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  • Triticum aestivum  (263)
  • Springer  (263)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (158)
  • 1980-1984  (105)
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  • Springer  (263)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pattern of amyloplast DNA accumulation during wheat endosperm development (1987)
    Springer
    Planta 171 (1987), S. 416-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Amyloplast DNA ; DNA accumulation ; Endosperm development ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of amyloplast DNA during endosperm development was studied in two cultivars of spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) and ‘Spica’, small and relatively larger-grained cultivars, respectively. Endosperms were isolated between 9 and 45 days post anthesis (dpa) and the amyloplast DNA content of endosperm nucleic-acid extracts was measured by quantitative hybridisation with a homologous chloroplast-DNA probe. The endosperm cells of CS and Spica accumulated amyloplast DNA during development in a similar way. In both cultivars there was a large increase in the amount of plastid DNA (ptDNA) per endosperm between 9 and about 15 dpa, after which there was no further increase. Because nuclear DNA continued to accumulate until 24 dpa, the percentage contribution of amyloplast DNA to total DNA fluctuated in both cultivars during development, reaching maxima at 12 dpa of about 1.00% and 0.85%, and dropping to apparently constant levels of 0.60% and 0.52% in CS and Spica, respectively, by 24 dpa. In both cultivars, the average number of ptDNA copies per amyloplast was calculated to increase from about 10 copies at 9 dpa to about 50 copies in the mature amyloplasts at 31 dpa. However, the heavier endosperms of Spica contain more cells than those of CS and the varieties therefore differed in the amount of ptDNA that accumulated per endosperm: Spica endosperms accumulated 110 ng of ptDNA by 15 dpa, compared with only 85 ng in CS. The apparent accumulation of ptDNA copies in wheat amyloplasts during endosperm development contrasts with the decline in chloroplast-DNA copies in wheat chloroplasts during leaf development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398688
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing grain protein content of hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by mutation breeding (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Protein ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276260
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The peroxidase isozymes of the wheat kernel: tissue and substrate specificity and their chromosomal location (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 701-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Peroxidases ; Tissue and substrate-specificity ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Peroxidase isozymes were studied in the Triticum aestivum L. kernel and in nullisomic-tetrasomic and ditelocentric combinations of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat. Analyses were carried out on different parts of dry kernels (embryo plus scutellum and endosperm) using polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis, different electrophoretic buffer systems and various staining methods. The peroxidase isozymes showed a low substrate-specificity and a high tissue-specificity. The embryo plus scutellum and the endosperm always presented different peroxidase patterns. Endosperm peroxidases were associated with chromosome arms 7DS, 4BL and 7AS; whereas the embryo plus scutellum isozymes were related to chromosome arms 3AL, 3BL and 3DS. The different results obtained using various electrophoretic techniques are due to the buffer system used. All staining procedures employed revealed the same peroxidase isozymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260779
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extent of genetic variability of endosperm esterases in Triticum aestivum L. 2n=6x=42 (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 728-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Esterases ; Genetic variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic variability of endosperm esterase has been studied in 42 cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. 2n=6x=42. Different techniques, including sequential electrophoresis and electrofocusing, have been used with various substrates and esterase inhibitors. The electrophoretic patterns in each cultivar are described. Chromosomal location using the nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic lines of Chinese Spring was carried out in order to relate and/or locate the esterase genes to specific chromosomes. Most of the esterase isozymes located were in the long arm of the chromosomes of the homoeology group 3; but we have found six located in the short arms, five of them in the chromosome 3AS and one in the 3DS. This location increases the number of esterase genes described, because no esterase genes had been described so far in short arms of chromosomes of the homoeology group 3. The genetic control is discussed and, according to our results, between 12 and 15 loci, organized in five “compound loci”, control the endosperm esterases in wheat. Also one “modifier” gene modifying the mobility of two esterase bands and present in all the cultivars studied is postulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262570
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extensive mitochondrial DNA variation in somatic tissue cultures initiated from wheat immature embryos (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Tissue culture ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Genomic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat mitochondria) DNA has been isolated from callus cultures initiated from both immature embryos and the corresponding parental cultivar. A Sall restriction pattern study has shown that the organization of callus culture mitochondria) DNA underwent extensive change, characterized by either the disappearance or the decrease in the relative stoichiometry of several restriction bands. Hybridization of labelled mitochondrial fragments obtained from a recombinant cosmid library to Southern blots of callus and parental line restricted mitochondria) DNAs has shown that a fraction of the mitochondria) genome was lost in callus cultures. Data from a Sall + HindIII restriction map of a defined part of the wheat mitochondria) genome concerned with some of these variations strongly suggest that the observed variations correspond to the disappearance of at least one mitochondria) DNA subgenomic molecule in callus cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405759
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence and determination of the extremities of the 26S ribosomal RNA gene in wheat mitochondria: evidence for sequence rearrangements in the ribosomal genes of higher plants (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Plant mitochondrial DNA ; Ribosomal genes ; Sequence rearrangements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the wheat mitochondrial 26S ribosomal RNA gene and flanking regions was determined and compared with mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes from maize and Oenothera. All three genes exhibit a high degree of homology except within two variable regions. When the plant mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes are compared with Escherichia coli 23S rRNA and chloroplast 23S and 4.5S rRNA genes, a third variable region is apparent close to the 3′ end of the gene. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the wheat mitochondrial gene were determined by S1 nuclease mapping. Computer analysis of the wheat mitochondrial gene revealed several small sequences present either in the 5′ region of the 26S rRNA gene or in the 18S rRNA gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365760
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a direct relationship between mitochondrial genome organization and regeneration ability in hexaploid wheat somatic tissue cultures (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genomic variability ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Somatic tissue culture ; Regeneration ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic and non-embryogenic long-term callus cultures of hexaploid wheat exhibit differences in the organization of their mitochondrial genome. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic fractions of callus cultures initiated from immature embryos of the wheat cultivar “Chinese Spring” have been isolated and subsequently subcultured. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments using labelled cloned wheat mitochondrial DNA fragments have shown that the mitochondrial DNA organization of embryogenic subcultures derived from embryogenic parts of “Chinese Spring” calli is closely related to that of the initial “Chinese Spring” calli, while non-embryogenic subcultures derived from non-embryogenic fragments of “Chinese Spring” calli exhibit a mitochondrial DNA organization similar to that found in non-embryogenic calli derived from cultivar “Aquila”. In addition, somatic tissue cultures initiated from three other non-embryogenic wheat cultivars (“Talent”, “Thésée” and “Capitole”) display mitochondrial DNA arrangements similar to those found in cultivar “Aquila”. These results strongly suggest that, in wheat callus cultures, a particular mitochondrial genome organization is correlated with the ability of cultured cells to regenerate whole plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419997
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of certain herbicides on growth and pathogenicity of take-all fungus on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; VegVetative growth ; Pathogenicity ; Herbicides ; Diquat+paraquat ; Glyphosate ; Dicamba ; Trifluralin ; Chlorsulfuron ; Chlorthal dimethyl ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Spray Seed (diquat + paraquat), Roundup (glyphosate), Banvel-D (dicamba), Treflan (trifluralin), Glean (chlorsulfuron) and Dacthal (chlorthal dimethyl) at concentrations of 0–500 ppm product on the vegetative growth, vigour and pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat were examined. All herbicides with the exception of dicamba and chlorsulfuron inhibited fungal growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at concentrations 10–500-fold of rates recommended for use in the field. The vegetative growth of the pathogen growing out of straw colonized on PDA supplemented with 100 ppm diquat + paraquat or glyphosate was reduced by 47.4% and 42.4%, respectively. When portions of these colonies were subcultured onto unamended PDA, their growth and the pathogenicity of straw pieces colonized by these subcultures were found to be unaltered. Straw colonized by Ggt on agar amended with concentrations of diquat + paraquat or at all concentrations of glyphosate produced less root disease in wheat seedlings in comparison to those colonized on unamended agar. It is proposed that the reduced pathogenicity of inocula prepared on agar amended with these two herbicides is due to poor colonization by the pathogen of straw on these media, and that a similar effect on saprophytic colonization in the field could lead to a reduction in the field inocula of the pathogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264343
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of biopores on root growth, water uptake and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based on predictions from a computer model (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biopores ; Root growth ; Transpiration ; Simulations ; Mechanical impedance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of vertical biopores by wheat (Triticum aestivum) seminal roots for easy access to the subsoil and the consequences for plant water supply and yield has been investigated by computer simulation. Parameters included were: biopore density and diameter, depth of cultivation and strength of the subsoil — all under a wide range of seasonal weather conditions. The model predicts that biopores add significantly to root penetration at depth, even at a density of 0.1% v/v of small, vertical pores, while 1.5% to 2.0% v/v can ensure maximum root penetration. When the growing season is shorter a larger number of biopores is needed to ensure timely root penetration to depth. With shallow tillage, biopores occur closer to the soil surface, and their importance is increased. Deeper root penetration invariably gives greater water uptake and transpiration, but may have a negative effect on grain yield, especially under the driest climatic conditions. An increase in early water use may result in less soil water being available during the grain-filling period. The effect of biopores on plant transpiration varies from year to year, depending on the amount of rain and its distribution in time, and on the amount of soil water stored at time of sowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261020
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of haploid and diploid plants though in vitro anther culture of haploid wheat (n=3x=21) (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five haploid plants of wheat were used for anther culture. Embryos were formed and six plants were regenerated. Of these, two were haploid (n=3x=21) and two diploid (2n=6x=42). The two diploids derived from the anthers of the same haploid wheat plant gave seeds, but the fertility was reduced in one of them showing, abnormalities at meiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276401
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of haploid and diploid plants though in vitro anther culture of haploid wheat (n=3x=21) (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five haploid plants of wheat were used for anther culture. Embryos were formed and six plants were regenerated. Of these, two were haploid (n=3x=21) and two diploid (2n=6x=42). The two diploids derived from the anthers of the same haploid wheat plant gave seeds, but the fertility was reduced in one of them showing, abnormalities at meiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00745029
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monosomic analysis of genes for resistance against stem rust races in bread wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 313-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using monosomic analysis genes governing resistance in one wheat variety, ‘E5883’, against stem rust races 15C and 122, were located on specific chromosomes. Against race 15C, a major dominant gene, Sr6, was located on chromosome 2D of ‘E5883’ with minor modifiers found on chromosomes 4A and 6D. Against race 122, the presence of a recessive hemizygous ineffective gene, Sr8, was identified, located on chromosome 6A of variety ‘E5883’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264984
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chromosomal location of factors determining the presence of phenolic compounds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat-phenolics-location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using thin-layer chromatography and nulli-tetrasomic and ditellosomic series of Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Chinese Spring’, it has been possible to relate the phenolic compounds found in adult plant leaves and 12 day-old seedling leaves with the chromosomes or chromosome arms 1 B, 2 BL, 3 BL, 5 A, 6 AL, 7 B and 7 DS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273879
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-banding in Triticum aestivum following feulgen hydrolysis (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 337-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; ‘Chinese Spring’ ; Chromosome banding ; Hydrolysis ; Feulgen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Terminal and/or interstitial N-bands were produced on the seven B-genome chromosomes and chromosomes 4 and 7 of the A-genome of Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ by a modified BSG technique following a standard Feulgen preparation. The banding was accomplished by modifying the barium hydroxide treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272852
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chromosomal location of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The malate dehydrogenase (E.C. no 1.1.1. 37) of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring, shows two activity zones. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the malate dehydrogenase isozymes of zone II are dimers composed of the six possible combinations of subunits coded by triplicate genes located in the long arms of chromosomes of the homoeologous group 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303774
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on nuclear and cytoplasmic genome expression in wheat by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops species ; Alloplasmic lines ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; Cytoplasmic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this first analysis the protein patterns obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 8 day-old leaves from 18 alloplasmic wheat lines are compared. From 440 spots retained on the basis of their reproducibility, 36 proteins were observed to vary in different cytoplasms, allowing us to distinguish the T. aestivum cytoplasm from 5 Aegilops cytoplasms. Twenty-four of the 36 variable proteins could be structurally related to the large subunit of RuBPCase. Nuclear variation between 3 wheat varieties was observed for 14 proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281838
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New hybrids between Agropyron and wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 111-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Embryo culture ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum (2n=42,AABBDD) with Agropyron ciliare (2n= 28,SSYY), A. trachycaulum (2n=28,SSHH), A. yezoense (2n=28,SSYY) and A. scirpeum (2n=28) are reported for the first time. F1 hybrids of T. aestivum were also produced with A. intermedium (2n=42,E1E1E2E2Z1Z1) and A. junceum (2n=14,JuJu). All wheat-Agropyron hybrids were obtained by embryo rescue technique. Cultivars and reciprocal crosses differed for seed set, seed development and F1 plant production. The F1 hybrids were sterile. Attempts to obtain amphiploids were unsuccessful. However, backcross derivatives were obtained with wheat as the recurrent parent. The level of chromosome pairing in A. trachycaulum x wheat, A. yezoense x wheat and wheat x A. junceum hybrids provided no evidence of homologous or homoeologous pairing. Mean pairing frequencies in A. ciliare x wheat, wheat x A. scirpeum and wheat x A. intermedium hybrids indicated homoeologous or autosyndetic pairing. Ph gene was more effective in regulating homoeologous pairing in A. yezoense x wheat hybrids than in A. ciliare x wheat hybrid. Chromosome pairing data of BC1 derivatives indicated that either some of the wheat chromosomes were eliminated or Agropyron chromosomes caused reduced pairing of wheat homologues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265184
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of lectins in Triticum aestivum and Aegilops umbellulata by homoeologous group 1 chromosomes (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aegilops umbellulata ; Genetics ; Lectin ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Each of the three genomes in hexaploid wheat controls the expression of a specific lectin in the embryo. The chromosomes which control their synthesis were determined using nullisomic-tetrasomic and inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of ‘Chinese Spring’. All three wheat lectins were shown to be controlled by the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. Using ditelosomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ the lectin genes could be localized on the long arms of chromosomes 1A and 1D. Inter-specific addition and substitution lines of Aegilops umbellulata chromosomes to ‘Chinese Spring’ indicated that chromosome 1U, which is homoeologous to the group 1 chromosomes of wheat, controls lectin synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303922
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blocks of gliadin components in winter wheat detected by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 559-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins ; Electrophoresis ; Hybridological analysis ; Genetic nomenclature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of gliadin components in winter wheat has been studied by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Single F2 grains from 36 intervarietal hybrid combinations have been analysed. The genetic analysis has revealed blocks, including 1–6 gliadin components, which are inherited as individual mendelian traits. About 80 variants of blocks have been detected. On the basis of the allelism test they are grouped into 6 series in accordance with the number of known gliadin-coding loci located on chromosomes of the homoeologous groups 1 and 6. Each series includes 8–18 blocks controlled by different alleles of one gliadin-coding locus. Blocks of components have been confirmed to be inherited codominantly in accordance to the gene dose in the triploid endosperm. The highest similarity between members of one series is observed in groups of blocks controlled by chromosomes ID and 6D. On the contrary, many blocks controlled by chromosomes 1A and 1B have no bands in common. The presented catalogue of blocks of components may be used to make up gliadin genetic formulae and to compare electrophoregrams obtained by different authors. Blocks of gliadin components are suitable genetic markers for use in revealing and studying heterogeneity of wheat varieties, in tracing their origin, in identifying recombinations, translocations and substitutions of the genetic material and in solving many other problems of the origin, evolution and selection of hexaploid wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264904
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of gliadin components in winter wheat using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Hybridological analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Blocks of gliadin components found both in a number of varieties and in single F2 grains of winter wheat intervarietal hybrids have been studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis combining electrophoresis in acidic aluminium-lactate buffer (pH3.1) and SDS-electrophoresis. Gliadin components (spots) have been shown to be inherited as linked groups (blocks), codominantly and in accordance with a gene dosage in triploid endosperm. Blocks include components differing in their electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight. Some allelic variants of blocks differ only in presence of few additional components or in the electrophoretic mobility of components with similar molecular weights; other variants may contain no similar components. Apparently, in the course of evolution, mutations in individual genes of gliadin-coding loci and processes changing the number of expressing genes and the sizes of their structural part occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262533
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrachromosomal mapping of the nucleolar organiser region relative to three marker loci on chromosome 1B of wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 263-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Intrachromosomal mapping ; Nucleolar organiser region ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction enzyme digestion of the ribosomal RNA genes of the nucleolar organisers of wheat has revealed fragment length polymorphisms for the nucleolar organiser on chromosome 1B and the nucleolar organiser on 6B. Variation between genotypes for these regions has also been demonstrated. This variation has been exploited to determine the recombination frequency between the physically defined nucleolar organiser on 1B (designatedNor1) and other markers; two loci,Glu-B1 andGli-B1 which code for endosperm storage proteins andRf3, a locus restoring fertility to male sterility conditioned byT. timopheevi cytoplasm.Gli-B1 andRf3 were located on the short-arm satellite but recombine with the nucleolar organiser giving a gene order ofNor1 — Rf3 — Gli-B1. Glu-B1 is located on the long arm of 1B but shows relatively little recombination withNor1, which is, in physical distance, distal on the short arm. This illustrates the discrepancy between map distance and physical distance on wheat chromosomes due to the distal localisation of chiasmata. The recombination betweenNor1 andRf3 indicates that, contrary to previous suggestions, fertility restoration is not a property of the nucleolar organiser but of a separate locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662440
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    Comparative genetic analyses of metric traits using diallel and factorial mating designs in bread wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 325-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Line × tester analysis ; Triticum aestivum ; Gene action ; Combining ability ; Mating designs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary For studying the inheritance of metric traits, diallel cross and factorial mating designs are commonly used. Since factorial mating design is less restrictive in crossing plans, the genetic information drawn from it was compared with that from a diallel cross. The comparison was made using graphical, genetic components and combining ability analyses for grain yield, grain weight and spike length in a field experiment of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Analyses were made on a nine parent diallel cross and a 4 ♀ × 5 ♂ factorial mating design which was sampled from the diallel cross. In general, there was a high degree of agreement between the results obtained from factorial mating design and diallel cross analyses showing thereby that the former provides almost equivalent genetic information to the latter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662454
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    Factors affecting the induction of pollen plants of intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum X Triticum-Agropyron (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 70 (1985), S. 294-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Anther culture ; Pollen callus (plantlet) ; Induction frequency ; Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron glaucum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experimental results showed that the use of potato extract as a basic component of culture medium had a promoting effect on producing calli in anther culture of the intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum × Triticum-Agropyron (intermediate type). The induction frequencies of pollen callus on the Potato-II medium containing potato extract as the main component was much higher than that found on N6 and W5 media. The induction frequencies of pollen callus and green plantlets in four intergeneric hybrid material inoculated at the late-uninucleate pollen stage were all higher than those inoculated at the mid-uninucleate stage. Appropriate increases in culture temperature significantly increased pollen callus induction frequencies of the intergeneric hybrids. The genotype and physiological state of anther donor plants also influenced pollen callus and green plantlet induction frequencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304914
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    Chromosomal localization of structural genes and regulators in wheat by 2D electrophoresis of ditelosomic lines (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; 2D electrophoresis ; Gene localization ; Homoeologous genes ; Genetic regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among the 782 spots observed in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of denatured proteins from etiolated wheat shoots, 185 were found to be variable between the euploid and 26 ditelosomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’. Thirty-five structural genes were located on 17 chromosome arms. Numerous intensity changes showing alterations in protein levels were observed and led to the following statements: 1) regulators are frequently found and can be assigned for a same polypeptide to various chromosome arms; 2) for most polypeptides homoeologous arms do not manifest similar effects; 3) nevertheless, when affecting the same polypeptide, homoeologous arms display in most cases identical regulatory effects; 4) gene dosage compensation is observed in only one out of four homoeoallelic situations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278250
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    Nucleolus organizer competition in Triticum aestivum — Aegilops umbellulata chromosome addition lines (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 278-283 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Nucleolar competition ; Amphiplasty ; Ag-NORs ; Addition lines ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops umbellulata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleolar organizer activity of wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD) and Aegilops umbellulata (UU) chromosomes have been analyzed in the complete set of the chromosome addition lines by using a highly reproducible silver-staining procedure. Chromosomes 1U and 5U produce the partial inactivation of wheat nucleolar organizer chromosomes 6B, 1B and 5D. The chromosomes D and G from Ae. umbellulata, which are not SAT-chromosomes, seem to specifically influence the activity of wheat NORs. The predominant status of the U genome with respect to nucleolar competition in the Triticeae is confirmed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252067
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    Production, morphology, and cytogenetic analysis of Elymus caninus (Agropyron caninum) x Triticum aestivum F1 hybrids and backcross-1 derivatives (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 750-756 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron caninum ; Elymus caninus ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids were produced between common wheat, Triticum aestivum (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and wheatgrass, Etymus caninus (Agropyron caninum) (2n=4x=28, SSHH) — the first successful report of this cross. Reciprocal crosses and genotypes differed for percent seed set, seed development and F1 hybrid plant production. With E. caninus as the pollen parent, there was no hybrid seed set. In the reciprocal cross, seed set was 23.1–25.4% depending upon wheat genotype used. Hybrid plants were produced only by rescuing embryos 12–13 days post pollination with cv ‘Chinese Spring’ as the wheat parent. Kinetin in the medium facilitated embryo germination but inhibited root development and seedling growth. The hybrids were vigorous, self sterile, and intermediate between parents. These had expected chromosome number (2n=5x=35, ABDSH), very little chromosome pairing (0.51 II, 0.04 III) and some secondary associations. The hybrids were successfully backcrossed with wheat. Chromosome number in the BC1 derivatives varied 54–58 with 56 as the modal class. The BC1 derivatives showed unusually high number of rod bivalents or reduced pairing of wheat homologues. These were sterile and BC2 seed was produced using wheat pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263274
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    Heritable somaclonal variation in gliadin proteins of wheat plants derived from immature embryo callus culture (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 784-790 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tissue culture ; Electrophoresis ; Storage proteins ; Mutation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertile r0 plants of the winter wheat line ND7532 (Triticum aestivum L.) were regenerated from callus tissue after 60–190 days in culture. Seeds produced from these self-pollinated plants were planted in the field. Of the 5586 R1 plants, 32 differed for one or more agronomic traits from plants not passed through tissue culture process. Gliadin electrophoregrams were prepared from bulk samples of R2 seed from these 32 plants. Four of the 32 produced gliadin patterns different from controls, so 12 seeds of each of these four lines were examined individually. Three of the four mutant lines were fixed for the presence of a mutant protein of 50 relative mobility units (RMU) and the corresponding loss of a parental protein of 26 RMU. The remaining line segregated for the presence/absence of band 50 and the corresponding loss/retention of band 26. The mutant protein of 50 RMU was never seen in control plants. This indicated that either band 50 was coded for by a mutant gene allelic to the gene that coded for band 26 or that bands 26 and 50 were coded for by two different structural alleles under the control of a common regulatory locus. Each of the 12 seeds from the four mutant lines contained a prominent protein band at 30 (RMU), which was only observed as a faint band in one control seed. The types of variation in gliadin patterns observed in somaclones of ND7532 were similar to those reported for the line ‘Yaqui 50E’, except that, gliadin changes occurred less frequently in ND7532.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276418
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    Meiotic pairing and alpha-amylase phenotype in a 5B/5Rm Triticum aestivum — Secale montanum translocation line in common wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 122-128 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: α-amylase ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale montanum ; C-banding ; Meiotic pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 5BS/5RmS translocation chromosome spontaneously recovered from a ‘Chinese Spring’ — Secale montanum wheat-rye telocentric 5RmS addition line has been identified and cytologically studied using C-banding in somatic and meiotic cells. Analysis of the translocated chromosome showed that a terminal segment of the short arm of 5B had been replaced by a short terminal region of chromosome arm 5RmS. The translocation led to the deletion of the genetic system promoting pairing located in 5BS, which is slightly compensated for when doses of 5RmS are increased, indicating homoeology to wheat chromosome 5BS. The α-amylase phenotype in 5B/5Rm translocated material was studied and found to be identical to that of ditelocentric line 5BL of ‘Chinese Spring’. An effect on the α-amylase activity was detected as a result of the removal of the terminal region of 5BS, perhaps as a consequence of variation in dormancy period duration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273728
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    Regulatory effects of homoeologous chromosome arms on wheat proteins at two developmental stages (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 246-251 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; 2D electrophoresis ; Gene localization ; Gene regulation ; Homoeology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was conducted on denatured proteins of the 10-day-old first leaf (1F stage) of 18 homoeologous ditelosomic (DT) lines of wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’. The observations, compared to the euploid control and relative to previous data found on 7-day-old etiolated seedlings (G7 stage) of the same lines lead to the following statements: 1) the structural genes of 24 spots can be assigned to 12 chromosome arms; 2) regulatory effects are completely different between the 1F and the G7 stages which may indicate that the regulation of protein amounts is often stage-specific; 3) no case of complete gene dosage compensation is observed among 4 groups of hypothesized homoeoallelic products; 4) homoeologous DT lines do not manifest similar effects which suggest the absence of homoeology for the detected regulatory effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00289281
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    A somaclonal variant of wheat with additional β-amylase isozymes (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 459-464 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: β-amylase ; Isozymes ; Triticum aestivum ; Somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The progeny of 149 plants regenerated from tissue culture of immature wheat (Triticum aestivum) embryos were screened for variation in their grain β-amylase isozyme pattern. One regenerant was found which was heterozygous for a variant pattern characterized by the presence of at least five new isozyme bands, as well as an increased intensity in existing bands in two more positions. The F2 of a homozygous variant crossed back to the parent segregated in an approximate 3∶1 ratio but resolution of the gels was not sufficient to distinguish whether this represents a dominant or co-dominant single mutant gene. No chromosome abnormalities were evident in mitosis or meiosis of the homozygous variant or in the F1 of the variant crossed back to the parent. No recombination has been seen between the variant bands and production of multiple bands from a single locus is consistent with the nature of the known β-amylase loci. However, the variant bands were not evident in a survey of 111 diverse genotypes, nor were they present in developing grain of the parent cultivar. Therefore, this variant could represent a rare mutation leading to expression of a currently unexpressed locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262516
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    A new selection criterion for yield in wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 275-279 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Biomass ; Harvest index ; Selection criterion ; Tiller mortality ; Modified selection procedure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mortality of young tillers to an extent of 36.5% under optimum cultural conditions was recorded in a field experiment. Attention is drawn to the necessity of minimising this loss and to diverting it towards productive tillers by applying selection pressure. Future yield advances may be achieved by selecting genotypes which tiller moderately in the vegetative phase, most of which survive to produce grains. The character association of each variety under consideration was studied for the suitability towards this objective. A modified selection procedure is suggested which may be advantageously applied to achieve this objective. The proposed new methodology may also be effectively applied to such other cereal crops as barley, triticale and oats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00289980
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    Genetics of resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici in ‘Chris’ and ‘W3746’ wheats (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 846-855 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia graminis tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Monosomic analysis ; Rust resistance ; Gene identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary ‘Chris’ wheat possessed genes Sr5, Sr7a, Sr8a, Sr9g and Sr12. ‘W3746’, derived from the cross ‘Chris’/‘Baart’, possessed Sr7a and Sr12. The response conferred by Sr7a was influenced by the genetic background. Although Sr7a or Sr12 alone conferred no observable resistance upon adult plants, the adult resistances of ‘Chris’ and ‘W3746’ to predominant pathotypes appeared to be associated with the interaction of Sr7a and Sr12, or genes at closely linked loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00289389
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    Chromosomal location of a K/Na discrimination character in the D genome of wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 584-588 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. turgidum ; Aegilops squarrosa ; Cation uptake ; D genome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary K/Na ratios have been determined in the leaves of salt-treated plants of 14 disomic substitution lines in which each of the D-genome chromosomes replaces the homoeologous A- or B-genome chromosome in the tetraploid wheat variety Langdon (AABB genome). Aneuploid lines of hexaploid bread wheat (cv Chinese Spring) having a reduced or an enhanced complement of chromosome 4D have also been examined. These investigations show that the gene(s) determining K/Na ratios in the leaves of wheat plants grown in the presence of salt is located on the long arm of chromosome 4D.
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    Mechanism of durable resistance: a new approach (1989)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 229-232 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia recondita ; Adult plant resistance ; Resistance genes ; Durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat genotypes, including backcross derivatives of ‘Thatcher’ carrying Lr10 and Lr23, substitution lines for Lr10 and Lr23 in Chinese Spring background and Chinese Spring and Thatcher were analysed against 21 pathotypes of leaf rust in seedling tests. Adult plant responses in all these stocks were observed in the field nurseries under exposure to the inoculum of the Indian virulent races of leaf rust. The seedling data demonstrated that both the substitution lines and the backcross derivatives for each gene carry identical pattern of infection for resistance. The high level of adult plant resistance in the substitution lines, in contrast to the backcross derivatives in Thatcher, has been postulated to be due to the combination of resistance contributed by Lr10 and adult plant Chinese Spring resistance or to Lr23 and Chinese Spring adult plant resistance. It has been suggested that genes Lr10 and Lr23 added to the Chinese Spring background provide sources for durable resistance, since Chinese Spring has continued to provide a moderate level of adult plant resistance to leaf rust for a very long time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288804
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    Effects of auxin and cytokinin on induction of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 521-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; SCEs ; Auxin ; Cytokinin ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to know the mutagenic effects of synthetic auxins (NAA, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T) and a cytokinin (kinetin) in vitro, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were analyzed in cultured cells of a hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, the mean number of SCEs per cell was 15.2, and per pg of DNA, 0.42. No significant effect was found in the treatments of NAA or 2,4-D at concentrations of 0.5–10.0 mg/l, whereas more than 2.0 mg/l of 2,4,5-T induced dramatic increases of SCEs. Kinetin itself had no significant effect on SCE induction, but there was a tendency that SCEs induced by 2,4,5-T were suppressed by kinetin.
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    Monosomic analysis of tissue culture response in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 625-632 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Tissue culture ; Callus ; Monosomic analysis ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ability of immature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to respond in cell culture was examined in crosses between the ‘Wichita’ monosomic series and a highly regenerable line, ‘ND7532’. Segregation in disomic controls and 13 monosomic families showed a good fit to a monogenic ratio indicating a qualitative mode of inheritance. Segregation in the cross involving monosomic 2D showed a high frequency of regeneration (93.6%) and high callus growth rate (1.87 g/90 days) indicating that 2D is a critical chromosome. Modifying genes may be located on other chromosomes. Substitution of chromosomes from a low regenerable cultivar ‘Vona’ further indicated that the group 2 chromosomes, in particular chromosome 2D, possess genetic factors promoting callus growth and regeneration.
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    Chromosomal location of genes controlling heat shock proteins in hexaploid wheat (1989)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 873-878 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heat shock proteins ; 2D electrophoresis ; Triticum aestivum ; Gene location ; Gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The low molecular weight heat shock protein (HSP) profiles of the hexaploid wheat cultivar “Chinese Spring” and its ditelosomic series were characterized by isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of denatured in vivo radiolabeled proteins. Comparisons of the ditelosomics (DTs) to the euploid “Chinese Spring” enabled the assignment of genes controlling 9 of the 13 targeted HSPs to seven chromosome arms. There did not appear to be a genome-specific action in the regulation of expression of these HSPs. There did appear to be a higher frequency of controlling genes within homoeologous DT lines 3, 4 and 7. Significant variation in protein quantity was evident among the DT lines for some HSPs, while other HSPs were remarkably stable in their expression across all DTs examined. The results are useful in identifying specific DT lines for the investigation of HSP functions in hexaploid wheat.
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    The effect of B-chromosomes of rye on the chromosome association in F1 hybrids Triticum aestivum x Secale cereale in the absence of chromosomes 5B or 5D (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: B-Chromosomes ; Chromosome associations ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary T. aestivum var. ‘Chinese Spring’ (monosomic 5B and 5D, respectively) was crossed with S. cereale (with and without B-chromosomes). The resulting nullisomic 5B hybrids exhibited a high degree of chromosome association both at 20°C and 10°C. The presence of B-chromosomes reduced association slightly whether 5B was present or not. In nullisomic 5D hybrids B-chromosomes of rye raise chromosome association at 20°C when compared to hybrids with 5D, with as well as without, B's. At 10°C, due to the absence of the Ltp gene on 5D, chromosome association in nullisomic 5D hybrids is low, and no effects of rye B-chromosomes is detectable. The hypothesis that B-chromosomes of rye carry (an) asynaptic gene(s) decreasing effective pairing, and (an) independent post-synaptic gene(s) increasing chiasma frequency on effective pairing sites, is presented.
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    Genotypic effects of the maternal tissues of wheat on its grain weight (1980)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maternal tissues ; Grain weight ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Caryopsis ; Pericarp ; Endosperm ; Embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between semi dwarf spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in grain weight. The weights of the F1 grains (on maternal spikes), from intact as well as from defoliated plants, and those of the F2 grains (on f1 spikes), were examined. Grain weight was controlled primarily by the genotype of the maternal tissues (pericarp, testa or other floret or spikelet organs, including the vascular system), with complete dominance of heaviness. No indications suggesting maternal inheritance were obtained. The frequency distribution of the weights of the F2 grains indicated the presence of genotypic effects exerted by the endosperm or embryo. The embryo or endosperm factors for heaviness also seemed to be dominant.
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    An evaluation of mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation in wheat, barley and maize (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 153-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial heterosis ; Mitochondrial complementation ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two families each of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were studied for mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation. Inbred parents and their hybrids were compared for seedling heights and rate of oxygen uptake by the whole tissue to find out if the hybrids showed greater growth and respiratory activity at the seedling stage. Further comparisons were made by isolating mitochondria from the seedling tissues and measuring their ADP∶0 ratio, respiratory control ratio and cytochrome c oxidase activity for mitochondrial heterosis. Mixtures of parental mitochondria were similarly compared with parental and hybrid mitochondria for in vitro mitochondrial complementation. No evidence for mitochondrial heterosis or in vitro mitochondrial complementation was found, nor any correlation between the different mitochondrial parameters, seedling heights or rates of oxygen uptake by seedling tissue. The suggested use of mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation for plant breeding is discussed.
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    Fractionation of wheat gliadin and glutenin subunits by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the role of group 6 and group 2 chromosomes in gliadin synthesis (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 349-359 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Subunits of wheat endosperm proteins have been fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. To determine which subunits in the two-dimensional electrophoretic pattern belong to gliadin or glutenin the endosperm proteins have also been fractionated by a modified Osborne procedure and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose CL-4B prior to separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The control of production of five major grain protein subunits is shown to be determined by chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D by comparing two-dimensional electrophoretic protein subunit patterns of aneuploid lines of the variety ‘Chinese Spring’. From these and previous studies it is concluded that some α, β and γ gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 30,000 to 40,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 6 chromosomes, the ω gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 50,000 to 70,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes and the glutenin subunits (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 〉 85,000) are specified by genes on the long arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes. No major gliadins or glutenin subunits were absent when any of the chromosomes in homoeologous Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7 were deleted. However two gliadins whose presumed structural genes are on chromosome 6D were absent in aneuploid stocks of ‘Chinese Spring’ carrying two additional doses of chromosome 2A. Two out of thirty-three intervarietal or interspecific chromosome substitution lines examined, involving homoeologous Group 2 chromosomes, lacked the same two gliadins. All the subunits in the other thirty-one chromosome substitution lines were indistinguishable from those in ‘Chinese Spring’. It is therefore concluded that the major variation affecting gliadin and glutenins in wheat is concentrated on the chromosomes of homoeologous Groups 1 and 6 but Group 2 chromosomes are candidates for further study. An endosperm protein controlled by chromosome 4D in ‘Chinese Spring’ is shown to be a high molecular weight globulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276448
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    An analysis of genes for resistance against two Indian cultures of stem rust races of two bread wheats (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, ‘Agra Local’) and F2 progenies from the backcross to ‘Agra Local’. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance. A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene. The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264521
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    Cytogenetic structure of common wheat cultivars from or introduced into Spain (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Interchange ; Chromosome arrangements ; Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosome arrangements of twenty-eight cultivars of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., from or introduced into Spain are compared with that of ‘Chinese Spring’ taken as a pattern. All the cultivars analyzed differ from ‘Chinese Spring’ by one or two reciprocal translocations. When 12 out of 28 cultivars were compared it was concluded that a minimum number of thirteen interchanges are present, involving at least ten different chromosomes of the complement. The interest of a reappraisal of the rôle of interchanges in the evolution of Gramineae is pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273880
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    Pollen callus culture in Triticum aestivum (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 71-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Pollen ; Anther culture ; Callus ; Regeneration ; Plantlets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pollen shed between 4–8 d from anthers of Triticum aestivum cultured in liquid medium gave rise to calluses. Tillers were harvested at the mid-to late-unicellular pollen stages and chilled for 8 d at 4–5 °C before the anthers were dissected out. Pollen cultures gave about 6 times as many calluses on a per anther basis as anthers cultured on solid medium. With the most productive of 5 cultivars tested, pollen culture results in roughly one callus for each anther used, though the calluses formed by pollen culture were less productive for the regeneration of shoots than calluses derived from anthers cultured on solid medium. The ratio of green to albino shoots is roughly 1∶ 1 for anther cultures but considerably less for pollen cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303494
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    Inheritance of grain proteins in wheat (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 121-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Grainprotein ; Gene action ; Regression ; Diallel cross
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Diallel crosses between five divergent vulgare wheat cultivars were made in order to evaluate the mode of inheritance and combining ability of grain proteins. Significant differences in grain protein content were found between cultivars and their hybrids. It was established that the inheritance of seed protein in the F1 generation included both additive and non-additive gene action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303692
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    Genetic control of endosperm proteins in wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Total endosperm protein subunits, extracted from the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and from some of its aneuploid lines, were fractionated according to their molecular weight (MW) in an improved high resolution one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The resolution obtained by this method and, in particular, that of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits approached that of a previous report in which two-dimensional fractionation system based on charge and MW was used. In the cultivar Chinese Spring, 21 discrete protein bands were resolved and the chromosomes controlling many of them were either reconfirmed, or, in some cases, established. The advantages of this high resolution SDS PAGE technique are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272711
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    Responses of alloplasmic (cytoplasm=Triticum timopheevii) and euplasmic wheats (Triticum aestivum) to photoperiod and vernalization (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevii ; Wheat ; Photoperiod ; Vernalization ; Male sterility ; Alloplasmic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the male sterility-inducing cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. on response of several common winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) nuclear genotypes to photoperiod and vernalization. Comparative studies of cytoplasmic substitution lines provide information on the role of the cytoplasmic genetic mechanism in growth and development. In the case of cytoplasmic male sterility-based hybrid production systems, ubiquity of sterility-inducing cytoplasm in derived hybrids warrants thorough characterization of its influence on plant phenotype. Factorial combinations of cytoplasm (T. timopheevii and T. aestivum), nuclear genotype, and photoperiod or vernalization treatments were evaluated under hydroponic conditions in controlled environment chambers. Interaction of cytoplasm, photoperiod, and nuclear genotype was significant in one or more experiments for days to anthesis and potential spikelet number, and interaction of cytoplasm, vernalization, and nuclear genotype was significant for days to spike emergence. Long day length was associated with increased percentage seed set in one study, but interactions of photoperiod and cytoplasm were not detected for percentage seed set. Interactions involving cytoplasm and photoperiod or vernalization were interpreted as evidence of the existence of genetic factors in cytoplsam of T. timopheevii which alter photoperiod or vernalization responses of alloplasmic plants relative to responses exhibited by euplasmic plants. Since photoperiod and vernalization responses are critical to adaptation, T. timopheevii cytoplasm can alter adaptability of T. aestivum. The specific effect would be nuclear genotype dependent, and does not appear to be of a magnitude greater than that induced by nuclear genetic variability at loci conditioning photoperiod or vernalization responses or other adaptation-determining characteristics. Normal multilocation/year testing of alloplasmic hybrids should therefore adequately identify zones of adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281850
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    Genetic control of endosperm proteins in wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins ; Glutenins ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Endosperm protein subunits of 109 primitive and modern lines of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., were fractionated by one-dimensional, high resolution, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A wide range of both qualitative and quantitative variation was observed in the fractions of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits of the different lines. The qualitative variation was expressed in the number of subunits per fraction and in their molecular weight, as determined by the differential rate of migration. The quantitative variation was expressed in the differential staining intensity of several subunits. The widest variation was detected in the HMW glutenin and gliadin subunits controlled by chromosome 1B while a much smaller variation was observed in those subunits controlled by chromosome 1A and further smaller variation in the subunits controlled by 1D. Only a small number of subunits in both fractions was found to be controlled by chromosome 1A indicating that diploidization of endosperm protein genes in common wheat has been non-random. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Production and cytogenetics of Triticum aestivum L. hybrids with some rhizomatous Agropyron species (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 162-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; (Elytrigia, Thinopyrum) ; Intergeneric hybridization ; Crossability ; Wide crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum L. and conventional rhizomatous Agropyron species were produced in variable frequencies. They were recovered in high percentage frequencies for T. aestivum cultivars with A. acutum (14.6%), A. intermedium (48.0%), A. pulcherrimum (53.3%), and A. trichophorum (46.6%). The crossability percentages with the highly crossable cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ for these Agropyron species accessions were 33.12%, 65.0%, 53.3%, and 65.4%, respectively. Autosyndetic associations of two of their three genomes gave mean meiotic chromosome association data of 17.0 I (univalents) +1.53 II (ring bivalents) + 7.04 II (rod bivalents) +1.43 III (trivalents) +0.05 IV (quadrivalents) +0.01 IV (pentavalents) for A. acutum and of 21.8 I + 1.56 II (rings) +7.22 II (rods) +0.84 III + 0.04 IV for A. intermedium. Chromosome pairing at metaphase I was comparatively lower for A. pulcherrimum (34.4 I + 0.2 II (rings) +3.4 II (rods) +0.14 III) and A. trichophorum (36.7 I + 0.35 II (rings) +2.26 II (rods) + 0.04 III) hybrids with T. aestivum. Hybrids of wheat with A. campestre and A. repens were obtained in low frequency. Direct crossing did not permit T. aestivum/ A. desertorum hybridization. However, by utilizing the 2n=10x=70 A. repens/A. desertorum amphiploid as the pollen source, hybridization with T. aestivum did indeed occur. Aneuploidy was prevalent in this hybrid combination while all other hybrid combinations were apparently normal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266181
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    Cytological aspects of in vitro androgenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using fluorescent microscopy (1988)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Cytology ; In vitroandrogenesis ; Fluorescent microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two winter wheat genotypes (‘Diószegi 200’ and ‘Mv 15’) were compared for their in vitro androgenic capacity. On average, the induction frequency of embryogenic structures was 71.7% in ‘Diószegi 200’ and only 4.3% in ‘Mv 15’. The haploid induction ability of the two genotypes differed considerably, with ‘Diószegi 200’ being much higher. The difference in the in vitro inductability of the microspores may result from genetic differences which are manifested in the survival rate of the microspores during the culture period and their adaptability to in vitro conditions. Special DNA fluorochrornes were suitable for studying the different pathways of in vitro androgenesis. Our data indicate that the repeated equal divisions of the microspore nucleus might lead to pollen embryo formation, and subsequent divisions of the vegetative portion of the pollen grain after the first asymmetric microspore mitosis can result in pollen callus formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189155
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    Development of the pollen grain and tapetum of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in untreated plants and plants treated with chemical hybridizing agent RH0007 (1989)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 231-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen development ; Triticum aestivum ; RH0007
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A study of pollen development in wheat was made using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microspores contain undifferentiated plastids and mitochondria that are dividing. Vacuolation occurs, probably due to the coalescence of small vacuoles budded off the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As the pollen grain is formed and matures, the ER becomes distended with deposits of granular storage material. Mitochondria proliferate and become filled with cristae. Similarly, plastids divide and accumulate starch. The exine wall is deposited at a rapid rate throughout development, and the precursors appear to be synthesized in the tapetum. Tapetal cells become binucleate during the meiosis stage, and Ubisch bodies form on the plasma membrane surface that faces the locule. Tapetal plastids become surrounded by an electron-translucent halo. Rough ER is associated with the halo around the plastids and with the plasma membrane. We hypothesize that the sporopollenin precursors for both the Ubisch bodies and exine pollen wall are synthesized in the tapetal plastids and are transported to the tapetal cell surface via the ER. The microspore plastids appear to be involved in activities other than precursor synthesis: plastid proliferation in young microspores, and starch synthesis later in development. Plants treated with the chemical hybridizing agent RH0007 show a pattern of development similar to that shown by untreated control plants through the meiosis stage. In the young microspore stage the exine wall is deposited irregularly and is thinner than that of control plants. In many cases the microspores are seen to have wavy contours. With the onset of vacuolation, microspores become plasmolyzed and abort. The tapetal cells in RH0007-treated locules divide normally through the meiosis stage. Less sporopollenin is deposited in the Ubisch bodies, and the pattern is less regular than that of the control. In many cases, the tapetal cells expand into the locule. At the base of one of the locules treated with a dosage of RH0007 that causes 95% male sterility, several microspores survived and developed into pollen grains that were sterile. The conditions at the base of the locule may have reduced the osmotic stress on the microspores, allowing them to survive. Preliminary work showed that the extractable quantity of carotenoids in RHOOO7-treated anthers was slightly greater than in controls. We concluded that RH0007 appears to interfere with the polymerization of carotenoid precursors into the exine wall and Ubisch bodies, rather than interfering with the synthesis of the precursors.
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    Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and its relation to the depletion of soil organic phosphorus (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phosphatases ; Rhizosphere ; Organic phosphorus ; Allium cepa ; Brassica oleracea ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium alexandrinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The distribution of phosphatase activity and of phosphate fractions of the soil in the proximity of roots was studied in order to evaluate the significance of phosphatases in P nutrition of various plants (Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium alexandrinum). A considerable increase in both acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in all the four soil-root interfaces was observed. Maximum distances from the root surface at which activity increases were observed ranged from 2.0 mm to 3.1 mm for acid phosphatase and from 1.2 mm to 1.6 mm for alkaline phosphatase. The increase in phosphatase activity depended upon plant age, plant species and soil type. A significant correlation was noticed between the depletion of organic P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil of wheat (r = 0.99**) and clover (r = 0.97**). The maximum organic P depletion was 65% in clover and 86% in wheat, which was observed within a distance from the root of 0.8 mm in clover and 1.5 mm in wheat. Both the phosphatases in combination appear to be responsible for the depletion of organic P.
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    Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots on mineralization rates of soil organic matter (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 67-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Soil C mineralization ; 14C-labelled plant material ; Decomposition stages ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the roots removed from the soil, and a new crop was started. Thus, the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of active roots on C-mineralization rates during different stages of decomposition and during long-term incubation. During the first 200 days, corresponding to the active decomposition stages, the roots weakly reduced 14C mineralization. With a lower level of decomposition, when more than 60% of the initial 14C was mineralized and when the available nutrients were markedly exhausted by plant uptake, the roots stimulated 14C mineralization.[/ p]
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    Root activity and carbon metabolism in soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Rhizosphere ; C metabolism ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the old roots removed from the soil, so that the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. During the initial stages of high microbial activity, due to decomposition of the labile compounds, the size of the total microbial biomass was comparable for both treatments, and the metabolic quotient (qCO2-C = mg CO2-C·mg−1 Biomass C·h−1) was increased by the plants. During the subsequent low-activity decomposition stages, after the labile compounds had been progressively mineralized, the biomass was multiplied by a factor of 2–4 in the presence of plants compared to the bare soils. Nevertheless, qCO2-C tended to reach similar low values with both treatments. The 14C-labelled biomass was reduced by the presence of roots and qCO2-14C was increased. The significance of these results obtained from a model experiment is discussed in terms of (1) the variation in the substrate originating from the roots and controlled by the plant physiology, (2) nutrient availability for plants and microorganisms, (3) soil biotic capacities and (4) increased microbial turnover rates induced by the roots.
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    Colonization of wheat seedling (Triticum aestivum) roots by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Competition ; Migration ; Colonization potential ; Replica printing ; Triticum aestivum ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Bacillus subtilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Colonization patterns of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis on roots of wheat seedlings growing on water agar were studied qualitatively by replica printing and quantitatively by the plate count method. The results indicated a stronger colonization potential for P. fluorescens (up to 107 cfu/cm root) than for B. subtilis (up to 105 cfu/cm root). Although the numbers of both species were lower when inoculated together, the observed colonization patterns on the roots were comparable to those found with single inoculations. For none of these bacteria was active migration along the root surface in any direction observed, indicating that distal positions are reached mainly by a passive displacement on the root tip and elongating cells. Ecological implications of the observed phenomena are discussed.
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    Peculiar effect of Azospirillum inoculation on growth and nitrogen balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Triticum aestivum ; Inoculation ; N and dry matter yield ; N percentages in plant parts ; Associative N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) grown in pots and in the field under the Mediterranean climate of the south of France were inoculated with a strain of Azospirillum brasilense. Comparisons with non-inoculated plants grown under the same conditions showed significant responses to inoculation with an increase in the number of fertile tillers, shoot and root dry weight, and root to shoot biomass ratio. The roots of inoculated plants attracted relatively more assimilates than those of the control plants until a late stage of growth (heading stage) but the rhizosphere respiration expressed per unit of root growth was not increased by inoculation. Nitrogen yield, both total and in grains, was also enhanced; however, N percentages of all aerial parts of the plants grown in pots were always statistically lower after inoculation than in the control. At maturity, the N % in seeds was 1.81 and 2.45, respectively. The possible mechanisms of this effect of inoculation under the experimental conditions of this study are discussed.
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    Preparation of nitrogen and phosphorus-enriched paddy straw compost and its effect on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 339-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wheat ; Paddy straw compost ; N and P enrichment ; Rock phosphate ; Pyrite ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A nutrient-rich compost from paddy straw was prepared using urea and Mussoorie rock phosphate for N and P enrichment respectively. Inorganic N was partly conserved in the compost by the addition of pyrite. Citric-acid-soluble P also increased with the addition of pyrite. Compost containing about 1.6% total N and 3.3% total P was found to be a good source of P for a wheat crop and also supplied a significant amount of N to the plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263166
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    Carbon transfer in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) ecosystem (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 76-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biomass accumulation ; Decomposition ; Litter ; Soil organic matter ; Soil respiration ; 14C deposition ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment with 14C-labeled winter wheat conducted in the north-central region of the United States, crop-accumulated carbon (grain excluded) returned to the soil was found to be 542 g m−2 year−1. Almost half of the carbon from the underground compartment was released in the form of CO2 during the first 3 months after harvest due to very favorable conditions for biological activity. After 18 months, no less than 80% of the carbon from the plant residues was mineralized. About 16% of straw carbon and 24% of root carbon was transferred into soil organic matter. The annual rate of soil organic matter decomposition was approximated as 1.7%.
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    Yield response of spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum and T. turgidum) to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense under field conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. turgidum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Field inoculation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eight commercial Israeli spring wheat cultivars (six Triticum aestivum and two T. turgidum) grown with 40 and 120 kg N/ha were tested for responses to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. At the low level of N fertilization (40 kg/ha), five cultivars showed significant increases in plant dry weight measured at the milky ripe stage; however, by maturation only the cultivar “Miriam” showed a significant increase in grain yield. Two cultivars, which had shown a positive inoculation effect at the earlier stages, had a significant decrease in grain yield. No significant effect of inoculation was found at the high N level. To confirm those results, four wheat (T. aestivum) cultivars were tested separately over 4 years in 4 different locations under varying N levels. Only Miriam showed a consistently positive effect of Azospirillum inoculation on grain yield. Inoculation increased the number of roots per plant on Miriam compared with uninoculated plants. This effect was found at all N levels. Nutrient (N, P and K) accumulation and number of fertile tillers per unit area were also enhanced by Azospirillum, but these parameters were greatly affected by the level of applied N. It is suggested that the positive response of the spring wheat cultivar “Miriam” to Azospirillum inoculation is due to its capacity to escape water stresses at the end of the growth season.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280347
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    Inoculation of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Azospirillum spp. in Brazil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 37-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Azospirillum amazonense ; rate reductase ; Inoculation ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three field experiments with wheat were conducted in 1983, 1984, and 1985 in Terra Roxa soil in Paraná, the major Brazilian wheat-growing region, to study inoculation effects of various strains of Azospirillum brasilense and A. amazonense. In all three experiments inoculation with A. brasilense Sp 245 isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots in Paraná produced the highest plant dry weights and highest N% in plant tops and grain. Grain yield increases with this strain were up to 31 % but were not significant. The application of 60 or 100 kg N ha−1 to the controls increased N accumulation and produced yields less than inoculation with this strain. Another A. brasilense strain from surface-sterilized wheat roots (Sp 107st) also produced increased N assimilation at the lower N fertilizer level but reduced dry weights at the high N level, while strain Sp 7 + Cd reduced dry weights and N% in the straw at both N levels. The A. amazonense strain isolated from washed roots and a nitrate reductase negative mutant of strain Sp 245 were ineffective. Strains Sp 245 and Sp 107st showed the best establishment within roots while strain Cd established only in the soil.
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    Infectivity and acetylene reduction of diazotrophic rhizosphere bacteria in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings under gnotobiotic conditions (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizosphere bacteria ; Nitrogenase activity ; Triticum aestivum ; Inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat seedlings were inoculated with rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria and grown gnotobiotically for 15 days. The growth medium consisted of semisolid agar with or without plant nutrients. The bacteria, isolated from roots of field-grown wheat, were three unidentified Gram-negative rods (A1, A2, E1), one Enterobacter agglomerans (C1) and two Bacillus polymyxa (B1, B2). A strain of Azospirillum brasilense (USA 10) was included for comparison. Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) was tested on intact plants after 8 and 15 days of growth. In semisolid agar without plant nutrients, five isolates showed ARA of 0.01–0.9 nmol C2H4 plant−1 h−1, while the two strains of B. polymyxa had higher ARA of 3.3–10.6 nmol C2H4 plant−1 h−1. Plant development was not affected by inoculation with bacteria, except that inoculation with B. polymyxa resulted in shorter shoots and lower root weight. Transmission electronmicroscopy of roots revealed different degrees of infection. A. brasilense, A1 and A2, occurred mainly in the mucilage on the root surface and between outer epidermal cells (low infectivity). B. polymyxa strains and E1 were found in and between epidermal cells (intermediate infectivity) while E. agglomerans invaded the cortex and was occasionally found within the stele (high infectivity).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301779
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    Effects of rhizospheric bacteria on wheat yield under field conditions (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 347-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; Rhizospheric bacteria ; Spring wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; Yield response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five field experiments were conducted during 1982 and 1983 to evaluate the yield response of two lines of common wheat and one line of durum wheat to several rhizospheric bacteria. The two lines tested in the 1982 experiment (a common wheat and a durum wheat) showed a considerable yield response to incoulation withAzospirillum brasilense, with an average significant yield incresae of 23%. In the 1983 experiments, variable yield responses, some of which were significant, were obtained by inoculating three wheat lines (two common wheat and one durum wheat) with Azospirillum or with other rhizospheric bacteria, isolated from various Israeli wild relatives of wheat. A certain specificity between the tested wheat lines, the applied bacteria and the particular local conditions was evident. Inverse relationships were found between the maximum percentage yield increase due to inoculation with the most efficient bacteria and the yield level of the non-inoculated plots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02145455
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    Drought resistance of wheat plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 369-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dry-matter accumulation ; Glomus deserticola ; Glomus fasciculatum ; Mycorrhizae ; Root growth ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Drought resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as influenced by two vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi,Glomus fasciculatum 10 andGlomus deserticola 19, was evaluated. Soil columns 0.15 m diam. by 1.20 m length were used to reduce the influence of limited rooting space. With initial soil water at 0.5 MPa (0.145 kg kg−1), plants were subjected to low-level water stress throughout the experiment and severe water stress for 24 h at one (55 days after transplanting, Feekes scale 10.1) two (55 and 63 days, Feekes 10.1 and 10.2), or three (55, 63, and 70 days, Feekes 10.1, 10.1, and 10.2) periods. After each stress period, one set of plants was watered and grown to maturity without subsequent water stress. A second set of plants was harvested 1 week after stress.G. fasciculatum-inoculated plants harvested 7 days after stress at 55 days had greater leaf area and leaf, total plant, and root weight than non-VAM plants.G. deserticola-inoculated plants had greater leaf area and leaf weight than non-VAM plants. After stress at 55 and 63 days, leaf area, and leaf and total dry weight were again greater for VAM than for non-VAM plants. However, after stress at 55, 63, and 70 days, differences in aboveground biomass between VAM and non-VAM plants were not significant at P=0.05. Aboveground biomass was not affected by VAM species in plants stressed at 55 or 55 and 63 days, butG. fasciculatum-inoculated plants produced more tillers atter stress at 55 days. When grown to maturity, VAM plants which had undergone three stress periods had twice the biomass and grain yield as non-VAM plants subjected to the same stress. The three stress periods reduced number of heads and kernel numbers of weight of non-VAM plants compared to VAM plants.G. fasciculatum-inoculated plants consistently had increased root weight and rooting depth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02145457
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    Pressure chamber measurements using two wheat leaves (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 309-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Leaf water potential ; Pressure chamber ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The most widely used technique of leaf water potential measurements is with the Scholander pressure chamber. Representative leaf water potential values require many determinations on individual leaves and this can be time consuming in large fields or experiments with multiple treatments. This paper describes a method of obtaining a mean value more rapidly, by using two leaves in the pressure chamber at the same time, but recording the end point of each leaf separately.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181870
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    Influence of washing on elemental analysis of leaves of fieldgrown crop plants (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Calcium ; Copper ; Glycine max ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sorghum bicolor ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea Mays ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Information is limited on soil contamination of leaves from field-grown row crops, especially with respect to aluminum (Al) analyses. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of washing leaf samples with either deionized water or detergent solution on elemental analyses for several agronomic crop plants. The crop plants sampled were corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The crops were grown on a range of soil types, soil pH values, and tillage practices. Samples of upper leaves and lower leaves were collected separately. The samples were either not washed, washed with deionized water, or washed with detergent solution. After drying, grinding, and digesting, the samples were analyzed for Al, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). For all crop plants and conditions studied, there was no effect on measured N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, or Cu concentrations, but measured Al and Fe concentrations were influenced by washing. In general, washing had a greater effect on Al analyses than on Fe analyses. Soybean samples were most affected by washing, while wheat samples seemed to be least affected. The results reflected greater contamination of lower leaves than upper leaves. Decontamination procedures appear necessary prior to Al and Fe analyses of field-grown crop plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140668
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    Effect of zinc supply on growth of three species of Eucalyptus seedlings and wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 377-384 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbonic anhydrase ; Dry matter ; Eucalyptus maculata ; E. marginata ; E. patens ; Seedlings ; Symptoms ; Triticum aestivum ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of zinc supply on shoot and root dry weight, root length, zinc concentrations and carbonic anhydrase activity were measured in 52 day old seedlings ofEucalyptus maculata, E. marginata, E. patens and wheat grown in a zinc deficient soil in the glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency in the eucalyptus and wheat appeared within 20 to 35 days. Eucalypt seedlings had short internodes and small necrotic leaves, reduced dry weight of shoots and roots, root length and zinc concentrations in young leaves; the measurable level of leaf carbonic anhydrase activity decreased to zero. Similar responses also occurred in wheat. The level of zinc fertilizer required for normal growth of Eucalyptus seedlings is therefore likely to be similar to that used for wheat and other agricultural crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197494
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    The role of root-associatedKlebsiella pneumoniae in the nitrogen nutrition ofPoa pratensis andTriticum aestivum as estimated by the method of15N isotope dilution (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Blue grass ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Poa pratensis ; Triticum aestivum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen nutrition ; 15N isotope dilution ; Spring wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The technique of15N isotope dilution was used to verify that nitrogen was fixed and transferred to the plant byKlebsiella pneumoniae strain Pp in association withPoa pratensis orTriticum aestivum. Surface sterilized, sprouting seeds were inoculated withK. pneumoniae and grown in sand in modified Leonard jars. Potassium nitrate enriched with15N was used to provide N concentrations ranging from 10–40 mg Nl−1 nutrient solution. After 10–18 weeks the shoots and roots were analyzed separately for dry matter, N content, total N, and atom %15N excess. The acetylene reduction technique was used to test for the presence of N2-fixing organisms on the roots. The data from15N isotope dilution demonstrated that up to 33.8% of N in the shoots ofP. pratensis and 15.9% in those ofT. aestivum were derived from associative N2 fixation byK. pneumoniae. In most experiments the dry matter yield, N content, and total N yield of the shoots ofP. pratensis were increased byK. pneumoniae inoculation, whereas inoculation had no significant effect on the dry matter yield, N content or total N of the shoots ofT. aestivum.
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    Yield increases in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) inoculated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 87-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; Grain yield ; N-content ; Nitrogen fixation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Arkas) was associated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region. Controls were treated with autoclaved bacteria. The soils used were: sand, sandy loam, and a peat-clay mixture. In experiments run over a period of three years, there were increases in grain yield, N-yield of the grains, and 1000 grain weight. Depending from environmental conditions, increase changed from year to year, and within one given year. There was, however, no experiment without positive response to the inoculation. Highest grain yield increase (70%) was found on sand supplemented with P and K only, but up to 32% were also obtained on peat-clay soil containing 0.28% total N. Under greenhouse conditions, one third of technical N-fertilizer could be saved by bacterial activities. With high probability the effects observed have been at least partly due to bacterial N2-fixation, because the N-yield of the grains was increased (up to 33%), and the most pronounced response was found on sand without any N-fertilizer added.
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    Fertility of Triticum aestivum plants derived from anther culture (1989)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: sterility ; diploid ; haploid ; pollen plants ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fertility of plants from wheat anther culture was studied. It was found that one half of the 36 plants with diploid root tips didn't set seeds at all, and that 41 of the 42 plants with haploid root tips were completely sterile. It was surprising that sterility was so widely distributed even among the plants with diploid root tips.
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    Effects on winter wheat seedling growth by toxin-producing rhizobacteria (1985)
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    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 399-409 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Inhibitory bacteria ; Pseudomonads ; Root growth ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root-colonizing pseudomonads capable of inhibiting seedling winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root growth in an agar seedling bioassay also significantly inhibited wheat root growth in vermiculite; however, the inhibitory trait is quite labile in laboratory culturing. The extent of inhibition in both the agar and vermiculite medium depended on inoculum level. These pseudomonads were found to produce a toxin capable of inhibiting growth ofEscherichia coli C-la andBacillus subtilis. Field isolates that strongly inhibit growth of indicator bacteria also inhibited root growth. Toxin production by the bacteria appeared necessary for inhibition of root growth and indicator bacteria as toxin-negative (TOX−) mutants no longer inhibited either. Antibiosis towardsE. coli as well as wheat seedling root inhibition in agar was reversed by L-methionine, providing further evidence that a toxin, produced by these organisms, is involved in growth retardation.
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    The effects of managanese and nitrate supply on the levels of phenolics and lignin in young wheat plants (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lignin ; Manganese ; NO 3 − Phenols ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Managanese deficiency (〈 18 μg g−1 Mn) resulted in decreased levels of phenols in wheat shoots and decreased levels of lignins in both roots and shoots. These observed reductions in phenol contents was due largely to a decrease in the alkaline labile phenol component. Levels of nitrate supplied in solution influenced both phenol and lignin production; high nitrate levels (15 mM) resulted in a reduction in phenol and lignin in the shoot but stimulated lignin production in root tissue.
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    Betaine status in wheat in relation to nitrogen stress and to transient salinity stress (1985)
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    Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 3-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Catabolism ; Glycine betaine ; Salt tolerance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Glycine betaine is readily accumulated in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Inia) shoots during periods of salinity stress. The ability of the plant to utilize betaine as a source of nitrogen remains unresolved. We, therefore, conducted solution culture experiments in a greenhouse to test the hypothesis that betaine is degraded in wheat shoots under conditions of severe nitrogen deficiency. Betaine concentrations increased in continuously salt stressed plants for only 17 days after salinity was imposed. After this period, concentrations (dry weight basis) decreased steadily until plants died 32 days later. Decreases in betaine concentration were also observed in treatments where salinity stress was removed. The rate of decrease in concentration was greatest in the N-free treatment. These decreases in betaine concentration were the result of dilution by plant growth. Betaine contents (μmol shoot−1) remained unchanged after removal of substrate nitrate. Therefore our results support the hypothesis that betaine is a stable end product of metabolism.
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    Long term plant regeneratin from callus cultures of haploid wheat (1987)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 11 (1987), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; callus induction ; plant regeneration ; somatic embryogenesis ; organogenesis ; inflorescence culture ; haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Callus cultures were initiated from young inforescences of 7 haploid pollen plants of wheat. The calli from 3 plants were embryogenic and organogenic. After one and a half years of subculture one callus cultures still retained the ability for high frequency of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis and sometimes directly differentiated ovary-like structures. All regenerated plants were haploid having 21 chromosomes.
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    The effects of KNO3 concentration in callus induction medium for wheat anther culture (1988)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 12 (1988), S. 3-12 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; potassium nitrate ; pollen callus ; pollen plantlets ; albino ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract KNO3 concentration was found to significantly affect the anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). When KNO3 was increased from 0 to 15 mM (in cultivar Jinghua 1) or from 10 to 15 mM (in cultivars 2531-10, Xiaoyan 759 and Norin 10), the callus induction frequency increased significantly. When KNO3 was increased further above 20 mM, the callus induction frequency decreased significantly in all the tested cultivars. The subsequent frequency of green plantlet regeneration increased significantly, and the ratio of green to albino regenerants increased sharply when KNO3 concentration increased. Further experiments found that the decrease of callus induction frequency in the medium with too much KNO3 might be caused by NO3 - ion alone, while the effect of KNO3 on green plantlet regeneration might be caused by both K+ and NO3 - ions, and that the effects of NO3 - concentration were independent of NH4 + concentration in the medium.
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    Yield response of a common spring wheat cultivar to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense at various levels of nitrogen fertilization (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; N-fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The yield response of a common spring wheat cultivar,Triticum aestivum, to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense was studied at four levels of N fertilization. Plant yield increased due to the inoculation treatment only at medium and high levels of N fertilization, with a maximum yield increase of about 8.0 per cent at the highest level (approximately 1.0 g of pure N per plant). Yield increase was mostly due to an increase in the number of grains per spike, and at the highest level of fertilization, also due to a higher number of spikes per plant. At all N levels, the inoculation caused an increase of 0.5–1.4 per cent in the number of fertile spikelets per main spike. Grain protein percentage was unaffected by the inoculation, though significantly increase due to the fertilization treatments. The occurrence of maximum yield response at the highest N level, the response by early-determined yield components, i.e. spikelet number, and the unaffected grain protein content are in accord with the suggestion that the contribution ofAzospirillum brasilense to wheat yield is not through N2-fixation.
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    Effects of donor plant environment and light during incubation on anther cultures of some spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1989)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 17 (1989), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; Triticum aestivum ; donor plant environment ; incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four different growth environments (field, two phytotron greenhouses and one growth chamber) were compared, using two genotypes of spring wheat, one recalcitrant and one responsive. Field-grown plants gave inferior results. Large improvements could be made by improving the conditions, embryoid frequencies in the two genotypes reaching 77.1% and 183.9% per 100 anthers, respectively. High light intensity during the induction phase strongly suppressed induction in both genotypes, but stimulated regeneration of green plants in the recalcitrant genotype, which had the lowest regeneration ability. Weak, diffuse light did not inhibit induction while the positive effect on regeneration was maintained. Also, another recalcitrant genotype was grown in the field, together with two F1-hybrids (recalcitrant x recalcitrant and recalcitrant x responsive). Evidence for a three-factor system was obtained.
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    Modulation of somatic embryogenesis in early and late-stage embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the influence of (±)-abscisic acid and its analogs (1989)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 55-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; ABA ; ABA analogs ; somatic embryogenesis ; precocious germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zygotic embryos from ten spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were tested for embryogenic callus induction in the presence or absence of externally supplied (±)-abscisic acid (ABA) and two of its analogs, methyl abscisate and methyl epoxy-beta-ionylideneacetate. (±)-ABA and its analogs suppressed precocious germination of cultured late-stage embryos and promoted embryogenic callus induction. A significantly greater number of plants was regenerated from calli induced in the presence of ABA and ABA analogs. Early-stage embryos when cultured in the presence of (±)-ABA showed a negative response. Possible roles of ABA with respect to the expression of somatic embryogenesis are discussed.
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    Modification of the salinity response of wheat by the genome ofElytrigia elongatum (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 327-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amphiploid ; Elytrigia ; Genome ; Salinity ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Wheatgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring wheat,Elytrigia elongatum (tall wheatgrass), and theTriticum-Elytrigia amphiploid were grown in complete nutrient culture containing, in addition, 0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl. The 3 genotypes responded quite differently to increasing salinity; the Na concentration of wheat shoots increased in direct proportion to the increase in salinity of the external medium whereas the Elytrigia response was interpreted as showing high affinity for Na at low external Na (40 mM) but comparative exclusion of Na at high salinities (120 mM). In contrast, Na levels of the amphiploid were less than those of either wheat or Elytrigia under both low and high salinities. Thus the amphiploid behaved like wheat at 40 mM NaCl but more like Elytrigia at 120 mM NaCl because Na transport to the amphiploid shoot was restricted over the whole salinity range. The K concentration of the amphiploid shoot at high salinities was significantly greater than the K concentrations of either wheat or Elytrigia.
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  • 79
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    Model experiments on the behaviour of roots at the interface between a tilled seed-bed and a compacted sub-soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Compaction pan Earthworms ; Pea ; Pisum sativum ; Root channels ; Root entry ; Trematotropism ; Triticum aestivum ; Tunnels ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Roots which grow down through a seed-bed and encounter a strong, untilled sub-soil beneath may be unable to penetrate the sub-soil and may be deflected horizontally. They will continue to grow horizontally along the top of the sub-soil either until the seed-bed dries out and the roots wilt and cease elongating, or until they find some path of low resistance down through the sub-soil. Such paths are often cylindrical biopores such as earthworm tunnels or channels left after the decay of previous root systems. Model experiments were done with artificial impenetrable sub-soils containing arrays of round holes of various diameters. Roots of pea and wheat were grown down through beds of aggregates to encounter the artificial sub-soils at random positions. The roots were deflected horizontally until they encountered the vertical holes. The proportions of roots which entered the holes were found to decrease with decreasing hole diameter. Computer simulation studies were done to investigate some aspects of roots encountering impenetrable sub-soils containing random arrays of round holes. The distances that randomly-deflected roots would have to travel before encountering holes were studied as functions of hole diameter and hole density. The experimental results were combined and compared with the results from the computer simulations. It was found that the numbers of roots encountering holes within certain distances in practice were not significantly different from those simulated on the basis of random chance. Therefore there was no evidence for the roots sensing and growing preferentially towards the holes (trematotropism) in the well-aerated system used in the experiments. However, limited evidence shows that the possibility of trematotropism cannot be ruled out for poorly-aerated systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02378860
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  • 80
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    Model experiments on the behaviour of roots at the interface between a tilled seed-bed and a compacted sub-soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregate ; Compaction pan ; Penetrometer ; Root penetration ; Seed-bed ; Soil strength ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When elongating seminal roots of developing plants reach the base of a tilled seedbed, they often encounter a layer of dense, strong untilled soil. At this interface, they may be deflected horizontally and instead of penetrating the sub-soil, they may form a horizontal mat of roots at the base of the seed-bed. If this occurs, the plants are unable to absorb the reserves of water in the sub-soil, and are very sensitive to short periods of drought. Model experiments were done with artificial sub-soil layers having a range of strengths and with artificial seed-beds having sieved soil aggregates in the 4–7.7, 2–4 and 1–2 mm size ranges. Roots of wheat were grown through the aggregate beds and the proportions of roots which penetrated into the sub-soil were investigated as functions of sub-soil strength and diameter of the aggregates in the seed-bed. The proportion penetrating was found to decrease exponentially with sub-soil strength. The rate of decrease was similar for the 2–4 and 1–2 mm aggregates but was greater for the 4–6.7 mm aggregates. It is concluded that, provided that the roots of different plant species behave similarly, the base of the seed-bed should be composed of fine aggregates and that the penetrometer strength of the underlying untilled sub-soil should not exceed 0.4 MPa for plants with a single seminal axis or 3 MPa for plants such as wheat with 4 seminal axes.
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  • 81
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    Effect of seed manganese content on the growth of wheat (triticum aestivum) under manganese deficiency (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; Critical deficiency level ; Manganese uptake ; Seed manganese ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The importance of seed manganese (Mn) content for seedling growth of two wheat cultivars under soil Mn deficiency was demonstrated in growth cabinet experiments. Seed was obtained from different field sites (giving a Mn content range of 0.1 to 6.4 μg Mn seed−1), as well as from soaking seed in MnSO4 prior to sowing. Seed soaking greatly increased the seed Mn content, however, only about 15–20% of this additional Mn was recovered in the seedlings after 26 days growth. In these experiments, the seed rather than the soil provided the major source of plant Mn. Manganese critical deficiency levels (CDLs) were also obtained for leaves, shoots and roots. Increased grain yields from seed soaking were also evident in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374761
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  • 82
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    Genetic control of the mitochondrial form of superoxide dismutase in hexaploid wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 435-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: superoxide dismutase ; Triticum aestivum ; isozymes ; isoelectric focusing ; structural genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of mature grains of a large number of aneuploid derivatives of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and of the members of five wheat-alien chromosome addition series were subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels in order to study the genetic control of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Evidence was obtained that homologous structural genes for the mitochondrial form of SOD are located in the long arms of the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of Chinese Spring and in chromosome 2R of Secale cereale cv. Imperial. The SOD gene loci located in chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, and 2R were designated Sod-A1, Sod-B1, Sod-D1, and Sod-R1, respectively. Chromosome-arm pairing data indicate that 2DL is not homoeologous to either 2AS or 2BL. The results of this study suggest, however, that 2BL is partially homoeologous to both 2AL and 2DL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499098
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  • 83
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    Nitrate reductase activity (in vivo and in vitro) of ditelosomic stocks of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: nitrate reductase ; Triticum aestivum ; ditelosomics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nitrate reductase activities (NRA) of 31 ditelosomic stocks were compared with that of the control plant [Chinese Spring (CS) euploid], using in vivo and in vitro assay procedures that had been optimized with respect to the euploid. Fourteen stocks exhibited significant differences in in vivo NRA from that of the euploid; the effect of removal of a chromosome arm was always to increase NRA. Eight of these stocks showed similar effects in vitro, although in three, a casein-sensitive factor had to be eliminated before the difference was expressed. Homoeologous group effects were evident among ditelosomics of groups 2, 4, and 7, while for three chromosomes (2D, 7A, and 7B), removal of either arm resulted in a similar increase in NRA in vivo and probably in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504273
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  • 84
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    Genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 in hexaploid wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 837-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: NADH dehydrogenase ; aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase ; Triticum aestivum ; isozymes ; structural genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 (NDH-1) and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (AADH-2) was investigated in Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Evidence was obtained that NDH-1 is active as a monomer and is encoded by genes located in the p arms of the homoeologous group 4 chromosomes. The NDH-1 gene loci located in 4 Ap, 4Bp, and 4Dp were designated Ndh-A1, Ndh-B1, and Ndh-D1, respectively. Aadh-A2 was previously reported to be located in 6Aq; in this study, Aadh-B2 and Aadh-D2 were localized in 6Bq and 6Dq, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1 is expressed on AADH-2 zymograms; the presence of a contaminating aliphatic alcohol in one or more reagents is suggested as the probable cause of this phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502603
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  • 85
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    Genetic analysis of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 287-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: shikimate dehydrogenase ; electrophoresis ; isoelectric focusing ; isozymest ; Triticeae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to investigate the genetic control of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase-1 (SKDH-1). Studies of wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines established thatSkdh-1 ofHordeum vulgare cv. Betzes is located in chromosome 5H,Skdh-V1 ofDasypyrum villosum in 5V,Skdh-R1 ofSecale cereale cvs. Dakold and King II in 5R, andSkdh-S 11 ofTriticum longissimum in 5S1S. Also, the chromosomal locations of the genes that encode SKDH-1 inT. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring,T. umbellulatum, andS. cereale cv. Imperial, determined earlier using zone electrophoresis, were reconfirmed using IEF. Zone electrophoresis and IEF do not differ markedly in their ability to detect the expression of alienSkdh-1 genes in wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines. However, IEF may be superior to zone electrophoresis as a technique for detecting and analyzing SKDH-1 genetic variants within Triticeae species; among the species studied, IEF generally resolved two or more isozymes perSkdh-1 allele present, while zone electrophoresis resolved only one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561467
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  • 86
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    Potassium requirements for growth and its related processes determined by plant analysis in wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop growth rate ; Leaf area ; Net assimilation rate ; Potassium ; Relative growth rate ; Relative leaf growth rate ; Tissue analysis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potassium requirements for growth—dry matter (DM) and leaf area (LA) and related processes — relative leaf growth rate (RLGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) were determined by plant analysis during the entogeny of wheat. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. HD 2329) plants were supplied with different amounts of K from deficient to adequate through nutrient solution. Samples were taken at specific stages for K determinations. The DM and LA were recorded at 45d, 75d and 105d. The growth related processes RGR, NAR and CGR were estimated between 30–45d, 45–75d and 75–105d. In case of RLGR the observations were carried out between 15–30d, 30–45d and 45–75d. These physiological processes and grain yield were correlated with K concentration in whole plant at 30 and 45d and top two leaves at 75 and 105d. The results indicated that k status in plants influences growth mostly through leaf area formation which inturn influences successively RLGR, RGR and CGR and finally grain yield. For vegetative growth the optimum concentration required in plants was always lower than the optimum for grain production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375001
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  • 87
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    Assessment of the profile of powdery mildew and its damage function at low disease intensities in field experiments with winter wheat (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 85-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Erysiphe graminis ; vertical distribution ; triadimefon ; AUDPC-value ; economic thresshold ; seed number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Opbrengstderving van wintertarwe door meeldauw werd bestudeerd in 11 veldproeven in Nederland. De schade bedroeg gemiddeld 0.013 (SE=0.003) kg are−1 per puistdag meeldauw per blad, vanaf het tweede-knoop stadium tot begin deegrijp bij opbrengstniveaus van 70 tot 90 kg are−1, in de blanco. Bij een ziektestress van 0 tot 2000 puistdagen meeldauw per blad werd geen afwijking van een rechtlijnig verband gevonden. De schaderelatie werd niet significant beïnvloed door de verschillende jaren, rassen of grondsoorten. Het effect van meeldauw op enkele opbrengstcomponenten werd aangetoond. Meeldauwprofielen in de onbehandelde veldjes konden worden beschreven met de vergelijking: CM=CLAb, waarin CM het cumulatieve aantal puistjes is en CLA het cumulatieve bladoppervlak, beide berekend van bovenin het bladerdek naar beneden, de totalen gestandaardiseerd op één. De gradiënt parameter b bedroeg gemiddeld 3.4 (SE=0.9). Waargenomen verschillen in steilte van de meeldauwprofielen beïnvloedde de schaderelatie niet aantoonbaar.
    Notes: Abstract Damage by mildew to winter wheat was studied in 11 field experiments in the Netherlands. Damage is described by the simple function: −0.013 (SE=0.003) kg are−1 per pustule-day of mildew per leaf, from second node stage to early dough at yield levels of 70 to 90 kg are−1, in diseasefree plots. No deviations from linearity at disease stresses from zero to two thousand pustuledays per leaf were observed. Years, cultivars or soil types did not affect the damage function significantly. The effects of mildew on some yield components were suggested. Mildew profiles in untreated plots could be described by the equation: CM=CLAb, in which CM and CLA are the cumulative pustule number and the cumulative leaf area, respectively, calculated both from top to bottom of the canopy, and totals standardized at unity. Estimates of the gradient parameter b aveaged 3.4 (SE=0.9). Observed differences in steepness of the profiles did not affect the damage function significantly.
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  • 88
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    Measures of disease intensity in powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) of winter wheat. 1. Errors in estimating pustule number (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 92 (1986), S. 197-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; epidemiology ; sampling method ; detection level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Aantallen puistjes meeldauw per blad werden geteld in praktijkpercelen en veldproeven met wintertarwe. De steekproefvariantie van het aantal puistjes was tamelijk constant in de jaren, rassen, gewasstadia en bladposities, maar was sterk afhankelijk van het gemiddeld aantal puistjes $$(\bar m):s^2 = 2,2\bar m^{1.5} $$ . Het effect van de steekproefgrootte op de nauwkeurigheid van de schatting wordt besproken en het blijkt dat het moeilijk is om lichte aantastingen nauwkeurig te schatten. Er worden schattingen gegeven van de detectiegrens in afhankelijkheid van de steekproefgrootte. Meeldauwaantastingen aan de onderkant van het blad, kunnen worden geschat uit de aantasting op de bovenkant van het blad. Deze methode levert een tijdsbesparing op, maar ook een extra onnauwkeurigheid. Alleen bij lichte aantastingen en kleine steekproeven is deze methode efficiënter dan een directe tweezijdige bemonstering. Het schatten van meeldauw op de bovenkant van bladeren is, hoewel algemeen gebruikelijk, waarschijnlijk niet de meest efficiënte methode.
    Notes: Abstract Assessments of pustule number and severity of powdery mildew on winter wheat in the Netherlands were made in commercial fields and in experimental plots. The sample variance (s2) of the number of pustules per leaf (m) was fairly constant over years, varieties, growth stages and leaf postitions, but depended strongly on the average pustule number: $$s^2 = 2 \cdot 2\bar m^{1.5} $$ . The effect of sample size on the precision of the estimate is discussed and it is concluded that it is difficult to estimate low disease intensities accurately. Estimates are given for the detection level of pustule counts in relation to sample size. Mildew intensity on the lower surface of leaves can be estimated from the intensity on the upper surface. This method reduces the duration of the observation, but introduces an additional error. At low disease intensities and small sample sizes this method is more efficient than sampling mildew on both surfaces of leaves. The common practice of assessments of the upper surface of leaves only may not be the most efficient method.
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  • 89
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    Measures of disease intensity in powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) of winter wheat. 2. Relationships and errors of estimation of pustule number, incidence and severity (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 92 (1986), S. 207-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; epidemiology ; sampling method ; detection level ; multiple infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Het aantal puistjes meeldauw per blad en de fractie zieke bladeren werden bepaald in praktijkpercelen en veldproeven met wintertarwe. De fractie ziek bladoppervlak kon worden afgeleid uit het aantal puistjes. Het verband tussen de fractie zieke bladeren en de fractie ziek bladoppervlak werd bestudeerd. Bij aanname van een constante blad- en puistjesgrootte kan een blad maximaal Mm puistjes herbergen. Als het aantal meeldauwkolonies (elk bestaande uit n puistjes) een binomiale kansverdeling volgt, dan kan het verband tussen de fractie zieke bladeren (I) en de fractie ziek bladoppervlak (S) worden beschreven door: (1−S)=(1−I)n/M m. De overeenkomsten van dit model met andere modellen wordt besproken en schattingen van parameters worden vergeleken. Het model verklaart hoe blad-, puistjes- en koloniegrootte het verband tussen de fractie zieke bladeren en de fractie ziek bladoppervlak beïnvloedt. Het model beschreef het verband tussen de metingen goed maar niet volledig. De negatieve binomiaal beschreef het verband tussen de metingen slecht. Het model van Nachman gaf een goede beschrijving van het verband tussen het gemiddeld aantal puistjes kper blad $$(\bar m)$$ en de fractie zieke bladeren (I). Voor de praktijkpercelen werd dit verband beschreven door: $$ln(\bar m) = 1,48 + 1,14ln(ln[1/(1 - I)])$$ . De invloed van jaren, rassen, gewasstadia en bladpositie op het verband was niet significant. De fractie zieke bladeren kan gebruikt worden om het gemiddeld aantal puistjes per blad te voorspellen, maar deze methode is minder efficiënt dan een directe telling van het aantal puistjes. Schattingsfouten van het voorspelde aantal puistjes per blad worden gegeven.
    Notes: Abstract Assessments of pustule number, incidence and severity of powdery mildew on winter wheat in the Netherlands were made in commercial fields and in experimental plots. Assuming a constant leaf and pustule size, a leaf can carry at most Mm pustules. If the number of clusters, each consisting of n pustules, follows a binomial distribution, then the relation between incidence (I, proportion diseased leaves) and severity (S, proportion diseased leaf surface) is: (1−S)=(1−I)n/M m. The model explains the main effects of leaf, pustule and cluster size on incidence-severity relations and gave a good description of the measured relation. The negative binomial distribution poorly described the measured relation. The model of Nachman (1981) gave a good description of the relation between mean pustule number $$(\bar m)$$ and incidence (I). The relation found in commercial fields, irrespective of fungicide treatments, was: $$ln(\bar m) = 1.48 + 1.14ln(ln[1/(1 - I)])$$ . The effects of years, varieties, growth stages and leaf positions on this relation were not significant. Incidence assessments can be used to predict the pustule number, but this method is less efficient than the use of direct pustule counts. Estimates are given of the variance of the predicted pustule number.
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    Effects of nitrogen fertilization and cultivar on the damage relation of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) in winter wheat (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 94 (1988), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; epidemiology ; vertical distribution ; AUDPC-value ; tolerance ; integrated control ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; triadimefon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting In 1981 en 1983 werd in veldproeven met wintertarwe de relatie tussen schade (in kg are−1) en meeldauw onderzocht. Of de relatie onafhankelijk is van de stikstofbemesting (175 en 235 kg ha−1 N totaal), kon niet met zekerheid worden vastgesteld. De schaderelatie werd niet significant beïnvloed door de vier getoetste rassen. In de twee jaren werd een vergelijkbare schade van gemiddeld 0.0125 kg are−1 per puistdag meeldauw per blad gemeten, bij een opbrengstniveau van 70–90 kg are−1. Tevens werd de locatie van meeldauw in het gewas beschreven.
    Notes: Abstract The damage relation of powdery mildew in winter wheat was studied in field experiments in 1981 and 1983, in the Netherlands. No firm conclusion was obtained on the effect of nitrogen supply (175 and 235 kg ha−1 N totally) on the damage relation. The relation was not affected by cultivars (four) and did not differ significantly between both years. The measured relation averaged 0.0125 kg are−1 damage per pustule-day mildew per leaf, at yields of 70–90 kg are−1. The effect of the fungicide triadimefon on yield could be ascribed to its effect on diseases. The vertical distribution of mildew in the crop was described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01998397
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  • 91
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    Allelopathic effect of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) extract and residue on some agronomic crops and weeds (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1739-1747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; parthenium ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; Compositae ; corn ; Zea mays ; ryegrass ; Lolium multiflorum ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; velvetleaf ; Abutilon theophrasti ; soybean ; Glycine max ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelopathic effects of entire shoot extract, plant part extracts, and shoot residue of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on corn (Zea mays L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), and soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] growth were examined. Parthenium shoot contained water-soluble materials that were toxic to root growth of velvetleaf and wheat. At 4% (w/ v) concentration, root growth of velvetleaf and wheat were reduced by 60 and 75%, respectively. The order of increasing sensitivity to parthenium was ryegrass, corn, wheat, and velvetleaf. There was a strong correlation between extract concentration and increased toxicity to test species. The toxicity of plant part extracts was also concentration dependent. At 1 and 2% (w/v), the inflorescence and leaves caused more root inhibition than stem extract. Parthenium shoot incorporated in soil at 1% (w/w) caused significantly more root inhibition of wheat than soybean, corn, and ryegrass. At 4% (w/w), root growth of all the test species was inhibited compared to the control. Toxicity of parthenium residue to wheat diminished with increasing periods of decomposition. Residue decomposed for four weeks was less toxic than the undecomposed residue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980214
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  • 92
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    Effect of copper on stem melanosis and yield of wheat: Sources, rates and methods of application (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper sources ; grain yield ; methods of application ; park wheat ; stem melanosis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Park wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Park) is susceptible to stem melanosis when grown on Cu-deficient soils. Three field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various Cu sources, using different methods and rates of application for reducing the incidence of stem melanosis and increasing the grain yield of Park wheat on a Cu-deficient Black Chernozemic soil in central Alberta. A fourth experiment determined the residual effect of Cu over 4 years. In the first experiment, Park wheat had less disease and higher grain yield when Cu-chelate solution at 2 and 4 kg Cu ha−1 or Cu-sulfate solution at 10 and 20 kg Cu ha−1 was applied to the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of 8 cm or was applied at these rates as a foliar spray. The foliar application, however, was phytotoxic and delayed maturity by approximately two weeks. Sidebanding Cu (4 cm to the side and 4 cm below the seed row) was least effective. In the second experiment, Cu-sulfate solution incorporated into the soil was more effective than the soil incorporated granular Cu-sulfate in reducing disease incidence and increasing grain yield in the year of application. In the following year the granular Cu was as effective as solution Cu. The third experiment showed that Cu seed dressings did not have any effect on disease incidence or grain yield of Park wheat. In the fourth experiment, the residual effect of Cu-chelate was evident four years after application. The grain yield in the fourth year was about four times that of the control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370408
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    The development of waterlogging damage in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Anaerobic ; Flooding ; Inorganic nutrients ; Mineral nutrition ; Nutrient accumulation ; Triticum aestivum ; Urea ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Decreases in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, in the shoots of wheat seedlings soon after the start of waterlogging were mainly attributed to an inhibition of ion uptake and transport by roots in the oxygen deficient soil. There was a small net accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the aerial tissues, principally the tillers rather than the main shoot. By contrast, calcium and magnesium accumulated in both tillers and main shoot. With waterlogging, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were translocated from the older leaves to the younger growing leaves, and in the case of nitrogen this was associated with the onset of premature senescence. Calcium and magnesium were not translocated from the older leaves, the younger leaves acquiring these cations from the waterlogged soil. The promotion of leaf senescence by waterlogging was counteracted by applications of nitrate or ammonium to the soil surface, or by spraying the shoots with solutions of urea, but the beneficial effects on shoot growth were small. The role of mineral nutrition in relation to waterlogging damage to young cereal plants is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205847
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  • 94
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    Effect of nitrogen management and soil moisture conservation practices on rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 433-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Kaolin spray ; Mulch ; N-application ; Split application ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies revealed that the application of fertilizer nitrogen brought a significant increase in grain and straw yield of wheat. The significant effect was also noticed on such yield contributing characters like number of effective tillers per metre row length, spike length, and number of grains per spike. The increase of nitrogen level from 40 kg/ha to 80 kg/ha also brought a significant increase in yield and yield contributing characters. The application of entire dose of nitrogen at the time of sowing was as good as its split application. The application of nitrogen also influenced the nitrogen concentration of grains whereas, the other treatments did not influence the nitrogen concentration in grains or straw. The nitrogen treatments did not influence the moisture content of soil. The application of mulch or mulch+Kaolin resulted in significantly higher content of soil moisture in 0–15 cm soil depth as compared to control or Kaolin spray alone which was simultaneously reflected in yield and yield contributing characters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183812
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  • 95
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    Effects of waterlogging on young wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) and on soil solutes at different soil temperatures (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 311-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372453
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  • 96
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    Chemical properties of soil and water-stable aggregates after sixty-seven years of cropping to spring wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 51-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregate fractions ; Fatty acids ; Long-term rotation ; Triticum aestivum ; Water-stable aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three non-replicated, unfertilized, dryland grain rotations—continuous wheat, wheat-fallow, and wheat-wheat-fallow—were established in 1912 on a Dark Brown Chernozemic (Typic Haploboroll) soil. The effect of long-term cropping on the chemical constituents of total water-stable aggregates was assessed. There was a loss in percentage of total water-stable aggregates and a shift in aggregate size distribution with time. Together with an increase in the 100 μm diameter fraction, there was an increase in the sand component of this fraction. These sand particles are probably held together by alkaline-soluble, acid-insoluble organic matter. Organic carbon, polysaccharides, polyuronides, phenols, and chloroform/methanol-extractable organic matter were all associated with the 〉250 μm diameter fractions. Although the aggregates had generally the same suite of aliphatic carboxylic acids, the relative proportions changed with cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178613
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  • 97
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    A role for managanese in the resistance of wheat plants to take-all (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 441-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis vartritici ; Hay-die ; Manganese deficiency ; Take-all ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that wheat plants deficient in managenese are predisposed to infection byGaeumannomyces graminis is outlined, and a test of the hypothesis in a soil system is reported. The results supported the hypothesis: wheat plants growing in managanese-deficient soil, although not showing foliar symptoms, were markedly more susceptible to infection; plant analysis confirmed the nutrient status of the plants. A review of the literature on take-all in wheat coupled with the results of our experiments suggests a reinterpretation of the etiology of this disease, since those edaphic factors which promote infection by this organism are those which also render managese unavailable to the host. Managenese nutrition is proposed as a common factor in many of the environmental conditions which influence the host-pathogen balance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450379
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  • 98
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    Yield response of various wheat genotypes to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasillense ; Wheat yield ; Triticum aestivum ; Responding genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty different wheat genotypes representing a wide genetic variability, were tested for their yield and yield components response to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense, at two levels of N fertilization. Only two cultivars responded by a significant yield increase of 7.4 and 8.0 per cent — both at the higher N level. The response reflected an increase in the number of grains per plant added as additional spikes. The importance of the host plant genotype for a successful wheat-bacteria association is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161182
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  • 99
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    An evaluation of seed and seedling drought tolerance screening tests in wheat (1980)
    Springer
    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 727-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum durum ; durum wheat ; drought tolerance ; germination ; seedling growth ; water stress selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A series of experiments was performed in order to evaluate the significance of seed germination and seedling growth in osmotic media as screening methods for drought tolerance. Ten spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and one durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were tested under controlled environments, using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) solutions as the moisture stress inducing media. Tolerance in the rate of endosperm utilization, under stress, prior to the onset of germination varied among cultivars. Germination rate or injury to germination at various concentrations of PEG differed significantly among cultivars. Cultivar rating with respect to injury to germination changed with stress levels. Injury to germination did not correlate with endosperm utilization rate in PEG or in water. Germinating seedlings were tolerant to extreme desiccation up to the stage of emergence of the first leaf from the coleoptile. Growth of photosynthesizing seedlings was monitored as they were carried through an increasing concentration gradient of PEG solutions, ranging from −5.9 to −11.3 bars of water potential. Cultivars significantly differed in seedling growth tolerance to increasing levels of water stress. Seedling growth tolerance across cultivars was not correlated with their germination responses under srress. It is concluded that tolerance to water stress in growing seedlings can be screened for by using PEG-containing nutrient solutions. It can not be predicted from germination tests in osmotica. Work was done under a US-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) Grant no. 1654/78.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023219
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  • 100
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    Identification and cataloguing of genetic information for resistance to wheat leaf rust (1980)
    Springer
    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 769-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; host-pathogen specificity ; disease resistance ; leaf rust genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Specific host-pathogen relationship is used to derive genetic information for resistance in commercial cultivars. Twenty-two cultivars were classified into 12 groups based on their reactions to 13 leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) races of India. The cultivars in each group were matched with the Lr gene carrying lines to see which genes they might possess. Confirmation of this information was sought through pedigree analyses. (1) Agra local and NP4 do not seem to have any resistance genes. (2) C306 has gene Lr14a, and NP824 one of the genes Lr12, Lr13, Lr14a or Lr22. (3) kalyansona carries Lr13 and another additional gene not in study. (4) Chhoti Lerma, NP852, Pusa Lerma, Sharbati Sonora, Shera, UP301 form one group and carry Lr1. (5) Sonalika seems to have Lr2a, Lr11 and additional genes. (6) Hy.65 has Lr10. (7) HS1076-2 and HW135 have the genes Lr2a and Lr3do. (8) HW124 carries the genes Lr1 and Lr3do. (9) Safed Lerma has Lr1 and Lr17. (10) NP846 has the genes Lr1 and Lr15. (11) HB117-107, Janak, UP215 form one group and possess the genes Lr3do and Lr15. (12) Girija possesses the genes Lr10 and Lr15. Based on such grouping of commercial cultivars for resistance genes a ‘Catalogue’ system is advocated for the design of wheat breeding programmes like the development of multiline and multigene cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023224
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