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  • 1
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    Volcanic inflation of Mount Hokkaido-Komagatake, Japan, determined from a dense Global Positioning System array (2005)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Amsterdam, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 32, no. 20, pp. 693-711, pp. L20304, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanology ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; GRL ; 1036 ; Geochemistry: ; Magma ; chamber ; processes ; (3618) ; 8419 ; Volcanology: ; Volcano ; monitoring ; (7280) ; 8439 ; Physics ; and ; chemistry ; of ; magma ; bodies ; 8434 ; Magma ; migration ; and ; fragmentation
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    BIBLIOGRAFIE SEISMOLOGIE
  • 2
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    Volcano-earthquake interaction at Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii (2006)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 111, no. B5, pp. 1669-1675, pp. B05204, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanology ; Seismicity ; USA ; static ; elastic ; Stress ; JGR ; volcano ; spreading ; dike ; intrusion ; 8414 ; Volcanology: ; Eruption ; mechanisms ; and ; flow ; emplacement ; 8415 ; Intra-plate ; processes ; (1033, ; 3615) ; 8425 ; Effusive ; volcanism ; 8439 ; Physics ; and ; chemistry ; of ; magma ; bodies ; 8488 ; Volcanic ; hazards ; and ; risks ; TWALTER
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    BIBLIOGRAFIE SEISMOLOGIE
  • 3
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    Computer processed LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-11-16
    Beschreibung: Background information and exercises are provided to: (1) establish or expand understanding of the concepts, methods, and terminology of computer processing of image producing data; (2) develop insight into the advantages of computer based image processing compared with the photointerpretation approach for processing, classifying, interpreting, and applying remote sensing data; (3) foster a broad perspective on the principal of the main techniques for image enhancement, pattern recognition, and thematic classification; (4) appreciate the pros and cons of batch and interactive modes of image analysis; (5) examine and evaluate some specific computer generated products for subscenes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and (6) interrelate these particular examples of output with more theoretical explanations of computer processing strategies and procedures.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 145-232
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Radar-visible wind streaks in the Altiplano of Bolivia (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Isolated knobs that are erosional remnants of central volcanoes or of folded rocks occur in several areas of the Altiplano are visible on both optical and images. The optically visible streaks occur in the immediate lee of the knobs, whereas the radar visible streaks occur in the zone downwind between the knobs. Aerial reconnaissance and field studies showed that the optically visible streaks consist of a series of small ( 100 m wide) barchan and barchanoid dunes, intradune sand sheets, and sand hummocks (large shrub coppice dunes) up to 15 m across and 5 m high. On LANDSAT images these features are poorly resolved but combine to form a bright streak. On the radar image, this area also appears brighter than the zone of the radar dark streak; evidently, the dunes and hummocks serve as radar reflectors. The radar dark streak consists of a relatively flat, smooth sand sheet which lacks organized aerolian bedforms, other than occasional ripples. Wind velocity profiles show a greater U value in the optically bright streak zone than in the radar dark streak.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 271-272
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  • 5
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    The erosion of streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks: Implications to the origin of the Martian outflow channels (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: The diversity of proposed origins for large Martian outflow channels results from the differing interpretations given to the landforms associated with the outflow channels. In an attempt to help limit the possible mechanisms of channel erosion, detailed studies of three of the channel features were done; the streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks. This examination involved a comparison of the martian streamlined islands with various streamlined landforms on Earth including those found in the Channel Scabland in large rivers, glacial drumlins, and desert yardangs. The comparisons included statistical analyses of the landform lengths versus widths and positions of maximum width, and an examination of the degree of shape agreement with the geometric lemniscate which was in turn demonstrated to correspond closely with true airfoil shapes. The analyses showed that the shapes of the martian islands correspond closely to the streamlined islands in rivers and the Channel Scabland land. Drumlins show a much smaller correlation. Erosional rock islands formed by glaciers are very much different in shape.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 200-202
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  • 6
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    Test methods and results of the 10-cell bipolar Ni-H2 battery (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Characterization tests were carried out at three charge levels and four discharge levels. The "c' or capacity of the battery is designated at 6.5 ampere-hours. The recharge ampere-hours was the same for all test conditions, 6.5 A-H, regardless of the discharge capacity removed for any particular discharge rate. Less capacity can be removed at higher discharge rates to the same termination voltage, which was 0.50 volts for the weakest (lowest voltage) cell. The general trend of efficiencies increases as the charge rate increases as noted in results of the table included in the handout package. The data also indicate the efficiency increases as the discharge rate decreases. This is true; however, efficiencies at the discharge rates of c and 2c are penalized because these cycles received more overcharge than necessary.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 496-500
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  • 7
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    Determination of the reliability of Ni-Cd batteries from survival data on cells fabricated 1964 - 1977 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The probability of Ni-Cd battery survival was determined by researching survival data on cells fabricated from 1964-1977. A log of cell failure times were plotted against cumulative failure percentage and mean and standard deviation were determined.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 470-479
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  • 8
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    Experimental design (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The design of long life, low weight nickel cadmium cells is studied. The status of a program to optimize nickel electrodes for the best performance is discussed. The pore size of the plaque, the mechanical strength and active material loading are considered in depth.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 253-469
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  • 9
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    Advanced nickel hydrogen cell configuration study (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: An evaluation of the current nickel hydrogen cell design is presented. The IPV, or the Individual Pressure Vessel, is the state of the art right now. The present design, 3 1/2 inch cell, has a current limit of 50 ampere-hours. The nickel hydrogen cell design is the state of the art. Its size is 3 1/2 inches which limits it to 50 hours. The probable limits of that are probably 160 amphere IPV cell remaining in the passive cooling mode. The IPV stacks is a parallel connection of electrodes. Positive electrodes are connected with leads to the top portion of the stack and negative electrodes are connected with leads and pulled down to the bottom. So it is a combination connection of paralleling series electrostacking--parallel inside each individual stack, and series connected from one stack to the next. It offers, in the analysis, improvements in packaging, cost, energy density, and specific energy.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 480-495
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Nickel hydrogen/nickel cadmium battery trade studies (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Nickel Hydrogen cell and battery technology has matured to the point where a real choice exists between Nickel Hydrogen and Nickel Cadmium batteries for each new spacecraft application. During the past few years, a number of spacecraft programs have been evaluated at Hughes with respect to this choice, with the results being split about fifty-fifty. The following paragraphs contain criteria which were used in making the battery selection.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 430-438
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  • 11
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    Canadian experience with nickel cadmium systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Defense Research Establishment Ottawa (DREO) has been studying the nickel-cadmium system, both vented and sealed, since the early 1950's. Reasonable success has been achieved in a wide variety of applications covering: military vehicle use under Arctic conditions; high performance military aircraft; manpacked communications sets; remote standby power and small portable instrumentation. Early studies on the vented system for high rate vehicle and aircraft cranking applications proved useful in later studies on the sealed NiCd system. This was especially true in the areas of plate loading and electrolyte composition. To achieve high rate cranking currents of 20C to 30C, it was necessary to have light to moderate plate loadings, a large reactive surface area, and electrolyte of optimum conductivity. DREO undertook some fundamental studies to understand the system from the inside out rather than test cells from the outside and then analyze their components. The conclusions of these studies were incorporated into the Procurement Specification for Ni-Cd cells ISISA Spec S615-P-2. A brief comment will be made on the choice of cell design and how some of the factors of cell manufacture could affect cell performance.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 439-451
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  • 12
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    Real and potential nickel hydrogen superiority (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Events from the development and orbital flight experience with a nickel hydrogen battery are described. The events highlight characteristics of nickel hydrogen which afford superior capability in overcharge, overdischarge and state of charge evaluation, when compared to the nickel cadmium electrochemical system. Some developments in nickel hydrogen technology that provide the potential of furthering nickel hydrogen superiority for satellite applications are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 416-429
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  • 13
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    Ni-H2 batteries for communications satellites (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Ni-H2 batteries are just now being put into service. All of the remaining INTELSAT V satellites (approximately 10), starting with the next to be launched in early 1983, will use Ni-H2 batteries. In addition, the next generation of INTELSAT VI satellites, and probably INTELSAT VII and VIII, will use Ni-H2 batteries. This means that international telecommunications satellites will use Ni-H2 batteries through the 1990's. It is projected that the lifetime of these batteries will be greater than 10 years at deep depth-of-discharge (DOD), and that the battery subsystem will no longer limit satellite lifetime or communications capability during eclipse periods. This paper discusses the advantages of the Ni-H2 battery, as compared with the Ni-Cd battery, for telecommunications satellites.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 389-415
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  • 14
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    Status of SAFT silver hydrogen cell development (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Nickel-hydrogen cells appear to be an improvement over the nickel-cadmium in applications requiring longer lifetime and reduced weight. An even more efficient couple, the silver-hydrogen couple, is also considered. After a theoretical study first performed by the Battelle Institute of Geneva under ESA (European Space Agency) contract, SAFT has undertaken more detailed analyses of the silver-hydrogen degradation mechanisms. ESA and the French Department of Defense contracted with SAFT for a full-development program of the silver-hydrogen technology.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 347-371
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  • 15
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    Reconditioning and the nickel electrode (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: This effects of reconditioning on the performance of NiCd batteries are reviewed. These effects are correlated with cell experiments and individual electrode investigations. The effects of reconditioning on the positive electrode performance are found to be significant. A mechanism is proposed that rationalizes the operation of the nickel electrode and suggests that reconditioning minimizes depth of discharge stress during use and maintains uniformity of the active material.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 324-345
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  • 16
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    Spacecraft battery reconditioning cost considerations (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Cost considerations for spacecraft battery reconditioning are studied. Results indicate that the cost of performing reconditioning is minuscule compared with spacecraft system investment. Results also indicate that spacecraft life extension of a few days justifies incorporation of reconditioning circuitry.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 303-310
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  • 17
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    Unique battery reconditioning cycle for RCA's geostationary satellites and its applicability for low Earth satellite (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Six (6) geostationary spacecraft, manufactured by RCA Astro, are presently operating in orbit. All of their batteries are performing well. They all contain unique battery reconditioning circuitry, permitting individual cell reconditioning to practically zero volts without the danger of cell reversal. This reconditioning is performed just prior to start of each eclipse season. This technique has maintained the battery's end-of-discharge voltage with mission life. The oldest operating RCA Astro geostationary spacecraft, Satcom F1 and F2, have now completed almost 7 and 6-3/4 years in orbit, respectively. Their battery performance, reported herein, show that a major milestone in the mission longevity of nickel-cadmium batteries has heen achieved. Low earth orbit test data show a long lasting effect of maintaining end-of-discharge voltages for nickel cadmium cells using periodic reconditioning. The unique RCA light-weight reconditioning circuitry can accomplish a quick reconditioning and prevent cell reversal. Reconditioning, thus, has the potential for extending mission life of geostationary as well as low earth orbit spacecraft, when two or more batteries are present.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 311-323
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  • 18
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    Deep discharge reconditioning: Pros and cons (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Deep-discharge reconditioning (DDR) can be of great benefit to battery performance, especially in geosynchronous orbit, if performed properly and regularly, and can be essential to operation of batteries at the high depths of discharge (DOD) required to minimize weight. The procedure should be tailored to fit the nature of the degradation occuring during regular cycling. DDR is not without its drawbacks, however, and these differ depending on the normal DOD to be sustained and/or whether the discharge is done at the battery or the cell level. Battery-level discharge carries the minimum weight penalty but raises questions of the effects of low-rate cell reversal that as yet have no firm answers. Cell level discharge avoids cell reversal but carries significant penalties of weight and complexity. Thus no universal procedure or method of implementation of deep-discharge reconditioning is now available and thus the various approaches must be evaluated for each application.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 297-302
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  • 19
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    Control requirements for future battery systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: It is argued that sophisticated battery control systems are required to support the high power, high energy spacecraft secondary battery systems of the post 1985 time period. Four categories of battery control system functions are defined and discussed: battery operational control, auxiliary system control, battery system status indication and fault detection fault isolation. A concept for implementation of such a control system is also presented and discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 270-279
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  • 20
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    A comparison of voltage limit charge control for fixed array and sun oriented array missions (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A comparison of voltage limited control methods limit control methods for fixed array and oriented array missions is given. The LANDSAT D, Earth Radiation Budget Experiment and Solar maximum Mission techniques are compared.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 231-258
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  • 21
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    Battery charge control with temperature compensated voltage limit (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Battery charge control for orbiting spacecraft with mission durations from three to ten years, is a critical design feature that is discussed. Starting in 1974, the General Electric Space Systems Division designed, manufactured and tested battery systems for six different space programs. Three of these are geosynchronous missions, two are medium altitude missions and one is a near-earth mission. All six power subsystems contain nickel cadmium batteries which are charged using a temperature compensated voltage limit. This charging method was found to be successful in extending the life of nickel cadmium batteries in all three types of earth orbits. Test data and flight data are presented for each type of orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 259-269
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  • 22
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    Computer modeling of batteries from non-linear circuit elements (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A simple non-linear circuit model for battery behavior is given. It is based on time-dependent features of the well-known PIN change storage diode, whose behavior is described by equations similar to those associated with electrochemical cells. The circuit simulation computer program ADVICE was used to predict non-linear response from a topological description of the battery analog built from advice components. By a reasonable choice of one set of parameters, the circuit accurately simulates a wide spectrum of measured non-linear battery responses to within a few millivolts.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 201-215
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  • 23
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    Modeling a Li/SOCl2 battery for design purposes (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A generalized code applicable to many different electrochemical systems and geometric designs is discussed. The code is to be set up so that physical property data such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and configuration (e.g. physical dimensions) are the input data. Thus, by changing these parameters many different battery configurations can be handled. The outputs, as a function of time and space, are voltage, current, temperature, pressure, velocity, and species concentration.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 178-199
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  • 24
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    Fitting voltage curves with an electrochemically derived equation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Previous work is refined and extended to describe the discharge curve of Ni-Cd cells. Several models are discussed which are based on chronopotentiometry theory and on a thermodynamic approach. Emphasis is placed on improvement of the fit for the initial portion of discharge. Equations are presented which improve the fit for all regions of the discharge curve.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 164-177
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  • 25
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    Battery model for electrical power system energy balance (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A model to simulate nickel-cadmium battery performance and response in a spacecraft electrical power system energy balance calculation was developed. The voltage of the battery is given as a function of temperature, operating depth-of-charge (DOD), and battery state-of-charge. Also accounted for is charge inefficiency. A battery is modeled by analysis of the results of a multiparameter battery cycling test at various temperatures and DOD's.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 117-124
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  • 26
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    Validating cell/battery safety (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Using the accelerating rate calorimeter, the hazards associated with exothermic reactions occurring in Li/SO2 cells under the conditions of discharge, forced overdischarge, resistive overdischarge, and forced overdischarge at low tempratures are quantitatively defined in terms of: rate of pressure generation, overall pressure rise, rate of temperature, and overall heat generation. Consistent with the findings of other investigators, it is believed that the major reactions contributing to Li/SO2 cell exothermicity are: the lithium/acetonitrile reaction, the thermal decomposition of lithium dithionite, and the lithium/sulfur reaction.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 85-99
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  • 27
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    Design of a safe cylindrical lithium/thionyl chloride cell (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Cell design criteria were established which can result in a safe lithium/thionyl chloride cell. A cell vent, a low area internal anode cell, cell balance and composition of the cathode-electrolyte solution were found to be important factors in the design of a safe cell. In addition to routine testing, both undischarged and discharged cells were subjected to electrical abuse, environmental abuse and mechanical abuse without disassembly.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 75-84
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  • 28
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    Controlling hazardous reactions during voltage reversal of high energy lithium cells (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The roll of general cell design characteristics in preventing hazardous reactions during voltage reversal of lithium cells is discussed. Anode limited versus cathode limited design and case positive versus case negative design are addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 67-74
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    Safety tests (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The ovedischarge test program and results for double A and D lithium cells are discussed. Temperature increases and sparking responses are dressed.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 60-63
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  • 30
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    Low temperature performance tests (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Lithium cell performance at extremely low temperatures was tested and materials which could be used to make a cell completely electro-chemically inert for the purpose of deactivation were investigated. The effects of temperature and current density on polarization and performance loss are discussed along with discharge recovery behavior.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 64-66
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    Policies governing the use of lithium batteries in the Navy (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Lithium batteries offer many advantages for Navy systems but may also exhibit undesirable hazardous behavior. Safety problems have been traced to a variety of chemical and physical causes. The Navy has established a central safety office with responsibility for all lithium battery use. Before an item is approved for Navy use, it must pass both a design review and a set of end item tests. These reviews focus on complete systems which include a battery inside the end item. After system approval, specific regulations govern the transportation, storage, and disposal of the unit containing lithium batteries. Each of these areas is discussed in detail.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 23-34
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    The Galileo probe Li/SO2 battery: The safest battery on Jupiter (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The unique power requirement of NASA's Galileo Jupiter Probe are most readily met by a Li/SO2 battery; however, because this battery system is not space flight proven, extensive effort was required to qualify this device from the stand point of performance and safety. Due to the rather checkered safety record of the Li/SO2 system, safety has been foremost among the design considerations and has been addressed at the cell, battery and system level. The mission requirements which led to the choice of the Li/SO2 battery and the safety engineering which went into the battery and power system design are described.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 15-22
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  • 33
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    forced overdischarge related safety aspects of Li/SO2 and Li/SOCl2 cells (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Results of an experiment investigating overdischarge behavior of two types of Li/SO2 cells are presented. Forced overdischarges of the Li/LiBr, CH3CN/SO2 cell can result in unsafe behavior such as venting with fire and release of toxic gases. The hazards may be minimized or eliminated by careful cell design considerations and practice of high standards of quality contol in cell manufacture. Seemingly safe cells at 25 C when forced overdischarged at -25 C, even at low currents, exhibited incipient signs of hazards. Their cathodes indicated signs of shock sensitivity. Cathode limited Li/SOCl2 cells were safe during forced overdischarge for long periods of time. Lithium limited Li/SOCl2 cells in which practically all Li had been used up before cell reversal did not exhibit hazardous behavior. Anode limited Li/SOCl2 cells, but not Li limited, exhibited detonations, all during overdischarges at relatively low current densities of or = 1 mA/sq cm 2. Anode potentials 4v with large oscillations preceeded the events. The events were confined to the anode and the temperature rose high enough to melt Ni grids.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 47-59
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    Primary lithium batteries, some consumer considerations (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: In order to determine whether larger size lithium batteries would be commercially marketable, the performance of several D size lithium batteries was compared with that of an equivalent alkaline manganese battery, and the relative costs of the different systems were compared. It is concluded that opportunities exist in the consumer market for the larger sizes of the low rate and moderate rate lithium batteries, and that the high rate lithium batteries need further improvements before they can be recommended for consumer applications.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 35-45
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  • 35
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    Hazardous behavior of lithium batteries. Case histories (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Case histories were described of hazardous behavior for three different cell sizes ranging in nominal capacity from 300 mAh to 12,000 Ah. Design characteristics and other facts believed to have been responsible for the cell explosions, are presented. Obvious facts are discussed as causes for hazardous behavior of lithium batteries in general and oxyhalide batteries in particular.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 3-14
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    Appendix C. LANDSAT: A worldwide perspective (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Images characteristics of geographic regions other than the northeastern part of the United States are presented for interpretation. Pre- and post-eruption imagery of Mt. St. Helens volcano serves to demonstrate the advantages of thermal infrared sensing, and the potential for developing a timely, decision oriented thematic map to be used in solving drought-related problems in Upper Volta is examined to show the applicability of satellite remote sensing in all geographic areas.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 455-475
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    Impact of Mount St. Helens eruption on hydrology and water quality (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens in southeast Washington resulted in a pronounced effect on the surface and ground water resources of the state. In response to the volcanic activity, the U.S. Geological Survey intensified statewide surface and ground water sampling programs to determine the nature and magnitude of the volcanic-induced variations. Streams to the east of Mount St. Helens received the major ash fallout. Chemical effects were best noted in smaller streams sampled 60 to 70 miles northeast of Mount St. Helens. The chemical variations observed were pronounced but short lived. Sulfate and chloride increases in anionic composition were prevalent immediately following the eruption; however, the original bicarbonate predominance was again attained within several days. Suspended iron and aluminum concentrations were similarly elevated during the period of greatest ash deposition (highest turbidity); however, the dissolved concentrations remained relatively constant. Depressions of pH were minor and short lived. Streams draining to the south, tributaries to the Columbia river, showed little observable changes in water chemistry. Streams draining to the west (Toutle river and its tributaries) were compositionally affected by the various volcanic activities. Chloride and sulfate anion percentage exceeded the bicarbonate percentage up to one month following the eruption period. Streams and lakes sampled in the immediate vicinity of Mount St. Helens, in addition to trace metals, contained organic compounds derived from decomposing wood buried in the debris deposits. This organic material may constitute a significant source of organic compounds to surface and ground water for some time to come.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 43-46
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    Some closing thoughts: Practical payoffs from satellite systems (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The benefits-to-cost ratio of satellite remote sensing, both as a substitute for conventional methods of monitoring and assessing resources, and as a supplement to these methods is examined using a model which analyzes the cost of aerial photography versus satellite scanner for producing and interpreting an image of the Earth's surface sized to LANDSAT dimensions. Examples of cost savings are tabulated for ground surveys, aerial photos, and LANDSAT. Possible additional benefits from LANDSAT D are assessed. The way in which satellites fit into more comprehensive models for resources management is discussed. It is shown that remote sensing is but one essential component in a complex system that aggregates technical. Socioeconomics, political, cultural, and other factors in the human decision process.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 389-407
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    Appendix B: Principles of computer processing of LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Computer processing facilitates extraction of information from every pixel by executing a variety of functional operations, called processed algorithms, in general or specialized routines. The best results are obtained when data from more than one multispectral band are used together. Multivariate tatistical analysis, computer tape characteristics, processing modes, and a choice of systems (batch or interactive) are discussed. The major operations in computer processing elaborated include: preprocessing, enhancement, effects of rationing, and classification. Techniques for multisource data correlation are considered with emphasis on geobased systems.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 421-453
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  • 40
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    Near surface observations (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Learning objectives include: (1) developing an understanding of the implications of the term "near surface observations"; (2) associating the appearance of large ground features as seen in satellite imagery with their appearance as seen from the ground; (3) grasping criteria and procedures for selecting training sites on the ground for use in supervised classification; (4) running through an example of training site selection; (5) becoming familiar with several methods of accuracy assessment; (6) becoming aware of the approach and value of making supporting measurements of the spectral and physical properties of materials on the ground and from aircraft; (7) taking note of the different types of instruments used in making specific ground measurements; and (8) appreciating the rationale underlying laboratory and field studies on or near the Earth's surface for the purpose of developing new sensor systems.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 233-276
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  • 41
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    Photointerpretation of LANDSAT images (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Learning objectives include: (1) developing a facility for applying conventional techniques of photointerpretation to small scale (satellite) imager; (2) promoting the ability to locate, identify, and interpret small natural and man made surface features in a LANDSAT image; (3) using supporting imagery, such as aerial and space photography, to conduct specific applications analyses; (4) learning to apply change detection techniques to recognize and explain transient and temporal events in individual or seasonal imagery; (5) producing photointerpretation maps that define major surface units, themes, or classes; (6) classifying or analyzing a scene for specific discipline applications in geology, agriculture, forestry, hyrology, coastal wetlands, and environmental pollution; and (7) evaluating both advantages and shortcomings in relying on the photointerpretive approach (rather than computer based analytical approach) for extracting information from LANDSAT data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 101-143
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  • 42
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    Some spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Activities are provided for: (1) developing insight into the way in which the LANDSAT MSS produces multispectral data; (2) promoting understanding of what a "pixel" means in a LANDSAT image and the implications of the term "mixed pixel"; (3) explaining the concept of spectral signatures; (4) deriving a simple signature for a class or feature by analysis: of the four band images; (5) understanding the production of false color composites; (6) appreciating the use of color additive techniques; (7) preparing Diazo images; and (8) making quick visual identifications of major land cover types by their characteristic gray tones or colors in LANDSAT images.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 81-99
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  • 43
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    Familiarization with LANDSAT imagery (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Learning objectives of the activities provided include: (1) reading the annotation of a LANDSAT image; (2) becoming acquainted with the characteristics of 1:1,000,000 scale transparencies and prints of MSS images; (3) noting the general information visible in LANDSAT photo products; (4) observing changes of appearance of any ground feature or class in the black and white images made from the four MSS bands and the characteristic color of each class in color composites; (5) determining the degree to which a LANDSAT image meets map accuracy standards and can be fitted to map projections; (6) assessing the effects of LANDSAT enlargements and scale changes and of the limitations of satellite resolution relative to aerial photos; (7) observing the influence of time of acquisition (season) on a scene; (8) getting a feel for image quality as dependent on processing and photoreproduction; (9) appreciating the characteristics of the RBV and thermal band imagery obtained from LANDSAT-3; and (10) becoming familiar with certain attributes of adjacent LANDSAT images which permit them to be joined in mosaics and to be viewed in stereo.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 39-80
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    Appendix A: The LANDSAT system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The primary LANDSAT mission and the system requirements are summarized and pertinent parameters of the spacecraft, its orbit, and payload are tabulated. The history acquisition to entry into the archives for storage and product generation and dissemination is recounted. The LANDSAT D data handling plan is discussed showing requirements for both the MSS CCT and the thematic mapper CCT.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 409-419
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  • 45
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    Some fundamental concepts in remote sensing (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The term remote sensing is defined as well as ideas such as class, pattern, feature, pattern recognition, feature extraction, and theme. The electromagnetic spectrum is examined especially those wavelength regions available to remote sensing. Relevant energy and wave propagation laws are discussed and the characteristics of emitted and reflected radiation and their detection are investigated. The identification of classes by their spectral signatures, the multispectral approach, and the principal types of sensors and platforms used in remote sensing are also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 9-38
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  • 46
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    Microwave remote sensing experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: Operation of the microwave instrument as a two frequency scatterometer, a synthetic aperture radar, and a passive microwave radiometer is planned. Operation of the instrument in each of its three modes is discussed and the antenna system described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 47
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    The ac power line protection for an IEEE 587 Class B environment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The 587B series of protectors are unique, low clamping voltage transient suppressors to protect ac-powered equipment from the 6000V peak open-circuit voltage and 3000A short circuit current as defined in IEEE standard 587 for Category B transients. The devices, which incorporate multiple-stage solid-state protector components, were specifically designed to operate under multiple exposures to maximum threat levels in this severe environment. The output voltage peaks are limited to 350V under maximum threat conditions for a 120V ac power line, thus providing adequate protection to vulnerable electronic equipment. The principle of operation and test performance data is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 5 p
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  • 48
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    Detection and analysis of radio frequency lightning emissions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The feasibility study of detection of lightning discharges from a geosynchronous satellite requires adequate ground-based information regarding emission characteristics. In this investigation, a measurement system for collection of S-band emission data is set up and calibrated, and the operations procedures for rapid data collection during a storm activity developed. The system collects emission data in two modes; a digitized, high-resolution, short duration record stored in solid-state memory, and a continuous long-duration record on magnetic tape. Representative lightning flash data are shown. Preliminary results indicate appreciable RF emissions at 2 gHz from both the leader and return strokes portions of the cloud-to-ground discharge with strong peaks associated with the return strokes.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 20 p
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  • 49
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    A BAPTA employing rotary transformers, stepper motors and ceramic ball bearings (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The utilization of rotary transformers as an alternative to slip rings for the power transfer from solar panels to a satellite's main body could be advantageous, especially if an ac bus system is taken into consideration. Different approaches with main emphasis on the electromagnetic design were investigated and showed efficiencies of up to 99% with a 3 kW power capability. A solidly preloaded pair of ball bearings with ceramic balls assures proper transformer air gaps and acceptable torque changes over temperature and temperature gradients. The bearing and power transfer assembly is driven by a direct drive stepper motor with inherent redundancy properties and needs no caging mechanism.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 189-203
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  • 50
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    The design and evaluation of superconducting connectors (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The development of a superconducting connector for superconducting circuits on space flights is described. It is proposed that such connectors be used between the superconducting readout loop and the SQUID magnetometer in the Gravity Probe B experiment. Two types of connectors were developed. One type employs gold plated niobium wires making pressure connections to gold plated niobium pads. Lead-plated beryllium-copper spring contacts can replace the niobium wires. The other type is a rigid solder or weld connection between the niobium wires and the niobium pads. A description of the methods used to produce these connectors is given and their performance analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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    Multiprocess evolution of landforms in the Kharga Region, Egypt: Applications to Mars (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: In order to understand better the polygenetic evolution of landforms on the martian surface, field studies were conducted in and around the Kharga Depression, Egypt. The Kharga region, on the eastern edge of Egypt's Western Desert, was subject to erosion under mostly hyperarid climatic conditions, punctuated by brief pluvial episodes of lesser aridity, since early Pleistocene time. The region contains numerous landforms analogous to features on the martian surface: yardangs carved in layered surficial deposits and in bedrock, invasive dune trains, wind-modified channels and interfluves, and depressions bounded by steep scarps. Like many of the topographic depresions on Mars, the Kharga Depression was invaded by crescentic dunes. In Egypt, stratigraphic relations between dunes, yardangs, mass-wasting debris, and wind-eroded flash-flood deposits record shifts in the relative effectiveness of wind, water, and mass-wasting processes as a function of climate change.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 225-227
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    A comparison of stratified versus regression estimators (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: LANDSAT data acquired over an agricultural area along with ground enumeration of the same area are used to obtain crop acreage estimates which are better (as measured in terms of bias and variance) than can be obtained from either data source alone. Two basic approaches considered within the AgRISTARS program are a stratified crop acreage estimator and a regression estimator. A statement of the problem was mathematically formulated and some theorems were proved which relate to the variance of the two estimators. For a particular set of data, the regression and stratified estimators are compared in terms of certain easily computed parameters.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 17 p
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  • 53
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    Experiments examining the shapes of isolated bars in comparison with those occurring in braided rivers (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Sand bars and islands within braided rivers have characteristic rhomboid or diamond shapes, often becoming very complex in form as the density of islands increases. Similar forms are observed in the martian outflow channels where the islands occur in groups. This contrasts with the more isolated martian islands which have airfoil shapes, as do isolated streamlined islands in rivers and in the Channeled Scabland. These observations indicate that the bar and island forms are controlled by the density of the islands, with increasing island interaction and flow modification as the density increases. As a continuation of previous flume experiments on the shapes of isolated islands, a new series of experiments investigate the modifications produced by a progressive increase in island density, finally leading to a true braided system.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 198-199
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  • 54
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    Modeling battery life through changes in voltage fit coefficients (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-10-01
    Beschreibung: A number of 12 ampere-hour cells, nickel cadmium, were cycled under various conditions of temperature and depth of discharge. Using this data, it was confirmed that a five parameter fit equation could be used to model the data within a few millivolts. Both charge and discharge curves can be fit with accuracies in the range of one or two millivolts. The fit coefficients when plotted versus cycles show definite trends and patterns which can be used in an operational sense to predict battery voltage as a function of temperature and depth of discharge.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1982 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 125-163
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    Other remote sensing systems: Retrospect and outlook (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The history of remote sensing is reviewed and the scope and versatility of the several remote sensing systems already in orbit are discussed, especially those with sensors operating in other EM spectral modes. The multisensor approach is examined by interrelating LANDSAT observations with data from other satellite systems. The basic principles and practices underlying the use of thermal infrared and radar sensors are explored and the types of observations and interpretations emanating from the Nimbus, Heat Capacity Mapping Mission, and SEASAT programs are examined. Approved or proposed Earth resources oriented missions for the 1980's previewed include LANDSAT D, Stereosat, Gravsat, the French satellite SPOT-1, and multimission modular spacecraft launched from space shuttle. The pushbroom imager, the linear array pushbroom radiometer, the multispectral linear array, and the operational LANDSAT observing system, to be designed the LANDSAT-E series are also envisioned for this decade.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 327-387
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    A case study in the practical use of LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The use of computer aided classification of LANDSAT data in developing water quality plans for New Jersey watersheds is used to exemplify how a state natural resource management program benefits from satellite imagery. The transition of a research and development system into an operational remote sensing system to help decision makers is demonstrated. Nontechnial issues that can assist (or hinder) an agency in adopting a new technology are examined. The progress of LANDSAT use by state government from the earliest stage of curiosity through to incorporation in actual state planning methods is charted. Potential applications of LANDSAT data to real information needs and solutions to management problems are examined. The problems and mistakes that occurred in using LANDSAT data in the past are discussed as well as the ways by which these problems were overcome.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 309-326
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  • 57
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    Geographic information systems (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Information and activities are provided to: (1) enhance the ability to distinguish between a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a data management system; (2) develop understanding of spatial data handling by conventional methods versus the automated approach; (3) promote awareness of GIS design and capabilities; (4) foster understanding of the concepts and problems of data base development and management; (5) facilitate recognition of how a computerized GIS can model conditions in the present "real world" to project conditions in the future; and (6) appreciate the utility of integrating LANDSAT and other remotely sensed data into the GIS.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 277-308
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  • 58
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    Smokeless wire insulation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: NASA Technol. Appl. Team; p 37
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  • 59
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    Characteristics of the SIR-A system and images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Sample images obtained with the Shuttle Imaging Radar A (SIR-A) are presented, along with design and performance features of the SIR-A, Seasat and Landsat images of the same scenes for comparison purposes. The SIR-A functions at the L-band 25 cm at a frequency of 1278 GHz with a spectral bandwidth of 6 MHz. The images were taken at an angle of 47 deg and furnished a resolution of 40 m from an altitude of 259 km. The images covered a ground swath 50 km wide. The images are provided to assist in the development of effective techniques for interpreting radar imagery. The SIR-A instrument is a precursor of another imaging device which will be flown around Venus. The images provided include sections of France, Sardinia and Algeria.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Photo Interpretation (ISSN 0031-8523); 23; 4-17
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  • 60
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    Analysis of Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data for classification of forest stands in Baldwin County, Alabama (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A computer-implemented classification has been derived from Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data acquired over Baldwin County, Alabama on January 15, 1983. One set of spectral signatures was developed from the data by utilizing a 3x3 pixel sliding window approach. An analysis of the classification produced from this technique identified forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas was extracted by employing a pixel-by-pixel signature development program which derived spectral statistics only for pixels within the forested land covers. The spectral statistics from both approaches were integrated and the data classified. This classification was evaluated by comparing the spectral classes produced from the data against corresponding ground verification polygons. This iterative data analysis technique resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 88.4 percent correct for slash pine, young pine, loblolly pine, natural pine, and mixed hardwood-pine. An accuracy assessment matrix has been produced for the classification.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 61
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    Satellite land remote sensing advancements for the eighties; Proceedings of the Eighth Pecora Symposium, Sioux Falls, SD, October 4-7, 1983 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Among the topics discussed are NASA's land remote sensing plans for the 1980s, the evolution of Landsat 4 and the performance of its sensors, the Landsat 4 thematic mapper image processing system radiometric and geometric characteristics, data quality, image data radiometric analysis and spectral/stratigraphic analysis, and thematic mapper agricultural, forest resource and geological applications. Also covered are geologic applications of side-looking airborne radar, digital image processing, the large format camera, the RADARSAT program, the SPOT 1 system's program status, distribution plans, and simulation program, Space Shuttle multispectral linear array studies of the optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover, orbital surveys of solar-stimulated luminescence, the Space Shuttle imaging radar research facility, and Space Shuttle-based polar ice sounding altimetry.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 62
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    Offshore oil in the Alaskan Arctic (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Oil and gas deposits in the Alaskan Arctic are estimated to contain up to 40 percent of the remaining undiscovered crude oil and oil-equivalent natural gas within U.S. jurisdiction. Most (65 to 70 percent) of these estimated reserves are believed to occuur offshore beneath the shallow, ice-covered seas of the Alaskan continental shelf. Offshore recovery operations for such areas are far from routine, with the primary problems associated with the presence of ice. Some problems that must be resolved if efficient, cost-effective, environmentally safe, year-round offshore production is to be achieved include the accurate estimation of ice forces on offshore structures, the proper placement of pipelines beneath ice-produced gouges in the sea floor, and the cleanup of oil spills in pack ice areas.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 225; 371-378
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  • 63
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    A sampling procedure to guide the collection of narrow-band, high-resolution spatially and spectrally representative reflectance data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A multistage sampling procedure using image processing, geographical information systems, and analytical photogrammetry is presented which can be used to guide the collection of representative, high-resolution spectra and discrete reflectance targets for future satellite sensors. The procedure is general and can be adapted to characterize areas as small as minor watersheds and as large as multistate regions. Beginning with a user-determined study area, successive reductions in size and spectral variation are performed using image analysis techniques on data from the Multispectral Scanner, orbital and simulated Thematic Mapper, low altitude photography synchronized with the simulator, and associated digital data. An integrated image-based geographical information system supports processing requirements.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 64
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    Theory of high-harmonic rectangular gyrotron for TE(mn) modes (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In this paper, the linearized relativistic Vlasov equation is solved and a dispersion relation is calculated for the interaction between a relativistic electron beam and the electromagnetic fields of a rectangular waveguide supporting TE(mn) modes. The dispersion relation is simplified to the special case of a frame of reference moving with the electrons and the resulting coupling coefficient epsilon(mn)super l is calculated for various TE(mn) modes. The dependence of epsilon(mn)super l on the parity of the harmonic number l and various mn modes of the waveguide are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices (ISSN 0018-9383); ED-31; 1212-121
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  • 65
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    Calculations of radar backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered soils (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The present investigation has the objective to develop a simple 'user's' model for simulating the measured radar backscattering coefficients from vegetation-covered fields in conjunction with the data obtained by Jackson et al. (1980, 1982). The theoretical work reported by Fung and Eom (1981) provides the basis for the model. Certain modifications are related to a consideration of the effect of a vegetation canopy. The first part of the model is concerned with a description of scatter from rough bare soil, while the second part takes into account the effect of a vegetation cover. It is shown that the measured angular distribution of the backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered fields can be satisfactory reproduced by using the developed model.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 119-133
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  • 66
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    Atmospheric effect on classification of finite fields (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance of sunlight scattered from the earth-atmosphere system is strongly influenced by the contrasts between fields and their sizes. In this paper, the radiances above finite fields are computed to simulate radiances measured by a satellite. A simulation case including 11 agricultural fields and four natural fields (water, soil, savanah, and forest) is used to test the effect of field size, background reflectance, and optical thickness of the atmosphere on the classification accuracy. For a given atmospheric turbidity, the atmospheric effect on classification of surface features may be much stronger for nonuniform surfaces than for uniform surfaces. Therefore, the classification accuracy of agricultural fields and urban areas is dependent not only on the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, but also on the size of the surface elements to be classified and their contrasts. It is concluded that new atmospheric correction methods, which take into account the finite size of the fields, are needed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 95-118
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    High-efficiency V-band GaAs IMPATT diodes (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Double-drift GaAs IMPATT diodes were designed for V-band frequency operations and fabricated using molecular-beam epitaxy. The diodes were fabricated in two configurations: (1) circular mesa diodes with silver-plated (integrated) heat sinks: (2) pill-type diodes bonded to diamond heat sinks. Both configurations utilized a miniature quartz-ring package. Output power greater than 1 W CW was achieved at V-band frequencies from diodes on diamond heat sinks. The best conversion efficiency was 13.3 percent at 55.5 GHz with 1 W output power.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: Electronics Letters (ISSN 0013-5194); 20; 212-214
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  • 68
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    Radiometric calibration of Seasat SAR imagery (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A goal of future synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system design is to yield the radiometrically accurate imagery necessary for use in classification problems. To accomplish this, a reliable calibration technique must be developed. Many such techniques have been proposed (e.g., Stiles and Holtzman, 1982); however, until now, none have been tested on spaceborne SAR digital data. In this paper, a method of significantly increasing the reproducibility of several independent Seasat SAR data sets of a test site using an automated correction procedure is described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    The influence of autocorrelation in signature extraction - An example from a geobotanical investigation of Cotter Basin, Montana (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectal bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 315-332
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    Observational parameters for remote sensing in the next decade (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The spectral and spatial requirements for remote sensing in the next decade are presented. The requirements presented were obtained through extensive literature research and discussions with leading members of the various remote sensing research communities. In the 0.35-2.5 micron region of the spectrum, numerous bands will be needed at bandwidths as narrow as 10-20 nanometers. There is also growing interest in the thermal infrared (8-14 microns). Spatial resolution (instantaneous field of view) of 5 to 10 meters will be of great benefit to many fields of remote sensing.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Objective assessment of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data for land cover mapping (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The validity of using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the satellites NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 for land cover mapping is assessed by making comparisons with much higher resolution LANDSAT multi-spectral scanner (MSS) data. Near synchronous data for both systems are analysed for test sites in the Imperial Valley, California, the Nile Delta, and southern Italy. The results strongly indicate that despite the very coarse resolution of the AVHRR data compared with conventional MSS data they are sufficiently strongly correlated to suggest that the former have significant potential for land cover mapping, especially at small scales and for large areas. Hence the outstanding benefits of AVHRR data, namely their high temporal frequency, relative cheapness and low data volumes for image processing, may readily be taken advantage of for such tasks.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 497-504
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  • 72
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    New cryogenic P-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) with optimized doping yielding performance superior to the G-118, W-164, and 3N165 at 77 K, 4 K, and 1.8 K (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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    Integrating 128 element InSb array - Recent results (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: There has been a continuing evolution toward larger arrays of infrared detectors, and the technology base derived from the Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) has been expanded to linear arrays including from 128 to 512 elements. This advance is based on the commercial availability of high-quality InSb photodiodes and 128/256 element FET switch MUX's (multiplexing elements). The present investigation is concerned with an experimental 128-element linear imager using InSb detectors and silicon MUX for readout. Attention is given to detector array electrical characteristics, the detector readout architecture, noise, and special effects.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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    Thermal microwave emission from vegetated fields - A comparison between theory and experiment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The radiometric measurements over bare field and fields covered with grass, soybean, corn, and alfalfa were made with 1.4- and 5-GHz microwave radiometers during August-October 1978. The measured results are compared with radiative transfer theory treating the vegetated fields as a two-layer random medium. It is found that the presence of a vegetation cover generally gives a higher brightness temperature T sub B than that expected from a bare soil. The amount of this T sub B excess increases with increase in the vegetation biomass and in the frequency of the observed radiation. The results of radiative transfer calculations, which include a parameter characterizing ground surface roughness, generally match well with the experimental data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 143-150
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  • 75
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    Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. II - Use of angle transforms and error analysis as illustrated by Suits' model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The technique for inverting a vegetation canopy reflectance model described earlier (Goel and Strebel, 1983) is investigated further. The novel concept of an 'angle transform' is introduced. This concept allows the formation of functions of reflectances at different view zenith and azimuth angles, which are either sensitive or insensitive to a certain agronomic parameter. A proper combination of these functions can allow determination of all the important agronomic and spectral parameters from measured canopy reflectance data. The technique is demonstrated using Suits' (1972) model for homogeneous canopies. It is shown that leaf area index, leaf reflectance and transmittance, and average leaf angle all can be determined from the canopy reflectance at a set of selected view zenith and azimuth angles. A sensitivity analysis of the calculated values to the errors in the data is also carried out. Guidelines are formulated for the number and types of observations required to obtain the values of a particular canopy variable to within a given degree of accuracy for a given level of error in the measurement of canopy reflectance.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 77-111
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    K-band FET amplifier for satellite downlink (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: State-of-the-art performance is demonstrated with solid-state amplifiers in K-band. The amplifier provides 8.2 watts of power with 39 dB gain over a frequency band of 1.4 GHz. Nonlinearity analyses of solid-state amplifiers suggest that system performance can be improved significantly by using an FET amplifier. Preliminary investigations reveal that the solid-state amplifiers can be space-qualified and can be expected to replace the TWTA in many communication links in the near future. It is pointed out that with improvements in device technology, the power, bandwidth and efficiency of solid-state amplifiers using FETs can be further improved. With FETs operating at a junction temperature of less than 125 C, solid-state amplifiers are inherently reliable, indicating a ten-year mean time to failure.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: Microwave Journal (ISSN 0026-2897); 27; 115
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    Modeling of single-event upset in bipolar integrated circuits (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The results of work done on the quantitative characterization of single-event upset (SEU) in bipolar random-access memories (RAMs) have been obtained through computer simulation of SEU in RAM cells that contain circuit models for bipolar transistors. The models include current generators that emulate the charge collected from ion tracks. The computer simulation results are compared with test data obtained from a RAM in a bipolar microprocessor chip. This methodology is applicable to other bipolar integrated circuit constructions in addition to RAM cells.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (ISSN 0018-9499); NS-30; 4540-454
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    The damage equivalence of electrons, protons, alphas and gamma rays in rad-hard MOS devices (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: This paper reports on a study of damage equivalence in rad-hard MOS devices with 100,000 rads (SiO2) capability. Damage sensitivities for electrons of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 MeV, protons of 1, 3, 7, 22, and 40 MeV, 3.4-MeV alphas, and Co-60 gammas were measured and compared. Results indicated that qualitatively the same charge recombination effects occurred in hard oxide devices for doses of 100,000 rads (SiO2) as in soft oxide parts for doses of 1 to 4 krads (SiO2). Consequently, damage equivalency or non-equivalency depended on radiation type and energy. However, recovery effects, both during and after irradiation, controlled relative damage sensitivity and its dependency on total dose, dose rate, supply bias, gate bias, radiation type, and energy. Correction factors can be derived from these data or from similar tests of other hard oxide type, so as to properly evaluate the combined effects of the total space environment.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (ISSN 0018-9499); NS-30; 4363-436
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    Test structures for propagation delay measurements on high-speed integrated circuits (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The accuracy of high-speed wafer-level measurements on digital IC's is limited by the probe interface. This limitation strongly encourages the use of built-in on-chip test hardware to reduce the number of critical off-chip high-speed interfaces. A novel synchronous propagation delay test structure is described which will provide accurate parametric data under typical automatic test conditions. Built-in test features added to complex combinational circuits are shown which are useful for delay measurement and which reduce the total number of high-speed I/O connections while still providing acceptable fault coverage in many cases.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices (ISSN 0018-9383); ED-31; 1072-107
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    Mapping of glacial landforms from Seasat radar images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Glacial landforms in the drumlin drift belt of Ireland and the Alaska Range can be identified and mapped from Seasat synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Drumlins cover 60 percent of the Ireland scene. The width/length ratio of individual drumlins can be measured on the SAR images, allowing regional differences in drumlin shape to be mapped. This cannot be done with corresponding Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images because of lower spatial resolution and because of shadowing effects that vary seasonally. The Alaska scene shows the extent and nature of morphological features such as medial and lateral moraines, stagnant ice, and fluted ground moraine in glaciated valleys. Perception of these features on corresponding Landsat MSS images is limited by seasonal diffrences in solar illumination. Because SAR is not affected by such differences or by cloud cover, it is particularly well suited for monitoring glacial movement. The disadvantage of distorted high-relief features on Seasat SAR images can be reduced in future SAR systems by modifying the radar illumination geometry.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894); 22; 314-327
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    Space-charge behavior of 'Thin-MOS' diodes with MBE-grown silicon films (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Basic theoretical and experimental characteristics of a novel 'Thin-MOS' technology, which has promising aspects for integrated high-frequency devices up to several hundred gigahertz are presented. The operation of such devices depends on charge injection into undoped silicon layers of about 1000-A thickness, grown by molecular beam epitaxy on heavily doped substrates, and isolation by thermally grown oxides of about 100-A thickness. Capacitance-voltage characteristics measured at high and low frequencies agree well with theoretical ones derived from uni and ambipolar space-charge models. It is concluded that after oxidation the residual doping in the epilayer is less than approximately 10 to the 16th/cu cm and rises by 3 orders of magnitude at the substrate interface within less than 100 A and that interface states at the oxide interface can be kept low.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: Solid-State Electronics (ISSN 0038-1101); 27; 867-880
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  • 82
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    Statistical analysis of Thematic Mapper Simulator data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types in southwest Oregon (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An evaluation of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types based on vegetative cover characteristics is addressed in this research. A methodology for accomplishing this evaluation utilizing univariate and multivariate techniques is presented. TMS data acquired with a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral scanner were integrated with vegetation and geologic information for subsequent statistical analyses, which included a chi-square test, an analysis of variance, stepwise discriminant analysis, and Duncan's multiple range test. Results indicate that ultramafic rock types are spectrally separable from nonultramafics based on vegetative cover through the use of statistical analyses.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 525-530
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  • 83
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    Feature selection and the information content of Thematic Mapper simulator data for forest structural assessment (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An assessment is made of the information content of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the case of a forested region, in order to determine the sensitivity of such data to forest crown closure and tree size class. Principal components analysis and Monte Carlo simulation indicated that channels 4, 7, 5 and 3 were optimal for four-channel forest structure analysis. As the number of channels supplied to the Monte Carlo feature selection routine increased, classification accuracy increased. The greatest sensitivity to the forest structural parameters, which included succession within clearcuts as well as crown closure and size class, was obtained from the 7-channel TMS data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 482-489
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  • 84
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    A summary of the history of the development of automated remote sensing for agricultural applications (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An historical account is given of the development of technology for the processing of satellite-acquired multispectral data aimed at the identification of the type, condition, and ontogenic stages of agricultural areas. During 1972 and 1973, research established the feasibility of automating digital classification for the processing of large volumes of Landsat MSS data. This capability was successfully demonstrated during the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment, which estimated wheat crop production on a global basis. This achievement in turn led to the Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing, which investigated other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and expanded the study of key commercial crops in important agricultural areas.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 473-482
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  • 85
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    Use of Landsat-derived profile features for spring small-grains classification (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The present model for the temporal behavior of agricultural greenness is applied to the extraction of Landsat-derived profile features, distinguishing small from large grain crops. An additional feature derivable from the temporal behavior of the ratio of greenness to brightness is noted which aids in the separation of crops from other vegetation. A limited training set of 20 pure pixels/class, obtained from ground data, is subjected to the Ho-Kashyap (1965) linear classifier. The initial correct classification value for pure pixels of about 85 percent drops to 75 percent for all Landsat pixels.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 783-797
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  • 86
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    Improved classification of small-scale urban watersheds using thematic mapper simulator data (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The utility of Landsat MSS classification methods in the case of small, highly urbanized hydrological basins containing complex land-use patterns is limited, and is plagued by misclassifications due to the spectral response similarity of many dissimilar surfaces. Landsat MSS data for the Conley Creek basin near Atlanta, Georgia, have been compared to thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data obtained on the same day by aircraft. The TMS data were able to alleviate many of the recurring patterns associated with MSS data, through bandwidth optimization, an increase of the number of spectral bands to seven, and an improvement of ground resolution to 30 m. The TMS is thereby able to detect small water bodies, powerline rights-of-way, and even individual buildings.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 761-770
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  • 87
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    Spring wheat-leaf phytomass and yield estimates from airborne scanner and hand-held radiometer measurements (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An attempt has been made to relate hand-held radiometer measurements, and airborne multispectral scanner readings, with both different wheat stand densities and grain yield. Aircraft overflights were conducted during the tillering, stem extension and heading period stages of growth, while hand-held radiometer readings were taken throughout the growing season. The near-IR/red ratio was used in the analysis, which indicated that both the aircraft and the ground measurements made possible a differentiation and evaluation of wheat stand densities at an early enough growth stage to serve as the basis of management decisions. The aircraft data also corroborated the hand-held radiometer measurements with respect to yield prediction. Winterkill was readily evaluated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 771-781
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  • 88
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    Granitic terrains viewed remotely by Shuttle infrared radiometry - Some compositional predictions (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ratios of intensities of near-infrared spectral bands, measured in reflectance, quantitatively predict the iron content of granitic rocks. Such data from the 1.60- and 1.05-micron bands of the Shuttle multispectral infrared radiometer have been used to study granitic rocks along orbits crossing Baja California, Mexico, and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Both regions are arid and relatively to essentially free of vegetation, and there is no indication in the spectra that surface chemical alteration masks the true composition of the unweathered rock. Predicted values of iron are consistent with known compositional types of most of the rocks along the orbital paths. Results demonstrate that the near-infrared method used is a powerful technique to average the variability of these rocks on the scales of meters to kilometers.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9439-944
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  • 89
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    The influence of autocorrelation in signature extraction - An example from a geobotanical investigation of Cotter Basin, MT (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectral bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations. Previously announced in STAR as N82-25602
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 90
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    Profile modeling for crop discrimination (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A complete automatic unsupervised classification approach has been developed to estimate the proportion of corn, soybeans, and other crops in a Landsat 5-by-6-nanometer segment. The technique involves extracting crop growth variables that are predictable from agromet models, it provides a signature extension not possible before. The technique has been applied in 3 years (1978-1980) for 56 segments and shows neither a year-to-year effect nor any geographic effect. The results to date are considered far better than those obtainable from any other currently available technique. Nontheless, the technique can be improved to reduce the bias.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 91
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    A comparison of simulated thematic mapper data and multispectral scanner data for Kingsbury County, South Dakota (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 92
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    Satellite remote sensing - An integral tool in acquiring global crop production information (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Since NASA's program of research concerning remote sensing was initiated in the 1960s, one of its major objectives has been to advance the state-of-the-art in machine processing of satellite acquired multispectral data. Possibilities have been studied regarding a use of these data to identify type, to monitor condition, and to estimate the ontogenetic stage of cultural vegetation. The present investigation provides a review of the state-of-the-art of the technology used to make remote sensing crop production estimates in foreign regions. Attention is given to Landsat data acquisition, aspects of registration and preprocessing, questions of data transformation, data modeling, proportion estimation, labeling, development stage models, crop condition models, and an outlook regarding future developments.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 93
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    Remote sensing technology transfer at the NASA Technology Application Center, University of New Mexico (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 94
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    Segmentation of remotely sensed data using parallel region growing (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The improved spatial resolution of the new earth resources satellites will increase the need for effective utilization of spatial information in machine processing of remotely sensed data. One promising technique is scene segmentation by region growing. Region growing can use spatial information in two ways: only spatially adjacent regions merge together, and merging criteria can be based on region-wide spatial features. A simple region growing approach is described in which the similarity criterion is based on region mean and variance (a simple spatial feature). An effective way to implement region growing for remote sensing is as an iterative parallel process on a large parallel processor. A straightforward parallel pixel-based implementation of the algorithm is explored and its efficiency is compared with sequential pixel-based, sequential region-based, and parallel region-based implementations. Experimental results from on aircraft scanner data set are presented, as is a discussioon of proposed improvements to the segmentation algorithm.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 95
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    Evaluation of the emission capabilities of Spindt-type field emitting cathodes (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The electron emitting capabilities of Spindt-type field emitting cathodes (FEC) are being studied at the Lewis Research Center, NASA. These cathodes, having 5000 emitting points in a 1 mm diameter, have been shown to be capable of emission current densities of 10 A/sq cm and higher. The purposes of this study are to (1) demonstrate that the cathodes can be processed and used in a tube-type configuration, (2) determine whether, at a sufficiently high current density, the cathode can operate in the space charge mode, and (3) evaluate failure mechanisms in this unique type of electron emitter. FEC's have been tested in a diode configuration, by the use of pulse techniques, up to current densities of 6 A/sq cm and anode potentials of 3000 V. Space charge effects have been observed in the range of 5 A/sq cm as an apparent linear increase of cathode current with anode voltage for a constant emitter-gate potential. Failed cathodes were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and the major failure modes encountered are attributed to gas evolution, followed by arcing, which destroys either individual emitters or a large segment of the cathode area.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Materialart: Applications of Surface Science (ISSN 0378-5963); 16; 277-291
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  • 96
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    The SIR-A radar of the American Space Shuttle - Technical characteristics and overview of French experiments (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The scientific instruments comprising the OSTA-1 package flown on the second Shuttle mission (November 12-14, 1981) are listed, and the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiments are examined in detail: SIR-A operated for 8 h and obtained images covering more than 10 million sq km at 40-m resolution. The images were recorded on photographic film and processed in holographic form at JPL, and data for Southern Europe and parts of Africa were distributed to French scientists by the Groupement pour le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale. The main areas of research were environmental studies and geology, and the SIR-A images were used in combination with aerial photography, thematic maps, and Landsat images. The technical specifications of the SIR-B radar planned for STS-17 in 1984 are compared with those of SIR-A and Seasat SAR in tables.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Societe Francaise de Photogrammetrie et de Teledetection, Bulletin (ISSN 0244-6014); 91, 1; 5-9
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  • 97
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    The containment set approach to digital system tolerance of lightning-induced transient faults (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A fault model and a system model are necessary to assess the tolerance or resilience of a digital system to lightning-induced transients. It is noted that these models are usually developed separately. A new approach is outlined here for this assessment problem which combines the fault and system models into an overall model. With this approach, referred to as the containment set approach, an assessment of the effects of lightning-induced transients can be made in terms of a state transition matrix. This matrix can be generated by means of fault injection experiments. In addition, certain nonredundancy-oriented design alternatives to the achievement of lightning-induced transient tolerance in digital systems are indicated by the containment set approach.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 98
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    An improved push-pull voltage fed converter using a tapped output-filter inductor (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A new concept of using a tapped output-filter inductor and an auxiliary commutating diode to reduce the likelihood of transformer core saturation in a push-pull, voltage-fed converter is presented. The linearized circuit model and transfer functions are derived with a hybrid approach using both state-space and circuit averaging. Operation of the new converter - including parasitic effects - is discussed, and a design equation for inductor tap ratio is established. It is predicted and experimentally confirmed that the new converter has more symmetrical transformer core operation, and the potential exits for lower transistor turnon current and reduced transistor voltage stress. These benefits reduce switching loss and enhance transistor reliability.
    Schlagwort(e): ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 99
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    Remote sensing for exploration - An overview (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The use of remote sensing in resource exploration is reviewed, with emphasis placed on new developments in high spectral resolution remote-sensing techniques for mineralogic and vegetation mapping. Topics discussed include aerial photography and satellite remote sensing, concepts and principles of spectral data collection, spectral properties of rocks and minerals, spectral properties of vegetation, and botanical aspects of geochemical stress. The discussion also covers applications of Landsat multispectral scanner data to lithologic and geobotanic studies and the future development of data acquisition and data interpretation techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Economic Geology and Society of Economic Geologists, Bulletin (ISSN 0361-0128); 78; 573-590
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  • 100
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of soil moisture variation on the microwave emission from soils (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In this paper, results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of noise on the relationship between the microwave emissivity of soil and its moisture content are presented. It is found that whenever the magnitude of the noise for the independent variable, in this case the soil moisture, is increased, both the slope of the regression and the correlation coefficient decrease. In particular, when the noise has magnitude equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 0.25, the slope and correlation coefficient are in good agreement with those obtained from the data of a 21-cm airborne microwave radiometer which was flown over a test site in hand county, South Dakota. The comparison was made using a linear relationship to determine the estimated emissivity from the ground measurements of soil moisture. The linear relationship was derived from a radiative transfer model calculation of the microwave emissivities using realistic soil-moisture profiles. The effect of surface roughness was included in the relationship, and the variability of the surface roughness was also simulated by a Monte Carlo technique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-21; 473-479
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