of body sizes within a population of Soay sheep can markedly influence population dynamics, accounting for up to one-fifth of observed population growth. Our results suggest that there is substantial opportunity for evolutionary dynamics to leave an ecological signature and visa versa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelletier, Fanie -- Clutton-Brock, Tim -- Pemberton, Josephine -- Tuljapurkar, Shripad -- Coulson, Tim -- P01 AG 22500/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG022500/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG022500-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 16;315(5818):1571-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birth Weight ; Body Size/genetics ; Body Weight/genetics ; Ecology ; Environment ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Hindlimb/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Mathematics ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Scotland ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sheep/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development ; Weather
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1068-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Nucleus ; DNA/genetics/history/*isolation & purification ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Equipment Contamination ; *Fossils ; Genome, Human ; Genomics/methods ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2007-04-07
    Description: Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-mediated protein recruitment to cellular membranes is of paramount importance for signal transduction. The recruitment of many PH domains is controlled through production and turnover of their membrane ligand, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). We show that phosphorylation of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) into inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4) establishes another mode of PH domain regulation through a soluble ligand. At physiological concentrations, IP4 promoted PH domain binding to PIP3. In primary mouse CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, this was required for full activation of the protein tyrosine kinase Itk after T cell receptor engagement. Our data suggest that IP4 establishes a feedback loop of phospholipase C-gamma1 activation through Itk that is essential for T cell development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Yina H -- Grasis, Juris A -- Miller, Andrew T -- Xu, Ruo -- Soonthornvacharin, Stephen -- Andreotti, Amy H -- Tsoukas, Constantine D -- Cooke, Michael P -- Sauer, Karsten -- AR048848/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):886-9. Epub 2007 Apr 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; *Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Diglycerides/metabolism ; Feedback, Physiological ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Lymphopoiesis ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Biological ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Phospholipase C gamma/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction ; Solubility ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):244-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Brain/physiology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cognition ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/*analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Organ Size ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Membranes/*chemistry/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology/physiology
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: Beetles represent almost one-fourth of all described species, and knowledge about their relationships and evolution adds to our understanding of biodiversity. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coleoptera inferred from three genes and nearly 1900 species, representing more than 80% of the world's recognized beetle families. We defined basal relationships in the Polyphaga supergroup, which contains over 300,000 species, and established five families as the earliest branching lineages. By dating the phylogeny, we found that the success of beetles is explained neither by exceptional net diversification rates nor by a predominant role of herbivory and the Cretaceous rise of angiosperms. Instead, the pre-Cretaceous origin of more than 100 present-day lineages suggests that beetle species richness is due to high survival of lineages and sustained diversification in a variety of niches.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hunt, Toby -- Bergsten, Johannes -- Levkanicova, Zuzana -- Papadopoulou, Anna -- John, Oliver St -- Wild, Ruth -- Hammond, Peter M -- Ahrens, Dirk -- Balke, Michael -- Caterino, Michael S -- Gomez-Zurita, Jesus -- Ribera, Ignacio -- Barraclough, Timothy G -- Bocakova, Milada -- Bocak, Ladislav -- Vogler, Alfried P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1913-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Animals ; Beetles/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Feeding Behavior ; Fossils ; Genes, Insect ; Gymnosperms ; *Phylogeny
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1908-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Brain/anatomy & histology/embryology/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/embryology/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Microcephaly/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Primates/*genetics ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; RNA/genetics/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 55
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-08-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCormick, Sheila -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 3;317(5838):606-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service-UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA. sheilamc@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/enzymology/genetics/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Flowers/cytology/enzymology/*physiology ; Genes, Plant ; Ligands ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Phosphotransferases/*genetics/*metabolism ; Pollen Tube/growth & development/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Signal Transduction ; Species Specificity
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  • 56
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Crustacea/physiology ; Female ; Fundulidae/*genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Hermaphroditic Organisms ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
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  • 57
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615309" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genes ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Introns ; Sea Anemones/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-08-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barash, David P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 3;317(5838):596-7; author reply 596-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Group Processes ; Humans ; *Morals ; *Psychology, Social
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  • 59
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Competitive Behavior ; Diet ; Disasters ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Feeding Behavior ; *Finches/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Food ; Population Dynamics ; *Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1737.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cognition ; Comprehension ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cues ; Dogs/*psychology ; *Intelligence ; *Social Behavior
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: Ediacaran assemblages immediately predate the Cambrian explosion of metazoans and should have played a crucial role in this radiation. Their wider relationships, however, have remained refractory and difficult to integrate with early metazoan phylogeny. Here, we describe a frondlike fossil, Stromatoveris (S. psygmoglena sp. nov.), from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte (Yunnan, China) that is strikingly similar to Ediacaran vendobionts. The exquisite preservation reveals closely spaced branches, probably ciliated, that appear to represent precursors of the diagnostic comb rows of ctenophores. Therefore, this finding has important implications for the early evolution of this phylum and related diploblasts, some of which independently evolved a frondose habit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shu, D-G -- Morris, S Conway -- Han, J -- Li, Y -- Zhang, X-L -- Hua, H -- Zhang, Z-F -- Liu, J-N -- Guo, J-F -- Yao, Y -- Yasui, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):731-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Early Life Institute and Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China. elidgshu@nwu.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; China ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Invertebrates/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; Phylogeny
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: Organisms ranging from bacteria to humans synchronize their internal clocks to daily cycles of light and dark. Photic entrainment of the Drosophila clock is mediated by proteasomal degradation of the clock protein TIMELESS (TIM). We have identified mutations in jetlag-a gene coding for an F-box protein with leucine-rich repeats-that result in reduced light sensitivity of the circadian clock. Mutant flies show rhythmic behavior in constant light, reduced phase shifts in response to light pulses, and reduced light-dependent degradation of TIM. Expression of JET along with the circadian photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY) in cultured S2R cells confers light-dependent degradation onto TIM, thereby reconstituting the acute response + of the circadian clock to light in a cell culture system. Our results suggest that JET is essential for resetting the clock by transmitting light signals from CRY to TIM.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2767177/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2767177/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koh, Kyunghee -- Zheng, Xiangzhong -- Sehgal, Amita -- NS048471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048471-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1809-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cryptochromes ; Drosophila/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Eye Proteins/metabolism ; F-Box Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Light ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Transgenes ; Ubiquitin/metabolism
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  • 63
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):686-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Flow ; Geography ; Plants
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  • 64
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-10-27
    Description: Altruism-benefiting fellow group members at a cost to oneself-and parochialism-hostility toward individuals not of one's own ethnic, racial, or other group-are common human behaviors. The intersection of the two-which we term "parochial altruism"-is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because altruistic or parochial behavior reduces one's payoffs by comparison to what one would gain by eschewing these behaviors. But parochial altruism could have evolved if parochialism promoted intergroup hostilities and the combination of altruism and parochialism contributed to success in these conflicts. Our game-theoretic analysis and agent-based simulations show that under conditions likely to have been experienced by late Pleistocene and early Holocene humans, neither parochialism nor altruism would have been viable singly, but by promoting group conflict, they could have evolved jointly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choi, Jung-Kyoo -- Bowles, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):636-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Economics and Trade, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; *Altruism ; *Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Game Theory ; *Hostility ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Reproduction ; *Social Behavior ; *Warfare
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: Understanding the relationship between diversity and stability requires a knowledge of how species interact with each other and how each is affected by the environment. The relationship is also complex, because the concept of stability is multifaceted; different types of stability describing different properties of ecosystems lead to multiple diversity-stability relationships. A growing number of empirical studies demonstrate positive diversity-stability relationships. These studies, however, have emphasized only a few types of stability, and they rarely uncover the mechanisms responsible for stability. Because anthropogenic changes often affect stability and diversity simultaneously, diversity-stability relationships cannot be understood outside the context of the environmental drivers affecting both. This shifts attention away from diversity-stability relationships toward the multiple factors, including diversity, that dictate the stability of ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ives, Anthony R -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):58-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. arives@wisc.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Extinction, Biological ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1352-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Extremities/innervation/physiology ; Mesencephalon/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Neurological ; Muscle Contraction ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; *Robotics ; Salamandra/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Spinal Cord/*physiology ; Swimming ; *Walking
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  • 67
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-07-28
    Description: Morphological variation within species is a raw material subject to natural selection. However, temporal change in morphological diversity has usually been studied in terms of variation among rather than within species. The distribution of polymorphic traits in cladistic character-taxon matrices reveals that the frequency and extent of morphological variation in 982 trilobite species are greatest early in the evolution of the group: Stratigraphically old and/or phylogenetically basal taxa are significantly more variable than younger and/or more derived taxa. Through its influence on evolutionary tempo, high intraspecific variation may have played a major role in the pronounced Cambrian diversification of trilobites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Mark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 27;317(5837):499-502.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. mwebster@geosci.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/*anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Paleontology ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Time
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Behe, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):196; author reply 196.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimalarials/pharmacology ; *Biological Evolution ; Drug Resistance/*genetics ; *Mutation ; Plasmodium/drug effects/genetics ; Pyrimethamine/pharmacology ; *Selection, Genetic ; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/genetics/metabolism
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2007-11-17
    Description: In the time between speciation and extinction, a species' ecological and biogeographic footprint-its occupancy-will vary in response to macroecological drivers and historical contingencies. Despite their importance for understanding macroecological processes, general patterns of long-term species occupancy remain largely unknown. We documented the occupancy histories of Cenozoic marine mollusks from New Zealand. For both genera and species, these show a distinct pattern of increase to relatively short-lived peak occupancy at mid-duration, followed by a decline toward extinction. Thus, species at greatest risk for extinction are those that have already been in decline for a substantial period of time. This pattern of protracted rise and fall stands in contrast to that of incumbency, insofar as species show no general tendency to stay near maximal occupancy once established.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Foote, Michael -- Crampton, James S -- Beu, Alan G -- Marshall, Bruce A -- Cooper, Roger A -- Maxwell, Phillip A -- Matcham, Iain -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 16;318(5853):1131-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. mfoote@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Mollusca ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; Time
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2007-08-25
    Description: Most plasmalemmal proteins organize in submicrometer-sized clusters whose architecture and dynamics are still enigmatic. With syntaxin 1 as an example, we applied a combination of far-field optical nanoscopy, biochemistry, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, and simulations to show that clustering can be explained by self-organization based on simple physical principles. On average, the syntaxin clusters exhibit a diameter of 50 to 60 nanometers and contain 75 densely crowded syntaxins that dynamically exchange with freely diffusing molecules. Self-association depends on weak homophilic protein-protein interactions. Simulations suggest that clustering immobilizes and conformationally constrains the molecules. Moreover, a balance between self-association and crowding-induced steric repulsions is sufficient to explain both the size and dynamics of syntaxin clusters and likely of many oligomerizing membrane proteins that form supramolecular structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sieber, Jochen J -- Willig, Katrin I -- Kutzner, Carsten -- Gerding-Reimers, Claas -- Harke, Benjamin -- Donnert, Gerald -- Rammner, Burkhard -- Eggeling, Christian -- Hell, Stefan W -- Grubmuller, Helmut -- Lang, Thorsten -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 24;317(5841):1072-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chemistry, Physical ; Computer Simulation ; Diffusion ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Immunoblotting ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Biological ; Nanotechnology ; PC12 Cells ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Syntaxin 1/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2007-03-24
    Description: Changes in the genes encoding sensory receptor proteins are an essential step in the evolution of new sensory capacities. In primates, trichromatic color vision evolved after changes in X chromosome-linked photopigment genes. To model this process, we studied knock-in mice that expressed a human long-wavelength-sensitive (L) cone photopigment in the form of an X-linked polymorphism. Behavioral tests demonstrated that heterozygous females, whose retinas contained both native mouse pigments and human L pigment, showed enhanced long-wavelength sensitivity and acquired a new capacity for chromatic discrimination. An inherent plasticity in the mammalian visual system thus permits the emergence of a new dimension of sensory experience based solely on gene-driven changes in receptor organization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobs, Gerald H -- Williams, Gary A -- Cahill, Hugh -- Nathans, Jeremy -- EY002052/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 23;315(5819):1723-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Color Perception/*genetics ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Electroretinography ; Female ; Genetic Engineering ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Light ; Male ; Mice ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Primates/genetics/physiology ; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Retinal Pigments/*genetics/*physiology ; X Chromosome/genetics ; X Chromosome Inactivation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875087/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875087/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merchant, Sabeeha S -- Prochnik, Simon E -- Vallon, Olivier -- Harris, Elizabeth H -- Karpowicz, Steven J -- Witman, George B -- Terry, Astrid -- Salamov, Asaf -- Fritz-Laylin, Lillian K -- Marechal-Drouard, Laurence -- Marshall, Wallace F -- Qu, Liang-Hu -- Nelson, David R -- Sanderfoot, Anton A -- Spalding, Martin H -- Kapitonov, Vladimir V -- Ren, Qinghu -- Ferris, Patrick -- Lindquist, Erika -- Shapiro, Harris -- Lucas, Susan M -- Grimwood, Jane -- Schmutz, Jeremy -- Cardol, Pierre -- Cerutti, Heriberto -- Chanfreau, Guillaume -- Chen, Chun-Long -- Cognat, Valerie -- Croft, Martin T -- Dent, Rachel -- Dutcher, Susan -- Fernandez, Emilio -- Fukuzawa, Hideya -- Gonzalez-Ballester, David -- Gonzalez-Halphen, Diego -- Hallmann, Armin -- Hanikenne, Marc -- Hippler, Michael -- Inwood, William -- Jabbari, Kamel -- Kalanon, Ming -- Kuras, Richard -- Lefebvre, Paul A -- Lemaire, Stephane D -- Lobanov, Alexey V -- Lohr, Martin -- Manuell, Andrea -- Meier, Iris -- Mets, Laurens -- Mittag, Maria -- Mittelmeier, Telsa -- Moroney, James V -- Moseley, Jeffrey -- Napoli, Carolyn -- Nedelcu, Aurora M -- Niyogi, Krishna -- Novoselov, Sergey V -- Paulsen, Ian T -- Pazour, Greg -- Purton, Saul -- Ral, Jean-Philippe -- Riano-Pachon, Diego Mauricio -- Riekhof, Wayne -- Rymarquis, Linda -- Schroda, Michael -- Stern, David -- Umen, James -- Willows, Robert -- Wilson, Nedra -- Zimmer, Sara Lana -- Allmer, Jens -- Balk, Janneke -- Bisova, Katerina -- Chen, Chong-Jian -- Elias, Marek -- Gendler, Karla -- Hauser, Charles -- Lamb, Mary Rose -- Ledford, Heidi -- Long, Joanne C -- Minagawa, Jun -- Page, M Dudley -- Pan, Junmin -- Pootakham, Wirulda -- Roje, Sanja -- Rose, Annkatrin -- Stahlberg, Eric -- Terauchi, Aimee M -- Yang, Pinfen -- Ball, Steven -- Bowler, Chris -- Dieckmann, Carol L -- Gladyshev, Vadim N -- Green, Pamela -- Jorgensen, Richard -- Mayfield, Stephen -- Mueller-Roeber, Bernd -- Rajamani, Sathish -- Sayre, Richard T -- Brokstein, Peter -- Dubchak, Inna -- Goodstein, David -- Hornick, Leila -- Huang, Y Wayne -- Jhaveri, Jinal -- Luo, Yigong -- Martinez, Diego -- Ngau, Wing Chi Abby -- Otillar, Bobby -- Poliakov, Alexander -- Porter, Aaron -- Szajkowski, Lukasz -- Werner, Gregory -- Zhou, Kemin -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- Grossman, Arthur R -- GM07185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM42143/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM032843/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM042143/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM042143-09/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060992/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062915-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM030626/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM042143/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):245-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algal Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/*genetics/physiology ; Chloroplasts/metabolism ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Algal/genetics ; Flagella/metabolism ; Genes ; *Genome ; Genomics ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plants/genetics ; Proteome ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2007-03-31
    Description: Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling coordinates nuclear gene expression with chloroplast function and is essential for the photoautotrophic life-style of plants. Three retrograde signals have been described, but little is known of their signaling pathways. We show here that GUN1, a chloroplast-localized pentatricopeptide-repeat protein, and ABI4, an Apetala 2 (AP2)-type transcription factor, are common to all three pathways. ABI4 binds the promoter of a retrograde-regulated gene through a conserved motif found in close proximity to a light-regulatory element. We propose a model in which multiple indicators of aberrant plastid function in Arabidopsis are integrated upstream of GUN1 within plastids, which leads to ABI4-mediated repression of nuclear-encoded genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koussevitzky, Shai -- Nott, Ajit -- Mockler, Todd C -- Hong, Fangxin -- Sachetto-Martins, Gilberto -- Surpin, Marci -- Lim, Jason -- Mittler, Ron -- Chory, Joanne -- DRG-1865-05/PHS HHS/ -- F32 GM 18172/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM 69090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):715-9. Epub 2007 Mar 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abscisic Acid ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Chloroplasts/*metabolism ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Electron Transport ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/genetics ; Lincomycin/pharmacology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protoporphyrins/metabolism ; Pyridazines/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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  • 74
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-09-08
    Description: There is much interest in the evolutionary forces that favored the evolution of large brains in the primate order. The social brain hypothesis posits that selection has favored larger brains and more complex cognitive capacities as a means to cope with the challenges of social life. The hypothesis is supported by evidence that shows that group size is linked to various measures of brain size. But it has not been clear how cognitive complexity confers fitness advantages on individuals. Research in the field and laboratory shows that sophisticated social cognition underlies social behavior in primate groups. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the quality of social relationships has measurable fitness consequences for individuals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Silk, Joan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 7;317(5843):1347-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jsilk@anthro.ucla.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Humans ; Primates/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; *Social Behavior
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2007-08-19
    Description: In Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotic organelles, beta-barrel proteins of the outer membrane protein 85-two-partner secretion B (Omp85-TpsB) superfamily are essential components of protein transport machineries. The TpsB transporter FhaC mediates the secretion of Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). We report the 3.15 A crystal structure of FhaC. The transporter comprises a 16-stranded beta barrel that is occluded by an N-terminal alpha helix and an extracellular loop and a periplasmic module composed of two aligned polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) domains. Functional data reveal that FHA binds to the POTRA 1 domain via its N-terminal domain and likely translocates the adhesin-repeated motifs in an extended hairpin conformation, with folding occurring at the cell surface. General features of the mechanism obtained here are likely to apply throughout the superfamily.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clantin, Bernard -- Delattre, Anne-Sophie -- Rucktooa, Prakash -- Saint, Nathalie -- Meli, Albano C -- Locht, Camille -- Jacob-Dubuisson, Francoise -- Villeret, Vincent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 17;317(5840):957-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UMR8161 CNRS, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Universite de Lille 1, Universite de Lille 2, 1 rue du Prof. Calmette, F-59021 Lille cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17702945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adhesins, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Bordetella pertussis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2007-03-31
    Description: A marine ecosystem model seeded with many phytoplankton types, whose physiological traits were randomly assigned from ranges defined by field and laboratory data, generated an emergent community structure and biogeography consistent with observed global phytoplankton distributions. The modeled organisms included types analogous to the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. Their emergent global distributions and physiological properties simultaneously correspond to observations. This flexible representation of community structure can be used to explore relations between ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Follows, Michael J -- Dutkiewicz, Stephanie -- Grant, Scott -- Chisholm, Sallie W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 30;315(5820):1843-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 54-1514 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. mick@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Light ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/*physiology ; Prochlorococcus/growth & development/*physiology ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Temperature
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2007-05-26
    Description: Telford et al. (Brevia, 19 May 2006, p. 1015) reported that freshwater diatoms exhibit regional-scale richness-pH relationships that depend substantially on regional habitat availability. On this basis, the authors argued that, despite their microscopic size, diatoms are not ubiquitously dispersed. Here, I describe my demonstration that their primary evidence against the ubiquitous dispersal hypothesis is spurious.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pither, Jason -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 25;316(5828):1124; author reply 1124.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, BSW 310, 1041 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. pitherj@email.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Diatoms/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Models, Biological ; North America ; Water Microbiology
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: A central issue in the regulation of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 family is whether its BH3-only members initiate apoptosis by directly binding to the essential cell-death mediators Bax and Bak, or whether they can act indirectly, by engaging their pro-survival Bcl-2-like relatives. Contrary to the direct-activation model, we show that Bax and Bak can mediate apoptosis without discernable association with the putative BH3-only activators (Bim, Bid, and Puma), even in cells with no Bim or Bid and reduced Puma. Our results indicate that BH3-only proteins induce apoptosis at least primarily by engaging the multiple pro-survival relatives guarding Bax and Bak.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willis, Simon N -- Fletcher, Jamie I -- Kaufmann, Thomas -- van Delft, Mark F -- Chen, Lin -- Czabotar, Peter E -- Ierino, Helen -- Lee, Erinna F -- Fairlie, W Douglas -- Bouillet, Philippe -- Strasser, Andreas -- Kluck, Ruth M -- Adams, Jerry M -- Huang, David C S -- CA43540/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA80188/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):856-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein ; Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein/metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/chemistry/*metabolism ; bcl-Associated Death Protein/metabolism ; bcl-X Protein/metabolism
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  • 79
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berner, Robert A -- Vandenbrooks, John M -- Ward, Peter D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):557-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. robert.berner@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Alligators and Crocodiles/embryology ; Animals ; *Atmosphere ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Drosophila melanogaster/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Extinction, Biological ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Locomotion ; Mollusca/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Oxygen ; Oxygen Consumption ; Plants/metabolism ; Swimming ; Time ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology/physiology
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2007-11-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jorgensen, Christian -- Enberg, Katja -- Dunlop, Erin S -- Arlinghaus, Robert -- Boukal, David S -- Brander, Keith -- Ernande, Bruno -- Gardmark, Anna -- Johnston, Fiona -- Matsumura, Shuichi -- Pardoe, Heidi -- Raab, Kristina -- Silva, Alexandra -- Vainikka, Anssi -- Dieckmann, Ulf -- Heino, Mikko -- Rijnsdorp, Adriaan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1247-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen. christian.jorgensen@bio.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries/methods ; *Fishes/physiology ; Population Dynamics
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  • 81
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-06-02
    Description: The first appearances of aragonite and calcite skeletons in 18 animal clades that independently evolved mineralization during the late Ediacaran through the Ordovician (approximately 550 to 444 million years ago) correspond to intervals when seawater chemistry favored aragonite and calcite precipitation, respectively. Skeletal mineralogies rarely changed once skeletons evolved, despite subsequent changes in seawater chemistry. Thus, the selection of carbonate skeletal minerals appears to have been dictated by seawater chemistry at the time a clade first acquired its mineralized skeleton.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Porter, Susannah M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1302.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. porter@geol.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17540895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium/analysis ; Calcium Carbonate/*analysis ; Chemical Precipitation ; Crystallization ; *Fossils ; Invertebrates/*chemistry ; Magnesium/analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry
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  • 82
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-05-26
    Description: Single-molecule force experiments in vitro enable the characterization of the mechanical response of biological matter at the nanometer scale. However, they do not reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanical function. These can only be readily studied through molecular dynamics simulations of atomic structural models: "in silico" (by computer analysis) single-molecule experiments. Steered molecular dynamics simulations, in which external forces are used to explore the response and function of macromolecules, have become a powerful tool complementing and guiding in vitro single-molecule experiments. The insights provided by in silico experiments are illustrated here through a review of recent research in three areas of protein mechanics: elasticity of the muscle protein titin and the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin; linker-mediated elasticity of the cytoskeleton protein spectrin; and elasticity of ankyrin repeats, a protein module found ubiquitously in cells but with an as-yet unclear function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sotomayor, Marcos -- Schulten, Klaus -- 1 R01 GM073655/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR05969/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 25;316(5828):1144-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525328" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ankyrin Repeat/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Connectin ; Elasticity ; Fibronectins/*physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Muscle Proteins/*physiology ; Protein Kinases/*physiology ; Spectrin/*physiology ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods
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  • 83
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kahl, Barbara C -- Peters, Georg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 23;315(5815):1082-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Munster, Domagkstrasse 10, D-49149 Munster, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/analysis ; Exotoxins/analysis/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Hemorrhage ; Leukocidins/analysis/*physiology ; Lung/chemistry/microbiology/*pathology ; Methicillin Resistance ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Necrosis ; Phagocytosis ; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/*microbiology/*pathology ; Respiratory Mucosa/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Protein A/genetics/*metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/growth & development/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Virulence Factors/analysis/*physiology
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  • 84
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Proud, Christopher G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):926-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Neuropeptides/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; Sirolimus/metabolism/pharmacology ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A/metabolism ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2007-05-26
    Description: To understand the constraints on biological diversity, we analyzed how selection and development interact to control the evolution of inflorescences, the branching structures that bear flowers. We show that a single developmental model accounts for the restricted range of inflorescence types observed in nature and that this model is supported by molecular genetic studies. The model predicts associations between inflorescence architecture, climate, and life history, which we validated empirically. Paths, or evolutionary wormholes, link different architectures in a multidimensional fitness space, but the rate of evolution along these paths is constrained by genetic and environmental factors, which explains why some evolutionary transitions are rare between closely related plant taxa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw -- Erasmus, Yvette -- Lane, Brendan -- Harder, Lawrence D -- Coen, Enrico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 8;316(5830):1452-6. Epub 2007 May 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Flowers/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Plant ; Mathematics ; Meristem/growth & development ; *Models, Biological ; Selection, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus has two motility systems: S motility, which is powered by type IV pilus retraction, and A motility, which is powered by unknown mechanism(s). We found that A motility involved transient adhesion complexes that remained at fixed positions relative to the substratum as cells moved forward. Complexes assembled at leading cell poles and dispersed at the rear of the cells. When cells reversed direction, the A-motility clusters relocalized to the new leading poles together with S-motility proteins. The Frz chemosensory system coordinated the two motility systems. The dynamics of protein cluster localization suggest that intracellular motors and force transmission by dynamic focal adhesions can power bacterial motility.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4095873/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4095873/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mignot, Tam -- Shaevitz, Joshua W -- Hartzell, Patricia L -- Zusman, David R -- GM20509/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM020509/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075242-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):853-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. tmignot@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Cephalexin/pharmacology ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/physiology ; Focal Adhesions/*physiology ; Luminescent Proteins ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/analysis/genetics/*physiology ; Movement ; Myxococcus xanthus/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2007-09-29
    Description: The importance of trophic ecology in adaptation and evolution is well known, yet direct evidence that feeding controls microevolution over extended evolutionary time scales, available only from the fossil record, is conspicuously lacking. Through quantitative analysis of tooth microwear, we show that rapid evolutionary change in Miocene stickleback was associated with shifts in feeding, providing direct evidence from the fossil record for changes in trophic niche and resource exploitation driving directional, microevolutionary change over thousands of years. These results demonstrate the potential for tooth microwear analysis to provide powerful insights into trophic ecology during aquatic adaptive radiations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Purnell, Mark A -- Bell, Michael A -- Baines, David C -- Hart, Paul J B -- Travis, Matthew P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 28;317(5846):1887.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. mark.purnell@leicester.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Paleodontology ; Phenotype ; *Smegmamorpha/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/*ultrastructure ; Tooth Attrition
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: Sea anemones are seemingly primitive animals that, along with corals, jellyfish, and hydras, constitute the oldest eumetazoan phylum, the Cnidaria. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the draft genome of an emerging cnidarian model, the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. The sea anemone genome is complex, with a gene repertoire, exon-intron structure, and large-scale gene linkage more similar to vertebrates than to flies or nematodes, implying that the genome of the eumetazoan ancestor was similarly complex. Nearly one-fifth of the inferred genes of the ancestor are eumetazoan novelties, which are enriched for animal functions like cell signaling, adhesion, and synaptic transmission. Analysis of diverse pathways suggests that these gene "inventions" along the lineage leading to animals were likely already well integrated with preexisting eukaryotic genes in the eumetazoan progenitor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Putnam, Nicholas H -- Srivastava, Mansi -- Hellsten, Uffe -- Dirks, Bill -- Chapman, Jarrod -- Salamov, Asaf -- Terry, Astrid -- Shapiro, Harris -- Lindquist, Erika -- Kapitonov, Vladimir V -- Jurka, Jerzy -- Genikhovich, Grigory -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- Lucas, Susan M -- Steele, Robert E -- Finnerty, John R -- Technau, Ulrich -- Martindale, Mark Q -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- 5 P41 LM006252-09/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- THL007279F/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):86-94.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Adhesion ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes ; Genetic Linkage ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Introns ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Multigene Family ; Muscles/physiology ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Phylogeny ; Sea Anemones/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction ; Synteny
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: Prions are lethal mammalian pathogens composed of aggregated conformational isomers of a host-encoded glycoprotein and which appear to lack nucleic acids. Their unique biology, allied with the public-health risks posed by prion zoonoses such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, has focused much attention on the molecular basis of prion propagation and the "species barrier" that controls cross-species transmission. Both are intimately linked to understanding how multiple prion "strains" are encoded by a protein-only agent. The underlying mechanisms are clearly of much wider importance, and analogous protein-based inheritance mechanisms are recognized in yeast and fungi. Recent advances suggest that prions themselves are not directly neurotoxic, but rather their propagation involves production of toxic species, which may be uncoupled from infectivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collinge, John -- Clarke, Anthony R -- MC_U123160656/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U123192748/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):930-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. j.collinge@prion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; PrPC Proteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism ; PrPSc Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Prion Diseases/*metabolism/*transmission ; Prions/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Species Specificity
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1664.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885102" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Bone and Bones ; Female ; *Fossils ; Georgia (Republic) ; *Hominidae/classification ; Humans ; Male
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2007-01-06
    Description: Endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B terminates growth factor signal transduction by dephosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). But how PTP1B allows for RTK signaling in the cytoplasm is unclear. In order to test whether PTP1B activity is spatially regulated, we developed a method based on Forster resonant energy transfer for imaging enzyme-substrate (ES) intermediates in live cells. We observed the establishment of a steady-state ES gradient across the cell. This gradient exhibited robustness to cell-to-cell variability, growth factor activation, and RTK localization, which demonstrated spatial regulation of PTP1B activity. Such regulation may be important for generating distinct cellular environments that permit RTK signal transduction and that mediate its eventual termination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yudushkin, Ivan A -- Schleifenbaum, Andreas -- Kinkhabwala, Ali -- Neel, Benjamin G -- Schultz, Carsten -- Bastiaens, Philippe I H -- R01 DK60838/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 49152/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 5;315(5808):115-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; COS Cells ; Catalysis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Mathematics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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  • 92
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1358-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*genetics/metabolism ; *Cell Size ; DNA, Intergenic ; Dinosaurs/*genetics/metabolism ; *Fossils ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences ; Osteocytes/cytology ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kearns, Daniel B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):773-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. dbkearns@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Adhesion ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/physiology ; Focal Adhesions/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Movement ; Myxococcus xanthus/*physiology
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  • 94
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, Michael W -- Thacker, Robert W -- Hentschel, Ute -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 29;316(5833):1854-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Carbonic Anhydrases/*genetics/metabolism ; Computational Biology ; Genome ; Porifera/enzymology/*genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Silicates/metabolism ; *Symbiosis
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buckling, Angus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 2;315(5816):1227-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. angus.buckling@zoology.oxford.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development/*virology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriophages/*pathogenicity/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Granulovirus/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Larva/physiology/virology ; Moths/*physiology/*virology ; Movement ; Selection, Genetic ; Virus Replication
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: The simple circadian oscillator found in cyanobacteria can be reconstituted in vitro using three proteins-KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. The total phosphorylation level of KaiC oscillates with a circadian period, but the mechanism underlying its sustained oscillation remains unclear. We have shown that four forms of KaiC differing in their phosphorylation state appear in an ordered pattern arising from the intrinsic autokinase and autophosphatase rates of KaiC and their modulation by KaiA. Kinetic and biochemical data indicate that one of these phosphoforms inhibits the activity of KaiA through interaction with KaiB, providing the crucial feedback that sustains oscillation. A mathematical model constrained by experimental data quantitatively reproduces the circadian period and the distinctive dynamics of the four phosphoforms.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427396/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427396/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rust, Michael J -- Markson, Joseph S -- Lane, William S -- Fisher, Daniel S -- O'Shea, Erin K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 2;318(5851):809-12. Epub 2007 Oct 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916691" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*physiology ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; Synechococcus/*physiology
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hajnoczky, Gyorgy -- Hoek, Jan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):607-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. gyorgy.hajnoczky@jefferson.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*metabolism ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Calcium Signaling ; *Cell Aging ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism/pharmacology ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/metabolism ; Permeability ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Protein Kinase C beta ; Protein Transport ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 98
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dolan, Liam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):377-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. liam.dolan@bbsrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Feedback, Physiological ; Genetic Engineering ; Models, Biological ; Plant Cells ; Plant Development ; Plant Roots/cytology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Plants/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2007-06-02
    Description: Human bipedalism is commonly thought to have evolved from a quadrupedal terrestrial precursor, yet some recent paleontological evidence suggests that adaptations for bipedalism arose in an arboreal context. However, the adaptive benefit of arboreal bipedalism has been unknown. Here we show that it allows the most arboreal great ape, the orangutan, to access supports too flexible to be negotiated otherwise. Orangutans react to branch flexibility like humans running on springy tracks, by increasing knee and hip extension, whereas all other primatesdothe reverse. Human bipedalism is thus less an innovation than an exploitation of a locomotor behavior retained from the common great ape ancestor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thorpe, S K S -- Holder, R L -- Crompton, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1328-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17540902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; Hand/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Hindlimb/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Humans ; *Locomotion ; Pongo pygmaeus/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Posture ; *Trees ; *Walking
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  • 100
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oldroyd, Giles E D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 5;315(5808):52-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. giles.oldroyd@bbsrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Cytokinins/*metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; Lotus/cytology/metabolism/*microbiology/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Plant Epidermis/cytology/metabolism ; Plant Roots/cytology/microbiology ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/metabolism ; Rhizobiaceae/physiology ; Root Nodules, Plant/cytology/*growth & development/microbiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Symbiosis ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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