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  • Volumetrie  (69)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
  • 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
  • Geodesy
  • Modelling
  • Springer  (102)
  • 2005-2009  (23)
  • 1975-1979  (79)
  • 1950-1954
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Keywords
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Year
  • 1
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    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(II) mit Diphenylthioviolursäure als Indicator ; Volumetrie ; EDTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 2
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1975), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Glykolaldehyd, Glycerinaldehyd, Hydroxyaldehyden ; Volumetrie ; Dimere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Möglichkeiten für die titrimetrische Bestimmung von dimerem Glykolaldehyd (Fp: 94–96° C) und dl-Glycerinaldehyd (Fp: 138–141° C) untersucht. Die systematischen Fehler der auf Grund verschiedener funktioneller Gruppen durchführbaren Messungen sind von der Stabilität ihrer cyclischen Halbacetale sowie von den ihrer Depolymerisation folgenden weiteren Gleichgewichten bestimmt. Das aus dem dl-Glycerinaldehyd gebildete Halbacetal besitzt höhere Stabilität als dasjenige aus dem Glykolaldehyd. Mit der Hydrogensulfit-Methode werden 95–96%, mit der Hydroxylamin-Methode dagegen 98–99% vom wahren Wert gefunden. In Wasser gelöst zersetzt sich der Glykolaldehyd verhältnismäßig rasch, und das Gleichgewicht kann durch beide Aldehydreaktionen quantitativ gegen die Monomerenform verschoben werden. Unsere Untersuchungen ergaben, daß die Hydroxylamin-Methode zur Bestimmung der in Form cyclischer Halbacetale kristallisierenden, dimeren Hydroxyaldehyde Vorteile gegenüber der Hydrogensulfit-Methode bietet.
    Notes: Abstract Possibilities for the titrimetric determination of dimeric glycolaldehyde (m.p. 94–96° C) and dl-glyceraldehyde (m.p. 138–141° C) have been investigated. The systematic errors based on different functional groups depend on the stability of the cyclic semiacetals and on the subsequent equilibria established after their depolimerisation. The semiacetal of dl-glyceraldehyde is more stable than that of glycolaldehyde. 95–96% and 98–99% of the real content were found by the hydrogensulphite and hydroxylamine methods, respectively. Glycolaldehyde decomposes rather quickly in aqueous solution and the equilibrium can be shifted towards the monomeric form by both the aldehyde reactions. The hydroxylamine method proved to be more advantageous for the determination of the dimeric hydroxyaldehydes, which cristallise in the form of cyclic semiacetals.
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  • 3
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Mercaptanen mit Kobalt(III) ; Volumetrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hydrazin, Ammoniak, Anilin, Hydroxylamin, Thiocyanat, Dimethylhydrazin im Gemisch ; Volumetrie ; thermometrisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Binary mixtures of hydrazine and one of the following N-containing bases: ammonia, aniline, hydroxylamine, thiocyanate and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine have been assayed thermometrically. The titrations are based both on the basic and the reducing properties of the compounds. For example, whilst for mixtures of hydrazine and ammonia, the total base content is determined by an acid/base titration, and the hydrazine component is determined by oxidation with bromate ion; for mixtures containing aniline or hydroxylamine, serial titration with bromate ensures that all the hydrazine is oxidised before the onset of oxidation of the other component. Mixtures of hydrazine and UDMH have been assayed in both aqueous and non-aqueous media and a comparison of results has been reported. The main advantage of the proposed methods is that they can be applied to industrial samples, which would render other methods impossible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Binäre Mischungen von Hydrazin mit Ammoniak, Anilin, Hydroxylamin, Thiocyanat und asymmetrischem Dimethylhydrazin wurden thermometrisch analysiert. Sowohl die basischen als auch die reduzierenden Eigenschaften des Hydrazins bilden die Grundlage der Titrationen. Zum Beispiel wird im Gemisch Hydrazin/Ammoniak der Gesamtbasengehalt acidimetrisch ermittelt und die Hydrazinkomponente durch Oxydation mit Bromat bestimmt. Im Gemisch Anilin/Hydrazin oder Hydroxylamin/Hydrazin wird mit Bromat zunächst alles Hydrazin oxydiert, bevor die Oxydation der zweiten Komponente einsetzt. Mischungen von Hydrazin mit asym. Dimethylhydrazin werden in wäßrigem und auch in nichtwäßrigem Medium ausgeführt und die Ergebnisse verglichen. Der Hauptvorteil der beschriebenen Verfahren besteht darin, daß auch industrielle Proben untersucht werden können, bei denen andere Verfahren versagen würden.
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  • 5
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 358-362 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best von Kryptanden, Kryptaten ; Volumetrie ; HCl, Metall-Standardlösung, Standardzugabeverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using bromocresol green as a visual endpoint indicator solutions of the cryptands [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] can be determined by titration with HCl in the concentration range of 10−1–10−3 M with relative standard deviations of 0.2–0.4 %. If both cryptand and cryptate are present in one solution, then the sum of them can be determined titrimetrically in the same way. It is also possible to determine the contents of [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] by using a calcium or barium standard solution and the unknown cryptand solution as a titrant. By evaluation of the pH-curve thus obtained, the endpoint of the titration can be determined. In the concentration range of 10−1–10−2 M relative standard deviations of about 0.5% are obtained. [2.2.1] cryptand solutions are determined by using the standard addition technique of Gran with a calcium chloride solution. An ion-selective electrode is used as a probe for calcium ions. If this method is applied, the relative standard deviation in the range of 10−2–10−4 M solutions is approximately 3%. With this technique cryptand can be analysed even when cryptate is present in the solution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Verwendung von Bromkresolgrün als visueller Endpunktindicator kann man [2.2.1] und [2.2.2] Kryptandlösungen im Konzentrationsbereich 10−1–10−3 M mit relativen Standardabweichungen von 0,2–0,4% mit HCl titrieren. Wenn in einer Lösung sowohl Kryptand als auch Kryptat vorhanden ist, ist die Summe beider Substanzen auf die gleiche Weise bestimmbar. [2.2.1] und [2.2.2] können auch dadurch bestimmt werden, daß eine Calciumbzw. Barium-Standardlösung mit der Kryptandlösung unbekannter Konzentration titriert wird. Die Auswertung der dabei erhaltenen pH-Kurve ergibt den Titrationsendpunkt, wobei hierdurch im Konzentrationsbereich von 10−1–10−2 M Kryptandlösungen relative Standardabweichungen von etwa 0,5% erreicht werden. [2.2.1] Kryptandlösungen werden außerdem mit der Standard-Additionstechnik nach Gran bestimmt, wobei eine calciumselektive Elektrode als Indicatorelektrode dient. Dabei werden im Konzentrationsbereich von 10−2–10−4 M relative Standardabweichungen von etwa 3 % erhalten. Diese Methode kann auch überschüssigen Kryptand neben Kryptat bestimmen.
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  • 6
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 413-415 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sulfat in Umweltmaterial ; Volumetrie ; Durchflußsystem, Dimethylsulfonazo als Indicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 269-270 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Untersuchungen an Bor-Curcumin-Chelaten ; Thermodifferentialanalyse ; Volumetrie ; DMSO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 380-381 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wasser in Chlorcyan ; Volumetrie ; Karl Fischer, Ethylenglykol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Wasserspuren in verflüssigtem Chlorcyan beschrieben. Nach Hinzufügen von Chlorcyan zu Ethylenglykol wird das Chlorcyan durch Verdampfen entfernt. Das durch das Ethylenglykol zurückgehaltene Wasser wird mit Karl-Fischer-Lösung titriert. Die Standardabweichungen sind im Bereich von 0,004–0,007 (0,1–0,4 g H2O/100 ml ClCN).
    Notes: Summary A description is given of a method for determining traces of water in liquefied cyanogen chloride. Following the addition to ethylene glycol, cyanogen chloride is removed by evaporation. The water retained by ethylene glycol is then titrated by Karl-Fischer solution. Standard deviations are in the range of 0.004–0.007 (0.1–0.4 g H2O/100 ml ClCN).
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  • 9
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 414-414 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aminen, aromat. primäre ; Volumetrie ; Nitrit, Hämatoxylin als Indicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. der Alkalität von Umweltmaterial ; Volumetrie ; Durchflußsystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 11
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 39-41 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel, Jodid ; Volumetrie ; magnetisch, Meßanordnung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache Meßanordnung für die magnetische Titration wird vorgestellt. Anhand der Umsetzung von [Ni(NH3)6]2+ mit CN− und von J− mit Cr2O7 2− wird gezeigt, daß sich dieses Meßverfahren unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen in der quantitativen Analyse einsetzen läßt. Zur Auswertung der Titrationskurven wird eine Auftragung der Kraft im Magnetfeld gegen das reziproke Gesamtvolumen vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary A simple measuring equipment for magnetic titration is described. On the basis of the reaction of [Ni(NH3)6]2+ with CN− and J− with Cr2O7 2− it is shown that under certain conditions this method is useful in quantitative analysis. For evaluation of the titration curves, a plot of the force in the magnetic field against the reciprocal of the total volume is proposed.
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  • 12
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 126-131 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Volumetrie ; Einzelproben, automatisches Analysengerät
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Voraussetzungen einer effektiven Automation der individuellen titrimetrischen Analyse werden dargestellt. Ein nach diesen Gesichtspunkten entwickeltes Gerät wird beschrieben und seine Anwendung in den Gebieten der Farbstoffe, Agrochemikalien, Additiven und Pharmaka aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary Criteria for effective automation of individual titrimetric analyses are presented. Based on these, an automatic titration system has been developed which is described. Its performance and its applicability in the field of dyestuffs, agrochemicals, additives and pharmaceuticals has been investigated.
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  • 13
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 159-159 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Strontium in Strontiumferriten ; Volumetrie ; Ausfällung bzw. Maskierung von Eisen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 14
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlorid ; Volumetrie ; Dithizon, AgCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 159-159 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Indigo und Vanadat ; Volumetrie ; photometr. Endpunkt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 16
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Bronze in archäolog. Material ; Volumetrie ; Korundstäbchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit über Kupfer und Messing wird in dieser Mitteilung die Zinnbestimmung in Abstrichen beschrieben. Metazinnsäure wird durch Filtration mit Hilfe eines besonderen Gerätes abgetrennt, zu SnS2 umgesetzt, in HCl gelöst und die Sn-Bestimmung wird dann durch Rücktitration eines EDTA-Überschusses mit Zinksulfat durchgeführt.
    Notes: Summary In continuation of an earlier paper on copper and brass this communication describes the determination of tin in streak samples. Metastannic acid is isolated by filtration using a specially designed apparatus. It is converted to SnS2, dissolved in HCl and Sn is determined by back-titration of excess EDTA with zink sulphate.
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  • 17
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Sulfonamiden mit N-Bromsuccinimid ; Volumetrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 18
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 207-207 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorid in Wasser ; Volumetrie ; SPADNS und Thoriumnitrat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Pyrrolidindithiocarbaminat ; Volumetrie ; Jod-Azid-Reaktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 20
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 396-399 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aminen mit Salicylaldeyd ; Volumetrie ; primäre, sekundäre, krit. Untersuchung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The salicylaldehyde method for the differentiation of primary and secondary amines in mixtures has been critically evaluated. This method yields best results in acetonitrile. In mixtures of amines one can expect high results for the primary amine with correspondingly low results for the secondary amine. Corrections can be made with known mixtures of the amines.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Salicylaldehydverfahren zur Unterscheidung primärer und sekundärer Amine im Gemisch wurde kritisch bewertet. Die besten Ergebnisse wurden in Acetonitril erhalten. In Gemischen sind für primäre Amine zu hohe und für sekundäre entsprechend zu niedrige Werte zu erwarten. Mit Hilfe bekannter Mischungen können Korrekturen durchgeführt werden.
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  • 21
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodynamics ; Modelling ; Pulsatile flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The displacement relationships describing the deformation of an elastic vessel under excess internal pressure which are derived from different theories of elasticity are compared. The main result of the comparison is that theories which take account of the thickness of the wall of the vessel produce a significantly better representation than those theories which treat the wall as a membrane. The classical and statistical theories of thick-walled tubes result in complicated pressure-radius relationships. It is shown that there is little difference between the results of the more exact theories and those for a thin membrane corrected by means of a simple thickness factor. A review of the different theories is necessary to decide which pressure-displacement relationship to apply as an approximation for the elastic properties of arteries. An indication is given of the manner in which the relationship is used in numerical computations. In Part 2 the experimental determination of the pressure-radius relationship for a rubber tube is described. The results are in agreement with the conclusions of the comparison of theoretical treatments in Part 1.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodialysis ; Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire On a entrepris un traitement de dialyse sur malade afin d’étudier les phénomènes dynamiques de concentration des déchets (urée et créatinine) et de pression f.s.c. sur un malade rénal au cours du cycle complet des périodes de pré-dialyse, dialyse et post-dialyse. Les concentrations pour les variables du traitement de dialyse sont prédites par le modèle à cinq compartiments de Dedrick et Bischoff, elles comprennent la fréquence et la durée du traitement, la vitesse de formation d’urée chez le malade et la vitesse d’élimination de l’urée par l’appareil de dialyse. Les résultats montrent que la pression f.s.c. baisse au cours de la période de pré-dialyse, augmente rapidement en début de traitement puis se rapproche (sans cependant la dépasser) petit à petit de la valeur normale. L’analyse démontre ainsi qu’une augmentation significative de la pression f.s.c. au cours de l’hémodialyse rapide n’est pas dûe aux changements de concentration de l’urée du cerveau étant mis en valeur par les études de pathophysiologie du syndrome de déséquilibre de dialyse de Arieff et Massry. Si l’augmentation importante et brusque de la pression f.s.c. (immédiatement après le début du traitement) n’est pas désirable, on recommande de commencer la dialyse au point de la vitesse minimale d’élimination de l’urée. Plus tard une hausse lente de la vitesse d’élimination peut s’entreprendre et la fréquence du traitement peut être augmentée afin de limiter la durée des séances d’un traitément.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Dialysebehandlung von Patienten wurde analysiert, um die Dynamik von metabolischen Abfallstoffkonzentrationen (Harnstoff und Kreatinin) und den CSF-Druck eines Patienten im Laufe des gesamten Zyklus von Vordialyse, Dialyse und der Zeitspanne nach Dialyse zu untersuchen. Die Konzentrationen werden durch das fünfteilige Modell von Dedrick und Bischoff hinsichtlich der Veränderlichen der Dialysebehandlung vorausgesagt, wie Häufigkeit der Benutzung und Behandlungszeit, die Harnstofferzeugungsrate des Patienten und Harnstoff-klärungsrate des Dialysegerätes. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, daß der CSF-Druck in der Zeit vor Dialyse abnimmt, am Anfang der Behandlung stark zunimmt und dann seinen Normalwert allmählich wieder erreicht (aber nicht übersteigt). Die Analyse zeigt daher, daß der signifikante Anstieg des CSF-Drucks bei schneller Hämodialyse nicht durch Änderungen der Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Gehirn verursacht wird, was durch die pathophysiologischen Untersuchungen des Dialyse-Labilität-Syndromsvon, Arieff und Massry bestätigt wird. Wen der große plötzliche Ansteig des CSF-Drucks (unmittelbar nach Anfang der Behandlung) nicht gewünscht wird, wird empfohlen, die Dialyse dann einzuleiten, wenn die niedrigste Harnstoffklärungsrate gegeben ist. Später könnte eine allmähliche Erhöhung der Klärungsrate vorgesehen werden, und die Häufigkeit der Behandlung kann gesteigert werden, um die Dauer einer Behandlung zu kürzen.
    Notes: Abstract A patient-dialysis treatment analysis has been performed, to study the dynamics of metabolic waster concentrations (urea and creatinine) and c.f.s. pressure in a renal patient during the entire cycle of pre-dialysis, dialysis and post-dialysis periods. The concentrations have predicted by the five compartment model of Dedrick and Bischoff, for the dialysis treatment variables, such as frequency of use and treatment time, urea generation rate of the patient and urea clearance rate of the dialyser. The results indicate that the c.f.s. pressure decreases during the pre-dialysis period, increases abruptly at the beginning of the treatment and then approaches (but does not overshoot) its normal value gradually. The analysis thereby shows that the significant rise in c.f.s. pressure in the rapid haemodialysis is not due to changes in the urea concentrations in the brain, which is validated by the pathophysiology studies of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome by Arieff and Massry. If the large abrupt rise in c.f.s. pressure (immediately following the start of treatment) is not desirable, it is recommended that the dialysis be started at the lowest urea clearance rate. Later a gradual increase in the clearance rate may be provided and the treatment frequency can be increased, in order to limit the duration of a treatment session.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodynamics ; Modelling ; Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Les malades souffrant d'un insuffisance rénale terminale présentent souvent une hypertension liée au mécanisme eau/sodium. Cette étude utilise un modèle mathématique pour établir les relations éventuelles entre les valeurs des volumes d'eau et autres variables hémodynamiques et le comportement du système régulateur de la pression sanguine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Patienten mit Nierenversagen im Endstadium zeigen oft eine wasser/natriumabhängige Hypertension. Diese Studie bedient sich eines mathematischen Modells, um ein etwa bestehendes Verhältnis zwischen den Werten der Wasservolumen und anderer hämodynamischen Veränderlichen und dem Verhalten des Blutdruckregelsystems festzustellen.
    Notes: Abstract Patients with end-stage renal failure often exhibit a water-sodium dependent hypertension. This study employed a mathematical model to establish possible relationships between water volume and other haemodynamic variables and the behaviour of the blood-pressure regulating system.
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  • 24
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 611-617 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodynamics ; Modelling ; Pulsatile flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Est décrit un modèle mathématique pouvant être utilisé pour calculer la circulation sanguine dans une artère normale à partir de pressions mesurées en deux points différents. Les équations établissant le mouvement d'un fluide dans un tube élastique sont simplifiées mais suffisamment réalistes pour pouvoir être appliquées à la circulation artérielle. On choisit une solution numérique pour les équations dont la moyenne a été établie pour chaque section du tube; ces équations sont résolues par la méthode des différences finies. On choisit un terme de substitution pour la constante de frottement qui ne peut pas être exprimée avec exactitude par ces équations différentielles partielles non linéaires. On démontre combien les résultats sont sensibles aux changements de la constante de frottement. On présente une méthode qui établit le frottement sur les parois grace à une approximation linéaire mais qui, dans le cadre des limites imposées, utilise néanmoins une valeur correcte en amplitude comme en phase. Les effects longeur-entrée sont corrigés. Les propriétés des parois sont représentées par un rapport pression/rayon élaboré à partir d'un précédent ouvrage écrit par les auteurs (Taylor etGerrard, 1976). L'utilisation du modèle est illustrée par l'emploi de données expérimentales citées parStreeter et al. (1963). La solution est parfaitement conforme aux résultats expérimentaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein amthematisches Modell wird beschrieben, mit dessen Hilfe man den Blutdurchflug in einer normalen Arterie aus dem an zwei verschiedenen Punkten gemessenen Druck berechnen kann. Die Gleichungen der Flüssigkeitsbewegung in einem elastischen Schlausch sind zwar vereinfacht, aber ausreichend der Wirklichkeit entsprechend, um auf die Arterien angewendet werden zu können. Man entscheidet für eine numerische Lösung der Gleichungen im Durchschnitt der Schlauchabschnitte, und die Gleichungen werden durch die Methode der endlichen Differenzen gelöst. Der Reibungsausdruck, der in diesen nicht-linearen partiellen Differenzial-gleichungen nicht genau bestimmt werden kann, wird substituiert. Die Sensitivität der Ergebnisse gegenüber Änderungen des Reibungsausdruckes wird aufgezeigt. Eine Methode wird vorgeführt, die die Hautreibung auf einem Linearnäherungswert begründet; innerhalb dieser Grenzen verwendet sie, was Größe Phase betrifft, einenrichtigen Wert. Für Eintrittslängeneffekte wird eine Eerichtigung vorgenommen. Die Eigenschaften der Arterienwand werden durch ein Druck/Radiusverhältnis dargestellt, das in früheren Artikeln von den Verfassern entwickelt wurde (Taylor undGerrard 1976). Die Verwen, dung dieses Modells wird anhand von Versuchsdaten, die vonStreeter u.a. (1963) angeführt wurden, dargelegt. Die Losung laßt sich vorteilhaft mit Versuchsergebnissen vergleichen.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model is described which can be used to calculate blood flow in a normal artery from pressures measured at two separated points. The equations of motion of fluid in an elastic tube are simplified but sufficient realism is retained for the application to arterial flow. A numerical solution to the equations averaged over each section of the tube is chosen and these equations are solved by the method of finite differences. A substitution is made for the frictional term which cannot be expressed exactly in these nonlinear partial differential equations. The sensitivity of the results to changes in the friction term is demonstrated. A method is presented which bases the skin friction on a linear approximation, but within this limitation uses a value which is correct in magnitude and phase. A correction is made for entrace-length effects. The wall properties are represented by a pressure-radius relationship developed from previous work by the authors (Taylor and Gerrard, 1976). The use of the model is illustrated by using experimental data quoted by Streeteret al. (1963). The solution compares favourably with the experimental results.
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Modelling ; Physiological cardiac pacemaker ; Pulse-frequency modulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Une correspondance biologique fondée sur un modulateur nous permet d’utiliser les techniques mises au point dans la théorie des communications pour estimer avec quelle justesse le système transmet l’information et réciproquement avec quelle justesse on peut évaluer le signal de contrôle à partir des signes sortants. Des études précédentes ont tiré parti des similitudes existant entre l’activité du système nerveux et un programme de modulation du pouls connus sous le nom de modulation intégrale de la fréquence du pouls (m.i.f.p.). Récemment (Hyndman and Mohn, 1975), le m.i.f.p. a été amélioré par l’adjonction d’une période de repos visant à imiter le stimulateur cardiaque. Dans l’étude actuelle, le m.i.f.p. a été adapté une fois encore pour inclure la variation observée dans le seuil du stimulateur, le potentiel de membrane et la période refractaire, et pour inclure également une évaluation convenable des effets dûs à l’interface stimulateur/système nerveux. Nous avons étudié aussi la manière dont ces sources de variabilité influent sur l’activité du système simulé. L’étude conclut que le filtrage passe-bas de l’information intermittente R-R permettra d’estimer correctement le signal de contrôle nerveux et que le modèle de modulation de la fréquence du pouls est un procédé applicable au système cardiaque et aux autres systèmes physiologiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein auf einem Modulator beruhendes biologisches Analogsystem ermöglicht die Anwendung der in der Kommunikationstheorie verwendeten Technik, um zu schätzen, wie gut das System Information überträgt und wie gut man von der Ausgabe auf das Kontrollsignal schließen kann. Frühere Arbeiten erschöpften die Übereinstimmung von Nervenaktivität und einem Pulsmodulationsschema, das unter der Bezeichnung integrale Pulsfrequenzmoduation (i.p.f.m.) bekannt ist. Vor kurzem (Hyndman und Mohn, 1975) wurde i.p.f.m. durch die Beigabe einer Ruheperiode zum Modell für den Herzschrittmacher entwickelt. Dieser Artikel beschreibt eine weitere Entwicklung, die auch die Schwankungen, die in der Schrittmacherschwelle beobachtet werden, sowie das Membranpotential und die Refraktionsperiode berücksichtigt und die Wirkung der Nerven-Schrittmachergrenzfläche abschätzt. Es wird untersucht, wie diese Schwankungsquellen die Leistung des Simuliersystems beeinflußen. Es ergibt sich, daß die Tiefpaßfiltrierung der R-R-Intervalldaten eine gute Schätzung des Nervkontrollsignals ermöglicht und daß sich das Pulsfrequenzmodulationsmodell auf dieses und andere physiologische Systeme anwenden läßt.
    Notes: Abstract A biological analogue based on a modulator allows one to use the techniques developed in communication theory to estimate how well the system transmits information and, conversely, how well one can estimate the controlling signal from the output. In previous works, the similarities between neural activity and a pulse-modulation scheme known as integral pulsefrequency modulation (i.p.f.m.) were exploited. Recently (Hyndman and Mohn, 1975) i.p.f.m. was adapted by the addition of a dormant period to model the cardiac pacemaker. In the present study, i.p.f.m. is further adapted to include the variability observed in the pacemaker threshold, membrane potential and refractory period, and also to include a reasonable estimate of the effects of the neural-pacemaker interface. How these sources of variability affect the performance of the simulated system is examined. It is concluded that the low-pass filtering of R-R interval data will yield fair estimates of the controlling neural signal and that the pulse frequency-modulation model is applicable to this and other physiological systems.
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Metabolic systems ; Modelling
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case study illustrates the application of systems theory to the analysis of data from nonrepeatable experiments with relatively few data points. The specific problem considered is the compartmental modelling in the human of the metabolic pathways of orally-administered methionine using tolerance test data. Attention is restricted to linear models, and concentrates on the determination of parsimonious structures (i.e. with as few parameters as possible) and their physiological interpretation.
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 564-572 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Eye ; Modelling
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Un modèle mathématique a été réalisé pour déterminer automatiquement l'emplacement d'un type de ruptures rétiniennes détachées. Il s'agit d'un oeil schématique complet tenant compte du rayon et du centre de courbure ainsi que de l'indice de réfraction. Le contrôle par ordinateur permet au chirurgien de corriger le site apparent lors du placement d'un implant dans une opération d' agrafage sur la schlérotique. La longueur de l'acc de retombée sur la chroïde, mesurée sur la surface postérieure de la schlérotique en commençant à partir du prolongement de l'axe de vision jusqu'à la rupture rétinienne, et la somme de deux déplacements: un uniquement dû à la géométrie, l'autre à la relaxation de la rétine. Le déplacement géométrique est l'élément essentiel, car la distance maximale de la partie détachée est considérée comme faible comparée à la distance radiale depuis le centre du globe oculaire. La traction de l'humeur vitrée affectant la relaxation rétinienne est remplacée par une traction globale correspondant à une distance chordale observée entre des points extrêmes et la distance du détachement. La rétine est supposée élastiquement homogène et isotrope et est soumise à une traction normale uniforme de sa surface vers l'intérieur. Les déplacements sont prédits à l'aide d'une théorie non linéaire pout les forts déplacements de membrane. Les résultats d'ordinateur représentatif sont donnés pour le méridien vertical.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein mathematisches Modell zur automatischen Lokalisierung einer Klasse abgelöster Netzhautrisse konstruiert. Es schließt ein komplettes schematisches Auge mit Krümmungshalbmesser, Krümmungsmittelpunkt und Brechungsindex ein. Die Computer-Steuerung liefert dem Chirurgen Korrekturen von dem augenscheinlichen Sitz für die Anbringung eines Transplantats in einem skleralen Knickverfahren. Die Bogenlänge der Wiederabsetzung auf die Gefäßhaut, gemessen auf der hinteren Fläche der Sklera und beginning von der Verlängerung der Sichtlinie zum Netzhautriß, ist die Summe von zwei Verlagerungen: eine ausschließlich infolge der Geometrie, die andere infolge der Netzhauterholung. Der geometrische Beitrag ist am wichtigsten, weil der Maximalabstant der Ablösung in Vergleich mit dem Radialabstand von der Mitte des Augapfels als gering angenommen wird. Ein hyalines Ziehen, das die Netzhauterholung beeinträchtigt, wird durch eine geschätzte Gesamtstreckung ersetzt, wodurch ein beobachteter chordaler Abstant zwischen Extremalpunkten und Abstand der Ablösung befriedigt wird. Die Netzhaut wird als elastisch homogen und isotrop und einer gleichförmigen, normalen Oberflächenziehung nach innen ausgesetzt angenommen. Verlagerungen werden mittels einer nichtlinearen Theorie für große Verlagerungen von Membranen vorhergesagt. Für den vertikalen Meridian werden repräsentative Computer-Ergebnisse vermittelt.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model has been constructed for determining automatically the localisation of a class of detached retinal breaks. It includes a complete schematic eye in terms of the radius of curvature, centre of curvature and index of refraction. Computer control provides the surgeon with corrections from the apparent site for placement of an implant in a scleral buckling procedure. The arc length of settling back onto the choroid, measured on the posterior surface of the sclera and starting from the extension of the line of sight to the retinal tear, is the sum of two displacements, one solely due to geometry, the other to retinal relaxation. The geometric contribution is paramount because the maximum distance of detachment is taken to be small compared with the radial distance from the centre of the globe. Vitreous traction affecting retinal relaxation is replaced by an estimated overall stretch, satisfying an observed chordal distance between extremal points and distance of the detachment. The retina is assumed elastically homogeneous and isotropic and subject to a uniform normal surface traction directed inward. Displacements are predicted by means of a nonlinear theory for large displacements of membranes. Representative computer results are given for the vertical meridian.
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Modelling ; Analogue computer ; Kidney
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes a model of the renal perfusion dynamic changes that occur during kidney preservation. The model utilises data from physiological experiments performed in this laboratory as well as from observations reported in the literature. Included in the model are the effects of cellular volume changes due to metabolic variations, vascular distensibility and a hypothesised tissue pressure effect observed under some conditions.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 364-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cer(III) mit Permanganat ; Volumetrie ; potent., visuell
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 367-367 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thiolen ; Volumetrie ; Kupfer(II)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 109-111 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff in organ. Substanzen ; Volumetrie ; Proben von 30–300 μg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The carbon- and hydrogen determination in 0.2–2 mg of organic sample, in which an automated titrimetric finish and a conversion of water into carbon dioxide was employed, was made suitable for samples of 30–300 μg. No radical changes in the apparatus are necessary. The time of an analysis is about 15 min or less. The standard deviation calculated from 20 analyses of sucrose is for C and H 0.23% abs. and 0.17% abs., resp.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kohlenstoff- und Wasserstoffbestimmung in Proben von 0,2–2 mg, bei der die Verbrennungsprodukte Kohlendioxid und Wasser (nach Konversion in Kohlendioxid) titimetrisch bestimmt werden, wurde mit kleinen Abänderungen derselben Apparatur zur Bestimmung in Proben von 30–300 μg angepaßt. Die Analysendauer bleibt beschränkt auf 15 min oder weniger. Die Standardabweichung, errechnet aus 20 Analysen von Saccharose, beträgt ür C bzw. H 0,23% bzw. 0,17% abs.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cäsium als Cs-Mg-Cyanoferrat(II) ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 29-29 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hydrazin ; Volumetrie ; Oxidation mit KMnO4
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen in Marmor ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Mercaptanen, Xanthogenaten, Disulfiden, organ ; Volumetrie ; N-Bromsuccinimid als Reagens
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 304-304 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Tropolon ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Xanthaten, Dithiocarbamaten ; Volumetrie ; oxidimetr., wasserunlösl
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 204-204 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nitrit ; Volumetrie ; Oxidation mit Dichromat
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Bindung von Alkalien durch ÄDTA ; Volumetrie ; dilatometrischer Endpunkt
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe dilatometrischer Titrationen wird der komplexe Einbau von Alkaliionen in das ÄDTA-Chelatsystem verfolgt. Die Auswertung der Titrationskurven erlaubt einerseits die Angabe der pK-Werte für die einzelnen Komplexe, andererseits die Berechnung des Hydrathüllenvolumens der Alkaliionen. Außerdem kann gezeigt werden, daß Li- und Na-Ionen, sofern sie sich im Überschuß befinden, mit ÄDTA Ionenpaare bilden.
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of alkali ions into the EDTA chelate system is followed by the dilatometric titration method. Evaluation of the titration curves permits, on one hand, the determination of the pK values for the individual complexes and, on the other hand, it allows the calculation of the volume of hydration sphere. Moreover, it can be shown that Li and Na ions, so long they are present in excess, form ion pairs with EDTA.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 287-287 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thioharnstoffen, Mercaptanen mit Phenyljodosoacetat ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 287-287 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei, Zinn in Wei\metall-Legierungen ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 280 (1976), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nitroverbindungen, aromat. ; Volumetrie ; Reduktion mit Fe(II)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Metallionen ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA, alkalimetrische Methode
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit dem beschriebenen Verfahren konnte eine Weiterentwicklung der alkalimetrischen Methode bei komplexometrischen Bestimmungen erzielt werden, wobei nach einer Vorneutralisation mit nur einer Titration die Bestimmung ausgeführt werden kann. Durch die einfache und exakte Indikation mit der Glaselektrode, verbunden mit einer übersichtlichen Arbeitstechnik, ergibt sich eine weitgehend universelle Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens auf viele komplexometrische Bestimmungen. Die pH-Einstellung bei der Vorneutralisation ist unkritisch und belastet den Arbeitsgang kaum. Der Einfluß puffernder Substanzen kann durch gezielte Arbeitstechnik weitgehend unterdrückt werden. Die Methode wurde zur Bestimmung von Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg(II), Mg, Mn(II), Ni, Pb und Zn angewendet. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt zwischen ±0,2 und ±0,5%.
    Notes: Abstract The above mentioned procedure achieved a further development of the alkalimetric method in complexometric analysis, a determination being carried out after a preliminary neutralization with only one titration. With the help of the simple and exact indication by a glass electrode in connection with a clear manipulation a fairly universal applicability of the method for many complexometric analyses is attained. The preliminary neutralization is uncritical and does not complicate the work. The influence of buffering is to a great extend reduced by a special working technique. The method was used for the determination of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg(II), Mg, Mn(II), Ni, Pb and Zn. The relative standard deviation is within the range of ±0.2 to 0.5%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 45-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Volumetrie ; Äquivalenzvolumen, Äquivalenzpunkt, Sicherheitsintervall
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 217-217 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer(II) mit Thioglykolsäure ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 301-301 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verw. von Oxazinfarbstoffen als Indicatoren ; Volumetrie ; Cerat
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 284 (1977), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt(II), Nickel(II), Mangan(II), Silber(I) mit ÄDTA ; Volumetrie ; Glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil) als Indicator
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 284 (1977), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Natriumthiosulfat mit Bromsuccinimid ; Volumetrie ; Bordeauxrot als Indicator
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen(III) mit Azinfarbstoffen als Indicatoren ; Volumetrie ; Bromat
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gallium, Gadolinium in Granaten ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 127-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(III) mit Tropolon als Indicator ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 36-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kupfer, Messing in Archäolog. Material ; Volumetrie ; Dithizon, Korundstäbchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit — die die erste einer Reihe von mikroanalytisch-archäometrischen Veröffentlichungen ist — wurde der Versuch unternommen, die Vorzüge der Dithizonmethode mit denen der Korundstäbchentechnik zu einem für die speziellen Anforderungen der Archäometrie optimalen, durch geringsten Probenbedarf (ca. 100 μg) praktisch zerstörungsfrei arbeitenden Gesamtanalysenverfahren zu vereinen. Mit dieser Methode (hier für Kupfer und Messing) ist es möglich, auch eine große Anzahl von Proben an Ort und Stelle — etwa in Museen, aber auch im freien Felde — zu entnehmen, ohne das oft wertvolle Artefakt zu beschädigen. Die bei genügender Genauigkeit durchgeführte Gesamtananalyse erübrigt eine Einwaage. Ebenso erlaubt die Methode infolge ihrer raschen und zerstörungsfreien Arbeitsweise erstmals die Ausführung echter Serienanalysen interessierender Objekte und damit eine statistisch sinnvolle Auswertung.
    Notes: Summary In the present paper — which is the first in a series of microanalytical and archaeometrical publications — an attempt has been made to combine the advantages of the dithizone method with those of the corundum rodlet technique into a procedure for complete analysis (copper and brass in this communication), best suited to the requirements of archaeometry by practically avoiding damage through minimal sample weights (∼ 100 μg). By this method it is possible, too, to take even a great number of samples on site, e.g. in a museum but also in the field without affecting the artifact of frequently considerable value. Complete analysis of sufficient accuracy replaces weighing of the sample. As a consequence of its rapid performance without damage the method equally enables real series of analyses of interesting objects to be carried out for the first time, thus permitting statistically significant evaluation.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 300-301 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schwefel in Pyrit ; Volumetrie ; Verbrennung
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1975), S. 189-191 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Metallionen ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA, alkalimetr. Methode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die in der Komplexometrie zur Bestimmung von einigen Metallionen angewandte alkalimetrische Titration, die auf der Bestimmung der bei der Bildung von ÄDTE-Metallkomplexen freiwerdenden H+ beruht, wurde unter Anwendung der Glaselektrode weiterentwickelt. Durch die Weiterentwicklung konnte eine bequemere Arbeitsweise mit einfacher Indikation bei großer Genauigkeit erzielt werden. Die Methode ist für ungepufferte Lösungen von Cd, Co, Cu, Mn(II), Pb und Zn anwendbar. Hg und Ca müssen in 50% äthanolischer Lösung titriert werden. Die relative Standardabweichung beträgt ca. ± 0,3%.
    Notes: Abstract The EDTA-titration for the determination of various metal ions by alkalimetry (based on the determination of H+ set free during the formation of EDTA-metal complexes) was further developed by using the glass electrode. With the improved method it was possible to make the determination more comfortable with a simple indication and a good accuracy. It is suitable for unbuffered solutions of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn(II), Pb and Zn. Hg and Ca must be titrated in 50% ethanolic solution. The relative standard deviation is approximately ± 0.3%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 17-21 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Formaldehyd, N-Methylol-Formaldehyd in Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Kondensaten, Formaldehyd-Harnstoff-Kondensaten ; Volumetrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Weiterentwicklung von Leimharzen auf Basis von Harnstoff und Formaldehyd sowie die erhöhten Anforderungen des Marktes bedingen immer genauere analytische Prüfungen der Produkte. Es wurden bekannte Bestimmungsmethoden modifiziert und exakte Prüfvorschriften erarbeitet mit dem Ziel, auch zwischen verschiedenen Me\stellen genaue Analysenergebnisse zu gewährleisten. Für die Bestimmung von freiem Formaldehyd der Grö\enordnung von ca. 0,2–0,4% neben ca. 20% N-Methylol-Formaldehyd in wä\rigen Leimharzlösungen der Molverhältnisse Harnstoff zu Formaldehyd von 1 ∶ 1,4 – 1 ∶ 1,8 wurde die Methode von De Jong überprüft und modifiziert. Man erhält Analysenwerte mit einer Standardabweichung von ±0,01%. Die Einflüsse der einzelnen Parameter, wie Lösungsmittel, Auflösezeit im Lösemittel, pH-Wert und Reaktionstemperatur sowie die Umsetzungsdauer von Sulfit mit dem freien Formaldehyd werden beschrieben. Für die Bestimmung des N-Methylol-Formaldehyds in wä\rigen Harzlösungen der Molverhältnisse Harnstoff zu Formaldehyd gleich 1∶1,4–1∶1,8 wurden die Methoden von De Jong („Jodmethode“) und Pfeil und Schrodt („Cyanidmethode“) überarbeitet. Beide Methoden liefern übereinstimmende Analysenwerte, aber unterschiedliche Fehlergrenzen: Standardabweichung für die Jodmethode ±0,07% und für die Cyanidmethode ±0,30%. Bei der genaueren Jodmethode wird die Abhängigkeit der Analysenwerte vom Jodüberschu\, von der Umsetzungszeit und der Umsetzungstemperatur beschrieben. Sie hat den Vorteil, als Routineanalysenmethode besser geeignet zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract The further development of glues based on urea and formaldehyde and the increased market requirements necessitate more and more analyses of the products. Well-known methods were modified and exact test specifications were worked out in order to ensure that the results of different laboratories can be compared with one another. The De Jong method for determining free formaldehyde of the order 0.2–0.4% in addition to approximately 20% N-methylolformaldehyde in aqueous glue solutions in which the molar ratio of urea to formaldehyde is 1∶1.4–1∶1.8 was investigated and modified. Analysis values with a standard deviation of ±0.01% can be obtained. The influence of the individual parameters, such as solvent, dissolving time in solvent, pH, temperature, and the duration of reaction of sulphite with free formaldehyde is dealt with in detail. The two methods of De Jong (“iodine method”) and Pfeil and Schrodt (“cyanide method”) for determining N-methylolformaldehyde in aqueous glue solutions in which the molar ratio of urea to formaldehyde is 1∶1.4–1∶1.8 were improved. The two methods yield the same analysis values but different limits of error: standard deviation ±0.07% for the iodine method, and ±0.30% for the cyanide method. The influence of excess iodine, the duration of reaction and the temperature on the analysis values of the more accurate iodine method is discussed. The iodine method is more suitable for routine analyses.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 281 (1976), S. 123-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Perbromat, Bromat ; Volumetrie ; jodometrische Titration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung BrO 4 − wird in schwach alkalischer Lösung (pH 7–9) bei Siedehitze mit Jodid zu BrO 3 − reduziert. Ein Arsenitüberschuß wird zugegeben, um die Ausscheidung von Jod in der heißen Lösung zu verhindern. Durch Rücktitration des Arsenits mit einer eingestellten Jodlösung wird der BrO 4 − -Gehalt bestimmt. Das gesamte BrO 3 − in der Lösung wird anschließend nach ansäuern und Zusatz von KJ mit Thiosulfat titriert. Aus den beiden Titrationen läßt sich der ursprüngliche Gehalt an Bromat in der Probe ermitteln. Die Bestimmungen sind einfach und sehr genau. Es wird auch eine Methode zur direkten Analyse von BrO 3 − neben BrO 4 − angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract Perbromate is reduced to bromate by iodide in weakly alkaline solution (pH 7–9) at 100° C. The formation of iodine in the hot solution is prevented by addition of an excess of arsenite, which is finally titrated with a I2-solution for the determination of BrO 4 − . The total BrO 3 − content is then determinated by titration of the acidified solution with thiosulphate. From both titrations the initial content of BrO 3 − is obtained. Both methods are simple and accurate. A direct method for the determination of BrO 3 − in solutions containing BrO 4 − is also described.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 48-48 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lanthan(III), Cer(III) ; Volumetrie ; EDTA, Cu-Malatkomplex
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 282 (1976), S. 219-219 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Seltenen Erden mit ÄDTA ; Volumetrie ; Kupferthioglykolat
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Metallionen ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA, alkalimetrische Methode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der weiterentwickelten alkalimetrisch-komplexometrischen Methode können auch selektive Bestimmungen und Trennungen von Metallionen durchgeführt werden. Zur Anwendung kommen Fällungs- und Maskierungsmittel (K2CrO4, KJ, NaF, NH4CNS u.a.) und Titrationen bei verschiedenen pH-Werten. Nach einer Vorneutralisation wird die Bestimmung potentiometrisch mit einem Titrigraphen oder pH-Meter gegen die Glaselektrode durchgeführt. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt meist zwischen ±0,3 und ±0.5%.
    Notes: Abstract With the further development of the alkalimetric-complexometric method the accomplishment of selective determinations and separations of metal ions has become possible. Masking agents (K2CrO4, KI, NaF, NH4CNS and others) and titrations under different pH values are being applied. After a preliminary neutralization the determination is carried out potentiometrically with the aid of a titrigraph or pH-meter and the glass electrode. The relative standard deviation is mostly between ±0.3% and ±0.5%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 363-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sauerstoff in Mangan-Chrom-Oxiden, Chrom-Mangan-Oxiden ; Volumetrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The method and experiences with the determination of oxygen Stoichiometry in mixed manganesechromium sesquioxides are described. The decomposition is carried out in sealed glass tubes in hydrochloric acid in presence of a ferro-ferric system. The oxydation state of the analysed materials is determined by titration of Fe2+ ions with a solution of cerium salt, ferroin being used as indicator.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden ein Verfahren sowie Erfahrungen mit der Bestimmung des Sauerstoffüberschusses in Mangan(III)/Chrom(III)-Mischoxiden beschrieben. Die Proben werden in zugeschmolzenen Ampullen mit SalzsÄure in Gegenwart von Eisen(II/III)-ionen aufgelöst. Sauerstoffüberschu\ wird durch Titration von Fe(II) mit Cer(IV)-salz in Gegenwart von Ferroin als Indicator bestimmt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 284 (1977), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(III) mit Trimetathiophosphoiminsäure ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 284 (1977), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlorid ; Volumetrie ; kontinuierliche Titration im Probenstrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary As an example of an automatic continuous monitoring device a chloride titrator is described. A sample stream is mixed with a varying titrant stream (AgNO3). The flow of the titrant stream is controlled by the difference between a set point signal and an actual signal (Ag+-ion activity). The signal is measured with an ion-sensitive flow-through electrode. The liquid stream is forced through the electrodes by a motor driven spinning brush with its hairs implanted in a screw-like form. Any maintenance during a two weeks period was redundant. The linearity was in the range of 10–100 ppm Cl− better than 1% rel.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Beispiel eines kontinuierlich messenden, automatischen Geräts wird ein Chlorid-Titrator beschrieben. Hierbei wird der Probenstrom mit einem variablen Titrantstrom (AgNO3) gemischt. Die Titrantmenge pro Sekunde wird aus der Differenz zwischen einem Sollwert und einem Signalwert (Ag+-Ionen-Aktivität) bestimmt, der mittels einer Durchfluß-Elektrode gemessen wird. Der Flüssigkeitsstrom wird mit Hilfe einer von einem Motor gedrehten Bürste mit schraubenförmig eingesetzten Haaren durch die Elektroden getrieben. Während einer Zeit von 2 Wochen war eine Wartung unnötig. Die Linearität war im Bereich von 10–100 ppm Cl− besser als 1% rel.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 263-263 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Xanthaten mit Jodosylbenzoat, Tetrathionat ; Volumetrie Best. von Thiolen mit Bromchlorid ; Volumetrie
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 260-260 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dithiokohlensäurederivaten, Schwefelkohlenstoffderivaten mit Interhalogenverbindungen ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 247-247 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thioharnstoff mit Ferroin ; Volumetrie ; Dichromat
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 252-252 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chlorid in Schweiß, Biolog. Flüssigkeiten ; Volumetrie ; Hg(II)-nitrat, Diphenylcarbazon
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 287 (1977), S. 43-45 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wasser, Hydroxyl in Mineralien, Gesteinen ; Volumetrie ; Karl Fischer, Pyrolyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur schnellen Bestimmung von Hydroxyl und H2O in Mineralien und Gesteinen wurden die Proben 15 min (Gesamtbestimmungszeit) in einem Induktionsofen pyrolysiert. Das freigewordene Wasser wurde in einem Titrierbecher aufgefangen und nach der Dead-Stop-Methode mit einem Karl Fischer-Titrator austitriert. Die Analysen von vier internationalen Referenzproben des USGS zeigen eine relative Standardabweichung von weniger als ±0,90%. Z.B. wurde für den Granit G-2 0,67 Gew.-% H2O-Gesamt-Gehalt und eine relative Standardabweichung von ±0,60% gefunden (nach Flanagan [4], 1973, beträgt der H2O-Gesamt-Gehalt des Granits G-2, 0,66 Gew.-%).
    Notes: Summary For rapid determination, samples of minerals and rocks were pyrolyzed in an induction furnace for 15 min. During the interval generated water was continuously collected in a titration beaker and determined by the dead-stop method using a Karl Fischer titrator. The analyses of four international reference samples of the United States Geological Survey showed a relative standard deviation of less than ±0.90%. Granite G-2, for example, shows a total H2O content of 0.67 wt.% with a standard deviation of ±0.60%. Flanagan [4] 1973, reported a total H2O content of G-2 of 0.66 wt.%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Eisenschwamm ; Volumetrie ; Brom-Methanol-, Eisenchlorid-Methode, Thermoanalyse, Reduktion mit Wasserstoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei den meisten Eisenschwammproben liefern die Brom-Methanol-Methode (10 min, 20° C) und die Eisen(III)-chlorid-Methode zur Bestimmung des metallischen Eisens übereinstimmende und abgesicherte Werte. Bei „kritischen“ Proben, die offensichtlich einen speziellen mineralogischen Aufbau aufweisen, liegt das Brom-Methanol-Verfahren zu niedrig; auch das Eisen(III)-chlorid-Verfahren liefert nur Näherungswerte. Bei carbidreichen Proben liefert das FeCl3-Verfahren zu niedrige Ergebnisse. Mit einer neuen, schnell durchführbaren photometrischen Variante des Brom-Methanol-Verfahrens wurde bei 70–90% metallischem Eisen eine Standardabweichung 〈 0,20% Femet, erzielt; sie ist in der Genauigkeit den konventionellen Titrier-Verfahren ebenbürtig. Eine versuchsweise Bestimmung des an Eisen gebundenen Sauerstoffs als Maß für den Reduktionszustand erfolgte durch selektive Reduktion mit Wasserstoff und Infrarotmessung des gebildeten Wasserdampfes. An zwei Puroferproben wurden 2,40 bzw. 2,04% OFe bestimmt; die errechneten Werte nach den bisherigen Methoden betragen 2,30 bzw. 2,12% OFe.
    Notes: Summary With most of the sponge iron samples the bromine/methanol (10 min, 20°C) and the ferric chloride methods provide very reliable results for the determination of metallic iron. In case of critical samples having a special composition, the bromine/methanol procedure yields too low results and the ferric method provides approximate values only. In case of carbide-rich mixtures, the ferric chloride method shows rather low values. With a new quick photometric modification of the Br2/methanol technique a standard deviation of 〈 0.20% Femet is obtained for 70–90% of metalic Fe, what is well comparable to the conventional titration method. The experimental determination of O2 bound to Fe as a measure for the reduction state is performed by selective reduction with H2 and measuring the infrared spectra of the formed water vapours. In case of two Purofer mixtures 2.40 resp. 2.04% OFe were determined, the calculated values according to the previous methods amounting to 2.30 resp. 2.12% OFe.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Benzotrifuroxan ; Volumetrie ; nichtwäßr. Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary BTF can be titrated potentiometrically as an acid with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in DMF, DMSO, acetone, pyridine, or TMG. The solvent of choice is DMF which yields the steepest titration curve and the lowest standard deviation. The equivalent weight of BTF is dependent on the solvent used, indicating a strong interaction with the solvent. In DMF the equivalent weight of BTF is 151.3, corresponding to 1.67 equivalents per mole.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung F kann potentiometrisch als Säure mit Tetrabutylammoniumhydroxid in Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxid, Aceton, Pyridin oder Tetramethylguanidin titriert werden. Dimethylformamid ist am vorteilhaftesten, da es die steilste Titrationskurve und die niedrigste Standardabweichung (0,43%) bietet. Das Äquivalentgewicht von BTF hängt von dem gewählten Lösungsmittel ab. Dies deutet auf eine beträchtliche Wechselwirkung mit dem Lösungsmittel hin. In Dimethylformamid beträgt das Äquivalentgewicht 151,3, entsprechend 1,67 Äquivalenten pro Mol.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 207-207 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Triphenylmethanfarbstoffen ; Volumetrie ; nichtwäßrig
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer in Legierungen ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 368-368 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Hexacyanoferrat(II) mit Jod ; Volumetrie ; Vervielfachung
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 315-316 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Volumetrie ; Korrektur des Temperatureinflusses, Eichung
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Metallionen, Kupferlegierungen, Nickellegierungen, Zinklegierungen ; Volumetrie ; DCyTE (CDTA), Glas-Elektrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Komplexometrische Titrationen mit DCyTE/NaOH (CDTA/NaOH)-Maßlösungen können gegen die Glaselektrode indiziert werden. Im Anschluß an frühere Mitteilungen werden neue Einzelbestimmungen und Trennungen von Metallionen beschrieben. Eine Arbeitsvorschrift zur Untersuchung von Cu-Ni-Zn-Legierungen wird gegeben. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt meist zwischen ±0,2 % und ±0,6%
    Notes: Summary Complexometric titrations with DCyTE/NaOH (CDTA/NaOH) standard solutions can be indicated with the glass electrode. In continuation of previous works, new single determinations and separations of metal ions has become possible. A procedure for the determination of Cu-Ni-Zn alloys is described. The relative standard deviation is mostly between ±0.2% and ±0.6%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 410-410 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA, α-Benzoylamino-pyridin
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 409-410 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Calcium in Umweltmaterial ; Volumetrie ; Durchflußsystem
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 290-292 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sulfat mit Barium ; Volumetrie ; Durchflußsystem, Apparatur, Dimethylsulfonazo(III) als Indicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Sulphate in the range of 5–2000 μmol · l−1 is automatically titrated with Ba(II) in a device with an optical detection which is able to correct automatically for dilution and turbidities. The flow-through system contains 80% v/v ethanol; the indicator is dimethyl sulfonazo(III). Above a concentration level of about 20 μmol · l−1 SO 4 2− the standard deviation is less than 5% rel. The titration time is negligibly small as compared to the sampling time.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sulfat wird im Bereich von 5–2000 μmol · l−1 automatisch mit Ba(II) mit einem Gerät mit optischer Detektion titriert, das automatisch für Verdünnung und Trübung korrigieren kann. Das Durchflußsystem enthält 80% v/v Äthanol; Indicator ist Dimethylsulfonazo(III). Die Standardabweichung für Proben mit einem Sulfatgehalt höher als 20 μmol · l−1 ist niedriger als 5% rel. Die Titrationsdauer ist vernachlässigbar im Vergleich mit der Zeit für die Probennahme.
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  • 78
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 471-482 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Biomechanics ; Modelling ; Urinary bladder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Cet article présente un modèle décrivant les propriétés passives de la vessie durant cette phase de collecte. Une technique genre “boîte noire” est utilisée. Le système étudié, qui est défini en terme d'une relation pression/volume, est divisé en quatre sous-systèmes out blocs à savoir deux blocs géométriques, un bloc décrivant les propriétés des parois de la vessie en fonction du temps et un bloc décrivant les propriétés en fonction de sa longueur. Les modèles ont été mis au point et testés pour chaque bloc séparément. En ce qui concerne la géométrie, la vessie est décrite comme une sphère à parois épaisses dont les tissus ont un volume constant. La dépendance des propriétés de ces parois en fonction du temps peut être expliquée avec un modèle visco-élastique, tandis qu'on peut montrer que la relation entre les propriétés de ces parois et leur longueur correspond à des modules élastiques qui dépendent des tensions de manière biexponentielle. Les valeurs estimées des paramètres en question ont été obtenues à la suite d'expériences réalisées sur des bandes de vessies obtenues auprès de l'abattoir local. La combinaison des blocs a donné un modèle global des propriétés passives de la vessie dans la phase de collecte. Ce modèle contient quatorze paramètres. La manière classique d'étudier la vessie, qui consiste à la remplir lentement et à mesurer la pression obtenue, donne une relation pression/volume pseudo-statique appelée un cystométrogramme. Le modèle prédit précisément la forme du cystométrogramme. Cependant, l'analyse d'un tel cystométrogramme classique ne nous permet de déterminer que trois paramètres de notre modèle. Une meilleure méthode de mesure consiste à mettre sous tension de manière graduelle (ou presque) la vessie. Cela permet d'obtenir huit paramètres, pourvu que le volume initial de la vessie soit connu, et plusieurs mesures sur une vessie à différentes tensions nous permettent de déterminer dix paramètres. Les résultats obtenus avec cette méthode de mise sous tension par étape sont compatibles avec le modèle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird ein Modell dargestellt, das die passiven Eigenschaften der Harnblase in der Sammelphase beschreibt. Es wird eine Blackbox-Methode angewandt. Das zu untersuchende System, das als ein Druckvolumenverhältnis definiert wird, wird in vier Teilsysteme oder Spalten aufgeteilt, d.h., zwei Geometriespalten, eine Spalte, die die zeitabhängigen Eigenschaften der Blasenwand darstellt, und eine Spalte, in der die längenabhängigen Eigenschaften beschrieben werden. Für jede Spalte wurden getrennte Modelle konstruiert und getestet. In bezug auf die Geometrie wird die Blase als dickwandige Sphäre mit konstantem Gewebevolumen beschrieben. Die Zeitabhängigkeit der Wandeigenschaften kann anhand eines visko-elastischen Modells erklärt werden. Die Längenabhängigkeit der Wandeigenschaften erweist sich als Erzeuger elastischer Moduli, die bi-exponentiell von der Belastung abhängig sind. Schätzungen der zugehörigen Parameterwerte erhielt man aus Experimenten nit Streifen der Harnblase, die man vom örtlichen Schlachthof bezogen hatte. Die Kombination der Spalten ergab ein Gesantmodell der passiven Eigenschaften der Harnblase in der Sammelphase. Durch die klassische Untersuchungsmethode der Harnblase, sie langsam zu füllen und den hierdurch erzeugten Druck zu messen, erhält man ein pseudo-statisches Druckvolumenverhältnis, Zystometrogramm genannt. Das Modell ergibt eine genaue Voraussage des Zystometrogramms. Jedoch kann man durch die Analyse des klassischen Zystometrogramms nur drei Parameter unseres Modells bestimmen. Ein besseres Meßverfahren beruht auf der stufenweisen (oder fast stufenweisen) Belastung der Harnblase. Eine stufenweise Belastung ergibt acht Parameter vorausgesetzt, daß das Anfangsvolumen der Blase bekannt ist. Mehrere Messungen an einer Blase bei verschiedenen Belastungen ermöglichen es uns, zehn Parameter zu bestimmen. Die Resultate der stufenweisen Belastung sind mit dem Modell vergleichbar.
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented that describes the passive properties of the urinary bladder in the collection phase. A black-box approach is used. The system under investigation, which is defined in terms of a pressure-volume relationship, is divided into four subsystems or blocks, namely two geometry blocks, a block describing the time-dependent properties of the bladder wall, and a block describing its length-dependent properties. Models have been developed and tested for each block separately. With regard to geometry, the bladder is described as a thick-walled sphere of constant tissue volume. The time-dependence of the properties of the wall can be explained using a visco-elastic model, and the length dependence of the wall properties is shown to yield elastic moduli which depend biexponentially on strain. Estimates of the value of the parameters involved were obtained from experiments on strips of urinary bladder, obtained from the local slaughterhouse. Combination of the blocks yielded an overall model of the passive properties of the urinary bladder in the collection phase. The model contains 14 parameters. The classical way of investigating the urinary bladder, by filling it slowly and measuring the pressure produced, yields a pseudostatic pressure-volume relationship called a cystometrogram. The model predicts the form of the cystometrogram accurately. However, analysis of a classical cystometrogram enables us to determine only three parameters of our model. A better measurement method is based on stepwise (or almost stepwise) straining of the urinary bladder. One stepwise straining yields eight parameters, provided the initial volume of the bladder is known, and several measurements on one bladder at different strains enable us to determine ten parameters. The results obtained with stepwise straining are compatible with the model.
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  • 79
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    Electronic Resource
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Metabolic systems ; Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The adequacy of present-day measurement techniques for the compartmental modelling of metabolic systems is investigated using numerical examples and analysis of experimentally-obtained plasma clearance curves. It is concluded that the model parameters obtained are often of questionable accuracy. The situation can be improved by careful monitoring of experimental conditions and judicious spacing of data points on the response curve, but the work shows a clear need for a continuous (or semicontinuous) method of monitoring plasma concentration. To resolve ambiguities between models equally plausible on physiological grounds, it is necessary to monitor the dynamics of internal variables, for example, of the concentration in the liver (which is nowadays possible noninvasively).
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  • 80
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    In:  Amsterdam, Springer, vol. 1, pp. 225, (1-4020-3353-2)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Review article ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Modelling ; NATHAZ ; measurement, ; tsunami ; model, ; data ; assimilation, ; data ; inversion, ; tsunami ; warning, ; tsunameters, ; forecast, ; hazard ; mitigation
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  • 81
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    In:  Corporate, Florida, Springer, vol. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 15B, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (3-540-24165-5, XXVI + 228 p.)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Description: This book provides a summary of geodynamic results from Iceland that presently are found in a great number of scientific articles, but have not been collected before in a book
    Keywords: Textbook of geodesy ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Plate tectonics ; GeodesyY
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  • 82
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 3, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN: 3-540-27983-0, XII + 238 p., 77 illus., 13 in colour with CD-ROM)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Description: Contents: Data Analysis in Earth Sciences - Introduction to MATLAB - Univariate Statistics - Bivariate Statistics - Time-Series Analysis - Signal Processing - Spatial Data including Digital Elevation Models - Image Processing including Processing and Georeferencing of Satellite Images - Multivariate Statistics; IfGW Uni Potsdam
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; software ; Textbook of geophysics ; Statistical investigations ; digital signal analysis (also DSP) ; DSP ; Time series analysis ; Digital elevation model ; geographic ; coordinates ; Mapping ; Toolbox
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  • 83
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    In:  Cambridge, Springer, vol. LXXVIII, no. 2, pp. 125-169, (ISBN: 3-540-42642-6, Approx. 620 p. 30 illus., Hardcover)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Volcanology ; Geodesy ; Global Positioning System ; InSAR ; Textbook of geodesy
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  • 84
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    In:  Amsterdam, 490 pp., Springer, vol. 11, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (1-4020-4233-7 (hc), 1-4020-4234-5 (sc), X + 413 p.)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Description: Tectonic motion of the Adria microplate exerts a first-order control on the tectonics, geology, seismology, resource distribution, and the geological hazards across a broad zone of south-central Europe and the north-central Mediterranean... This workshop brought together a distinguished international group of scientists working in the peri-Adriatic region to: (1) review research activities and results, (2) share technical expertise, and (3) provide a springboard for future collaborative research on Adria geodynamics. Areas of agreement were identified, as well as remaining areas of debate. In addition, attention focused on important scientific questions and the potential for international and interdisciplinary research in the future
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Geodesy ; Tectonics ; Earthquake hazard ; Italy ; Croatia
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  • 85
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    In:  Professional Paper, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Berlin, Springer, vol. 105, 223 pp., no. 231, pp. 13-30, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Earthquake risk ; Site amplification ; Strong motions ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Synthetic seismograms ; NOISE ; Nakamura ; Modelling ; Cologne ; DFNK ; Faecke ; Facke
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  • 86
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    In:  Geo-Information for Disaster Management, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer, vol. 12, pp. 323-336, (ISBN 3-540-24988-5)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Textbook of informatics ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; Tsunami(s) ; Proceedings of a conference ; Earthquake ; Indonesia ; Geodesy
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  • 87
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, London, Springer, vol. 201, no. XVI:, pp. 169-184, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Finite Element Method ; Modelling ; Three dimensional ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Earthquake early warning systems (EEWS), based on real-time prediction of ground motion or structural response measures, may play a role in re- ducing vulnerability and/or exposure of buildings and lifelines. Indeed, seismologists have recently developed efficient methods for real-time es- timation of an event’s magnitude and location based on limited informa- tion of the P-waves. Therefore, when an event occurs, estimates of magni- tude and source-to-site distance are available, and the prediction of the structural demand at the site may be performed by Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and then by Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA) depending upon EEWS measures. Such an approach contains a higher level of information with respect to traditional seismic risk analysis and may be used for real-time risk management. However, this kind of prediction is performed in very uncertain conditions which may affect the effectiveness of the system and therefore have to be taken into due account. In the present study the performance of the EWWS under development in the Campania region (southern Italy) is assessed by simu- lation. The earthquake localization is formulated in a Voronoi cells ap- proach, while a Bayesian method is used for magnitude estimation. Simu- lation has an empirical basis but requires no recorded signals. Our results, in terms of hazard analysis and false/missed alarm probabilities, lead us to conclude that the PSHA depending upon the EEWS significantly improves seismic risk prediction at the site and is close to what could be produced if magnitude and distance were deterministically known.
    Description: Published
    Description: 211-232
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquake Early ; Campania Region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: We compare the results obtained from the modelling of EDM, GPS, levelling and tilt data measured in the first part of the 19911993 eruption at Etna to the InSAR data acquired during the second part. The geodetic changes are very marked in the first half of the eruption and constrain a deflation source located at a few kilometers of depth ( 3 km b.s.l.), in agreement with other independent geophysical evidence. SAR data, available during the second part of the eruption, were analysed for different time intervals in the second part of the eruption. The interpretation of SAR interferograms reveals a large-scale but less marked deflation of the volcano that could be caused by a deeper source. This second source is in accord with a second deeper anomaly revealed by recent seismic investigations. The combination of geodetic data modelling and SAR images suggests a complex plumbing system composed at least of two possible storage regions located at different depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1345-1357
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Geodesy ; SAR Interferometry ; ground deformation ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Analysis of the historical records of Etnas eruptive activity for the past three centuries shows that, after the large 1669 eruption, a period of about 60 years of low-level activity followed. Starting from 1727, explosive activity (strombolian, lava fountaining and subplinian) at the summit crater increased exponentially to the present day. Since 1763, the frequency of flank eruptions also increased and this value remained high until 1960; afterward it further increased sharply. In fact, the number of summit and flank eruptions between 1961 and 2003 was four times greater than that of the pre-1960 period. This long-term trend of escalating activity rules out a pattern of cyclic behaviour of the volcano. We propose instead that the 16702003 period most likely characterises a single eruptive cycle which began after the large 1669 eruption and which is still continuing. On the basis of the eruptive style, two distinct types of flank eruptions are recognised: Class A and Class B. Class A eruptions are mostly effusive with associated weak strombolian activity; Class B eruptions are characterised by effusive activity accompanied by intense, long-lasting, strombolian and lava fountaining activity that produces copious tephra fallouts, as during the 2001 and 20022003 eruptions. Over the past three centuries, seven Class B eruptions have taken place with vents located mainly on the south-eastern flank, indicating that this sector of the volcano is a preferential zone for the intrusion of volatile-rich magma rising from the deeper region of the Etna plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 732-742
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Etna ; Historical record ; Summit activity ; Flank eruptions ; Eruptive behaviour ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Monte Nuovo eruption is the most recent event that occurred at Phlegrean Fields (Italy) and lasted from 29 September to 6 October 1538. It was characterized by 2 days of quasi-sustained phreatomagmatic activity generating pumice-bearing pyroclastic density currents and forming a 130-m-high tuff cone (Lower Member deposits). The activity resumed after a pause of 2 days with two discrete Vulcanian explosions that emplaced radially distributed, scoria-bearing pyroclastic flows (Upper Member deposits). The juvenile products of Lower and Upper Members are, respectively, phenocryst-poor, light-coloured pumice and dark scoria fragments with K-phonolitic bulk compositions, identical in terms of both major and trace elements. Groundmass is formed by variable proportions of K-feldspar and glass, along with minor sodalite and Fe-Ti oxide present in the most crystallized samples. Investigations of groundmass compositions and textures were performed to assess the mechanisms of magma ascent, degassing and fragmentation along the conduit and implications for the eruptive dynamics. In pumice of the Lower Member groundmass crystal content increases from 13 to 28 vol% from the base to the top of the sequence. Products of the Upper Member consist of clasts with a groundmass crystal content between 30 and 40 vol% and of totally crystallized fragments. Crystal size distributions of groundmass feldspars shift from a single population at the base of the Lower Member to a double population in the remaining part of the sequence. The average size of both populations regularly increases from the Lower to the Upper Member. Crystal number density increases by two orders of magnitude from the Lower to the Upper Member, suggesting that nucleation dominated during the second phase of the eruption. The overall morphological, compositional and textural data suggest that the juvenile components of the Monte Nuovo eruption are likely to record variations of the magma properties within the conduit. The different textures of pumice clasts from the Lower Member possibly reflect horizontal gradients of the physical properties (P, T) of the ascending magma column, while scoriae from the second phase are thought to result from the disruption of a slowly rising plug crystallizing in response to degassing. In particular, crystal size distribution data point to syn-eruptive degassing-induced crystallization as responsible for the transition in eruptive style from the first to the second phase of the eruption. This mechanism not only has been proved to profoundly affect the dynamics of dome-forming calc-alkaline eruptions, but may also have a strong influence in driving the eruption dynamics of alkaline magmas of intermediate to evolved compositions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 601-621
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Phlegrean Fields ; Vulcanian explosion ; Degassing ; Groundmass crystallization ; Eruption dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: For early-warning applications in particular, the reliability and efficiency of rapid scenario generation strongly depend on the availability of reliable strong ground-motion prediction tools. If shake maps are used to represent patterns of potential damage as a consequence of large earthquakes, attenuation relations are used as a tool for predicting peak ground-motion parameters and intensities. One of the limitations in the use of attenuation relations is that these have only rarely been retrieved from data collected in the same tectonic environment in which the prediction has to be performed. As a consequence, strong ground motion can result in underestimations or overestimations with respect to the recorded data. This also holds for Italy, and in particular for the Southern Apennines, due to limitations in the available databases, both in terms of distances and magnitude. Moreover, for “real-time” early-warning applications, it is important to have attenuation models for which the parameters can be easily upgraded when new data are collected, whether this has to be done during the earthquake rupture occurrence or in the post-event, when all the strong motion waveforms are available. Here we present a strong-motion attenuation relation for early-warning applications in the Campania region (Southern Apennines), Italy. The model has a classical analytical formulation, and its coefficients were retrieved from a synthetic strong-motion database created by using a stochastic approach. The input parameters for the simulation technique were obtained through the spectral analysis of waveforms of earthquakes recorded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) network for a magnitude range Md (1.5,5.0) in the last fifteen years, and they have been extrapolated to cover a larger range. To validate the inferred relation, comparisons with two existing attenuation relations are presented. The results show that the calibration of the attenuation parameters, i.e., geometric spreading, quality factor Q, static stress drop values along with their uncertainties, are the main concern.
    Description: Published
    Description: 133-152
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: A Strong Motion ; Earlywarning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the framework of an ongoing project financed by the Campania Region, a prototype system for seismic early and post-event warning is being developed and tested, based on a dense, wide dynamic seismic network (ISNet) and under installation in the Apennine belt region. This paper reports the characteristics of the seismic network, focussing on the required technological innovation of the different seismic network components (data-logger, sensors and data communication). To ensure a highly dynamic recording range, each station is equipped with two types of sensors: a strong-motion accelerometer and a velocimeter. Data acquisition at the seismic stations is performed using Osiris-6 model data-loggers made by Agecodagis. Each station is supplied with two (120 W) solar panels and two 130 Ah gel cell batteries, ensuring 72-h autonomy for the seismic and radio communication equipment. The site is also equipped with a GSM/GPRS programmable control/alarm system connected to several environmental sensors (door forcing, solar panel controller, battery, fire, etc) and through which the site status is known in real time. The data are stored locally on the hard-disk and, at the same time, continuously transmitted by the SeedLink protocol to local acquisition/analysis nodes (Local Control Center) via Wireless LAN bridge. At each LCC site runs a linux Earthworm system which stores and manages the acquired data stream. The real-time analysis system will perform event detection and localization based on triggers coming from data-loggers and parametric information coming from the other LCCs. Once an event is detected, the system will performs automatic magnitude and focal mechanism estimations. In the immediate post-event period, the RISSC performs shaking map calculations using parameters from the LCCs and/or data from the event database. The recorded earthquake data are stored into an event database, to be available for distribution and visualization for further off-line analyses. The seismic network will be completed in two stages: • Deployment of 30 seismic stations along the southern Apennine chain (to date almost completed) • Setting up a carrier-class radio communication system for fast and reliable data transmission, and installation of 10 additional seismic stations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 325 - 341
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Monitoring Infrastructure ; Early-warning Applications ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground deformation occurring on the southern flank of Mt Etna volcano during the JulyAugust 2001 eruption was monitored by GPS measurements along an EW profile crossing the fissure system. This profile was measured eight times during the eruption, using the 'stop and go' semi-kinematic technique. Horizontal and vertical displacements between GPS surveys are reported for each station. The most significant event is a deformation episode occurring during the first week of the eruption, between 2527 July. Displacements were measured on benchmarks close to the eruptive fissure and the tensile 1989 fracture. Data inversions for measured displacements were performed using the Okada model. The model shows the narrowing of the 2001 dyke accompanied by a dextral dislocation along an east-dipping fault, parallel to the 1989 fracture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 336-341
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: GPS ; Ground deformation ; Modelling ; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 200203 Mt Etna flank eruption began on 26 October 2002 and finished on 28 January 2003, after three months of continuous explosive activity and discontinuous lava flow output. The eruption involved the opening of eruptive fissures on the NE and S flanks of the volcano, with lava flow output and fire fountaining until 5 November. After this date, the eruption continued exclusively on the S flank, with continuous explosive activity and lava flows active between 13 November and 28 January 2003. Multi-disciplinary data collected during the eruption (petrology, analyses of ash components, gas geochemistry, field surveys, thermal mapping and structural surveys) allowed us to analyse the dynamics of the eruption. The eruption was triggered either by (i) accumulation and eventual ascent of magma from depth or (ii) depressurisation of the edifice due to spreading of the eastern flank of the volcano. The extraordinary explosivity makes the 200203 eruption a unique event in the last 300 years, comparable only with La Montagnola 1763 and the 2001 Lower Vents eruptions. A notable feature of the eruption was also the simultaneous effusion of lavas with different composition and emplacement features. Magma erupted from the NE fissure represented the partially degassed magma fraction normally residing within the central conduits and the shallow plumbing system. The magma that erupted from the S fissure was the relatively undegassed, volatile-rich, buoyant fraction which drained the deep feeding system, bypassing the central conduits. This is typical of most Etnean eccentric eruptions. We believe that there is a high probability that Mount Etna has entered a new eruptive phase, with magma being supplied to a deep reservoir independent from the central conduit, that could periodically produce sufficient overpressure to propagate a dyke to the surface and generate further flank eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 314-330
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Multi-disciplinary study ; Mount Etna ; 2002–03 eruption ; Eccentric eruptions ; Flank activity ; Etna feeding system ; Volcanic processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: It has been argued that the dominant period T_p derived from the initial seconds of a seismogram, hence only depending on the initial phases of earthquake rupture, seems to scale with the final size of the earthquake. We provide a physical interpretation for the observed scaling and explain how the final earthquake size could be controlled by the initial phase of rupture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9-19
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: early warning ; fracture energy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mount Etna is an open conduit volcano, characterised by persistent activity, consisting of degassing and explosive phenomena at summit craters, frequent flank eruptions, and more rarely, eccentric eruptions. All eruption typologies can give rise to lava flows, which represent the greatest hazard by the volcano to the inhabited areas. Historical documents and scientific papers related to the 20th century effusive activity have been examined in detail, and volcanological parameters have been compiled in a database. The cumulative curve of emitted lava volume highlights the presence of two main eruptive periods: (a) the 1900–1971 interval, characterised by a moderate slope of the curve, amounting to 436 · 106 m3 of lava with average effusion rate of 0.2 m3/s and (b) the 1971–1999 period, in which a significant increase in eruption frequency is associated with a large issued lava volume (767 · 106 m3) and a higher effusion rate (0.8 m3/s). The collected data have been plotted to highlight different eruptive behaviour as a function of eruptive periods and summit vs. flank eruptions. The latter have been further subdivided into two categories: eruptions characterised by high effusion rates and short duration, and eruptions dominated by low effusion rate, long duration and larger volume of erupted lava. Circular zones around the summit area have been drawn for summit eruptions based on the maximum lava flow length; flank eruptions have been considered by taking into account the eruptive fracture elevation and combining them with lava flow lengths of 4 and 6 km. This work highlights that the greatest lava flow hazard at Etna is on the south and east sectors of the volcano. This should be properly considered in future land-use planning by local authorities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 407–443
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; effusive activity ; database ; lava flow length ; eruptive fractures ; vent elevation ; hazard zonation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Flank instability and collapse are observed at many volcanoes. Among these, Mt. Etna is characterized by the spreading of its eastern and southern flanks. The eastern spreading area is bordered to the north by the EW-trending Pernicana Fault System (PFS). During the 20022003 Etna eruption, ground fracturing along the PFS migrated eastward from the NE Rift, to as far as the 18 km distant coastline. The deformation consisted of dextral en-echelon segments, with sinistral and normal kinematics. Both of these components of displacement were one order of magnitude larger (~1 m) in the western, previously known, portion of the PFS with respect to the newly surveyed (~9 km long) eastern section (~0.1 m). This eastern section is located along a pre-existing, but previously unknown, fault, where displaced man-made structures give overall slip rates (11.9 cm/year), only slightly lower than those calculated for the western portion (1.42.3 cm/year). After an initial rapid motion during the first days of the 20022003 eruption, movement of the western portion of the PFS decreased dramatically, while parts of the eastern portion continued to move. These data suggest a model of spreading of the eastern flank of Etna along the PFS, characterized by eruptions along the NE Rift, instantaneous, short-lived, meter-scale displacements along the western PFS and more long-lived centimeter-scale displacements along the eastern PFS. The surface deformation then migrated southwards, reactivating, one after the other, the NNWSSE-trending Timpe and Trecastagni faults, with displacements of ~0.1 and ~0.04 m, respectively. These structures, along with the PFS, mark the boundaries of two adjacent blocks, moving at different times and rates. The new extent of the PFS and previous activity over its full length indicate that the sliding eastern flank extends well below the Ionian Sea. The clustering of seismic activity above 4 km b.s.l. during the eruption suggests a deep décollement for the moving mass. The collected data thus suggests a significant movement (volume 〉1,100 km3) of the eastern flank of Etna, both on-shore and off-shore.
    Description: Published
    Description: 417-430
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Volcano spreading ; Fracturing ; Mt. Etna ; Pernicana Fault System ; NE Rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We have characterized pumice products belonging to the climactic phase of the 800-year-b.p. Quilotoa eruption. Bulk rock compositions, petrography, mineral, and glass chemistry and textural investigations were performed on the three end-member pumice types, namely white, gray, and mingled pumices. All the investigated pumice clasts are dacites characterized by the same bulk rock composition and mineralogical assemblage, but glass compositions and bulk textures change according to different pumice types. White pumice has higher crystallinity (~48 wt%), abundant euhedral pheno/microphenocrysts, no groundmass microlites, the most evolved glass compositions (7478 wt% SiO2), and heterogeneous vesicle populations marked by deformed and highly coalesced vesicles with thin walls. Gray pumice exhibits lower crystallinity (2936 wt%), abundant broken and/or resorbed crystals, ubiquitous groundmass phenocryst fragments and microlites, the widest range of glass compositions (6978 wt% SiO2), and quite homogeneous poorly deformed and coalesced vesicles with thicker walls. Mingled pumices are characterized by the alternation of bands or patches with white and gray pumice compositional and textural characteristics. We attribute heterogeneities in glass compositions and crystal and vesicle textures to processes occurring within volcanic conduits as magma is ascending to the surface. In particular, the above observations and results are consistent with an origin of a gray magma by heating of the original white magma in a strongly sheared region of the conduit because of a mechanism of viscous dissipation and crystal grinding and resorption at the conduit walls. The less viscous gray magma, therefore, would enable the onset and preservation of a high mass flux of the eruption otherwise difficult to explain for highly viscous crystal-rich dacitic magmas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 307-321
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Plinian eruption ; Crystal-rich magma ; Crystal grinding ; Pumice types ; Viscous dissipation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A prototype system for earthquake early warning and rapid shake map evaluation is being developed and tested in southern Italy based on a dense, dynamic seismic network (accelerometers + seismometers) under installation in the Apenninic belt region (Irpinia Seismic Network). It can be classified as a regional Earthquake Early Warning System consisting of a broad-based seismic sensor network covering a portion or the entire area which is threatened by the quake's strike. The real time magnitude estimate will take advantage from the high spatial density of the network in the source region and the broad dynamic range of installed instruments. Based on the offline analysis of high quality strong-motion data bases recorded in Italy, several methods are envisaged, using different observed quantities (peak amplitude, dominant frequency, square velocity integral, …) to be measured on seismograms, as a function of time, both on P and early-S wave signals. Results from the analysis of the Italian strong motion database point out the possibility of using low-pass filtered displacement and velocity peak amplitudes measured in time windows lasting less than 3-4 sec after the first P- or S-wave arrivals. These parameters show they are robustly correlated with moment magnitude. The correlation found of 3Hz low-pass filtered PGV and PGD with magnitude is discussed and interpreted in terms of plausible dynamic models of the earthquake rupture process during its initial stage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 45-63
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Real-time Estimation ; Magnitude ; Seismic Early Warning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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